Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Extinction (Psychology)'
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Barnard, Linda L. "The Effects of Conditioned Reinforcers on Extinction When Delivered on Schedules of Extinction." DigitalCommons@USU, 1990. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5985.
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The purpose of the present research was to examine extinction of responding with regard to the rapidity and thoroughness of the process when conditioned reinforcement was available on one of five schedules during extinction. Forty-five mixed-breed pigeons served as subjects with 15 in each of three experiments. Reinforcement training schedules were as follows: Experiment 1, continuous; Experiment 2, fixed ratio 15; Experiment 3, variable-interval one-minute. After training, subjects experienced one of five extinction procedures (here called schedules of extinction) which were as follows: traditional schedule without keylight did not provide conditioned reinforcement; traditional with keylight had the keylight on continuously but withheld other conditioned reinforcement (no schedule, per se, was used); the remaining three schedules (i.e., continuous, fixed ratio 15, and variable-interval one-minute) provided the following four conditioned reinforcers: the sound of the food magazine, the hopper light, the sight of food, and the keylight. Predictions for responding were based on the discrimination hypothesis which states that the more alike training and extinction conditions are, the slower the process of extinction. In order to compare response rates among subjects, a percentage of baseline responding was computed. Four spontaneous recovery tests were conducted to measure the thoroughness of the extinction procedures. Results did not support predictions based on the discrimination hypothesis; that is, subject response rates did not appear to be affected by the similarity of the extinction condition to previous training history. The second finding was that the most rapid and thorough extinction was obtained when the extinction schedule was traditional without keylight. When conditioned reinforcement was available, the continuous extinction schedule produced the most rapid and thorough extinction. The third major finding was that the schedule of unconditioned reinforcement was more predictive of extinction responding than was the conditioned reinforcement schedule during extinction. The last finding was that a subject's pattern of responding was typical of the schedule whether it was on an unconditioned or a conditioned reinforcement schedule. It is suggested that extinction-of-a-human-intervention strategies might be more effective if conditioned reinforcement was identified and controlled.
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Kim, Jee Hyun Psychology Faculty of Science UNSW. "Extinction of conditioned fear in the developing rat." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Psychology, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41106.
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The present thesis examined extinction of conditioned fear in the developing rat. In the adult rat, the hippocampus is thought to be important for the context-specificity of extinction. Because the hippocampus is a late-maturing structure, it was hypothesised that context-modulation of extinction may be different across development. The first series of experiments investigated reinstatement of extinguished fear in the developing rat (Chapter 2). The results showed that P24 rats exhibited context-specific reinstatement. On the other hand, P17 rats did not exhibit reinstatement of extinguished fear following a US reminder treatment. The failure to see reinstatement in P17 rats was not due to the reminder treatment being ineffective in these rats because the same treatment alleviated spontaneous forgetting in rat this age. The second series of experiments then examined the renewal effect and GABAergic involvement in extinction in P24 and P17 rats (Chapter 3). It was observed that P24 rats displayed renewal whereas P17 rats did not. Also, pre-test injection of FG7142 recovered extinguished fear in P24 rats but not in P17 rats, even across a range of doses. This failure to see any FG7142 effect on extinction in P17 rats was not due to the lack of responsiveness to this drug in these rats because FG7142 was found to be effective in alleviating spontaneous forgetting in rats this age. The third series of experiments then examined the effect of temporary inactivation of the amygdala on extinction and re-extinction in the developing rat (Chapter 4). It was observed that extinction retention is impaired in both P24 and P17 rats if the amygdala is inactivated during extinction training. Interestingly, when a CS that had been previously extinguished and then re-trained was re-extinguished, re-extinction was amygdala-independent if initial extinction occurred at 24 days of age but amygdala-dependent if initial extinction occurred at 17 days of age. That is, amygdala involvement in re-extinction was dissociated across development. Taken together, these experiments provide strong evidence for fundamental differences in mechanisms underlying fear extinction across development. The implications of the findings were discussed in light of the theoretical and neural models of extinction.
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McCullough, Trevor. "Intracerebroventricular chlordiazepoxide and the partial reinforcement extinction effect." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284859.
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Anderson, Richard L. "The Effects of Extinction on Human Performance Following Exposure to Fixed Ratio Schedules of Reinforcement." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2000. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2547/.
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This experiment examined the effects of extinction on rate of responding and several topographical and temporal measures in adult humans. Three college students were trained to type the sequence 1•5•3 on a numeric keypad on a computer. The subjects were exposed to different fixed-ratio schedules of reinforcement (FR1, FR 5, and FR10 respectively) and extinction. Subjects displayed typical schedule performances during the maintenance phase of the experiment. During extinction the performances were disrupted, they showed a "break and run" pattern and a general decrease in responding. Also, new topographical and temporal patterns emerged. These data are consistent with those reported for non-human species and special human populations.
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Neff, Bryon (Bryon R. ). "Examining the Relationship between Variability in Acquisition and Variability in Extinction." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1997. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279279/.
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Using the "revealed operant" technique, variability during acquisition and extinction was examined with measures of response rate and a detailed analysis of response topography. During acquisition, subjects learned to emit four response patterns. A continuous schedule of reinforcement (CRF) for 100 repetitions was used for each pattern and a 30 min extinction phase immediately followed. One group of subjects learned the response patterns via a "trial-and-error" method. This resulted in a wide range of variability during acquisition and extinction. Only one subject emitted a substantial amount of resurgent behavior. A second group of subjects was given instructions on what keys to press to earn reinforcers. This group had less variability in acquisition and extinction and resurgent responding was prevalent.
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Rogers, Valerie R. "Extinction-induced variability in young children with autism /." abstract and full text PDF (UNR users only), 2008. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1455657.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2008."May 2008." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 32-34). Library also has microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [2009]. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm. Online version available on the World Wide Web.
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Baetu, Irina. "Associative and inferential accounts of extinction and blocking in causal learning." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=86641.
