Journal articles: 'Extra-pair paternity'

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Kempenaers, Bart. "Does Reproductive Synchrony Limit Male Opportunities or Enhance Female Choice for Extra-Pair Paternity?" Behaviour 134, no. 7-8 (1997): 551–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853997x00520.

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AbstractBreeding synchrony has been suggested as one factor that might explain the variation in frequency of extra-pair paternity, both between and within species. Reproductive synchrony might limit the opportunities for males to engage in extra-pair copulations (EPCs), because males face a trade-off with guarding their own fertile partner. Alternatively, breeding synchrony may promote extra-pair paternity, because of reduced male-male competition for EPCs or because of enhanced possibilities for females to assess male quality. In this study, I investigated the influence of synchrony on the occurrence of extra-pair paternity in the blue tit Parus caeruleus. Over four years, breeding synchrony and extra-pair paternity were positively related. Within a season, extra-pair paternity occurred independently of the timing of breeding. The fertile period of the extra-pair male's social mate and that of the extra-pair female often overlapped considerably. However, males who performed EPCs during the fertile period of their social mate were not more likely to lose paternity than males who performed EPCs after the fertile period of their mate. These data suggest that breeding synchrony has little influence on the occurrence of extra-pair paternity in the blue tit.

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Birkhead, T. R., and A. P. Møller. "Extra-pair copulation and extra-pair paternity in birds." Animal Behaviour 49, no. 3 (March 1995): 843–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(95)80217-7.

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BIRKHEAD, T. "Extra-pair copulation and extra-pair paternity in birds." Animal Behaviour 49 (March 1995): 843–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(95)90059-4.

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Brouwer, Lyanne, and Simon C. Griffith. "Extra‐pair paternity in birds." Molecular Ecology 28, no. 22 (October 31, 2019): 4864–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.15259.

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Cohas, Aurélie, and Dominique Allainé. "Social structure influences extra-pair paternity in socially monogamous mammals." Biology Letters 5, no. 3 (March 4, 2009): 313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0760.

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Using the genetic estimates of paternity available for 22 species of socially monogamous mammals, we investigated the impact of the social structure and of the type of pair bonding on the interspecific variations of extra-pair paternity rates. To this purpose, we classified species in three categories of social structure—solitary, pair or family-living species—and in two categories of pair bonding—intermittent or continuous. We show that interspecific variations of extra-pair paternity rates are better explained by the social structure than by the type of pair bonding. Species with intermittent and continuous pair bonding present similar rates of extra-pair paternity, while solitary and family-living species present higher extra-pair paternity rates than pair-living species. This can be explained by both higher male–male competition and higher female mate choice opportunities in solitary and family-living species than in pair-living species.

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Berzins, Lisha L., and Russell D. Dawson. "Does experimentally altered plumage brightness influence extra-pair mating success in female Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor)?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 98, no. 1 (January 2020): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2019-0142.

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Recent empirical evidence suggests that ornamental traits displayed by female birds may reflect aspects of their quality, and function during competitive interactions and (or) social mate attraction; however, less is known about how such traits influence extra-pair paternity. In Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor (Vieillot, 1808)), plumage brightness of females signals their quality and may be related to extra-pair paternity if it enables them to invade the territories of other females to seek extra-pair copulations and (or) if potential extra-pair mates perceive their plumage brightness as attractive. Therefore, to examine whether the plumage brightness displayed by females influence rates of extra-pair paternity and the number of sires per brood, we experimentally enhanced and reduced the plumage brightness of females relative to controls. Our results showed that plumage brightness treatment of the female did not influence the number of extra-pair offspring in nests or the likelihood of a brood containing extra-pair offspring. Additionally, the number of extra-pair males siring offspring within the broods of females did not differ by plumage brightness treatment. Although extra-pair paternity has been shown to be beneficial for female Tree Swallows, our results suggest that plumage brightness of females does not influence their ability to engage in extra-pair mating.

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Petrie, Marion, Claudie Doums, and Anders Pape Møller. "The degree of extra-pair paternity increases with genetic variability." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95, no. 16 (August 4, 1998): 9390–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.16.9390.

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The amount of extra-pair paternity in socially monogamous bird species varies from 0% to 76% extra-pair offspring. The causes of this remarkable interspecific variation are largely unknown, although intraspecific analyses suggest that females seek extra-pair matings to improve the genetic quality of their offspring. If this is a general explanation for the occurrence of extra-pair matings, then proportionally more females should seek to modify the paternity of their clutch when there is more variation among males in their genetic quality. Here we test this prediction in birds and show that interspecific variation in the proportion of extra-pair offspring is positively related to the proportion of polymorphic loci as measured by protein electrophoresis, even when controlling for potentially confounding variables. Genetic variability was also assessed, for sister pairs of species and populations differing significantly in extra-pair paternity, by using random priming, which provides an estimate of genome-wide diversity. We found that genetic diversity was higher in the populations with a higher level of extra-pair paternity. These results suggest that the amount of genetic variability in a population may be an important factor influencing mating patterns.

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Hill, Christopher E., and William Post. "Extra-pair paternity in Seaside Sparrows." Journal of Field Ornithology 76, no. 2 (April 2005): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1648/0273-8570-76.2.119.

