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Journal articles on the topic 'Extraclassical receptive field'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Wielaard, Jim, and Paul Sajda. "Extraclassical Receptive Field Phenomena and Short-Range Connectivity in V1." Cerebral Cortex 16, no. 11 (December 22, 2005): 1531–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhj090.

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WEBB, BEN S., CHRIS J. TINSLEY, NICK E. BARRACLOUGH, ALEXANDER EASTON, AMANDA PARKER, and ANDREW M. DERRINGTON. "Feedback from V1 and inhibition from beyond the classical receptive field modulates the responses of neurons in the primate lateral geniculate nucleus." Visual Neuroscience 19, no. 5 (September 2002): 583–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523802195046.

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It is well established that the responses of neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) can be modulated by feedback from visual cortex, but it is still unclear how cortico-geniculate afferents regulate the flow of visual information to the cortex in the primate. Here we report the effects, on the gain of LGN neurons, of differentially stimulating the extraclassical receptive field, with feedback from the striate cortex intact or inactivated in the marmoset monkey, Callithrix jacchus. A horizontally oriented grating of optimal size, spatial frequency, and temporal frequency was presented to the classical receptive field. The grating varied in contrast (range: 0–1) from trial to trial, and was presented alone, or surrounded by a grating of the same or orthogonal orientation, contained within either a larger annular field, or flanks oriented either horizontally or vertically. V1 was ablated to inactivate cortico-geniculate feedback. The maximum firing rate of LGN neurons was greater with V1 intact, but was reduced by visually stimulating beyond the classical receptive field. Large horizontal or vertical annular gratings were most effective in reducing the maximum firing rate of LGN neurons. Magnocellular neurons were most susceptible to this inhibition from beyond the classical receptive field. Extraclassical inhibition was less effective with V1 ablated. We conclude that inhibition from beyond the classical receptive field reduces the excitatory influence of V1 in the LGN. The net balance between cortico-geniculate excitation and inhibition from beyond the classical receptive field is one mechanism by which signals relayed from the retina to V1 are controlled.

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Henry, Christopher A., and Michael J. Hawken. "Stability of simple/complex classification with contrast and extraclassical receptive field modulation in macaque V1." Journal of Neurophysiology 109, no. 7 (April 1, 2013): 1793–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00997.2012.

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A key property of neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) is the distinction between simple and complex cells. Recent reports in cat visual cortex indicate the categorization of simple and complex can change depending on stimulus conditions. We investigated the stability of the simple/complex classification with changes in drive produced by either contrast or modulation by the extraclassical receptive field (eCRF). These two conditions were reported to increase the proportion of simple cells in cat cortex. The ratio of the modulation depth of the response (F1) to the elevation of response (F0) to a drifting grating (F1/F0 ratio) was used as the measure of simple/complex. The majority of V1 complex cells remained classified as complex with decreasing contrast. Near contrast threshold, an equal proportion of simple and complex cells changed their classification. The F1/F0 ratio was stable between optimal and large stimulus areas even for those neurons that showed strong eCRF suppression. There was no discernible overall effect of surrounding spatial context on the F1/F0 ratio. Simple/complex cell classification is relatively stable across a range of stimulus drives, produced by either contrast or eCRF suppression.

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Henry, C. A., S. Joshi, D. Xing, R. M. Shapley, and M. J. Hawken. "Functional Characterization of the Extraclassical Receptive Field in Macaque V1: Contrast, Orientation, and Temporal Dynamics." Journal of Neuroscience 33, no. 14 (April 3, 2013): 6230–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.4155-12.2013.

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SEIM, THORSTEIN, and ARNE VALBERG. "Spatial sensitivity, responsivity, and surround suppression of LGN cell responses in the macaque." Visual Neuroscience 30, no. 4 (July 2013): 153–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523813000370.

