Relevant bibliographies by topics / Extracorporeal circulation

Academic literature on the topic 'Extracorporeal circulation'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Extracorporeal circulation"

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Gilutz, Harel. "Extracorporeal Circulation." Circulation 97, no. 1 (January 13, 1998): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.97.1.117.

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YOKOKAWA, SUMIRE. "Extracorporeal circulation desorption.Usefulness of Amrinone for extracorporeal circulation desorption." JOURNAL OF JAPAN SOCIETY FOR CLINICAL ANESTHESIA 14, no. 6 (1994): 467–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2199/jjsca.14.467.

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SAITO, TSUKASA. "Comparison between ordinary-temperature extracorporeal circulation and moderate hypothermia extracorporeal circulation." Japanese journal of extra-corporeal technology 24, no. 1 (1997): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7130/hokkaidoshakai.24.21.

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Nagashima, Mitsugi. "Extracorporeal Circulation in Children." Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery 32, no. 5 (2016): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.9794/jspccs.32.357.

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Royston, D. "Techniques in Extracorporeal Circulation." British Journal of Anaesthesia 93, no. 4 (October 2004): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/aeh615.

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Kurusz, M., V. R. Conti, J. P. Brown, and J. F. Arens. "COMPLICATIONS DURING EXTRACORPOREAL CIRCULATION." Anesthesiology 65, Supplement 3A (September 1986): A154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-198609001-00153.

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Boschetti, F., F. M. Montevecchi, and R. Fumero. "Virtual Extracorporeal Circulation Process." International Journal of Artificial Organs 20, no. 6 (June 1997): 341–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139889702000608.

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Virtual instruments for an extracorporeal circulation (ECC) process were developed to simulate the reactions of a patient to different artificial perfusion conditions. The computer simulation of the patient takes into account the hydraulic, volume, thermal and biochemical phenomena and their interaction with the devices involved in ECC (cannulae dimensions, oxygenator and filter types, pulsatile or continuous pump and thermal exchangers). On the basis of the patient's initialisation data (height, weight, Ht) and perfusion variables (pump flow rate, water temperature, gas flow rate and composition) imposed by the operator, the virtual ECC monitors simulated arterial and venous pressure tracings in real time, along with arterial and venous flow rate tracings, urine production tracing and temperature levels. Oxyhemoglobin arterial and venous blood saturation together with other related variables (pO2, pCO2, pH, HCO3) are also monitored. A drug model which allows the simulation of the effect of vasodilator and diuretic drugs is also implemented. Alarms are provided in order to check which variables (pressure, saturation, pH, urine flow) are out of the expected ranges during the ECC simulation. Consequently the possibility of modifying the control parameters of the virtual devices of the ECC in run-time mode offers an interaction mode between the operator and the virtual environment.
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Videm, Vibeke, Tom Eirik Mollnes, Peter Garred, and Jan L. Svennevig. "Biocompatibility of extracorporeal circulation." Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 101, no. 4 (April 1991): 654–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5223(19)36696-6.

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HAMAZAKI, K., T. YAGI, M. INAGAKI, N. TANAKA, H. MIMURA, K. ORITA, and N. LYGIDAKIS. "Hepatectomy under extracorporeal circulation." Surgery 118, no. 1 (July 1995): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0039-6060(05)80015-7.

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Schmaier, A. H. "Extracorporeal Circulation Without Bleeding." Science Translational Medicine 6, no. 222 (February 5, 2014): 222fs7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3008497.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Extracorporeal circulation"

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Vedin, Jenny. "Coronary artery bypass surgery without extracorporeal circulation /." Stockholm, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2006/91-7140-507-0/.

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Melki, Vilyam. "Nitric oxide : An ally in extracorporeal circulation?" Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Thoraxkirurgi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-298782.