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Briggs, Christopher W., and Michael W. Collopy. "Extra-pair paternity in Swainson's Hawks." Journal of Field Ornithology 83, no. 1 (February 2012): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1557-9263.2011.00354.x.

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Huyvaert, Kathryn P., David J. Anderson, Thomas C. Jones, Wenrui Duan, and Patricia G. Parker. "Extra-pair paternity in waved albatrosses." Molecular Ecology 9, no. 9 (September 2000): 1415–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.00996.x.

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11

Schleicher, B., F. Valera, H. Ho, and M. Hoi-Leitner. "The Importance of Different Paternity Guards in the Polygynandrous Penduline Tit (Remiz Pendulinus)." Behaviour 134, no. 11-12 (1997): 941–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853997x00241.

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AbstractIt is well documented that extra-pair copulations are a strategy by which males can increase their reproductive success and females may obtain genetic benefits. Whereas in monogamous species extra-pair copulations are the only way for both sexes to increase their reproductive success, in polygamous systems both partners can benefit from mating with several individuals. Here we examine the intensity of sperm competition and the rate of extra-pair fertilizations in relation to male anti-cuckoldry tactics in a small passerine, the polygynandrous penduline tit (Remiz pendulinus), where both sexes have the opportunity to become polygamous. The results revealed rather low rates of extra-pair paternity for this species: 6.9% (14 out of 201) of young being sired by an extra-pair male. Males build elaborate nests to attract females and because of this high initial investment, one would expect males to evolve anti-cuckoldry tactics to ensure paternity. However, male mate guarding intensity as well as within-pair copulation frequency were rather low in comparison to other polygynandrous species, and hence both strategies are unlikely to ensure paternity. In fact our results show that those males which deserted their females early in their fertile cycle (already before the second egg is laid) did not lose paternity, whereas those males which tended to guard their females throughout their whole fertile period were more likely to be cuckolded. Thus, although no obvious anti-cuckoldry tactics exist in this species, extra-pair paternity is very low. This indicates a tendency in females to cooperate with their pair-males rather than seek extra-pair copulations.

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Birkhead, Tim R., Ben J. Hatchwell, Robert Lindner, Donald Blomqvist, E. Jayne Pellatt, Richard Griffiths, and Jan T. Lifjeld. "Extra-Pair Paternity in the Common Murre." Condor 103, no. 1 (February 1, 2001): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/103.1.158.

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Abstract Multi-locus DNA fingerprinting was used to estimate the frequency of extra-pair paternity in the Common Murre (Uria aalge), a colonial, sexually monomorphic seabird that breeds at very high densities and in which extra-pair copulation is frequent. Common Murres produce a single chick. We detected 6 cases of extra-pair paternity in 77 families (7.8%). This value was higher than the proportion of successful extra-pair copulations (1.6%) estimated from behavioral data from an earlier study of the same population.

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Cramer, Emily, Nicole Krauss, Tricia Rowlison, and Pierre Comizzoli. "Sperm Morphology and Male Age in Black-Throated Blue Warblers, an Ecological Model System." Animals 10, no. 7 (July 10, 2020): 1175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10071175.

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Extra-pair paternity may drive selection on spermatozoa and ejaculate characteristics through sperm competition and cryptic female choice. Here, we examine sperm morphology in the black-throated blue warbler (Setophaga caerulescens), an ecological model species where extra-pair paternity is frequent and is linked with male age. We test whether sperm morphology relates to several aspects of male phenotype known or suspected to affect extra-pair paternity success. Sperm morphology did not correlate with the size of the white wing spot, a social status signal, nor with the volume of the cloacal protuberance. However, older males tended to have longer sperm cells. Although the sample size was limited, this pattern is intriguing, as longer cells may be advantageous in post-copulatory sexual selection and older males have larger testes and higher extra-pair paternity success in this species. Changes in sperm morphology with age are not observed in other birds, though they have been observed in insects and fishes. More research on sperm morphology is needed to clarify its role in extra-pair fertilizations in this well-studied species.

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Danchin, Etienne, Fabrice Helfenstein, and Richard Wagner. "Is Male Unpredictability a Paternity Assurance Strategy?" Behaviour 141, no. 6 (2004): 675–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539042245150.

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AbstractIn socially monogamous birds, levels of extra-pair paternity vary widely across species. A possible explanation for this variation is that the costs to both sexes of pursuing extra-pair copulations (EPCs) varies widely, which may substantially depend upon the effectiveness of the paternity assurance tactics employed by pair males. Given the prevalence of extra-pair paternity, an enigma exists in non-mate-guarding species in which males have no apparent means of assuring their paternity and yet rarely or never lose paternity. We propose that males in some species may pursue a subtle but effective paternity assurance tactic consisting of unpredictable behaviour. By departing and returning to and from their mates at unpredictable intervals males may be able to deter other males and their mates from attempting EPCs. Consistent with this idea, we found in the monogamous kittiwake Rissa tridactyla that the absences of males became decreasingly predictable in duration as their mates' fertile periods approached. Moreover, the durations of 80% of male absences were shorter than the minimum duration of copulations, creating a high probability of pair males returning in time to prevent EPCs. Factors other than male unredictability may explain the lack of extra-pair paternity in kittiwakes. Nevertheless, the unpredictable male hypothesis is testable in the many species with variable levels of EPP. Furthermore, we suggest that unpredictability may comprise a general strategy by which animals of both sexes protect various reproductive assets such as food, mates and territories.