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The experiments reported here investigated the cognitive processes involved in causal reasoning. Participants were required to learn the causal relationships between various cues and an outcome by observing several trials informing them of their presence or absence. From this information they had to deduce whether each cue caused the outcome or prevented it from occurring. The contingency between cues and outcomes was either positive (the outcome was more likely in the presence of the cue), negative (the outcome was less likely in the presence of the cue), or zero. Two types of theory were tested: inferential and associative theories. According to inferential theories people infer whether a causal relationship exists between a cue and the outcome by applying logical reasoning. For example, they might use various assumptions in order to infer which cue caused the outcome when several possible cues are present. One possible assumption might be that causes have additive effects (i.e., two causes should generate a greater outcome than a single cause). Associative theories, on the other hand, posit that the perception of a causal relationship is generated by the formation of an association between the cognitive representations of the various cues and the outcome. This association might be gradually strengthened by pairings of the two events, and does not depend on formal logic or specific assumptions. The present experiments tested the predictions of associative and inferential theories about positive and negative cue-outcome contingencies. In addition, the instructions were more neutral than in previous studies and the learning task more complex. This was done to render the learning situation more similar to real-life causal attribution and to avoid contaminating the manipulations with previously learned causal models. Although previous studies found evidence supporting inferential theories, the experiments tend to support associative theories. I argue that everydayLe but des expériences décrites dans cette thèse était d'étudier les processus par lesquels les gens perçoivent la causalité. Les participants ont évalué les relations causales entre plusieurs causes possibles et un effet après avoir observé des essais qui les informaient de la présence ou l'absence de ces événements. À partir de cette information ils devaient déduire si chaque cause potentielle causait ou prévenait l'apparition de l'effet. La contingence entre chaque cause et l'effet était soit positive (l'effet apparaissait plus souvent quand la cause était présente), soit négative (l'effet apparaissait moins souvent quand la cause était présente), soit zéro. Ces expériences ont testé deux types de théorie: les théories déductives et les théories associatives. D'après les théories déductives les gens perçoivent la causalité suite à un raisonnement logique. Selon ce type de théorie les gens font diverses suppositions lorsque plusieurs causes possibles surviennent en même temps. Par exemple, ils pourraient supposer que les causes ont un effet additif (c.-à-d. deux causes devraient générer un effet plus grand qu'une seule cause). Les théories associatives, par contre, postulent que la perception causale est générée par une association entre les représentations cognitives des événements. Cette association est renforcée graduellement lorsque les événements surviennent simultanément, mais elle n'est pas influencée par le raisonnement logique. Les expériences décrites ici ont testé les théories déductives et associatives en utilisant des contigences positives et négatives entre les causes et l'effet. De plus, les instructions étaient plus neutres que celles utilisées dans les études précédentes et la tâche d'apprentissage était plus complexe. Le but de ces changements par rapport aux études précédentes était de rendre la situation d'apprentissage plus réaliste. Les résultats des études précéden
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Maxwell, Megan E. "The relative efficacy of three procedures for reducing canine responding." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2008. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5567.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2008.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 61 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 54-61).
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Mcguire, Joseph F. "Fear Conditioning and Extinction in Childhood Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder." Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5741.
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Fear conditioning and extinction are central in the cognitive behavioral model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), which underlies exposure-based cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Youth with OCD may have impairments in conditioning and extinction that carries treatment implications. The present study examined these processes using a differential conditioning paradigm. Forty-one youth (19 OCD, 22 community controls) and their parents completed a battery of clinical interviews, rating scales, and a differential conditioning task. Skin conductance response (SCR) served as the primary dependent measure across all three phases of the conditioning procedure (habituation, acquisition, and extinction). During habituation, no meaningful differences were observed between groups. During acquisition, differential fear conditioning was identified across groups evidenced by larger SCRs to the CS+ compared to CS-, with no significant group differences. During extinction, a three-way interaction and follow-up tests revealed youth with OCD failed to exhibit differential fear conditioning during early fear extinction; whereas community controls consistently exhibited differential fear conditioning throughout extinction. Across participants, the number and frequency of OCD symptoms was positively associated with fear acquisition and negatively associated with fear extinction to the conditioned stimulus. OCD symptom severity was negatively associated with differential SCR in early extinction. Youth with OCD exhibit a different pattern of fear extinction relative to community controls that may be accounted for by impaired inhibitory learning in early fear extinction. Findings suggest the potential benefit of augmentative retraining interventions prior to CBT. Therapeutic approaches to utilize inhibitory-learning principles and/or engage developmentally appropriate brain regions during exposures may serve to maximize CBT outcomes.
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Harmony, Zachary Robert. "EFFECTS OF NICOTINE EXPOSURE ON METHAMPHETAMINE ORAL SELF-ADMINISTRATION, EXTINCTION, AND REINSTATEMENT IN ADOLESCENT RATS." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/595.
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Adolescence is a vulnerable developmental period in regards to drug initiation and use. The gateway hypothesis suggests that adolescent cigarette smoking may result in a heightened risk for methamphetamine use. However, little is understood about the role of nicotine on adolescent methamphetamine addiction. The aim of the present study was to determine whether early, late, or continuous adolescent nicotine exposure would alter oral methamphetamine self-administration, extinction, or reinstatement. A total of 164 male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated with saline or nicotine (0.16, or 0.64 mg/kg, sc) beginning on postnatal day (PD) 25 for 10 consecutive days. On PD 35, rats in the 0.16 and 0.64 mg/kg pretreatment groups were evenly divided and assigned to a group that either continued to receive the same nicotine dose they received as adolescents or saline. Rats that had received saline as adolescents were divided into three equal groups, where they received 0.16 or 0.64 mg/kg nicotine or continued to receive saline injections. Drug treatments starting on PD 35 continued until the end of the experiment. Thus, there were a total of 7 groups: SAL–SAL, 0.16–0.16, 0.16–SAL, SAL-0.16, 0.64–0.64, 0.64–SAL, SAL-0.64. On PD 35, all rats began nose poke training. Rats were exposed to a methamphetamine fade in, sucrose fade out procedure across 5 different methamphetamine-sucrose combinations. This procedure resulted in exposure to a 40 mg/l methamphetamine solution for 3 consecutive days on a FR2 schedule. Following the last day of methamphetamine self-administration, rats were exposed to extinction training. Once the extinction criteria were met, rats were given a priming injection of methamphetamine (1.0 mg/kg, ip). Data from the present investigation revealed two main important findings: a) acquisition of oral methamphetamine self-administration can be attained in adolescent rats; and b) adolescent nicotine exposure differentially alters oral methamphetamine self-administration. Exposure to a low dose of nicotine (0.16 mg/kg), but not a high dose of nicotine (0.64 mg/kg), attenuated consumption and responding for methamphetamine during self-administration. During the extinction and reinstatement periods, we found that nicotine (0.16 or 0.64 mg/kg) exposure did not alter consumption or responding for methamphetamine. Female rats showed augmented total active nose pokes and active nose pokes within the reinforcement period compared to male rats. Conversely, male rats showed augmented sucrose and methamphetamine solution consumption across methamphetamine acquisition sessions 1–6. These data suggest that for adolescents who already present moderate cigarette smoking behavior at the time of methamphetamine cessation treatment, total abstinence from both nicotine and methamphetamine may be a less effective form of treatment. It may be clinically beneficial to first treat the methamphetamine addiction, and subsequently treat the nicotine addiction. Regardless of the method of treatment for adolescent methamphetamine addiction, nicotine exposure should be closely monitored.
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McCary, Donald. "The Effects of Shaping and Instruction-based Procedures on Behavioral Variability during Acquisition and Extinction." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1999. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2244/.
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This study examined effects of two response acquisition procedures on topography of responding using the revealed operant technique and compared results to previous experiments on this topic. Subjects emitted 100 repetitions each of 4 response patterns on a continuous schedule of reinforcement. A 30-min extinction condition followed acquisition. One group of subjects learned the first response through a series of shaping steps designed to reduce acquisition variability. Another group of subjects was instructed in the correct response topography and was told there was no penalty for attempting other sequences. The first group of subjects produced high variability during extinction despite reduced variability in acquisition. The second group of subjects responded with moderate to high variability during extinction and little variability during acquisition. Most extinction responses for the first group were variations of the last pattern reinforced. Most extinction responses for the second group were repetitions of the last pattern reinforced.