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AbstractResponses of cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the macaque monkey have been measured for different sizes of chromatic and achromatic stimuli, with relative luminance spanning a range of 3–6 log units. Homogeneous illuminated test fields, centered on the receptive field, were used. Responses to these stimuli deviated from what is expected for the grating stimuli used to study the contrast-sensitive mechanisms in the visual pathway. For test fields smaller than the center of the receptive field, both the excitatory and the inhibitory cone-opponent components were present in the response, and the sensitivity to both components increased with the same factor when the test field increased in size (area summation). For test field areas extending into the suppressive surround of the extraclassical receptive field, the excitatory and the inhibitory cone opponents were both suppressed, again by the same factor. This suppression of the cell’s responsiveness, as a function of test spot area, was described by a logarithmic function, and the spatial sensitivity of attenuation could therefore be described by a power function of radius. The logarithmic suppression was clear for parvocellular and koniocellular cells but was more prominent for magnocellular cells. The surround field suppression was also found for the prepotential inputs to LGN cells, indicating a retinal origin. The difference of Gaussian (DOG) model has been used successfully to describe the cells’ contrast behavior for grating stimuli. However, this model fails to describe the constant excitatory/inhibitory response balance needed to obtain color (hue) stability for light stimuli of different sizes but with the same Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) chromaticity and luminance factor. Neither the constant responsiveness found in the center of the receptive field nor the suppressive response in the surround can be described by the DOG model.

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Solomon, Samuel G., Andrew J. R. White, and Paul R. Martin. "Extraclassical Receptive Field Properties of Parvocellular, Magnocellular, and Koniocellular Cells in the Primate Lateral Geniculate Nucleus." Journal of Neuroscience 22, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 338–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.22-01-00338.2002.

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Liu, Yong-Jun, Maziar Hashemi-Nezhad, and David C. Lyon. "Dynamics of extraclassical surround modulation in three types of V1 neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 105, no. 3 (March 2011): 1306–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00692.2010.

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Visual stimuli outside of the classical receptive field (CRF) can influence the response of neurons in primary visual cortex (V1). While recording single units in cat, we presented drifting sinusoidal gratings in circular apertures of different sizes to investigate this extraclassical surround modulation over time. For the full 2-s stimulus time course, three types of neurons were found: 1) 68% of the cells were “suppressive,” 2) 25% were “plateau” cells that showed response saturation with no suppression, and 3) the remaining 6% of cells were “facilitative.” Analysis of the response dynamics revealed that at response onset, activity of one-half of facilitative cells, 70% of plateau cells, and all suppressive cells is suppressed by the surround. However, over the next 20–30 ms, surround modulation changes to stronger suppression for suppressive cells, substantial facilitation for facilitative cells, and weak facilitation for plateau cells. For all three cell types, these modulatory effects then stabilize between 100 and 200 ms from stimulus onset. Thus our findings illustrate two stages of surround modulation. Early modulation is mainly suppressive regardless of cell type and, because of rapid onset, may rely on feedforward mechanisms. Surround modulation that evolves later in time is not always suppressive, depending on cell type, and may be generated through different combinations of cortical circuits. Additional analysis of modulation throughout the cortical column suggests the possibility that the larger excitatory fields of facilitative cells, primarily found in infragranular layers, may contribute to the second stage of suppression through intracolumnar circuitry.

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Sun, C., X. Chen, L. Huang, and T. Shou. "Orientation bias of the extraclassical receptive field of the relay cells in the cat's dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus." Neuroscience 125, no. 2 (January 2004): 495–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.01.036.

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Shimegi, Satoshi, Ayako Ishikawa, Hiroyuki Kida, Hiroshi Sakamoto, Sin-ichiro Hara, and Hiromichi Sato. "Spatiotemporal characteristics of surround suppression in primary visual cortex and lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat." Journal of Neurophysiology 112, no. 3 (August 1, 2014): 603–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00221.2012.