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Thibault, Emma, Sean M. Mahoney, James V. Briskie, Mateen Shaikh, and Matthew W. Reudink. "Extra-pair paternity drives plumage colour elaboration in male passerines." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 22, 2022): e0273347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273347.

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The elaborate ornamental plumage displayed by birds has largely been attributed to sexual selection, whereby the greater success of ornamented males in attaining mates drives a rapid elaboration of those ornaments. Indeed, plumage elaboration tends to be greatest in species with a high variance in reproductive success such as polygynous mating systems. Even among socially monogamous species, many males are extremely colourful. In their now-classic study, Møller and Birkhead (1994) suggested that increased variance in reproductive success afforded by extra-pair paternity should intensify sexual selection pressure and thus an elaboration of male plumage and sexual dichromatism, but the relatively few measures of extra-pair paternity at the time prevented a rigorous test of this hypothesis. In the nearly three decades since that paper’s publication, hundreds of studies have been published on rates of extra-pair paternity and more objective measures of plumage colouration have been developed, allowing for a large-scale comparative test of Møller and Birkhead’s (1994) hypothesis. Using an analysis of 186 socially monogamous passerine species with estimates of extra-pair paternity, our phylogenetically controlled analysis confirms Møller and Birkhead’s (1994) early work, demonstrating that rates of extra-pair paternity are positively associated with male, but not female, colouration and with the extent of sexual dichromatism. Plumage evolution is complex and multifaceted, driven by phylogenetic, ecological, and social factors, but our analysis confirms a key role of extra-pair mate choice in driving the evolution of ornamental traits.

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Ju, Jing, Jiangxia Yin, Paul Racey, Lei Zhang, Donglai Li, and Dongmei Wan. "Extra-Pair Paternity in Varied TitsPoecile varius." Acta Ornithologica 49, no. 1 (June 2014): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3161/000164514x682959.

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Lifjeld, Jan T., Peter O. Dunn, Raleigh J. Robertson, and Peter T. Boag. "Extra-pair paternity in monogamous tree swallows." Animal Behaviour 45, no. 2 (February 1993): 213–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1993.1028.

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Dunn, Peter O., and Raleigh J. Robertson. "Extra-pair paternity in polygynous tree swallows." Animal Behaviour 45, no. 2 (February 1993): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1993.1029.

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Grinkov, Vladimir G., Andreas Bauer, Helmut Sternberg, and Michael Wink. "Heritability of the extra-pair mating behaviour of the pied flycatcher in Western Siberia." PeerJ 8 (July 31, 2020): e9571. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9571.

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Males and females take part in extra-pair copulations in most socially monogamous bird species. The mechanisms leading to the frequent occurrence of extra-pair offspring in socially monogamous couples are strongly debated and unresolved, and they are often difficult to distinguish from one another. Most hypotheses explaining the evolution of extra-pair reproduction suggest selective and adaptive scenarios for their origination and persistence. Is extra-pair paternity a heritable trait? We evaluated the heritability of extra-pair paternity in the pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) nesting in Western Siberia. Estimated heritability was low: depending on the model used, the point estimate of the heritability (mode) varied from 0.005 to 0.11, and the bounds of the 95% confidence interval are [0–0.16] in the widest range. Thus, it seems that extra-pair mating behaviour in the pied flycatchers is a plastic phenotypic mating tactic with a small or no genetic component. Our data can help to understand the evolution of extra-pair mating behaviour in socially monogamous species.

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van Rooij, Erica P., Lee A. Rollins, Clare E. Holleley, and Simon C. Griffith. "Extra-pair paternity in the long-tailed finchPoephila acuticauda." PeerJ 4 (January 5, 2016): e1550. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1550.

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Although the majority of passerine birds are socially monogamous, true genetic monogamy is rare, with extra-pair paternity (EPP) occurring in almost 90% of surveyed socially monogamous species. We present the first molecular data on the genetic breeding system of the long-tailed finch,Poephila acuticauda, a grass finch endemic to the tropical northern savannah of Australia. Although the species forms socially monogamous pair bonds during the breeding season, we found that extra-pair males sired 12.8% of 391 offspring, in 25.7% of 101 broods. Our findings provide only the second estimate of extra-pair paternity in the estrildid finch family.

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Dunn, Peter O., and Jan T. Lifjeld. "Can extra-pair copulations be used to predict extra-pair paternity in birds?" Animal Behaviour 47, no. 4 (April 1994): 983–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1994.1132.

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Brun, Jorg, Jorg Epplen, Sabine Strohbach, Thomas Lubjuhn, and Thomas Gerken. "EXTRA-PAIR PATERNITY IN GREAT TITS (PARUS MAJOR)-A LONG TERM STUDY." Behaviour 136, no. 9 (1999): 1157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853999501810.

