Academic literature on the topic 'Extinction methods'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Extinction methods.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Extinction methods":
Bromham, Lindell, Robert Lanfear, Phillip Cassey, Gillian Gibb, and Marcel Cardillo. "Reconstructing past species assemblages reveals the changing patterns and drivers of extinction through time." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1744 (August 2012): 4024–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1437.
Geyle, Hayley M., John C. Z. Woinarski, G. Barry Baker, Chris R. Dickman, Guy Dutson, Diana O. Fisher, Hugh Ford, et al. "Quantifying extinction risk and forecasting the number of impending Australian bird and mammal extinctions." Pacific Conservation Biology 24, no. 2 (2018): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc18006.
Lombardi, Marco. "Optimal extinction measurements." Astronomy & Astrophysics 615 (July 2018): A174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201832769.
Nawrot, Rafał, Daniele Scarponi, Michele Azzarone, Troy A. Dexter, Kristopher M. Kusnerik, Jacalyn M. Wittmer, Alessandro Amorosi, and Michał Kowalewski. "Stratigraphic signatures of mass extinctions: ecological and sedimentary determinants." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1886 (September 12, 2018): 20181191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1191.
Smith, Woollcott K., and Andrew R. Solow. "Missing and presumed lost: extinction in the ocean and its inference." ICES Journal of Marine Science 69, no. 1 (November 13, 2011): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsr176.
Burgman, M. A. "Evaluating methods for assessing extinction risk." Acta Oecologica 26, no. 2 (October 2004): 65–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2004.06.001.
Dai, Xu, and Haijun Song. "Toward an understanding of cosmopolitanism in deep time: a case study of ammonoids from the middle Permian to the Middle Triassic." Paleobiology 46, no. 4 (September 21, 2020): 533–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pab.2020.40.
Nogueras-Lara, F., R. Schödel, N. Neumayer, E. Gallego-Cano, B. Shahzamanian, A. T. Gallego-Calvente, and F. Najarro. "GALACTICNUCLEUS: A high angular-resolution JHKs imaging survey of the Galactic centre." Astronomy & Astrophysics 641 (September 2020): A141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202038606.
Ausich, William I., Thomas W. Kammer, and Tomasz K. Baumiller. "Demise of the middle Paleozoic crinoid fauna: a single extinction event or rapid faunal turnover?" Paleobiology 20, no. 3 (1994): 345–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300012811.
Viglietti, Pia A., Roger B. J. Benson, Roger M. H. Smith, Jennifer Botha, Christian F. Kammerer, Zaituna Skosan, Elize Butler, et al. "Evidence from South Africa for a protracted end-Permian extinction on land." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 17 (April 19, 2021): e2017045118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2017045118.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Extinction methods":
Faller, Beáta. "Combinatorial and probabilistic methods in biodiversity theory." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Mathematics and Statistics, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/3985.
Li, Linlin, Shiyin Shen, Jinliang Hou, Fangting Yuan, Jing Zhong, Hu Zou, Xu Zhou, et al. "GALACTIC EXTINCTION AND REDDENING FROM THE SOUTH GALACTIC CAP u -BAND SKY SURVEY: u -BAND GALAXY NUMBER COUNTS AND u − r COLOR DISTRIBUTION." IOP PUBLISHING LTD, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623264.
Cole, Selina R. "Phylogeny, Diversification, and Extinction Selectivity in Camerate Crinoids." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1492594839778373.
Corey, Sarah J. "Understanding Amphibian Vulnerability to Extinction: A Phylogenetic and Spatial Approach." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1244036842.
Rådahl, Elmer. "Extinction in the solar neighborhood : A comparative study of two methods used to measure reddening towards individual stars." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Observationell astrofysik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-296426.