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Panahon, Carlos J. "Effects of noncontingent reinforcement on academic performance an investigation of the roles of extinction and satiation /." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
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Magee, Sandy K. (Sandy Kay). "Extinction Effects During Assessment and Treatment of Behavior Disorders in Applied Settings." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1998. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279085/.
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The main and side effects of extinction were evaluated in a multiple baseline design across the problem behaviors of two elementary school boys. For each subject, functional analysis procedures resulted in the occurrence and assessment of only one of several problem behaviors reported by teachers. Extinction treatment based on functional analysis outcomes was then applied to the assessed topography and resulted in the emergence of other inappropriate response forms. Each successive behavior was exposed to extinction and changes in previous and subsequent response forms were observed. Both main effects and indirect effects of extinction were examined. Findings are discussed regarding the covariation of responses and implications for the treatment of behavior disorders in applied settings.
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Jimenez-Gomez, Corina. "Resistance to Change of Ethanol Self-Administration: Effects of Naltrexone and Extinction." DigitalCommons@USU, 2005. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6183.
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Drug self-administration has proven to be an adequate model for assessing variables that contribute to the maintenance of drug taking. The present experiment was concerned with the persistence of drug self-administration, a defining characteristic of drug dependence and abuse. Findings from studies of the resistance to change of food-maintained responding may contribute to a better understanding of the persistence of drug abuse and dependence. Using an animal model of alcohol self-administration, this study evaluated the effects of rate of reinforcement on the persistence of ethanol self-administration in rats in the face of behavioral (i.e., extinction) and pharmacological (i.e., naltrexone) disruptors. Four experimentally naive Long Evans rats were trained to respond for a 10% (vol/vol) ethanol solution on a multiple variable-interval (VI) 15-s VI 45-s schedule of reinforcement. Baseline response rates were higher in the component that provided higher rates of ethanol delivery. Consistent with behavioral momentum theory, responding was more resistant to extinction in the component with higher rates of ethanol delivery. Conversely, disruption with naltrexone (1.0, 3.0, 10.0 mg/kg, s.c.), injected one hour before the session, resulted in no differential resistance to change of responding. The results are interpreted in terms of the effect of naltrexone on the incentive-motivational properties of the stimulus context.
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Haag, Shannon S. "Effects of response-independent stimulus delivery and functional communication training." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2002. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2613.
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Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 2002.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 38 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 33-37).
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Steinfeld, Michael. "Contextual Control Of Instrumental Actions And Habits Following Retroactive Interference." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2019. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/1041.
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It is commonly accepted that instrumental responses that have been extinguished can return. For example, in a phenomenon known as the renewal effect, extinguished behaviors return upon removal from the extinction context. Another well-accepted notion is that instrumental behaviors can be thought of as goal-directed actions, which form over the course of moderate amounts of practice or training, and habits, which form after extended practice. Despite years of research on both topics, what happens to actions and habits following extinction is poorly understood. The present experiments examined the renewal of actions and habits following retroactive interference paradigms such as extinction and additional training. Experiment 1 examined renewal of an action following its extinction in a separate context, and demonstrated that the extinguished behavior renewed as an action upon return to the acquisition context. Experiment 2 asked the same question about habits, and found that the behavior renewed as a habit after extinction upon return to the acquisition context. Experiment 3 examined renewal of goal-directed responding in one context following extensive training and conversion into habit in another context. It demonstrated that a single response could manifest as a habit in one context, and renew as an action in the original training context. Experiment 4 asked if this effect depends on returning to the acquisition context, or simply removal from the habit training context. The results suggest that mere removal from the habit training context is sufficient to renew the goal-directed properties of a behavior. Together, the results suggest that actions and habits can be inhibited in a context-specific manner by extinction, and that instrumental behaviors can have both action and habit properties that can each renew under the proper circumstances. The results also expand on the notion that habits are especially context specific, while actions can transfer across contexts.
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Craig, Andrew R. "A Comparison of Resistance to Extinction Following Dynamic and Static Schedules of Reinforcement." DigitalCommons@USU, 2013. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/2012.
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Resistance to extinction of single-schedule performance is negatively related to the reinforcer rate that an organism experienced in the pre-extinction context. This finding opposes the predications of behavioral momentum theory, which states that resistance to change, in general, is positively related to reinforcer rates. The quantitative model of extinction provided by behavioral momentum theory can describe resistance to extinction following single schedules in a post-hoc fashion, and only if the parameters of the model are allowed to vary considerably from those typically derived from multiple- schedule preparations. An application of the principles of Bayesian inference offers an alternative account of extinction performance following single schedules. According to the Bayesian change-detection algorithm, the temporal intervals of non-reinforcement that an organism experiences during extinction are compared to the temporal distribution of reinforcers that the organism experienced during baseline. A transition to extinction is more readily detectable when the previously collected distribution of reinforcers in timeis populated with relatively short intervals (i.e., when more frequent reinforcement was experienced during baseline). The Bayesian change-detection algorithm also suggests that changes in reinforcer rates are more detectable when organisms have temporally proximal experience with frequently changing rates. The current experiment investigated this novel prediction. Pigeons pecked keys for food under schedules of reinforcement that arranged either relatively dynamic reinforcer rates or relatively static rates across conditions. Following each period of reinforcement, resistance to extinction was assessed. Persistence was greater following static contingencies than following dynamic contingencies for the majority of subjects. These data provide support for the Bayesian approach to understanding operant extinction and might serve to extend behavioral momentum theory by offering change detection as an additional mechanism through which extinction occurs.
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Chechlacz, Magdalena. "The neuroanatomy of visuopatial awareness - lessons from lesion symptom mapping and diffusion tractography in neglect, extinction and simultanagnosia." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3283/.
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The work presented in this thesis explored the structural and functional organization of visuospatial attention. This was done through advanced voxel-wise lesion symptom mapping methods used to decompose neuroanatomy of visuospatial disorders. The first study contrasted the neural substrates of different neglect symptoms, specifically the contributions of common and dissociable grey and white matter changes linked to allocentric and egocentric neglect. Two following studies decomposed the neuroanatomy of frequently co-occurring spatial attention syndromes by examining (1) the lesion patterns associated with visual and tactile extinction vs. those related to visual field defects and neglect, and (2) the lesion pattern linked to simultanagnosia, extracting out lesions associated with unilateral visuospatial deficits. These studies demonstrated that the different patterns of grey matter lesions in individual patients, and the laterality of white matter disconnections, determine the degree to which visual processing and spatial attention are disrupted and thus the nature of the observed cognitive symptoms. The final study examined the neuroanatomy of subacute relative to chronic neglect and whether persistent neglect symptoms could be predicted based on clinical computed tomography scans acquired at stroke diagnosis. The findings provided evidence that although wide spread lesions are associated with acute symptoms, only some of these are critical for predicting whether neglect will become a chronic disorder. The pro’s and con’s of different approaches to lesion-symptom mapping are discussed, along with the theoretical implications for understanding the nature of human visual attention.
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Meduri, Jeremy D. "Paradoxical Enhancement of Fear Expression and Extinction Deficits in Mice Resilient to Social Defeat." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1379154185.