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AbstractExtra-pair paternity is known to be common in many socially monogamous avian species. One question to which much attention has been paid is which benefits females might gain from copulations outside the pair bond. The 'good genes' hypothesis suggests that females obtain indirect benefits (i.e. good genes for at least part of their offspring). To test predictions from this hypothesis we analysed paternity in a study on great tits (Parus major) over 5 years. Each year 27.8-44.2% of broods contained at least one nestling that derived from a male other than its social father. 5.4-8.6% of all nestlings investigated were extra-pair sired. Males that were cuckolded survived with the same probability to the next year's breeding season as males whose broods did not contain extra-pair young. In addition there were no differences in local recruitment rates of offspring whether they were extra-pair sired or not. Our results do not fit the predictions of the 'good genes' hypothesis. Moreover, patterns of extra-pair paternity in successive years were highly inconsistent, suggesting that factors other than the genetic quality of males play an important role in determining if a particular female or male has extra-pair young in its brood.

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Schlicht, Lotte, Mihai Valcu, and Bart Kempenaers. "Spatial patterns of extra-pair paternity: beyond paternity gains and losses." Journal of Animal Ecology 84, no. 2 (October 23, 2014): 518–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12293.

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Benson, David P. "Low Extra-Pair Paternity in White-Tailed Ptarmigan." Condor 104, no. 1 (February 1, 2002): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/104.1.192.

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Abstract The White-tailed Ptarmigan (Lagopus leucurus) is one of the few socially monogamous species within the highly polygynous grouse subfamily (Tetraoninae). I found White-tailed Ptarmigan in Glacier National Park, Montana, to be nearly genetically monogamous. Of 58 chicks with putative fathers identified, three were the result of extra-pair copulations (5%). Three of 18 clutches (17%) contained extra-pair offspring. I suggest that White-tailed Ptarmigan males are able to guard their females effectively from extra-pair copulations because of high visibility in their habitat and their ability to forage alongside their mate. The three extra-pair offspring were sired by unknown males. Baja Paternidad Extra-Pareja en Lagopus leucurus Resumen. Lagopus leucurus es una de las pocas especies socialmente monógama dentro de la subfamilia Tetraoninae que se caracteriza por ser altamente polígina. En el “Glacier National Park,” Montana, encontré que los individuos de L. leucurus eran casi completamente monógamos en términos genéticos. De 58 polluelos con padres putativos, tres (5%) fueron el resultado de copulaciones extra-pareja. Tres de 18 nidadas (7%) presentaron hijos extra-pareja. Sugiero que los machos de L. leucurus son capaces de proteger efectivamente a sus hembras para evitar copulaciones extra-pareja debido a la alta visibilidad del hábitat en que se encuentran y a la habilidad de forrajear junto con la hembra. Los tres hijos de origen extra-pareja no fueron engendrados por machos que estaban en pareja.

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Maguire, Grainne S., and Raoul A. Mulder. "Low levels of extra-pair paternity in southern emu-wrens (Aves : Maluridae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 56, no. 2 (2008): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo08047.

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The frequency of extra-pair paternity (EPP) among birds varies considerably, with the highest rates (56–76%) reported in several species of fairy-wren (Maluridae). According to the ‘constrained female’ hypothesis, such high frequencies arise when females are emancipated from constraints on mate choice because they have access to alternative sources of parental care (cooperative breeding). We investigated the genetic mating system of a close relative of the fairy-wrens within the Maluridae, the southern emu-wren (Stipiturus malachurus). Southern emu-wrens share several life-history attributes with the fairy-wrens, but show relatively low levels of cooperation, providing an opportunity to assess how the frequency of cooperative breeding correlates with the frequency of EPP. We assessed paternity for 50 offspring within 27 emu-wren broods using species-specific microsatellite markers. Overall, only 12% of genotyped offspring resulted from extra-pair paternity, and 15% of broods contained at least one extra-pair offspring. We argue that opportunities for mate choice by female emu-wrens are restricted by their dependence on paternal care for offspring survival, as suggested by the constrained female hypothesis. The low occurrence of cooperative breeding in the southern emu-wren may thus help explain the extreme variation in the frequency of extra-pair paternity within this family.

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Reid, Jane M., Peter Arcese, Rebecca J. Sardell, and Lukas F. Keller. "Heritability of female extra-pair paternity rate in song sparrows ( Melospiza melodia )." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1708 (October 27, 2010): 1114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1704.

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The forces driving the evolution of extra-pair reproduction in socially monogamous animals remain widely debated and unresolved. One key hypothesis is that female extra-pair reproduction evolves through indirect genetic benefits, reflecting increased additive genetic value of extra-pair offspring. Such evolution requires that a female's propensity to produce offspring that are sired by an extra-pair male is heritable. However, additive genetic variance and heritability in female extra-pair paternity (EPP) rate have not been quantified, precluding accurate estimation of the force of indirect selection. Sixteen years of comprehensive paternity and pedigree data from socially monogamous but genetically polygynandrous song sparrows ( Melospiza melodia ) showed significant additive genetic variance and heritability in the proportion of a female's offspring that was sired by an extra-pair male, constituting major components of the genetic architecture required for extra-pair reproduction to evolve through indirect additive genetic benefits. However, estimated heritabilities were moderately small (0.12 and 0.18 on the observed and underlying latent scales, respectively). The force of selection on extra-pair reproduction through indirect additive genetic benefits may consequently be relatively weak. However, the additive genetic variance and non-zero heritability observed in female EPP rate allow for multiple further genetic mechanisms to drive and constrain mating system evolution.

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Stewart, Ian R. K., Richard D. Hanschu, Terry Burke, and David F. Westneat. "Tests of Ecological, Phenotypic, and Genetic Correlates of Extra-Pair Paternity in the House Sparrow." Condor 108, no. 2 (May 1, 2006): 399–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/108.2.399.

