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Journal articles on the topic 'Extra-group paternity'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Isvaran, Kavita, and Tim Clutton-Brock. "Ecological correlates of extra-group paternity in mammals." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1607 (October 31, 2006): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3723.

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Extra-group paternity (EGP) can form an important part of the mating system in birds and mammals. However, our present understanding of its extent and ecology comes primarily from birds. Here, we use data from 26 species and phylogenetic comparative methods to explore interspecific variation in EGP in mammals and test prominent ecological hypotheses for this variation. We found extensive EGP (46% of species showed more than 20% EGP), indicating that EGP is likely to play an important role in the mating system and the dynamics of sexual selection in mammals. Variation in EGP was most closely correlated with the length of the mating season. As the length of the mating season increased, EGP declined, suggesting that it is increasingly difficult for males to monopolize their social mates when mating seasons are short and overlap among females in oestrus is likely to be high. EGP was secondarily correlated with the number of females in a breeding group, consistent with the idea that as female clustering increases, males are less able to monopolize individual females. Finally, EGP was not related to social mating system, suggesting that the opportunities for the extra-group fertilizations and the payoffs involved do not consistently vary with social mating system.
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2

Hajduk, Gabriela K., Andrew Cockburn, Helen L. Osmond, and Loeske E. B. Kruuk. "Complex effects of helper relatedness on female extrapair reproduction in a cooperative breeder." Behavioral Ecology 32, no. 3 (April 5, 2021): 386–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/araa142.

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Abstract In cooperatively breeding species, the presence of male helpers in a group often reduces the breeding female’s fidelity to her social partner, possibly because there is more than one potential sire in the group. Using a long-term study of cooperatively breeding superb fairy-wrens (Malurus cyaneus) and records of paternity in 1936 broods, we show that the effect of helpers on rates of extrapair paternity varied according to the helpers’ relatedness to the breeding female. The presence of unrelated male helpers in a group increased average rates of extrapair paternity, from 57% for groups with no unrelated helpers, to 74% with one unrelated helper, to 86% with 2+ unrelated helpers. However, this increase was due in equal part to helpers within the group and males in other groups achieving increased paternity. In contrast, helpers who were sons of the breeding female did not gain paternity, nor did they affect the level of extra-group paternity (which occurred at rates of 60%, 58%, 61% in the presence of 0, 1, 2+ helper sons, respectively). There was no evidence of effects of helpers’ relatedness to the female on nest productivity or nestling performance. Because the presence of helpers per se did not elevate extrapair reproduction rates, our results undermine the “constrained female hypothesis” explanation for an increase in extrapair paternity with helper number in cooperative breeders. However, they indicate that dominant males are disadvantaged by breeding in “cooperative” groups. The reasons why the presence of unrelated helpers, but not of helper-sons, results in higher rates of extra-group reproduction are not clear.
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3

Raj Pant, Sara, Jan Komdeur, Terry A. Burke, Hannah L. Dugdale, and David S. Richardson. "Socio-ecological conditions and female infidelity in the Seychelles warbler." Behavioral Ecology 30, no. 5 (May 30, 2019): 1254–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz072.

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Abstract Within socially monogamous breeding systems, levels of extra-pair paternity can vary not only between species, populations, and individuals, but also across time. Uncovering how different extrinsic conditions (ecological, demographic, and social) influence this behavior will help shed light on the factors driving its evolution. Here, we simultaneously address multiple socio-ecological conditions potentially influencing female infidelity in a natural population of the cooperatively breeding Seychelles warbler, Acrocephalus sechellensis. Our contained study population has been monitored for more than 25 years, enabling us to capture variation in socio-ecological conditions between individuals and across time and to accurately assign parentage. We test hypotheses predicting the influence of territory quality, breeding density and synchrony, group size and composition (number and sex of subordinates), and inbreeding avoidance on female infidelity. We find that a larger group size promotes the likelihood of extra-pair paternity in offspring from both dominant and subordinate females, but this paternity is almost always gained by dominant males from outside the group (not by subordinate males within the group). Higher relatedness between a mother and the dominant male in her group also results in more extra-pair paternity—but only for subordinate females—and this does not prevent inbreeding occurring in this population. Our findings highlight the role of social conditions favoring infidelity and contribute toward understanding the evolution of this enigmatic behavior.
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4

DUGDALE, HANNAH L., DAVID W. MACDONALD, LISA C. POPE, and TERRY BURKE. "Polygynandry, extra-group paternity and multiple-paternity litters in European badger (Meles meles) social groups." Molecular Ecology 16, no. 24 (December 2007): 5294–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03571.x.