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Many complications associated with heart surgery are due to the negative effects of extracorporeal circulation (ECC). Some of these complications may be attributed to ECC-induced activation of inflammation and coagulation pathways. The inflammatory reaction may be caused by the interaction of blood components with air and the artificial surfaces of the ECC, from substances produced due to ischaemia-reperfusion injury of the heart and lungs, and from increased release of endotoxin from ischemic intestines. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infections are the leading cause of respiratory, skin and soft tissue, and bloodstream infections. Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous signaling molecule involved in many physiological and pathological processes. The role of NO in infection and inflammation is complex. NO may contribute to morbidity by acting as a vasodilator, myocardial depressant, and cytotoxic mediator. On the other hand, NO may have a salutary role through microvascular, cytoprotective, immunoregulatory, and antimicrobial properties. A simulated extracorporeal circulation (SECC) model is a closed circuit, including a roller pump, an oxygenator, a venous reservoir and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tubing, where human blood is circulated. The SECC model allows studies of the blood and its components, without any influence from other organ systems. The aim of this work was to investigate NO effects during SECC and in S. aureus infection. Study I. Human blood was circulated through SECC during 3 hours, and leukocyte granule release was studied. Results indicated that NO addition during SECC is pro-inflammatory by stimulating leukocyte activation and granule release, and has no effect on oxygen free radical production and interleukin release. Study II. Investigating the effect of NO on S. aureus growth in whole blood during 180 min SECC, results showed a 6.2 fold growth in the presence of NO. Results indicated that by stimulating the expression of inducible lactate dehydrogenase, specific to S. aureus, NO may improve S. aureus resistance to oxidative stress, giving the pathogen a survival advantage. Study III. In an in vitro system of SECC, we measured glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) induced changes in leukocyte activation in whole blood caused by S. aureus infestation, as well as the effect of GTN on S. aureus growth. Results indicated that GTN does not affect S. aureus growth during SECC and has no effect on SECC-induced leukocyte activation. Study IV. Whole blood concentrations of selected leukocyte adhesion molecules, complement system components and myeloperoxidase  were measured in an in vitro system of SECC. Results indicated that SECC induces the increased expression of some leukocyte markers and that GTN addition significantly reduces the expression of some leukocyte activation markers.
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Solberg, Robert Glen. "Extracorporeal Circulation: Effect of Long-Term (24-Hour) Circulation on Blood Components." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32157.

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Extracorporeal circulation damages blood and causes harmful side effects such as stroke and/or systemic inflammatory response in patients. Reactions of blood components to extracorporeal circulation include complement and inflammatory reactions, coagulation and thrombogenesis, frank hemolysis, and platelet activation and adhesion to the extracorporeal circuit. Non-physiologic pressure and flow produced by blood pumps contribute to blood injury. Two pump types, roller and centrifugal, are used for maintaining flow, with various models available from different manufacturers. This study compared the effects of these two pumps in identical, isolated, artificial circuits to a non-pumped control for a period of 24 hours on heparinized porcine blood. Hematology parameters were used to evaluate blood damage. Mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, white blood cell count, platelet count, and mean platelet volume were affected by time of circulation. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin, platelet count, and red cell distribution width were different between circulated and non-circulated blood, however no differences were found between the pumping systems in any parameter. Red blood cell count, total hemoglobin, and hematocrit were not affected by time or treatment. The changes observed in this study have implications for the use of extracorporeal circulation in the clinical setting and in future use of blood as a potential organ perfusion medium.
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Jonsson, Ove. "Cerebral Perfusion and Metabolism during Experimental Extracorporeal Circulation." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Anestesiologi och intensivvård, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-147486.

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Neurologic injuries are major causes of mortality and morbidity after cardiac surgery. This thesis aimed to investigate cerebral metabolism and perfusion abnormalities in pigs during hypothermic circulatory arrest, selective antegrade cerebral perfusion (SACP) and extracorporeal circulation following progressive venous stasis. Hypothermic circulatory arrest induced a metabolic pattern consistent with overt ischaemia, which was absent following SACP. In contrast, metabolism during SACP was influenced by the perfusate temperature, where a colder perfusate (20 °C) preserved cellular metabolism and membrane integrity better than a warmer perfusate (28 °C). The minimum SACP flow required to maintain metabolism during hypothermia at 20 °C was investigated with magnetic resonance imaging, protein S100β, near infrared spectroscopy and microdialysis. The findings suggested an ischaemic threshold close to 6 ml/kg/min in the present models. Furthermore, regional differences in perfusion with a hemispheric distribution were apparent at all flow levels and differed from earlier studies where the differences were uniform and followed a neuranatomical pattern. Venus stasis following superior vena cava congestion produced measurable signs of impaired cerebral perfusion and patterns of cerebral ischaemia were evident in individual animals. As venous pressure increased, the mean arterial pressure stayed more or less unchanged, generating reduced cerebral perfusion pressure and consequently an increased risk of ischaemia, which may impair cerebral perfusion, especially in cases of compromised arterial flow during extracorporeal circulation. In conclusion, cerebral metabolism and perfusion are influenced by temperature, SACP flow levels and venous congestion. In clinical practice, the regional differences in perfusion during SACP may be of pathogenic importance in focal cerebral ischaemia. Furthermore, the reduced superior vena cava cannula flow may pass undetected during bicaval cardiopulmonary bypass if the superior vena cava flow is not specifically monitored.
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Cardigan, Rebecca Anne. "An investigation into coagulation activation during extracorporeal circulation." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286275.