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Abstract We performed a two-year study of extra-pair paternity in the House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) to test a suite of hypotheses relating to ecological factors associated with breeding conditions and parental phenotypes and genotypes. Extra-pair fertilizations (EPFs) accounted for 45 of 419 (11%) nestlings and occurred in 33 of 126 (26%) broods. EPFs were not correlated with breeding synchrony or breeding density, although they were significantly more common toward the end of each breeding season. Body size and the size of the bib, a secondary sexual character, were no different between males that were cuckolded and those that achieved full paternity in their nests. Older males were cuckolded as frequently as yearlings, and there was no difference between males that were cuckolded and those that were not with regard to two measures of individual genetic diversity. There was no evidence that females sought EPFs to avoid inbreeding, since EPFs were equally likely to be present among pairs that were closely related and those that were only distantly related, and females were equally related to their extra-pair mates as they were to their within-pair mates. Furthermore, extra-pair sires did not possess alleles that were rare in the population. In sum, despite a substantial sample size, we found few correlates of extra-pair paternity in House Sparrows.

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Johnson, L. Scott, Charles F. Thompson, Scott K. Sakaluk, Markus Neuhäuser, Bonnie G. P. Johnson, Sheryl Swartz Soukup, Shannon Janota Forsythe, and Brian S. Masters. "Extra-pair young in house wren broods are more likely to be male than female." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1665 (March 18, 2009): 2285–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.0283.

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Sex-allocation theory predicts that females should preferentially produce offspring of the sex with greater fitness potential. In socially monogamous animal species, extra-pair mating often increases the variance in fitness of sons relative to daughters. Thus, in situations where offspring sired by a female's extra-pair mate(s) will typically have greater fitness potential than offspring sired by the within-pair mate, sex-allocation theory predicts that females will bias the sex of offspring sired by extra-pair mates towards male. We examined the relationship between offspring sex and paternity over six breeding seasons in an Illinois population of the house wren ( Troglodytes aedon ), a cavity-nesting songbird. Out of the 2345 nestlings that had both sex and paternity assigned, 350 (15%) were sired by extra-pair males. The sex ratio of extra-pair offspring, 0.534, was significantly greater than the sex ratio of within-pair offspring, 0.492, representing an increase of 8.5 per cent in the proportion of sons produced. To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of female birds increasing their production of sons in association with extra-pair fertilization. Our results are consistent with the oft-mentioned hypothesis that females engage in extra-pair mating to increase offspring quality.

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Otter, Ken, Laurene Ratcliffe, and Peter T. Boag. "Extra-Pair Paternity in the Black-Capped Chickadee." Condor 96, no. 1 (February 1994): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1369083.

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Benson, David P. "LOW EXTRA-PAIR PATERNITY IN WHITE-TAILED PTARMIGAN." Condor 104, no. 1 (2002): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1650/0010-5422(2002)104[0192:leppiw]2.0.co;2.

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HUTCHINSON, JOHN M. C., and SIMON C. GRIFFITH. "Extra-pair paternity in the Skylark Alauda arvensis." Ibis 150, no. 1 (October 2, 2007): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.2007.00744.x.

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Bonderud, Erica S., Ken A. Otter, Theresa M. Burg, Kristen L. D. Marini, and Matthew W. Reudink. "Patterns of extra-pair paternity in mountain chickadees." Ethology 124, no. 6 (April 19, 2018): 378–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eth.12747.

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Green, David J., Anne Peters, and Andrew Cockburn. "Extra-pair paternity and mate-guarding behaviour in the brown thornbill." Australian Journal of Zoology 50, no. 6 (2002): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo02037.

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We used multilocus DNA fingerprinting to assess parentage in the brown thornbill, Acanthiza pusilla, a socially monogamous Australian passerine. Extra-pair paternity was uncommon (6.2% of 178 offspring; 11.9% of 67 broods) and there was no evidence of intra-specific brood parasitism. Extra-pair paternity was limited because pairs spent more time together when females were fertile and males were able to evict intruding males before they could approach the female. Males were responsible for the close proximity of partners during the fertile period. Mate guarding therefore appears to be a male tactic aimed at preventing female infidelity rather than a cooperative behaviour of the pair aimed at preventing extra-pair copulations and/or female harassment. Females did not attempt to escape male guarding and were rarely observed to solicit copulations from intruding males. Nevertheless, females paired to smaller and younger males were more likely to cuckold their mates than females paired to larger and older males. This suggests that females may be more likely to seek or accept extra-pair matings when paired to small, young males or that old, large males are better at preventing their mates from engaging in extra-pair copulations. We found that male age but not male size influences mate-guarding behaviour. Older males tended to respond more aggressively to intruders. We therefore speculate that the relationship between male size/age and extra-pair paternity in brown thornbills may arise because female thornbills prefer large males as mates but are unable to express this preference as easily when paired to older males.

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Reid, Jane M., and Rebecca J. Sardell. "Indirect selection on female extra-pair reproduction? Comparing the additive genetic value of maternal half-sib extra-pair and within-pair offspring." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1734 (November 23, 2011): 1700–1708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.2230.