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Cosme, Caitlin Victoria. "The role of the prefrontal cortex in cocaine and heroin seeking following extinction training." Diss., University of Iowa, 2017. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/5924.
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The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is considered a critical node in the neural circuitry underlying drug-seeking behaviors. However, the mechanisms by which this region influences drug seeking and whether or not the lateral PFC mediates cocaine or heroin seeking are questions that have yet to be answered. To expand on the role of the PFC in drug seeking, rats were trained on either heroin or cocaine self-administration for a minimum of 12 days before undergoing extinction training and subsequent reinstatement tests (cued and drug-prime). All pharmacological manipulations were delivered immediately prior to reinstatement testing and were targeted at either the ventral region of the medial PFC, the infralimbic cortex (IL), the anterior portion of the medial PFC, the medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC), the anterior region of the insular cortex, the dorsal agranular insular cortex (AId), or the posterior region of the insular cortex, the posterior insular cortex (PIc).
In chapter 1, D1 and D2 antagonists were administered into the IL and mOFC prior to cued and cocaine-prime reinstatement. Although previous studies found that the IL inhibits cocaine seeking, blocking D1 receptor activity in this region reduced cued reinstatement and had no effect on cocaine-prime reinstatement, indicating that the IL can promote cocaine seeking under certain circumstances. In contrast, blocking D1 receptors in the mOFC reduced all forms of reinstatement that were examined. Blocking D2 receptors in either region had no effect on cocaine seeking. Our data are the first to demonstrate a role for the mOFC in cocaine seeking and suggest that although the IL and mOFC lie immediately adjacent to one another, they play distinct roles in mediating cocaine seeking.
In chapter 2, we pharmacologically inactivated the AId and PIc via a GABA agonist administered immediately prior to both cocaine and food seeking. Reversible inactivation of the AId reduced cued reinstatement but had no effect on cocaine-prime reinstatement. In contrast, inactivating the PIc had no effect on any form of cocaine seeking. Additionally, blocking the AId during cued and food-prime reinstatement had no effect on food seeking, indicating the role of the AId in reinstatement is specific to cocaine seeking and not general motivated behavior. Additionally, blocking CRF1 receptors in the AId blocked cued reinstatement, suggesting a possible mechanism whereby the AId is influencing cocaine seeking. These data are the first to establish a role for the AId in cocaine seeking and demonstrate that although the PIc influences alcohol and nicotine seeking, it does not mediate cocaine seeking.
Chapter 3 further examined the role of the AId in cocaine seeking and expanded the influence of the insular cortex in drug seeking to heroin. AId D1 receptor blockade reduced both cued and cocaine-prime reinstatement following extinction training, whereas D2 receptor blockade had no effect on cocaine seeking. These results establish a role for the AId in cocaine-prime reinstatement, as pharmacological inactivation showed no role for the AId in cocaine-induced drug seeking. Additionally, blocking the AId during heroin seeking potentiated cued reinstatement whereas blocking the PIc during heroin seeking reduced cued reinstatement. These results demonstrate a role for the insular cortex in heroin seeking that has never been shown before and further explain how the AId may be influencing cocaine seeking.
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MacKillop, James. "Improving generalizability of extinction to alcohol cues via exposure in multiple contexts." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2005.
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Fava, Devin Alan. "Investigating the Differential Amnestic Effects of a Mild Hypothermic Treatment on the Memory for Extinction." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1341937839.
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Archbold, Georgina. "Extinction and the return of fear: a dynamic relationship dependent on timing of training, timing of recall, and postsynaptic AMPA receptor stability." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=121111.
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While learning about cues that predict danger is fundamental to survival, so too is learning about when these same cues no longer present a threat. In Pavlovian fear conditioning, pairing a previously neutral stimulus (tone) with an aversive outcome (shock) results in a conditioned fear response. The ability of a stimulus to elicit fear is gradually reduced if that stimulus is no longer accompanied by an aversive consequence. The diminishing fear response that occurs when, for example, the tone is repeatedly presented without the shock, is known as extinction. The experiments presented in this dissertation characterize temporal factors involved in both extinction learning and retrieval of extinction memory and explore the mechanisms driving the persistence and loss of these memories. Chapter 2 examines whether extinction conducted shortly after initial fear learning leads to a permanent loss of fear. One disadvantage of using spontaneous recovery as a measure of memory return is that the state of the original memory cannot be definitively verified. Using a paradigm that makes positive predictions for the presence and absence of memory, we find that immediate extinction does not lead to memory erasure. This suggests that even when extinction is conducted within the time window of consolidation, a new extinction memory is formed that inhibits expression of the original fear. In Chapter 3, it is shown that recall of fear extinction follows a non-monotonic function. Shortly after successful extinction there is significant spontaneous recovery. Conversely, a delay closer to 24 hours produces less recovery and better extinction retention. The results indicate that the recovery from extinction observed shortly after extinction training is likely due to the aversive experience of extinction itself and reflects a retrieval failure. Chapter 4 explores the mechanisms involved in the maintenance of extinction memory. This chapter employs the use of an inhibitory peptide that disrupts the stability of GluA2-containing AMPA receptors at the postsynaptic membrane. Infusions of this peptide into the infralimbic cortex after extinction lead to spontaneous recovery. This suggests that GluA2-containing AMPA receptor trafficking in the infralimbic cortex is necessary for the long-term persistence of extinction. Similarly, use of this peptide in the hippocampus suggests that memory in this structure is involved in the contextual control of extinction. Finally, Chapter 5 builds on the results of Chapter 4 and presents a forgetting mechanism that accounts for the loss of extinction memory with time (spontaneous recovery). Maintaining GluA2-containing AMPA receptors at the synapse in the infralimbic cortex prevents the normally observed recovery of fear. Overall, the studies in this thesis suggest that extinction is a highly complex learning phenomenon. The relationship between extinction learning and the return of fear is dynamic and dependent on different mechanisms such as the timing of extinction, timing of extinction recall, and the expression of postsynaptic AMPA receptors within the infralimbic cortex and hippocampus. In Chapter 6 these ideas are discussed further.Pour survivre, il est impératif d'apprendre les signes qui prédisent un danger, mais il est également essentiel de pouvoir déterminer quand ces indices ne représentent plus une menace. Dans le conditionnement de peur Pavlovien, l'association d'un stimulus initialement neutre (un son) avec un événement aversif (un choc électrique) provoque une réponse de peur conditionnée. La capacité d'un stimulus à évoquer la peur se réduit progressivement quand ce stimulus n'est plus associé à l'événement aversif. Lorsque la réponse de peur conditionnée diminue, par exemple quand le son est présenté plusieurs fois sans le choc, on parle alors d'extinction. Les études présentées dans cette thèse caractérisent les facteurs temporels impliqués dans l'apprentissage et le rappel de l'extinction, et explorent les mécanismes qui sous-tendent la persistance et la perte de ces souvenirs. Dans le Chapitre 2, nous nous demandons si l'extinction réalisée immédiatement après un apprentissage de peur conditionnée résulte en une perte permanente de réponse de peur. L'un des désavantages à utiliser la récupération spontanée comme mesure de réapparition du souvenir est qu'il est impossible de vérifier de façon définitive l'état du souvenir d'origine. En utilisant un protocole avec des prédictions positives pour la présence ou l'absence de souvenir, nous observons qu'une extinction immédiate n'efface pas le