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5

Dunn, Peter O., and Andrew Cockburn. "Costs and Benefits of Extra-Group Paternity in Superb Fairy-Wrens." Ornithological Monographs, no. 49 (January 1998): 147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40166722.

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6

Young, Andrew J., Goran Spong, and Tim Clutton-Brock. "Subordinate male meerkats prospect for extra-group paternity: alternative reproductive tactics in a cooperative mammal." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1618 (April 24, 2007): 1603–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.0316.

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In cooperatively breeding species, subordinates typically suffer strong constraints on within-group reproduction. While numerous studies have highlighted the additional fitness benefits that subordinates might accrue through helping, few have considered the possibility that subordinates may also seek extra-group matings to improve their chances of actually breeding. Here, we show that subordinate males in cooperative meerkat, Suricata suricatta , societies conduct frequent extraterritorial forays, during periods of peak female fertility, which give rise to matings with females in other groups. Genetic analyses reveal that extra-group paternity (EGP) accrued while prospecting contributes substantially to the reproductive success of subordinates: yielding the majority of their offspring (approx. 70%); significantly reducing their age at first reproduction and allowing them to breed without dispersing. We estimate that prospecting subordinates sire 20–25% of all young in the population. While recent studies on cooperative birds indicate that dominant males accrue the majority of EGP, our findings reveal that EGP can also arise from alternative reproductive tactics employed exclusively by subordinates. It is important, therefore, that future attempts to estimate the fitness of subordinate males in animal societies quantify the distribution of extra-group as well as within-group paternity, because a substantial proportion of the reproductive success of subordinates may otherwise go undetected.
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7

Cousseau, Laurence, Dries Van de Loock, Mwangi Githiru, Carl Vangestel, and Luc Lens. "Female need for paternal care shapes variation in extra-pair paternity in a cooperative breeder." Behavioral Ecology 31, no. 2 (January 11, 2020): 548–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz215.

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Abstract Socially monogamous females regularly mate with males outside the pair bond. The prevailing explanation for this behavior is that females gain genetic benefits resulting from increased fitness of extra-pair offspring. Furthermore, because of the risk of reduced paternal care in response to cuckoldry, females are expected to seek extra-pair copulations when they can rear offspring with little help from their social partner (“constrained female” hypothesis). We tested these hypotheses and analyzed variation in paternal care in the Afrotropical, facultative cooperative breeding placid greenbul (Phyllastrephus placidus). Overall, approximately 50% of the offspring resulted from extra-pair (and extra-group) mating. Identified extra-pair males were in most cases neighboring dominant males, yet never within-group subordinates. As predicted by the constrained female hypothesis, the occurrence of extra-pair paternity (EPP) increased with the number of cooperative helpers (and not with total group size). However, dominant males did not adjust their food provisioning rates in response to EPP. Although extra-pair males were more strongly related to the dominant female and less heterozygous than the latter’s social mate, this did not result in more inbred extra-pair offspring, likely because identified extra-pair males were not representative of the extra-pair male population. While earlier studies on EPP mainly focused on male genetic quality, results from this study provide evidence that female’s social context may affect extra-pair strategies too.
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8

Marjamäki, Paula H., Hannah L. Dugdale, Deborah A. Dawson, Robbie A. McDonald, Richard Delahay, Terry Burke, and Alastair J. Wilson. "Individual variation and the source-sink group dynamics of extra-group paternity in a social mammal." Behavioral Ecology 30, no. 2 (January 14, 2019): 301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/ary164.

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9

Annavi, G., C. Newman, H. L. Dugdale, C. D. Buesching, Y. W. Sin, T. Burke, and D. W. Macdonald. "Neighbouring‐group composition and within‐group relatedness drive extra‐group paternity rate in the European badger ( Meles meles )." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 27, no. 10 (September 18, 2014): 2191–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jeb.12473.