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Orr, Yishay Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine UNSW. "Circulating neutrophil activation and recruitment during the systemic inflammatory response to cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Medical Sciences, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41227.

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Circulating neutrophil activation occurs during cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation (ECC) and is implicated in the pathophysiology of inflammatory tissue injury and peri-operative organ dysfunction. However, neutrophil directed antiinflammatory strategies have failed to demonstrate consistent therapeutic benefit indicating that the nature and significance of peri-operative circulating neutrophil activation remains incompletely defined. In particular, conformational activation of the b2 integrin Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18), which is required for neutrophil adhesion competence and facilitation of effector functions, has not previously been investigated during cardiac surgery, and the relative contribution of cellular activation and bone marrow neutrophil recruitment to peri-operative changes in circulating neutrophil phenotype and function is unknown. A novel whole blood flow cytometric technique was used to analyze circulating neutrophil phenotype (total Mac-1, conformationally-active CD11b, CD10, CD16, L-selectin and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1) and function in cardiac surgery patients to characterize the nature of changes in Mac-1 expression and activation status, and the effects of relative neutrophil immaturity on circulating neutrophil phenotype and function. The effect of heparin, a known CD11b ligand, on Mac-1 epitope expression was also investigated. Circulating neutrophil numbers observed during ECC were mathematically modeled to determine the acute response of the bone marrow neutrophil reserve to an inflammatory stimulus. Plasma cytokine, chemokine and acute phase mediators were measured in cardiac and lung surgery patients to determine potential regulators of systemic neutrophil recruitment. Neutrophils newlyemergent from the bone marrow were characterized as CD10-/CD16low and exhibited distinct changes in cell surface markers and enhanced functional responses, relative to their more mature CD10+ counterparts. Conformational activation of CD11b occurred peri-operatively and provided a more sensitive measure of circulating neutrophil activation status than changes in total Mac-1 or L-selectin expression, although detection of Mac-1 epitopes was reduced in the presence of heparin. Modeling of circulating neutrophil numbers predicted that post-mitotic maturation time was acutely abbreviated by 8.4 hours during 71 minutes of ECC. Systemic chemokine release occurred with cardiac but not non-cardiac thoracic surgery indicating some specificity of the acute inflammatory response. These findings expand the understanding of peri-operative circulating neutrophil activation and recruitment, and identify potential therapeutic targets to limit neutrophil injurious potential during cardiac surgery with ECC.
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Lahtinen, Mika. "NO Effect on Inflammatory Reaction in Extracorporeal Circulation : Ex vivo Studies." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Medical Sciences, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-5908.

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Nitric oxide (NO) is expressed in inflammatory tissues. However, NO effects are controversial in inflammation; NO is described as acting in a dose dependent manner and possess both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties.

The present thesis explored the role of NO in relation to white blood cell (WBC) and protein system activation by foreign surfaces in simulated extracorporeal circulation (SECC) using human whole blood from volunteer donors. Three doses of NO, 40 ppm, 80 ppm and 500 ppm, were administered and an array of markers of WBC and protein activation were studied. Neutrophil degranulation was detected with myeloperoxidase (MPO), human neutrophil lipocalin (HNL) and lactoferrin (LF); eosinophil degranulation with eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and eosinophil peroxidase (EPO); and basophil degranulation with histamine. Furthermore, whole blood and WBC capacity to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) were studied and cytokine release was measured with IL-1 and IL-10. Complement activation was measured with C3a and C5b-9 complex and contact system activation with FXIIa-C1INH, FXIIa-AT, FXIa-C1INH and FXIa-AT.