souvenir. Ceci suggère que même lorsque l'extinction a lieu pendant la fenêtre temporelle de la consolidation, un nouveau souvenir d'extinction est formé et va inhiber l'expression du souvenir de peur initial.Dans le Chapitre 3, nous démontrons que le rappel du souvenir d'extinction suit une fonction non-monotone. En effet, peu après une extinction réussie, on observe une récupération spontanée. Avec un délai d'environ 24h, en revanche, on note moins de récupération et au contraire une meilleure rétention de l'extinction. Ces résultats indiquent que la récupération spontanée observée juste après l'extinction est probablement due à l'expérience aversive de la procédure d'extinction en soi, et reflète un échec du rappel du souvenir. Le Chapitre 4 explore les mécanismes impliqués dans la maintenance du souvenir d'extinction. Pour cela nous avons utilisé un peptide inhibiteur qui dérègle la stabilité des récepteurs GluA2-AMPA au niveau de la membrane post-synaptique. Des infusions de ce peptide dans le cortex infra-limbique après une extinction causent une récupération spontanée. Ceci suggère que le trafic des récepteurs GluA2-AMPA est nécessaire à la persistance au long terme du souvenir d'extinction. De la même façon, l'utilisation de ce peptide dans l'hippocampe suggère que le souvenir présent dans cette structure est impliqué dans le contrôle contextuel de l'extinction.Enfin, dans le Chapitre 5, nous utilisons les résultats du Chapitre 4 pour proposer un mécanisme d'oubli qui permettrait d'expliquer la perte du souvenir d'extinction avec le temps (récupération spontanée). Le maintien des récepteurs GluA2-AMPA à la synapse dans le cortex infra-limbique empêche la récupération de la réponse de peur observée habituellement.Globalement, les études de cette thèse suggèrent que l'extinction est un phénomène d'apprentissage extrêmement complexe. Le rapport entre l'apprentissage de l'extinction et le retour de la réponse de peur est dynamique et dépend de différents mécanismes tels que le moment où l'extinction est réalisée, le moment où le souvenir d'extinction est rappelé, et l'expression post-synaptique des récepteurs AMPA dans le cortex infra-limbique et l'hippocampe. Dans le Chapitre 6, ces idées sont discutées de façon plus approfondie.
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Cullen, Patrick Kennedy. "The Effects of Adolescent Nicotine Exposure on Adult Memory for Stimulus Attributes and Extinction Learning." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1300377691.
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Sissons, Heather T. "Overexpectation and trial massing." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2008.
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McConnell, Bridget L. "Contrasting the extended comparator hypothesis and acquisition-focused models of learning differential predictions of retrospective revaluation /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2008.
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Rothbaum, Alex Olasov. "The Role of Pro-Inflammatory State as Marked by C-Reactive Protein in a Translational Study of PTSD Treatment." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1623192767017288.
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Björkstrand, Johannes. "The Amygdala, Fear and Reconsolidation : Neural and Behavioral Effects of Retrieval-Extinction in Fear Conditioning and Spider Phobia." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-317866.
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The amygdala is crucially involved in the acquisition and retention of fear memories. Experimental research on fear conditioning has shown that memory retrieval shortly followed by pharmacological manipulations or extinction, thereby interfering with memory reconsolidation, decreases later fear expression. Fear memory reconsolidation depends on synaptic plasticity in the amygdala, which has been demonstrated in rodents using both pharmacological manipulations and retrieval-extinction procedures. The retrieval-extinction procedure decreases fear expression also in humans, but the underlying neural mechanism have not been studied. Interfering with reconsolidation is held to alter the original fear memory representation, resulting in long-term reductions in fear responses, and might therefore be used in the treatment of anxiety disorders, but few studies have directly investigated this question. The aim of this thesis was to examine the effects of the retrieval-extinction procedure on amygdala activity and behavioral fear expression in humans. The work presented here also investigated whether findings from studies on recent fear memories, established through fear conditioning, extends to naturally occurring long-term phobic fears. Study I, combining fear conditioning and a retrieval-extinction procedure with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), demonstrated that memory retrieval shortly followed by extinction reduces later amygdala activity and fear expression in healthy subjects. In Study II, these subjects were re-tested 18 months later. The results showed that the effects on fear expression were still present and that initial amygdala activity predicted long-term fear expression. Using an adapted version of the retrieval-extinction procedure, Study III showed that memory retrieval shortly followed by exposure to spider pictures, attenuates subsequent amygdala activity and increases approach behavior in subjects with life-long fear of spiders. In Study IV, these subjects were re-tested 6 months later, and the results showed that effects on amygdala activity as well as approach behavior were maintained. In summation, retrieval-extinction leads to long-lasting reductions in amygdala activity and fear expression. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that retrieval-extinction alters an amygdala dependent fear memory. Retrieval-extinction can also attenuate long-term phobic fears, indicating that this manipulation could be used to enhance exposure-based treatments for anxiety disorders.
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Laborda, Mario A. "An associative account for the etiology of phobias without recall of original trauma S-R associations, their extinction, and recovery /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2009.
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Foss, Erica K. "An Evaluation of the Effects of Effort on Resistance to Change." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc955092/.
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Behavioral momentum theory (BMT) has become a prominent method of studying the effects of reinforcement on operant behavior. BMT represents a departure from the Skinnerian tradition in that it identifies the strength of responding with its resistance to change. Like in many other operant research paradigms, however, responses are considered to be momentary phenomena and so little attention has been paid to non-rate dimensions of responding. The current study takes up the question of whether or not the degree of effort defining a discriminated operant class has any meaningful effect on its resistance to change. Using a force transducer, rats responded on a two-component multiple VI 60-s VI 60-s schedule where each component was correlated with a different force requirement. Resistance to change was tested through prefeeding and extinction. Proportional declines in response rate were equal across components during all disruption tests. Differentiated response classes remained intact throughout. The negative result suggests several future research directions.
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Heckers, Desiree Noelle. "THE EFFECTS OF USING BEHAVIORAL SKILLS TRAINING TO TEACH PARENTS TO IMPLEMENT ESCAPE EXTINCTION PROCEDURES IN THE TREATMENT OF PEDIATRIC FEEDING DISORDERS." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2019. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/581582.
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Applied Behavioral AnalysisM.S.Ed.
The current study evaluated the effects of a Behavioral Skills Training (BST) package on parental implementation of escape extinction in a feeding clinic. Three parents of children enrolled in a clinic-based three-week intensive feeding disorder treatment program participated. The goal of the current study was to improve the already existing parent training component of the clinic’s program by utilizing BST to teach the participants critical skills needed to implement the feeding interventions at home. The BST package included verbal instruction, modeling, and role play with feedback. Generalization probes were conducted during parent-child feeding trials. A multiple baseline across behaviors design demonstrated the effectiveness of the BST package for all participants: percentage of steps implemented correctly increased to high levels for each skill. This study was limited by aspects of the experimental design and lack of generalization data. Future research should aim to close the gaps in the feeding disorder literature regarding parent training; additional research is needed in this subject area.