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10

TEMPLE, H. J., J. I. HOFFMAN, and W. AMOS. "Group structure, mating system and extra-group paternity in the co-operatively breeding White-breasted ThrasherRamphocinclus brachyurus." Ibis 151, no. 1 (January 2009): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.2008.00867.x.

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11

Nichols, Hazel J., Michael A. Cant, and Jennifer L. Sanderson. "Adjustment of costly extra-group paternity according to inbreeding risk in a cooperative mammal." Behavioral Ecology 26, no. 6 (2015): 1486–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arv095.

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12

Cameron-Macmillan, Maureen L., Carolyn J. Walsh, Sabina I. Wilhelm, and Anne E. Storey. "Extra-pair copulations in common murres I: a mate attraction strategy?" Behaviour 143, no. 10 (2006): 1241–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853906778691559.

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AbstractWe investigated the behavioural context of pair (PCs) and extra-pair copulations (EPCs) in individually-marked socially-monogamous, long-lived seabirds, common murres (Uria aalge). Since forced EPCs have been documented for this species, we first examined which sex controls successful (cloacal contact achieved) copulation. The finding that all successful copulations required female cooperation and crouching suggested that benefits of successful EPCs accrue primarily to females. In a group of murres for which paternity analyses indicated no extra-pair paternity, behavioural observations over five breeding seasons showed that individual females engaged in EPCs primarily under two circumstances: (1) before they were reunited with their mates, and (2) when they were in the process of re-pairing. There was no such relationship between EPCs and re-pairing for males. Successful EPCs occurred with familiar neighboring males of apparent high quality, indicated by their high ledge attendance and prior reproductive success rates. Thus, EPCs may be used by females to attract potential high quality mates in situations where females are attempting to re-pair as a result of divorce or mate death.
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13

ISHIZUKA, Shintaro. "Societies of local populations in African great apes – dispersal, extra-group paternity, and intergroup relationships." Primate Research 37, no. 1 (June 20, 2021): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2354/psj.37.004.

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14

Richardson, D. S., F. L. Jury, K. Blaakmeer, J. Komdeur, and T. Burke. "Parentage assignment and extra-group paternity in a cooperative breeder: the Seychelles warbler (Acrocephalus sechellensis)." Molecular Ecology 10, no. 9 (September 2001): 2263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01355.x.

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15

Whittingham, Linda A., Peter O. Dunn, and Robert D. Magrath. "Relatedness, polyandry and extra-group paternity in the cooperatively-breeding white-browed scrubwren ( Sericornis frontalis )." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 40, no. 4 (April 14, 1997): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002650050341.

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16

Durrant, Kate L., and Jane M. Hughes. "Differing rates of extra-group paternity between two populations of the Australian magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen)." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 57, no. 6 (January 13, 2005): 536–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-004-0883-5.

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17

Helversen, Otto Von, Christian Voigt, Frieder Mayer, and Gerald Heckel. "EXTRA-HAREM PATERNITY IN THE WHITE-LINED BAT SACCOPTERYX BILINEATA (EMBALLONURIDAE)." Behaviour 136, no. 9 (1999): 1173–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853999501829.

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AbstractWe studied the paternity in a colony of the harem-polygynous white-lined bat Saccopteryx bilineata by microsatellite typing and compared the data with group composition and stability. Although we recorded a high stability for harem groups, neither spatial proximity of males to harem females nor harem ownership allowed us to predict the paternity of the next year's harem offspring. Eight out of 28 juveniles were fathered by holders of the harem in which they were born, while the other 20 represent Extra-Harem-Young (EHY). 50% of EHY were fathered by males from outside the colony and 50% by other harem holders or peripheral males of the colony. On average, reproductive success of harem holders (1.2 offspring/year) was higher compared with peripheral males (0.4 offspring/year). Harem size seemed not to influence reproductive success of harem holders. Although maintaining of a territory seems to be costly for a harem male, his ability to control the females of his harem may be restricted; instead female Saccopteryx bilineata appear to have a high potential for female choice.
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18

Plaza, Mireia, Alejandro Cantarero, Diego Gil, and Juan Moreno. "Experimentally flight-impaired females show higher levels of extra-pair paternity in the pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca." Biology Letters 15, no. 8 (August 2019): 20190360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0360.