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One specific hypothesis explaining the evolution of extra-pair reproduction (EPR) by socially monogamous females is that EPR is under indirect selection because extra-pair offspring (EPO) sired by extra-pair males have higher additive genetic value for fitness than the within-pair offspring (WPO) a female would have produced had she solely mated with her socially paired male. This hypothesis has not been explicitly tested by comparing additive genetic value between EPO and the WPO they replaced. We show that the difference in additive genetic breeding value (BV) between EPO and the WPO they replaced is proportional to the genetic covariance between offspring fitness and male net paternity gain through EPR, and estimate this covariance with respect to offspring recruitment in free-living song sparrows ( Melospiza melodia ). Recruitment and net paternity gain showed non-zero additive genetic variance and heritability, and negative genetic covariance. Opposite to prediction, EPO therefore had lower BV for recruitment than the WPO they replaced. We thereby demonstrate an explicit quantitative genetic approach to testing the hypothesis that EPR allows polyandrous females to increase offspring additive genetic value, and suggest that there may be weak indirect selection against female EPR through reduced additive genetic value for recruitment of EPO versus WPO in song sparrows.

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Ledwoń, Mateusz, and Patricia Szczys. "Extra-pair paternity in a species with frequent extra-pair courtship feedings, few extra-pair copulations, and male-biased parental care." Journal of Ornithology 163, no. 2 (December 16, 2021): 437–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10336-021-01954-1.

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AbstractPatterns of extra pair paternity (EPP) and intraspecific brood parasitism (IBP) were studied in a Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida population characterized by female brood desertion, a high level of extra pair courtship feedings (10%) and a low level of extra pair copulation (EPC; 0.6%). In this study, we used a set of microsatellite loci to analyse parentage in 56 Whiskered Tern families from southern Poland. Depending on the method, we detected that 1.4%–3.6% of chicks were sired by an extra-pair male, and extra-pair chicks were present in 3.6%–8.9% of broods. IBP was observed in 8.9%–14.3% of broods, corresponding to 3.6%–6.4% of the chicks. The low rate of EPP is in agreement with the hypothesis that in species with high male parental investment, females should avoid EPC. The low level of IBP indicates that intraspecific egg dumping is not a common female strategy in Whiskered Tern, similar to many other colonial waterbird species.

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Chutter, Christopher M., Lucas J. Redmond, Nathan W. Cooper, Amy C. Dolan, Deborah Duffield, and Michael T. Murphy. "Paternal behaviour in a socially monogamous but sexually promiscuous passerine bird." Behaviour 153, no. 4 (2016): 443–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003359.

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We documented parental behaviour and paternity of eastern kingbirds (Tyrannus tyrannus) to test the predictions that paternal care would decline with increasing loss of paternity, increasing nesting density (a proxy for probability of paternity loss), male quality, and number of fertile females available in the population. Extra-pair young were found in 58% of 45 nests for which behaviour was recorded and a higher proportion of young were extra-pair as nesting density increased. Male feeding rate declined with increasing nesting density and male quality, but neither feeding rate nor a composite measure of paternal behaviour varied with number of fertile females or paternity. Although alternative explanations exist, one interpretation of the reduced paternal care at high nesting density was that it was a response to perceived threats of paternity loss. The ultimate basis for the lower paternal effort of higher quality males is unclear but we discuss several possible explanations.

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Zharikov, Yuri, and Erica Nol. "Copulation Behavior, Mate Guarding, and Paternity in the Semipalmated Plover." Condor 102, no. 1 (February 1, 2000): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/102.1.231.

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Abstract We present behavioral observations and multilocus DNA fingerprinting data on Semipalmated Plovers (Charadrius semipalmatus) breeding in the sub-Arctic. We predicted that, where a large time/energy investment by males during incubation and chick-rearing is crucial for successful reproduction, both extra-pair copulation and fertilization rates would be low. Extra-pair copulations were infrequent (7% of total copulations), as were within pair copulations (0.44 hr−1). Copulations occurred, on average 6.2 days prior to clutch initiation. Males spent 64% of their time in visual contact with their mates. Mate guarding during the laying period was significantly more pronounced in coastal neighborhoods of breeding birds than among solitary-nesting pairs. Extra-pair fertilizations occurred in 4% of families resulting in an extra-pair paternity rate of 4.7%.

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Örnborg, Jonas, Staffan Andersson, Arild Johnsen, Jan Lifjeld, and Trond Amundsen. "MALE CHARACTERISTICS AND FERTILISATION SUCCESS IN BLUETHROATS." Behaviour 138, no. 11-12 (2001): 1371–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853901317367645.