Temple University--Theses
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Ugland, Carina C. O. "Resistance to extinction in human fear learning, an ERP investigation of procedural and fear relevance effects on conditioned responding." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2011. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/6960/.
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In human fear conditioning 'resistance to extinction' occurs when the removal of the aversive outcome fails to produce a reduction in conditioned responding. This phenomenon is important to understanding the persistence of anxiety disorders such as phobias. The research presented in this thesis examines factors that promote the acquisition and maintenance of learned fear response and attempts to differentiate between different explanations of the resistance to extinction phenomenon. To investigate the impact of different conditioning procedures (evaluative or classical conditioning) on the durability of the conditioned response (CR), event-related potential (ERP) methodology was employed. In addition, the role of the fear-relevance of the conditioned stimulus (CS), in supporting the acquisition and resistance to extinction of the CR, was explored. Evidence suggested that extinction effects are likely to reflect procedural differences in conditioning rather than different underlying learning processes. Extinction effects were dissociable across procedures, supporting the role of the type of unconditioned stimulus (US) in explaining past demonstrations of extinction when responses were indexed by physiological measures. Verbally transmitted, threat information heightened aversive US-expectancies and fear beliefs without the need for conditioning. Additionally, fear-beliefs were reduced without the need for extinction training when positive information was provided. Contrary to Davey's (1997) expectancy bias model, the results do not support the hypothesis that verbal information interacts with direct contingency experience to create fear responses; instead, information appears to be a direct pathway to fear. ERP measures for fear responses did not echo the effects of verbal information and contingency on fear-beliefs. However, the comparability of our ERP data, to other research using physiological measures of response, is discussed regarding the number of trials required to calculate the average ERP response. Due to averaging over a large number of trials the ERP measure may not be sensitive to fluctuations in response that may be dependent on information or contingency manipulations. In conclusion our data suggests the importance of verbal information as a pathway to fear and the role of cognitive factors in the prevention and treatment of fears.
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Ludlum, Madonna L. "A Multimodal Investigation of Renewal of Human Avoidance, Perceived Threat, and Emotion." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc801907/.
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Many people who receive exposure-based treatments for anxiety disorders exhibit a return of fear and avoidance which is often referred to as renewal or relapse. Human and nonhuman research on fear conditioning and renewal has been instrumental in helping understand relapse in anxiety disorders. The purpose of this investigation was to examine renewal of human avoidance and assess whether avoidance may aid in sustaining renewal of fear responses. We adopted a multimodal measurement approach consisting of an approach-avoidance task along with ratings of perceived threat and fear and measures of skin-conductance, a widely used physiological measure of fear. A traditional, single-subject research design was used with six healthy adults. All tasks employed a discrete trial procedure. Experimental conditions included Pavlovian fear conditioning in which increased probability of money loss was paired with a “threat” meter in Context A and later followed extinction in Context B. Fear and avoidance increased to higher threat levels in Context A but not Context B. Renewal testing involved presenting the threat meter on a return to Context A to determine if it evoked fear and avoidance (i.e., relapse). As predicted, renewal testing in Context A showed that increased threat was associated with increased avoidance, ratings of perceived threat and fear, and higher skin-conductance. Moreover, results showed that renewal maintained over six blocks of trials. This is the first investigation of renewal of threat and avoidance in humans that highlights avoidance as a mechanism that may contribute to maintaining fear in anxiety pathology.
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Schepers, Scott Timothy. "The Effects of Reinforcer Distribution During Response Elimination on Resurgence of an Instrumental Response." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2014. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/280.
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Resurgence is the relapse of an extinguished instrumental behavior that can occur when an alternative behavior that was introduced to replace it is itself extinguished. In a typical resurgence experiment, rats are trained to make a response (R1) for food reinforcers. In a second phase, responses on R1 are no longer reinforced, but a new response (R2) is introduced and responses on it are reinforced. During a third phase, reinforcement for R2 is removed and behavior on R1 often returns (or "resurges") despite remaining on extinction.
The current experiments were designed to examine the effects of the temporal distribution of reinforcers delivered during Phase 2 on later resurgence. The role of these alternative reinforcers is central to theories that have been proposed to account for resurgence. The experiments provided a special opportunity to contrast predictions made by the Shahan-Sweeney Model (Shahan & Sweeney, 2011) and a contextual account of resurgence (Winterbauer & Bouton, 2010).
Experiments 1 and 2 examined resurgence when alternative reinforcement during Phase 2 was delivered according to the same set of daily reinforcement schedules presented in different orders. That is, one group received rich reinforcement rates that were gradually thinned to leaner ones (Group Thinning) and another group received lean rates that were gradually increased to richer ones (Group Reverse Thinning). Both procedures weakened resurgence compared to that in a group that received the richest rate (a variable interval, or VI 10-s schedule that arranged for a reinforcer to be available for a response every 10s on average) during all of the Phase 2 sessions. However, the forward thinning procedure was more effective than the reverse thinning procedure at eliminating the resurgence effect.
Experiment 3 examined resurgence when alternative reinforcement was only available for R2 during every other session. The results indicated that daily alternations of a VI 10-s schedule with an extinction schedule for R2 weakened resurgence compared to groups that either received the same average rate over the entire phase (VI 17.5-s) or that received the same terminal rate (VI 10-s) in every session.
The Shahan-Sweeney model cannot account for several of the current results. Instead, the results are most consistent with a contextual account of resurgence. That is, resurgence can be conceptualized as an ABC renewal effect in which extinguished R1 behavior returns when an animal is removed from an extinction "context" provided by R2 reinforcement. Lean reinforcement rates at any time during Phase 2 allow the animal to learn to inhibit R1 under conditions that generalize to the extinction conditions that prevail during the resurgence test. The results also suggest that experience with alternating extinction sessions or lean reinforcement rates close to the final resurgence test are especially effective at eliminating the resurgence effect.
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Kucher, Kellie Lynn. "Effect of preweanling methylphenidate exposure on the induction, extinction and reinstatement of morphine-Induced conditioned place preference in rats." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2892.
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This study examined the effect of preweanling methyphenidate exposure on later drug reward. We examined the induction, extinction, and reinstatement of morphine induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats that received methylphenidate pretreatment during the preweanling period.
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Halonen, Joshua D. "Predator-Based Fear Conditioning: A Novel Approach to the Study of the Neurobiology of Memory." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4062.