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There is no consensus yet on the reasons why females engage in extra-pair copulations (EPCs). In some species, females have been shown to accrue some indirect benefits, but these effects are not consistent across species and studies. The sexual conflict hypothesis posits that extra-pair paternity (EPP) is the result of strong selection for male pursuit of EPC without real benefits for females. In order to test this hypothesis, we experimentally reduced wing area (reversibly tying together some primary feathers), in a group of pied flycatcher females ( Ficedula hypoleuca ). The manipulation increases wing loading (body mass/wing area), which is negatively associated with flying ability, and thus with the capacity to escape from unwanted copulations. We compared the levels of EPP in this experimental group with those of a group of un-manipulated females. Experimental females almost doubled the proportion of extra-pair young (EPY) with respect to control females. In addition, more males sired EPY in experimental than in control broods containing EPY. These results suggest that in our study population, EPP could be partially a product of female capacity to avoid EPCs. We also discuss the alternative hypothesis that results might be due to an eventual reduction of female attractiveness.
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19

Isvaran, Kavita, and Sumithra Sankaran. "Do extra-group fertilizations increase the potential for sexual selection in male mammals?" Biology Letters 13, no. 10 (October 2017): 20170313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0313.

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Fertilizations by males outside the social breeding group (extra-group paternity, EGP) are widespread in birds and mammals. EGP is generally proposed to increase male reproductive skew and thereby increase the potential for sexual selection, but the generality of this relationship is unclear. We extracted data from 27 mammals in seven orders and used phylogenetic comparative methods to investigate the influence of EGP and social mating system on measures of inequality in male fertilization success, which are indices of the potential for sexual selection. We find that EGP and social mating system can predict the potential for sexual selection in mammalian populations, but only when considered jointly and not individually. EGP appears to increase the potential for sexual selection but only when the degree of social polygyny is relatively low. When social polygyny is high, EGP appears to result in a more uniform distribution of reproduction and a decrease in the potential for sexual selection. A possible explanation to be investigated is that the phenotype of extra-group fathers differs systematically across social mating systems. Our findings have implications for the use of EGP and social mating system as indices of sexual selection in comparative analyses of trait evolution under sexual selection.
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20

Huck, Maren, Eduardo Fernandez-Duque, Paul Babb, and Theodore Schurr. "Correlates of genetic monogamy in socially monogamous mammals: insights from Azara's owl monkeys." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1782 (May 7, 2014): 20140195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0195.

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Understanding the evolution of mating systems, a central topic in evolutionary biology for more than 50 years, requires examining the genetic consequences of mating and the relationships between social systems and mating systems. Among pair-living mammals, where genetic monogamy is extremely rare, the extent of extra-group paternity rates has been associated with male participation in infant care, strength of the pair bond and length of the breeding season. This study evaluated the relationship between two of those factors and the genetic mating system of socially monogamous mammals, testing predictions that male care and strength of pair bond would be negatively correlated with rates of extra-pair paternity (EPP). Autosomal microsatellite analyses provide evidence for genetic monogamy in a pair-living primate with bi-parental care, the Azara's owl monkey ( Aotus azarae ) . A phylogenetically corrected generalized least square analysis was used to relate male care and strength of the pair bond to their genetic mating system (i.e. proportions of EPP) in 15 socially monogamous mammalian species. The intensity of male care was correlated with EPP rates in mammals, while strength of pair bond failed to reach statistical significance. Our analyses show that, once social monogamy has evolved, paternal care, and potentially also close bonds, may facilitate the evolution of genetic monogamy.
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21

Indykiewicz, Piotr, Patrycja Podlaszczuk, and Piotr Minias. "Extra-pair paternity in the black-headed gull: is it exceptional among colonial waterbirds?" Behaviour 154, no. 11 (2017): 1081–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003459.

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Although nesting at high densities promotes frequent interactions with individuals other than social mates, the rate of extra-pair paternity (EPP) in colonial waterbirds is generally low. So far, the highest EPP rate within this group has been reported in the black-headed gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus breeding in a colony in Czech Republic (33% broods with extra-pair offspring). In this study, we used a set of microsatellite loci to analyse parentage in 34 gull families (102 nestlings) from northern Poland. We recorded intra-specific brood parasitism in 10.8% of broods, but no evidence for EPP was found. The striking discrepancy between our results and previous estimates of EPP rate in the black-headed gull strongly indicate that promiscuity is a context-dependent strategy in this species and that its prevalence may greatly vary between populations. We recommend that a special care should be taken while using single-population data on EPP in the inter-specific comparative analyses.
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22

WILLIAMS, DEAN A., and AMANDA M. HALE. "INVESTMENT IN NESTING ACTIVITIES AND PATTERNS OF EXTRA- AND WITHIN-GROUP GENETIC PATERNITY IN A COOPERATIVELY BREEDING BIRD." Condor 110, no. 1 (February 2008): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cond.2008.110.1.13.