NO increased neutrophil degranulation at all dose levels and 80 ppm NO increased basophil degranulation; whereas, NO exerted no effect on eosinophil degranulation, WBC subset counts, cytokine release or capacity to produce ROS. In addition, while increasing both specific and azurophil degranulation with 40 ppm, 80 ppm and 500 ppm, NO reversed the classical degranulation hierarchy with 500 ppm and azurophil degranulation became predominant. Furthermore, NO effect was greater with 500 ppm than with 80 ppm, indicating a dose response effect. The lack of iNOS mRNA expression in WBC and lack of L-NAME effect on degranulation and nitrite/nitrate production, together with absent increase in nitrite/nitrate in controls, excluded autocrine or paracrine regulation of degranulation. FXIIa-AT and FXIa-AT complexes increased and became predominant during early recirculation, whereas FXIIa-C1INH and FXIa-C1INH complexes were predominant at baseline but remained unaltered, suggesting contact system inhibition predominantly via AT. C3a and C5b-C9 increased. NO had no effect on either contact or complement system activation; however, 500 ppm NO shortened active clotting time.

In conclusion, the present data suggest that NO has a direct effect on neutrophil and basophil degranulation. Recognition of NO as an enhancer of degranulation may give access to new therapeutic tools for local and systemic inflammatory therapies; whereas, the identification of increased AT mediated inhibition of FXIIa and unchanged C1INH complexes presents new possibilities for therapeutic intervention in conditions such as hereditary angioedema and heart surgery.

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Alexiou, Christos. "Leucocyte activation and effects of leucocyte depletion during clinical and experimental extracorporeal circulation." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.416220.

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Bednarski, Spiwak Allison Joan. "Fatigue of Polymers in the Roller Head Raceway of Extracorporeal Circuits." The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1228329882.

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Morrice, L. M. A. "Extracorporeal blood circulation in the rat : Utilisation in the evaluation of antithrombotic agents and membrane biomaterials." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382409.

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Books on the topic "Extracorporeal circulation"

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H, Kay Philip, and Munsch Christopher M, eds. Techniques in extracorporeal circulation. 4th ed. London: Arnold, 2004.

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H, Kay Philip, ed. Techniques in extracorporeal circulation. 3rd ed. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1992.

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Anastasiadis, Kyriakos, Polychronis Antonitsis, and Helena Argiriadou. Principles of Miniaturized ExtraCorporeal Circulation. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32756-8.

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Baykut, D., and A. Krian, eds. Current Perspectives of the Extracorporeal Circulation. Heidelberg: Steinkopff, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57721-5.

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T, Mora Christina, ed. Cardiopulmonary bypass: Principles and techniques of extracorporeal circulation. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1995.

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Dorrington, Keith L. Anaesthetic and extracorporeal gas transfer. Oxford: Clarendon, 1989.

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Anaesthetic and extracorporeal gas transfer. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989.

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Extracorporeal photochemotherapy: Clinical aspects and the molecular basis for efficacy. Austin: R.G. Landes, 1994.

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B, Zwischenberger Joseph, Bartlett Robert H, and Extracorporeal Life Support Organization, eds. ECMO: Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary support in critical care. 2nd ed. [Ann Arbor, Mich.?]: Extracorporeal Life Support Organization, 2000.

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Alexiou, Christos. Leucocyte activation and effects of leucocyte depletion during clinical and experimental extracorporeal circulation. Portsmouth: University of Portsmouth, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Extracorporeal circulation"

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Callaghan, John C. "Extracorporeal Circulation." In International Practice in Cardiothoracic Surgery, 110–20. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4259-2_12.

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Keravel, Yves, and Marc Sindou. "Extracorporeal Circulation." In Giant Intracranial Aneurysms, 79–84. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83171-3_9.

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Coutrot, Maxime, Alain Combes, and Nicolas Bréchot. "Hemodynamics and Extracorporeal Circulation." In Hemodynamic Monitoring, 117–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69269-2_12.

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Beckley, Philip D., David W. Holt, and Richard D. Tallman. "Oxygenators for Extracorporeal Circulation." In Cardiopulmonary Bypass, 199–219. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2484-6_10.

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Pearson, G. A., and R. K. Firmin. "Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Children." In Assisted Circulation 4, 310–35. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79340-0_30.