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AbstractExtra-pair copulations (EPCs) can create or intensify sexual selection and, provided that fertilisation success is related to phenotypic traits, help explain sexual dimorphism in socially monogamous species. Previous experimental manipulations of the ornamental coloration in male bluethroats, Luscinia s. svecica, have shown effects on their social mating success, mate-guarding behaviour, and within-pair- and extra-pair paternity. This study investigates the relationship between male characteristics (reflectance of the blue throat feathers, width of the chestnut breast band, wing length, body condition and age) and fertilisation success under natural, non-experimental conditions. Combining three breeding seasons, 29% of 720 offspring were sired by extra-pair males and 54% of 136 nests contained one or more extra-pair offspring. The chroma (spectral purity) of the blue throat feathers and the width of the chestnut band were positively related to paternity in own nest, and for blue chroma this translated into a significantly positive relation with total fertilisation success. This suggests that differential within-pair paternity success exerts directional selection on the colour signal. None of the throat colour measures or morphological traits were significantly related to overall extra-pair fertilisation (EPF) success. However, restricting the analysis to males with one or more EPFs, there was a positive relation between amount of extra-pair paternity and blue chroma. Old males were more successful than young ones in achieving EPFs. Pairwise comparisons showed no plumage differences between cuckolded males and the males that cuckolded them. The absence of phenotypic correlates of male EPC-success agrees with our recent finding that females improve offspring quality through individual choice of EPC partners with 'compatible genes' rather than 'good genes' in an absolute sense. Our results indicate that experiments where traits are manipulated outside the natural range should be interpreted with caution, and illustrate the importance of a dual approach (experimental and correlative) in studies of sexual selection in the wild.

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Patrick, Samantha C., Joanne R. Chapman, Hannah L. Dugdale, John L. Quinn, and Ben C. Sheldon. "Promiscuity, paternity and personality in the great tit." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1734 (November 30, 2011): 1724–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.1820.

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Understanding causes of variation in promiscuity within populations remain a major challenge. While most studies have focused on quantifying fitness costs and benefits of promiscuous behaviour, an alternative possibility—that variation in promiscuity within populations is maintained because of linkage with other traits—has received little attention. Here, we examine whether promiscuity in male and female great tits ( Parus major )—quantified as extra-pair paternity (EPP) within and between nests—is associated with variation in a well-documented personality trait: exploration behaviour in a novel environment. Exploration behaviour has been shown to correlate with activity levels, risk-taking and boldness, and these are behaviours that may plausibly influence EPP. Exploration behaviour correlated positively with paternity gained outside the social pair among males in our population, but there was also a negative correlation with paternity in the social nest. Hence, while variation in male personality predicted the relative importance of paternity gain within and outside the pair bond, total paternity gained was unrelated to exploration behaviour. We found evidence that males paired with bold females were more likely to sire extra-pair young. Our data thus demonstrate a link between personality and promiscuity, with no net effects on reproductive success, suggesting personality-dependent mating tactics, in contrast with traditional adaptive explanations for promiscuity.

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Rowe, Diane L., Michael T. Murphy, Robert C. Fleischer, and Paul G. Wolf. "High Frequency of Extra-Pair Paternity in Eastern Kingbirds." Condor 103, no. 4 (November 1, 2001): 845–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/103.4.845.

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Abstract Genetic parentage in the socially monogamous and territorial Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus) was examined in a central New York population by multilocus DNA fingerprinting. Extra-pair young were identified in 60% (12 of 20) of nests. Of the 64 nestlings profiled, 42% were sired by extra-pair males, but no cases of conspecific brood parasitism were detected. These results are markedly different from a previous electrophoretic study of the same species in a Michigan population, which reported 39% of nestlings were unrelated to one (typically the mother, quasiparasitism) or both (conspecific brood parasitism) of the putative parents. In the New York population, extra-pair paternity was most common among females that returned to breed on a former territory. Among females that were new to a breeding territory, extra-pair paternity increased directly with breeding density. Although the power of the tests was low, neither breeding synchrony nor male experience with a breeding territory appeared to be associated with the occurrence of extra-pair young. Alta Frecuencia de Paternidad Extra-Pareja en Tyrannus tyrannus Resumen. Se examinó la paternidad genética de Tyrannus tyrannus, especie socialmente monógama y territorial, mediante la técnica de huellas dactilares genéticas de múltiples loci en una población de Nueva York central. En el 60% (12 de 20) de los nidos se identificaron juveniles con origen extra-pareja. De los 64 pichones investigados, el 42% fue engendrado por machos fuera de la pareja, aunque no se detectaron nidadas con parasitismo conespecífico. Estos resultados son considerablemente diferentes a los obtenidos en un estudio previo para la misma especie en una población de Michigan, el cual reportó que el 39% de los pichones no estaban relacionados con uno (tipicamente a la madre, cuasiparasitismo) o ambos (parasitismo de nido conespecífico) padres putativos. En la población de Nueva York, la paternidad extra-pareja fue más común entre hembras que retornaron a criar a territorios que habían ocupado previamente. Entre las hembras que ocuparon por primera vez un territorio de cría, la paternidad extra-pareja aumentó directamente con la densidad de individuos reproductivos. A pesar que el poder del análisis fue bajo, ni la sincronía reproductiva, ni la experiencia de los machos en sus territorios de cria, parecen estar asociados a la ocurrencia de juveniles extra-pareja.

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Cousseau, Laurence, Dries Van de Loock, Mwangi Githiru, Carl Vangestel, and Luc Lens. "Female need for paternal care shapes variation in extra-pair paternity in a cooperative breeder." Behavioral Ecology 31, no. 2 (January 11, 2020): 548–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz215.