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23

Lyke, M. M., J. Dubach, and M. B. Briggs. "A molecular analysis of African lion (Panthera leo) mating structure and extra-group paternity in Etosha National Park." Molecular Ecology 22, no. 10 (March 18, 2013): 2787–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.12279.

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24

Hughes, J. M., P. B. Mather, A. Toon, J. Ma, I. Rowley, and E. Russell. "High levels of extra‐group paternity in a population of Australian magpies Gymnorhina tibicen : evidence from microsatellite analysis." Molecular Ecology 12, no. 12 (November 17, 2003): 3441–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01997.x.

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25

Lukas, Dieter, and Tim Clutton-Brock. "Cooperative breeding and monogamy in mammalian societies." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1736 (January 25, 2012): 2151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.2468.

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Comparative studies of social insects and birds show that the evolution of cooperative and eusocial breeding systems has been confined to species where females mate completely or almost exclusively with a single male, indicating that high levels of average kinship between group members are necessary for the evolution of reproductive altruism. In this paper, we show that in mammals, the evolution of cooperative breeding has been restricted to socially monogamous species which currently represent 5 per cent of all mammalian species. Since extra-pair paternity is relatively uncommon in socially monogamous and cooperatively breeding mammals, our analyses support the suggestion that high levels of average kinship between group members have played an important role in the evolution of cooperative breeding in non-human mammals, as well as in birds and insects.
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26

Tori, Wendy P., Thomas B. Ryder, Renata Durães, José R. Hidalgo, Bette A. Loiselle, and John G. Blake. "Obtaining Offspring Genetic Material: A New Method for Species With High Nest Predation Rates." Condor 108, no. 4 (November 1, 2006): 948–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/108.4.948.

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AbstractAbstractOver the past decade, the field of moleculargenetics has revolutionized our understanding ofavian mating systems, by demonstrating that socialbonds might not accurately reflect parentagebecause of unknown levels of cryptic mating(e.g., extra-pair copulations). Use ofmolecular genetics tools for paternity analysisrequires genetic material from putative parents andnestlings. Unfortunately, high nest predation ratesoften preclude detailed genetic studies of tropicaltaxa. Here, we describe a nondestructive methodthat increases the efficiency of obtaining geneticmaterial from offspring for a group of tropicalpasserines (Pipridae). The method entailsreplacing eggs with plaster replicas, incubatingeggs artificially, and returning hatchlings totheir original nests for further development. Thismethod greatly improved our ability to sampleoffspring, as we collected genetic material from100% of manipulated nests, compared to52% of unmanipulated nests.
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27

Byrne, Rosemary J., and John C. Avise. "Multiple paternity and extra-group fertilizations in a natural population of California grunion (Leuresthes tenuis), a beach-spawning marine fish." Marine Biology 156, no. 8 (May 1, 2009): 1681–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-009-1203-4.

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28

Winkler, Hans, and Klaus Michalek. "PARENTAL CARE AND PARENTAGE IN MONOGAMOUS GREAT SPOTTED WOODPECKERS (PICOIDES MAJOR) AND MIDDLE SPOTTED WOODPECKERS (PICOIDES MEDIUS)." Behaviour 138, no. 10 (2001): 1259–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685390152822210.