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In the primary visual cortex (V1), a neuronal response to stimulation of the classical receptive field (CRF) is predominantly suppressed by a stimulus presented outside the CRF (extraclassical receptive field, ECRF), a phenomenon referred to as ECRF suppression. To elucidate the neuronal mechanisms and origin of ECRF suppression in V1 of anesthetized cats, we examined the temporal properties of the spatial extent and orientation specificity of ECRF suppression in V1 and the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), using stationary-flashed sinusoidal grating. In V1, we found three components of ECRF suppression: 1) local and fast, 2) global and fast, and 3) global and late. The local and fast component, which resulted from within 2° of the boundary of the CRF, started no more than 10 ms after the onset of the CRF response and exhibited low specificity for the orientation of the ECRF stimulus. These spatiotemporal properties corresponded to those of geniculate ECRF suppression, suggesting that the local and fast component of V1 is inherited from the LGN. In contrast, the two global components showed rather large spatial extents ∼5° from the CRF boundary and high specificity for orientation, suggesting that their possible origin is the cortex, not the LGN. Correspondingly, the local component was observed in all neurons of the thalamocortical recipient layer, while the global component was biased toward other layers. Therefore, we conclude that both subcortical and cortical mechanisms with different spatiotemporal properties are involved in ECRF suppression.

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Girman, Sergej, and Raymond Lund. "Orientation-Specific Modulation of Rat Retinal Ganglion Cell Responses and Its Dependence on Relative Orientations of the Center and Surround Gratings." Journal of Neurophysiology 104, no. 6 (December 2010): 2951–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00517.2010.

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In the primary visual cortex (V1), it has been shown that the neuronal response elicited by a grating patch in the receptive field (RF) center can be suppressed or facilitated by an annular grating presented in the RF surround area; the effect depends on the relative orientations of the two gratings. The effect is thought to play a role in figure-ground segregation. Here we have found that response modulation similar to that reported in cortical area V1 can also be found in all major classes of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), including “concentric” cells. Orientation-specific response modulation of this kind cannot result from interactions of independent RF mechanisms; therefore more complex mechanism, which takes into account the relative orientations of the gratings in the RF center and surround, or sensing the borders between texture regions, has to be present in RFs of RGCs, even of the concentric type. This challenges the consensus notion that their responses to visual stimuli are governed entirely by a RF composed of separate mechanisms: center, antagonistic surround, and modulatory extraclassical surround. Our findings raise the question of whether initial stages of complex analysis of visual input, normally attributed to the visual cortex, can be achieved within the retina.

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Brosch, Tobias, and Heiko Neumann. "Computing with a Canonical Neural Circuits Model with Pool Normalization and Modulating Feedback." Neural Computation 26, no. 12 (December 2014): 2735–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00675.

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Evidence suggests that the brain uses an operational set of canonical computations like normalization, input filtering, and response gain enhancement via reentrant feedback. Here, we propose a three-stage columnar architecture of cascaded model neurons to describe a core circuit combining signal pathways of feedforward and feedback processing and the inhibitory pooling of neurons to normalize the activity. We present an analytical investigation of such a circuit by first reducing its detail through the lumping of initial feedforward response filtering and reentrant modulating signal amplification. The resulting excitatory-inhibitory pair of neurons is analyzed in a 2D phase-space. The inhibitory pool activation is treated as a separate mechanism exhibiting different effects. We analyze subtractive as well as divisive (shunting) interaction to implement center-surround mechanisms that include normalization effects in the characteristics of real neurons. Different variants of a core model architecture are derived and analyzed—in particular, individual excitatory neurons (without pool inhibition), the interaction with an inhibitory subtractive or divisive (i.e., shunting) pool, and the dynamics of recurrent self-excitation combined with divisive inhibition. The stability and existence properties of these model instances are characterized, which serve as guidelines to adjust these properties through proper model parameterization. The significance of the derived results is demonstrated by theoretical predictions of response behaviors in the case of multiple interacting hypercolumns in a single and in multiple feature dimensions. In numerical simulations, we confirm these predictions and provide some explanations for different neural computational properties. Among those, we consider orientation contrast-dependent response behavior, different forms of attentional modulation, contrast element grouping, and the dynamic adaptation of the silent surround in extraclassical receptive field configurations, using only slight variations of the same core reference model.