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Steimle, C. N., and R. H. Bartlett. "Further Development of Extracorporeal Life Support." In Assisted Circulation 4, 383–93. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79340-0_40.

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Bauer, Adrian, Jan Schaarschmidt, Thomas Eberle, and Harald Hausmann. "Minimal Invasive Extracorporeal Circulation Systems." In Patient Blood Management in Cardiac Surgery, 129–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15342-7_15.

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Frumento, Robert J., and Elliott Bennett-Guerrero. "Prime Solutions for Extracorporeal Circulation." In On Bypass, 71–84. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-305-9_4.

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Trocchio, Christopher R., and James O. Sketel. "Mechanical Pumps for Extracorporeal Circulation." In Cardiopulmonary Bypass, 220–28. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2484-6_11.

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De Waele, E., P. M. Honore, and H. D. Spapen. "Energy Expenditure During Extracorporeal Circulation." In Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, 159–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51908-1_14.

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Conference papers on the topic "Extracorporeal circulation"

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Chauveau, N., W. L. van Meurs, R. Barthelemy, and J. P. Morucci. "An evolutionary device for extracorporeal circulation." In Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.1988.94444.

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Ferrari, Luca, Paola Fabbri, Luigi Rovati, and Francesco Pilati. "Haematic pH sensor for extracorporeal circulation." In SPIE BiOS, edited by Tuan Vo-Dinh, Anita Mahadevan-Jansen, and Warren Grundfest. SPIE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.906562.

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Dantas, Ricardo G., Eduardo T. Costa, Joaquim M. Maia, and Vera L. d. S. Nantes Button. "Ultrasonic Doppler blood flow meter for extracorporeal circulation." In Medical Imaging 2000, edited by Chin-Tu Chen and Anne V. Clough. SPIE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.383426.

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Dürr, A., L. Eisenmann, G. Albrecht, A. Liebold, and M. Hoenicka. "Optimizing Pulsatility in Minimally Invasive Extracorporeal Circulation (MiECC)." In 49th Annual Meeting of the German Society for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1705451.

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Chauveau, Van Meurs, Lautier, and Barthelemy. "Closed Loop Control Of Blood Gases During Surgical Extracorporeal Circulation." In Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.1992.595603.

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Chauveau, N., W. Van Meurs, A. Lautier, and R. Barthelemy. "Closed loop control of blood gases during surgical extracorporeal circulation." In 1992 14th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.1992.5761020.

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da Costa and Machado. "Basic Considerations Of Ultrasonic Air-bubble Detectors For Blood Extracorporeal Circulation." In Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.1992.595605.

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Cattini, Stefano, Michele Norgia, Alessandro Pesatori, and Luigi Rovati. "Blood flow measurement in extracorporeal circulation using self-mixing laser diode." In BiOS, edited by Gerard L. Coté. SPIE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.840240.

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Spannagl, M., W. Dietrich, J. A. Richter, H. Lill, and W. Schram. "EFFECTS OF EXTRACORPOREAL CIRCULATION AND SHED MEDIASTINAL BLOOD ON FIBRINOLYTIC SYSTEM." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644842.

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There is a remarkable increase in fibrinolytic activity during extracorporeal circulation. This activity is due to the release of tissue-plasminogen activator (t-PA) (Stibbe, Kluft e. a. 1982). A reduction of blood substitution requirements can be achieved^by retransfusion of shed mediastinal blood after open heart surgery. However thereby is an additional effect on fibrinolysis. We measured following parameters of the fibrinolytic system in 20 cardiac surgical patients before operation (A), after ECC (B) before retransfusion (C), in the drainage (D) and 20 minutes after retransfusion (E):The distance between end of ECC and retransfusion was 4 to 5 hours. The t-PA activity measurements after ECC (B) were disturbed by high heparin levels. In the shed blood (D) a highly significant increase of t-PA and D-dimer was noted, whereas no inhibitor activity was measurable at this instance, indicating consumption of the inhibitor. The high inhibitor levels found before and after retransfusion are due to the longer half-live. The D-dimer concentration increases significantly after compared to before retransfusion. However following retransfusion no significant variation in plasminogen and antiplasmin and no increased bleeding tendency could be observed.
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da Costa, Luiz Eduardo G., and Joao C. Machado. "Basic considerations of ultrasonic air-bubble detectors for blood extracorporeal circulation." In 1992 14th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.1992.5761021.

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