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AbstractPaternal effort is high in some monogamous mating systems. Trivers' (1972) model predicts that high male investment in brood care should evolve only when males have a high certainty of paternity. For this study, we chose two woodpecker species: the great spotted woodpecker (Picoides major) and the middle spotted woodpecker (Picoides medius). Both species were socially monogamous despite a very high breeding density in the study area. We used DNA fingerprinting to determine whether these two species were also genetically monogamous. We found that in great spotted and middle spotted woodpeckers paternal effort was high. Multi-locus DNA-fingerprinting showed that its actual paternity was also very high. In P. major all 161 young from 36 broods and in P. medius all 61 young from 13 broods were sired by the male feeding at the nest hole. There were also no cases of intraspecific brood parasitism or quasi parasitism (P. major: 114 chicks from 24 broods; P.medius: 33 chicks from 8 broods). We further found no case of mate switching during the fertile period of the female. Great spotted and middle spotted woodpeckers are typical of a group of monogamous nonpasserine birds with high male investment in brood care having low frequencies of EPP. We did not find efficient paternity guards. High certainty of paternity may be explained by paternal care being essential for female reproductive success, as in many seabirds and birds of prey. Females rarely engage in extra-pair copulations probably because they are constrained by male care. Males in both species spend little effort in acquiring mates as well as in extrapair copulations. They expend their reproductive effort in defending territories and in parental care. Females compete intensely with members of their own sex for pair formation before the time of frequent copulation. Choosing and securing a high quality partner is the only possibility to achieve high reproductive success for both sexes.
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DURRANT, KATE L., and JANE M. HUGHES. "Are there correlates of male Australian Magpie Gymnorhina tibicen reproductive success in a population with high rates of extra-group paternity?" Ibis 148, no. 2 (April 13, 2006): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.2006.00539.x.

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30

Georgiev, Alexander V., Diana Christie, Kevin A. Rosenfield, Angelina V. Ruiz-Lambides, Elizabeth Maldonado, Melissa Emery Thompson, and Dario Maestripieri. "Breaking the succession rule: the costs and benefits of an alpha-status take-over by an immigrant rhesus macaque on Cayo Santiago." Behaviour 153, no. 3 (2016): 325–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003344.

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Explaining intraspecific variation in reproductive tactics hinges on measuring associated costs and benefits. Yet, this is difficult if alternative (purportedly less optimal) tactics remain unobserved. We describe a rare alpha-position take-over by an immigrant male rhesus macaque in a population where males typically gain rank via succession. Unusually, male aggressiveness after the take-over correlated with rank and mating success. The new alpha achieved the highest mating and reproductive success. Nevertheless, he sired only 4 infants due to high extra-group paternity (59.3%). The costs of his immigration tactic were high: after the mating season ended, unable to deter coalitionary attacks by resident males, he was overthrown. The following year he had the highest relative annual weight loss and levels of immune activation among males in the group. Succession-based rank-acquisition in large, provisioned groups of macaques thus appears to be actively maintained by resident males, who impose high costs on challengers.
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31

Hellmann, Jennifer K., Isaac Y. Ligocki, Constance M. O'Connor, Adam R. Reddon, Kelly A. Garvy, Susan E. Marsh-Rollo, H. Lisle Gibbs, Sigal Balshine, and Ian M. Hamilton. "Reproductive sharing in relation to group and colony-level attributes in a cooperative breeding fish." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1811 (July 22, 2015): 20150954. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0954.

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The degree to which group members share reproduction is dictated by both within-group (e.g. group size and composition) and between-group (e.g. density and position of neighbours) characteristics. While many studies have investigated reproductive patterns within social groups, few have simultaneously explored how within-group and between-group social structure influence these patterns. Here, we investigated how group size and composition, along with territory density and location within the colony, influenced parentage in 36 wild groups of a colonial, cooperatively breeding fish Neolamprologus pulcher . Dominant males sired 76% of offspring in their group, whereas dominant females mothered 82% of offspring in their group. Subordinate reproduction was frequent, occurring in 47% of sampled groups. Subordinate males gained more paternity in groups located in high-density areas and in groups with many subordinate males. Dominant males and females in large groups and in groups with many reproductively mature subordinates had higher rates of parentage loss, but only at the colony edge. Our study provides, to our knowledge, the first comprehensive quantification of reproductive sharing among groups of wild N. pulcher , a model species for the study of cooperation and social behaviour. Further, we demonstrate that the frequency of extra-pair parentage differs across small social and spatial scales.
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32

Forstmeier, Wolfgang, Daiping Wang, Katrin Martin, and Bart Kempenaers. "Fitness costs of female choosiness are low in a socially monogamous songbird." PLOS Biology 19, no. 11 (November 4, 2021): e3001257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001257.