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Wade, A. R., B. Xiao, and J. Rowland. "Imaging extraclassical receptive fields in early visual cortex." Journal of Vision 12, no. 9 (August 14, 2012): 1395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/12.9.1395.

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Martin, P. R., C. Tailby, B. Szmajda, P. Buzas, and B. B. Lee. "Contribution of blue (S) cone signals to classical and extraclassical receptive fields in the lateral geniculate nucleus." Journal of Vision 8, no. 17 (March 28, 2010): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/8.17.10.

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Romo, Phillip A., Chun Wang, Natalie Zeater, Samuel G. Solomon, and Bogdan Dreher. "Phase sensitivities, excitatory summation fields, and silent suppressive receptive fields of single neurons in the parastriate cortex of the cat." Journal of Neurophysiology 106, no. 4 (October 2011): 1688–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00894.2010.

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We have recorded single-neuron activity from cytoarchitectonic area 18 of anesthetized (0.4–0.7% isoflurane in 65% N2O-35% O2 gaseous mixture) domestic cats. Neurons were identified as simple or complex on the basis of the ratios between the phase-variant (F1) component and the mean firing rate (F0) of spike responses to optimized (orientation, direction, spatial and temporal frequencies, size) high-contrast, luminance-modulated, sine-wave drifting gratings (simple: F1/F0 spike-response ratios > 1; complex: F1/F0 spike-response ratios < 1). The predominance (∼80%) of simple cells among the neurons recorded from the principal thalamorecipient layers supports the idea that most simple cells in area 18 might constitute a putative early stage in the visual information processing. Apart from the “spike-generating” regions (the classical receptive fields, CRFs), the receptive fields of three-quarters of area 18 neurons contain silent, extraclassical suppressive regions (ECRFs). The spatial extent of summation areas of excitatory responses was negatively correlated with the strength of the ECRF-induced suppression of spike responses. Lowering the stimulus contrast resulted in an expansion of the summation areas of excitatory responses accompanied by a reduction in the strength of the ECRF-induced suppression. The spatial and temporal frequency and orientation tunings of the ECRFs were much broader than those of the CRFs. Hence, the ECRFs of area 18 neurons appear to be largely “inherited” from their dorsal thalamic inputs. In most area 18 cells, costimulation of CRFs and ECRFs resulted in significant increases in F1/F0 spike-response ratios, and thus there was a contextually modulated functional continuum between the simple and complex cells.

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Lankow, Benjamin S., and W. Martin Usrey. "Contextual Modulation of Feedforward Inputs to Primary Visual Cortex." Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience 16 (February 1, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2022.818633.

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Throughout the brain, parallel processing streams compose the building blocks of complex neural functions. One of the most salient models for studying the functional specialization of parallel visual streams in the primate brain is the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the dorsal thalamus, through which the parvocellular and magnocellular channels, On-center and Off-center channels, and ipsilateral and contralateral eye channels are maintained and provide the foundation for cortical processing. We examined three aspects of neural processing in these streams: (1) the relationship between extraclassical surround suppression, a widespread visual computation thought to represent a canonical neural computation, and the parallel channels of the LGN; (2) the magnitude of binocular interaction in the parallel streams; and (3) the magnitude of suppression elicited by perceptual competition (binocular rivalry) in each stream. Our results show that surround suppression is almost exclusive to Off channel cells; further, we found evidence for two different components of monocular surround suppression—an early-stage suppression exhibited by all magnocellular cells, and a late-stage suppression exhibited only by Off cells in both the parvocellular and magnocellular pathways. This finding indicates that stream-specific circuits contribute to surround suppression in the primate LGN and suggests a distinct role for suppression in the Off channel to the cortex. We also examined the responses of LGN neurons in alert macaque monkeys to determine whether neurons that supply the cortex with visual information are influenced by stimulation of both eyes. Our results demonstrate that LGN neurons are not influenced by stimulation of the non-dominant eye. This was the case when dichoptic stimuli were presented to classical receptive fields of neurons, extraclassical receptive fields of neurons, and when stimuli were appropriate to produce the perception of binocular rivalry.

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