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This series of experiments developed novel paradigms involving the integration of conventional and ethologically relevant forms of reinforcement in the study of fear conditioning in rats. Experiment 1 compared the effects of foot shock, immobilization and predator exposure, alone and in combination, on the expression of conditioned fear memory and extinction. The combination of all 3 reinforcers produced a significantly stronger fear memory and greater resistance to extinction, compared to when each reinforcer was administered alone. Furthermore, whereas conditioning with foot shock, alone, resulted in rapid extinction of the fear memory, the combination of immobilization and cat exposure, or all 3 reinforcers together, produced a robust extinction resistant fear memory. Experiment 2 explored the effects of giving extinction trials every two versus every seven days. This experiment demonstrated extinction when the trials were given every 2 days, with no evidence of extinction when trials were given every 7 days. Experiment 3 focused on extending predator-based conditioning to enhance the development of cue-based fear conditioning. Rats were administered multiple predator-based conditioning trials in one session to enhance the formation of both contextual and cue-based fear memories. Experiment 4 tested the hypothesis that hippocampal involvement during learning is necessary for predator-based contextual, but not cued, fear memory. This work provided support for this hypothesis with the finding of impaired contextual memory, with no effect on cued memory, in rats that had a pharmacological suppression of hippocampal activity during fear conditioning. Experiment 5 developed an entirely novel form of inhibitory avoidance conditioning. This work demonstrated that rats learned to avoid entering a place which was paired with immobilization and predator exposure. Experiment 6 investigated the effects of sleep deprivation occurring prior to fear conditioning on the expression of fear memory. This experiment showed that pre-training sleep deprivation blocked the development of contextual (hippocampal-dependent), but not cue (hippocampal-independent), fear memory. Overall, this series of experiments established the groundwork to use ethologically relevant stimuli, including predator exposure, in conjunction with conventional reinforcers, such as foot shock and immobilization, to advance our understanding of the neurobiology of emotional memory.
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Harloe, John Pinckney. "Endocannabinoid Modulation of Spatial Memory in Aversively and Appetitively Motivated Barnes Maze Tasks." VCU Scholars Compass, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10156/1555.
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Steinman, Christopher T. "The attenuation of the renewal effect via the forgetting of contextual attributes." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1304290941.
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Gao, Meng [Verfasser], Onur [Gutachter] Güntürkün, and Nikolai [Gutachter] Axmacher. "Neural circuits of appetitive extinction in the pigeon brain / Meng Gao ; Gutachter: Onur Güntürkün, Nikolai Axmacher ; Fakultät für Psychologie." Bochum : Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1201560659/34.
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Packheiser, Julian [Verfasser], Onur [Gutachter] Güntürkün, and Nikolai [Gutachter] Axmacher. "Neuronal mechanisms of working memory and extinction learning in the avian forebrain / Julian Packheiser ; Gutachter: Onur Güntürkün, Nikolai Axmacher ; Fakultät für Psychologie." Bochum : Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1195221061/34.
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Hamacher-Dang, Tanja [Verfasser], Oliver T. [Gutachter] Wolf, and Hubert R. [Gutachter] Dinse. "Effects of stress on human extinction memory / Tanja Christina Hamacher-Dang ; Gutachter: Oliver T. Wolf, Hubert R. Dinse ; International Graduate School of Neuroscience." Bochum : Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1214441165/34.
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Hamacher-Dang, Tanja Christina [Verfasser], Oliver T. [Gutachter] Wolf, and Hubert R. [Gutachter] Dinse. "Effects of stress on human extinction memory / Tanja Christina Hamacher-Dang ; Gutachter: Oliver T. Wolf, Hubert R. Dinse ; International Graduate School of Neuroscience." Bochum : Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1214441165/34.
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Asthana, Manish [Verfasser], and Martin J. [Akademischer Betreuer] Herrmann. "Associative learning – Genetic modulation of extinction and reconsolidation and the effects of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) / Manish Asthana. Betreuer: Martin J. Herrmann." Würzburg : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Würzburg, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1045153095/34.
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Fouquet, Nathalie. "Role of the self generated action related to CS intake in conditioned taste aversion in rats." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STR13170.
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Colléony, Agathe. "Evaluating the potential of zoos in reconnecting people with nature and conservation issues." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MNHN0024/document.
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Avec l’actuelle crise de la biodiversité, nos modes de vie de plus en plus urbains diminuent nos opportunités d’expériences de nature. Cependant, une relation intime avec la nature a de nombreux bénéfices, que ce soit pour le bien être individuel, la santé ou la restauration de l’attention, mais aussi les enjeux environnementaux. De nombreuses recherches ont exploré le degré auquel les citoyens se sentent faire partie du monde naturel, et se sont ainsi intéressées plus récemment à l’importance de reconnecter les citoyens – en particulier urbains – à la nature et aux enjeux de conservation, à travers les expériences de nature. Au travers de ce travail de thèse, nous avons exploré si les zoos pourraient participer à une telle reconnexion. Pour cela, une approche interdisciplinaire a été adoptée, avec des concepts et méthodes issus de la biologie de la conservation, de l’anthropologie, de la psychologie sociale et psychologie de la conservation, de la psycho acoustique, et de l’économie environnementale. Nous avons tout d’abord exploré si les zoos étaient considérés comme des espaces de nature. Puis, nous nous sommes intéressés plus particulièrement à la perception de la nature dans le zoo, d’un point de vue visuel et sonore. L’analyse comparative entre des visiteurs de zoos et des utilisateurs de parcs urbains nous a permis d’explorer l’impact de la visite au zoo sur le sentiment de connexion à la nature et sur les attitudes envers la conservation. Enfin, nous nous sommes intéressés aux comportements pro-conservation au zoo, au travers de l’analyse du choix de l’animal et du montant de la donation chez des participants à un programme de parrainage d’un animal au zoo.Ce travail démontre que même si le zoo est considéré et utilisé comme un espace de nature, il n’affecte pas le sentiment de connexion à la nature des visiteurs. Cependant, en comparaison à une visite d’un parc urbain, la visite au zoo a le potentiel de promouvoir les attitudes envers la conservation, au travers de la connexion à la nature. De plus, même au zoo, si l’accent est largement mis sur les espèces captives, exotiques, les visiteurs semblent aussi percevoir la biodiversité urbaine. Néanmoins, à l’inverse des attitudes pour la conservation, il reste incertain que le zoo promulgue les comportements pro-conservation. Pour conclure, ce projet de thèse a mis en évidence que dans le processus de reconnexion des citoyens à la nature et aux enjeux de conservation, les zoos offrent indubitablement un type d’expérience de nature aux citoyens urbains, qui devrait être pris en considération au même titre que d’autres types d’expériences de nature (e.g. forêts), notamment puisque les zoos sont des institutions qui accueillent une très large et diverse proportion de la population dans le mondeWith the on-going biodiversity crisis, growing urban lifestyles decrease opportunities to experience nature. However, an intimate relationship with nature has various benefits, for individual well-being, health or attention restoration, but also for environmental issues. Much research effort explored the extent to which people feel being part of the natural world, and thus focused more recently on the importance of reconnecting people – especially urban dwellers – with nature and conservation issues, through experiences of nature. In this work, we investigated whether zoos could participate in such reconnection. We used an interdisciplinary approach, with concepts and methods from conservation biology, anthropology, social and conservation psychology, psychoacoustics, and ecological economics. We first explored whether zoos were considered as natural places. Then, we looked more closely at people’s perception of nature at the zoo, from both visual and auditory perspectives. Comparative analysis between zoo visitors and urban park users allowed us investigate the impact of the zoo visit on sense of connection to nature and conservation attitudes. Finally, we focused on pro-conservation behaviors at the zoo through the analysis of animal choice and amount of donations of participants to an animal adoption program at the zoo. This work demonstrates that although the zoo is considered and used as a natural place, it does not affect sense of connection to nature. However, compared to a visit to an urban green park, the zoo visit has the potential to raise conservation attitudes, through connectedness to nature. Additionally, despite an emphasis on captive, exotic species at the zoo, visitors also seemed to perceive urban wildlife. Nevertheless, unlike conservation attitudes, the contribution of the zoo in enhancing pro-conservation behaviors remains doubtful. To conclude, this PhD project highlighted that in the process of reconnecting people to nature and conservation issues, zoos undoubtedly provide one type of experience of nature to urban dwellers, that should be considered along with other types of experiences of nature, e.g. woodlands, especially because zoos are institutions that target a very large and diverse part of the population, worldwide
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Ebrahimi, Claudia. "Neural mechanisms and pharmacological modulation of Pavlovian learning." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/22354.