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Female mate choice is thought to be responsible for the evolution of many extravagant male ornaments and displays, but the costs of being too selective may hinder the evolution of choosiness. Selection against choosiness may be particularly strong in socially monogamous mating systems, because females may end up without a partner and forego reproduction, especially when many females prefer the same few partners (frequency-dependent selection). Here, we quantify the fitness costs of having mating preferences that are difficult to satisfy, by manipulating the availability of preferred males. We capitalize on the recent discovery that female zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) prefer males of familiar song dialect. We measured female fitness in captive breeding colonies in which one-third of females were given ample opportunity to choose a mate of their preferred dialect (two-thirds of all males; “relaxed competition”), while two-thirds of the females had to compete over a limited pool of mates they preferred (one-third of all males; “high competition”). As expected, social pairings were strongly assortative with regard to song dialect. In the high-competition group, 26% of the females remained unpaired, yet they still obtained relatively high fitness by using brood parasitism as an alternative reproductive tactic. Another 31% of high-competition females paired disassortatively for song dialect. These females showed increased levels of extra-pair paternity, mostly with same-dialect males as sires, suggesting that preferences were not abolished after social pairing. However, females that paired disassortatively for song dialect did not have lower reproductive success. Overall, females in the high-competition group reached equal fitness to those that experienced relaxed competition. Our study suggests that alternative reproductive tactics such as egg dumping can help overcome the frequency-dependent costs of being selective in a monogamous mating system, thereby facilitating the evolution of female choosiness.
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33

Busana, Michela, Franz J. Weissing, Martijn Hammers, Joke Bakker, Hannah L. Dugdale, Sara Raj Pant, David S. Richardson, Terrence A. Burke, and Jan Komdeur. "Structural equation modeling reveals determinants of fitness in a cooperatively breeding bird." Behavioral Ecology 33, no. 2 (December 24, 2021): 352–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arab135.

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Abstract Even in well-studied organisms, it is often challenging to uncover the social and environmental determinants of fitness. Typically, fitness is determined by a variety of factors that act in concert, thus forming complex networks of causal relationships. Moreover, even strong correlations between social and environmental conditions and fitness components may not be indicative of direct causal links, as the measured variables may be driven by unmeasured (or unmeasurable) causal factors. Standard statistical approaches, like multiple regression analyses, are not suited for disentangling such complex causal relationships. Here, we apply structural equation modeling (SEM), a technique that is specifically designed to reveal causal relationships between variables, and which also allows to include hypothetical causal factors. Therefore, SEM seems ideally suited for comparing alternative hypotheses on how fitness differences arise from differences in social and environmental factors. We apply SEM to a rich data set collected in a long-term study on the Seychelles warbler (Acrocephalus sechellensis), a bird species with facultatively cooperative breeding and a high rate of extra-group paternity. Our analysis reveals that the presence of helpers has a positive effect on the reproductive output of both female and male breeders. In contrast, per capita food availability does not affect reproductive output. Our analysis does not confirm earlier suggestions on other species that the presence of helpers has a negative effect on the reproductive output of male breeders. As such, both female and male breeders should tolerate helpers in their territories, irrespective of food availability.
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34

Sommer, Volker, and Ulrich Reichard. "Group Encounters in Wild Gibbons (Hylobates Lar): Agonism, Affiliation, and the Concept of Infanticide." Behaviour 134, no. 15-16 (1997): 1135–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853997x00106.