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Abstract Socially monogamous females regularly mate with males outside the pair bond. The prevailing explanation for this behavior is that females gain genetic benefits resulting from increased fitness of extra-pair offspring. Furthermore, because of the risk of reduced paternal care in response to cuckoldry, females are expected to seek extra-pair copulations when they can rear offspring with little help from their social partner (“constrained female” hypothesis). We tested these hypotheses and analyzed variation in paternal care in the Afrotropical, facultative cooperative breeding placid greenbul (Phyllastrephus placidus). Overall, approximately 50% of the offspring resulted from extra-pair (and extra-group) mating. Identified extra-pair males were in most cases neighboring dominant males, yet never within-group subordinates. As predicted by the constrained female hypothesis, the occurrence of extra-pair paternity (EPP) increased with the number of cooperative helpers (and not with total group size). However, dominant males did not adjust their food provisioning rates in response to EPP. Although extra-pair males were more strongly related to the dominant female and less heterozygous than the latter’s social mate, this did not result in more inbred extra-pair offspring, likely because identified extra-pair males were not representative of the extra-pair male population. While earlier studies on EPP mainly focused on male genetic quality, results from this study provide evidence that female’s social context may affect extra-pair strategies too.

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Baldassarre, Daniel T., Emma I. Greig, and Michael S. Webster. "The couple that sings together stays together: duetting, aggression and extra-pair paternity in a promiscuous bird species." Biology Letters 12, no. 2 (February 2016): 20151025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.1025.

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When individuals mate outside the pair bond, males should employ behaviours such as aggression or vocal displays (e.g. duetting) that help assure paternity of the offspring they care for. We tested whether male paternity was associated with aggression or duetting in the red-backed fairy-wren, a species exhibiting high rates of extra-pair paternity. During simulated territorial intrusions, aggression and duetting were variable among and repeatable within males, suggesting behavioural consistency of individuals. Males with quicker and stronger duet responses were cuckolded less often than males with slower and weaker responses. In contrast, physical aggression was not correlated with male paternity. These results suggest that either acoustic mate guarding or male–female vocal negotiations via duetting lead to increased paternity assurance, whereas physical aggression does not.

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Ritchison, Gary, Paul H. Klatt, and David F. Westneat. "Mate Guarding and Extra-Pair Paternity in Northern Cardinals." Condor 96, no. 4 (November 1994): 1055–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1369114.

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Rowe, Diane L., Michael T. Murphy, Robert C. Fleischer, and Paul G. Wolf. "High Frequency of Extra-Pair Paternity in Eastern Kingbirds." Condor 103, no. 4 (2001): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.1650/0010-5422(2001)103[0845:hfoepp]2.0.co;2.

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Westneat, David F., and Ian R. K. Stewart. "Extra-Pair Paternity in Birds: Causes, Correlates, and Conflict." Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 34, no. 1 (November 2003): 365–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132439.

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Canal, David, José Dávila, and Jaime Potti. "Male phenotype predicts extra-pair paternity in pied flycatchers." Behaviour 148, no. 5-6 (2011): 691–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000579511x573917.

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Larmuseau, Maarten H. D., Pieter van den Berg, Sofie Claerhout, Francesc Calafell, Alessio Boattini, Leen Gruyters, Michiel Vandenbosch, Kelly Nivelle, Ronny Decorte, and Tom Wenseleers. "A Historical-Genetic Reconstruction of Human Extra-Pair Paternity." Current Biology 29, no. 23 (December 2019): 4102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.09.075.

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Johnsen, Arild, and Jan T. Lifjeld. "Ecological constraints on extra-pair paternity in the bluethroat." Oecologia 136, no. 3 (August 1, 2003): 476–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-003-1286-4.

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Hsu, Y. H., M. J. P. Simons, J. Schroeder, A. Girndt, I. S. Winney, T. Burke, and S. Nakagawa. "Age-dependent trajectories differ between within-pair and extra-pair paternity success." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 30, no. 5 (April 3, 2017): 951–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13058.

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Grinkov, Vladimir G., Andreas Bauer, Helmut Sternberg, and Michael Wink. "Understanding Extra-Pair Mating Behaviour: A Case Study of Socially Monogamous European Pied Flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) in Western Siberia." Diversity 14, no. 4 (April 10, 2022): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14040283.

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Extra-pair copulation (EPC) occurred in most socially monogamous bird species. The mechanisms leading to the frequent occurrence of extra-pair offspring (EPO, EPY) in socially monogamous couples, as well as the ‘function’ of EPC, are the subjects of strong debates and raise many unanswered questions. We studied the relationship between extra-pair paternity (EPP) and the different characteristics of males and females in the European pied flycatcher in Western Siberia (Russia). The analysis was based on the genotyping of 232 males, 250 females, 1485 nestlings (250 nests). The European pied flycatchers were predominantly socially and genetically monogamous, but about 20% of birds could be involved in EPP. Loss of paternity tended to be more frequent in one-year-old males. EPCs could be multiple: one individual may have up to three extra-pair partners. The EPP rate was independent of the breeding time. The extra-pair mates of an individual were mainly its near neighbours. The EPC status of an individual was unrelated to most of its morpho-physiological traits. The occurrence of EPP was almost twice as high in females nesting in good quality territories. The fitness of within-pair offspring, EPO, paternal half-sibs of EPO and maternal half-sibs of EPO did not differ statistically significantly. Assuming very low heritability of extra-pair mating, we argued that EPCs could be incidental side effects (by-product) of selection. We believe that the evolution and maintenance of extra-pair mating are the episelective processes in the case of the European pied flycatcher.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Extra-pair paternity'

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