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Einige psychische Störungen, darunter Angst- und Suchterkrankungen, zeichnen sich durch eine abnorme Beteiligung basaler assoziativer Lernprozesse aus. Pawlow’sche Rückfallphänomene den langfristigen Erfolg extinktionsbasierter Therapien. Damit kommt der Untersuchung pharmakologischer Interventionen zur Unterstützung des Extinktionslernens bzw. -abrufs eine zentrale Bedeutung zu.
Die vorliegende Dissertation umfasst vier Studien und bedient sich translationaler Pawlow’scher Lernmodelle, um (i) behaviorale und neuronale Mechanismen appetitiver Pawlow’scher Rückfallphänomene beim Menschen zu untersuchen (Studien I und II) sowie (ii) den Effekt des partiellen NMDA Rezeptor Agonisten D-Cycloserin (DCS) zur Unterstützung des Extinktionslernens appetitiver und aversiver Stimuli zu testen (Studien III und IV).
Studie I demonstriert, dass appetitive Pawlow’sche Rückfalleffekte im Labor untersucht werden können und lieferte Evidenz für differenzielle Einflüsse der Amygdala und des vmPFC beim Wiederauftreten der konditionierten Reaktion. Studie II belegt die Sensitivität verschiedener, teilweise neuer okularer Reaktionsmaße für die appetitive Konditionierungsforschung. Studie III zeigte, dass DCS mit einer attenuierten BOLD-Antwort in der Amygdala und einer gesteigerten funktionellen Amygdala-vmPFC Konnektivität während des appetitiven Extinktionsabrufs assoziiert war. Studie IV ergab, dass Probanden der DCS- Gruppe attenuierte Arousal Ratings wie auch neuronale Aktivierungen in der Amygdala und dem posterioren Hippocampus im Vergleich zur Placebo-Gruppe aufwiesen.
Die vorliegende Arbeit erweitert unser Verständnis appetitiver Pawlow’scher Rückfallphänomene und weist dem vmPFC eine bedeutsame Rolle beim Extinktionsabruf zu. Weiterhin unterstützt sie die Hypothese, dass DCS das Extinktionslernen unterstützt und damit Rückfallphänomene reduziert.Pavlovian learning mechanisms play an important role in the development, maintenance, and relapse of psychiatric conditions like drug addiction and anxiety disorders. Pavlovian relapse phenomena challenge the long-term success of extinction-based exposure treatments. As such, investigating pharmacological adjuncts that could help to improve extinction learning or long- term retention are of great clinical importance. This dissertation comprises four studies applying translational human laboratory models of Pavlovian learning (i) to characterize the behavioral and neural mechanisms of appetitive Pavlovian relapse (Studies I and II), and (ii) to investigate D-cycloserine (DCS), a partial NMDA receptor agonist, as a pharmacological adjunct to augment Pavlovian extinction learning of appetitive and aversive stimuli (Studies III and IV). In Study I, we showed that appetitive Pavlovian relapse can be successfully modeled in the laboratory and provided evidence for opposing roles of amygdala and vmPFC in mediating the return of conditioned responding. Study II showed the usefulness of different and partly novel ocular response measures for appetitive conditioning research. Finally, we found DCS to attenuate amygdala reactivity during appetitive extinction recall and enhance amygdala-vmPFC coupling (Study III). Corroborating these results, Study IV showed DCS to reduce return of fear on behavioral arousal ratings and in brain areas associated with defense reactions like amygdala and posterior hippocampus. Overall, the present work extends evidence on experimentally induced return of fear to the appetitive research domain and suggests an overarching regulatory role of the vmPFC during extinction recall. Finally, it supports the hypothesis that DCS can augment extinction learning, thereby reducing the risk of relapse phenomena.
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Shafer, Christiana Kimberly. "A systematic analysis of extinction at 3 months of age." 2008. http://hdl.rutgers.edu/1782.2/rucore10001600001.ETD.17564.
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Petscher, Erin Seligson Bailey Jon S. "Comparing main and collateral effects of extinction and differential reinforcement of alternative behavior." 2006. http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/06272006-172127.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2006.Advisor: Jon Bailey, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Psychology. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Sept. 13, 2006). Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 104 pages. Includes bibliographical references.
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Papachristos, Efstathios B. "Effects of the number and spacing of conditioning sessions on spontaneous recovery from extinction." 2008. http://hdl.rutgers.edu/1782.2/rucore10001600001.ETD.17164.
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Acunzo, Maria Alexandra Kredlow. "Exploring the boundaries of post-retrieval extinction in healthy and anxious individuals." Thesis, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/34404.
Full textAbstract:
Human and non-human animal studies indicate that the reconsolidation of conditioned fear memories can be interrupted, and return of fear attenuated, using a paradigm of memory retrieval coupled with extinction called post-retrieval extinction (PRE). This series of studies examined the efficacy of PRE for attenuating the return of fear in healthy and anxious individuals in order to inform translation of PRE to the clinic. Study 1 was a meta-analysis of 16 comparisons of PRE versus extinction in healthy human participants. My hypothesis that PRE would be more efficacious than extinction in attenuating the return of fear was supported (effect size g = 0.40). This effect was moderated by factors potentially related to memory strength. Accordingly, in Study 2, I tested a strategy to strengthen fear memories using a compound unconditioned stimulus for use in a subsequent study of PRE (Study 3). I hypothesized that the use of a compound unconditioned stimulus would improve rates of acquisition and differential conditioning levels in healthy participants (N=143, M(SD) age=23.0 (9.8), 59% female). My results confirmed that the use of a compound unconditioned stimulus enhanced rates of acquisition, but contrary to my hypothesis, did not enhance differential conditioning levels among those meeting threshold values for conditioning. In Study 3, I tested the relative efficacy of PRE in 49 healthy and 43 anxious participants (M(SD) age=23.0 (8.0), 71% female) who received either one day of acquisition followed by PRE or extinction, or three days of acquisition followed by PRE. I hypothesized that PRE would be more efficacious than extinction in attenuating the reinstatement of fear for memories conditioned over one day, but not for stronger fear memories conditioned over three days. Contrary to my hypothesis, no effect of PRE was observed on reinstatement of fear for participants who received one day of acquisition. Furthermore, PRE was not more beneficial for anxious participants who received one day versus three days of acquisition. In sum, the PRE effect size from this study was near zero and at the 11th percentile of those observed by meta-analysis; future research should continue to examine moderators of PRE effects.