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Abstract1. Gibbons are the least studied apes and traditionally thought to live in nuclear families of 2-6 individuals including a pair of breeding adults who maintain lifelong, sexually monogamous relationships and vigorously defend territories against neighbours. The present paper challenges this view. 2. During a long-term study on white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar) in Thailand's Khao Yai rainforest, 162 encounters were recorded between 3 habituated and 8 non-habituated groups. Encounters characterized 9% of the activity day (mean 8.31 h). Those between habituated groups were nine times more frequent (0.7/day) and lasted significantly longer (median 70 min) than encounters with non-habituated neighbours (median 38 min). It was also found that gibbon group home ranges (mean 24 ha) overlap extensively (64%) with neighbours', all of whom were met. However, most previous studies centered on single groups surrounded by unhabituated neighbours. This produced underreporting of the importance of inter-group interactions, particularly the affiliative aspects observed presently. 3. Encounters included many elements which seem to have a 'defensive' function. Chases occurred during 61%, contact aggression during 8-9%; each adult and subadult male chased all others and was chased by all others. Moreover, encounters occurred often in or near food trees and rates peaked during the early morning when ripe fruit were most abundant. However, a seasonal correlation between the rate of encounters and (crude) measures of resource availability could not be detected. 4. The study indicates that gibbon groups are structured by female resource-defense and male mate-defense because adult females led 76% of all travels into and out of fruit trees, whereas males moved to the front as soon as neighbours were encountered. Male-male interactions constituted 90% of all inter-group chases. This pattern is compatible with the idea that conflicts over food sources (which can be shared) will rarely provoke contact aggression. Control of mate access, on the other hand, has a much higher relative value for males. These explanations are more parsimonious than the traditional concepts of 'pairbonding' and 'territoriality'. 5. Contrary to earlier assumptions, encounters were nevertheless not always dominated by aggression. Groups fed, traveled or rested together for prolonged times (35% of encounters). Inter-group play between immatures was likewise common (21 % of encounters; 55% dyadic, 45% triadic and quartetic play). Same-aged play partners are not present in a gibbon's natal group. However, gibbon youngsters clearly preferred age-mates during inter-group play which may indicate that play is ontogenetically important. 6. The adult female of one group copulated not only with her pair-mate, but also with two neighbouring males. The overall proportion of extra-pair-copulations (EPC) was 12% and they occurred during a period when the female conceived. Encounters thus provide opportunities for alternative mating strategies. However, philandering males are faced with the dilemma to lower their mate guard which creates a risk of cuckoldry for themselves. This could explain why subadults are often tolerated in natal groups beyond sexual maturity, because they assisted the resident adult male during agonistic encounters. Moreover, females gave solo great calls during a quarter of all encounters. These calls increase the costs of philandering for the paired male (who cannot answer without giving away that his female is unguarded) and may at the same time attract neighbouring males. 7. For the first time, close spatial proximity and body contact between intruding adult males and infants of neighbouring groups are reported, including play (during 6% of all inter-group play sessions). Immatures were at times relaxed but at other times frightened in the presence of neighbouring males. A near-zero mortality of infants at Khao Yai shows that infanticide is absent or at least not a regular occurrence. EPCs and a long period of pre-conception copulations could be strategies of females to confuse paternity and forestall infanticide. In any case, the non-monogamous mating pattern makes it likely that kin-relationships extend well into neighbouring groups. A reduced level of inter-group competition and aggression is therefore not surprising.
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35

Wells, David A., Michael A. Cant, Faye J. Thompson, Harry H. Marshall, Emma I. K. Vitikainen, Joseph I. Hoffman, and Hazel J. Nichols. "Extra-group paternity varies with proxies of relatedness in a social mammal with high inbreeding risk." Behavioral Ecology, December 16, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/araa105.

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Abstract Behavioral mechanisms for avoiding inbreeding are common in the natural world and are believed to have evolved as a response to the negative consequences of inbreeding. However, despite a fundamental role in fitness, we have a limited understanding of the cues that individuals use to assess inbreeding risk, as well as the extent to which individual inbreeding behavior is repeatable. We used piecewise structural equation modeling of 24 years of data to investigate the causes and consequences of within- versus extra-group paternity in banded mongooses. This cooperatively breeding mammal lives in tight-knit social groups that often contain closely related opposite-sex breeders, so inbreeding can be avoided through extra-group mating. We used molecular parentage assignments to show that, despite extra-group paternity resulting in outbred offspring, within-group inbreeding occurs frequently, with around 16% litters being moderately or highly inbred. Additionally, extra-group paternity appears to be plastic, with females mating outside of their social group according to individual proxies (age and immigration status) and societal proxies (group size and age) of within-group inbreeding risk but not in direct response to levels of within-group relatedness. While individual repeatability in extra-group paternity was relatively low, female cobreeders showed high repeatability, suggesting a strong constraint arising from the opportunities for extra-group mating. The use of extra-group paternity as an inbreeding avoidance strategy is, therefore, limited by high costs, opportunity constraints, and the limited reliability of proxies of inbreeding risk.
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36

Adams, Danielle M., and Gerald S. Wilkinson. "Male condition and group heterogeneity predict extra-group paternity in a Neotropical bat." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 74, no. 11 (October 21, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-020-02919-9.

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