Interstellär extinktion och rödfärgning är oundvikliga osäkerhetskällor i studiet av astronomiska objekt. Många kreativa sätt att mäta dess effekter har utvecklats, av vilka två utvärderas i denna studie. Jag tillämpar två nyligen förbättrade metoder för att uppskatta utsläckning mot enskilda stjärnor, en baserad på interstellär absorption av natrium och den andra baserad på opacitetskartor över det interstellära mediet. Metoderna tillämpas på 14 stjärnor i solens närområde, alla inom ett avstånd av 250 pc, och deras resultat jämförs. Jag finner att båda metoderna har allvarliga begränsningar och stora osäkerheter, men ändå kan vara användbara under rätt förutsättningar. Jag ger också förslag på hur metoderna kan förbättras.
Myers, Alexandra. "A computational study of the effect of cross wind on the flow of fire fighting agent." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Jun%5FMyers.pdf.
Myburgh, Erena. "Evaluating methods for fire protection and related fire risk categories in rural towns of the Western Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20066.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Water flows required for fire protection (fire flows) from water distribution systems (WDS) in rural towns in the Western Cape Province, South Africa, were evaluated as part of this research project. The fire flow requirements specified in different South African guidelines, as well as a number of international standards, were compared. Various guidelines and codes used in South Africa, including the South African National Standards, specify fire flow requirements according to the risk category of the area concerned. Alternative methods of firefighting and new firefighting technologies that can reduce the reliance on potable water resources for firefighting were evaluated. The traditional method of designing a WDS to provide potable water for firefighting, commonly employed in South African municipal areas formed the focus of the study. The potential fire risk costs (potential costs of damages if a fire was to occur) should also be considered, in addition to the network construction costs, when designing a WDS, in order to determine the most economically feasible option. Data obtained from the fire departments of three municipalities in rural towns of the Western Cape, was analysed to determine the actual flow rates that were required to extinguish fires in these towns. The records considered covered approximately one year in each case and included a total of 564 fire incident reports suitable for this study. According to the data, a small fraction (11%) of the fires was extinguished using water from the WDS by connecting firefighting equipment directly to a fire hydrant. The majority of the fires were extinguished by means of water ejected from a firefighting vehicle. This method implies the use of water drawn from the potable network at a certain location; the water is shuttled by firefighting vehicles, from either the fire station or from a central abstraction point in the WDS. The location of the said abstraction point was found to have a notable impact on the WDS and this received attention in this study. The data showed that 99.8% of the flows required in rural towns were lower than the flows recommended for moderate risk areas in typical South African guidelines. Hydraulic modelling of a hypothetical WDS model was conducted to illustrate that the provision of fire flows according to commonly used South African fire flow standards leads to higher costs. The latter hypothetical case study illustrates that designing a network to provide fire flows according to the referred standards resulted in 15% higher costs, compared to designing a network that would have provided for the actual recorded fire flows according to the data set obtained from the selected rural towns compiled for this study. The hypothetical case study also showed that the cost for a WDS, where sufficient pressure is required at all hydrants during peak fire flows, is 2.4% higher than the cost for a distribution system where water is supplied via predetermined hydrants for refilling firefighting vehicles. A WDS with central, predetermined abstraction points for refilling firefighting vehicles offers a solution to providing fire flows in areas where the distribution systems may be inadequate. The revision of the current fire flow standards of South Africa would, therefore, be a logical next step along with the reassessment of methods used for supplying fire flows.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Water vloei vir brandbestryding (brandvloei) uit waterverspreidingstelsels (WVS) in plattelandse dorpe in die Wes-Kaap, Suid Afrika, is as deel van hierdie navorsingsprojek geëvalueer. Die brandvloei soos gespesifiseer in verskillende Suid-Afrikaanse riglyne, asook ʼn aantal internasionale standaarde is vergelyk. Verskeie riglyne en kodes wat in Suid-Afrika gebruik word, insluitende die Suid-Afrikaanse Nasionale Standaarde, spesifiseer brandvloei-vereistes op grond van die risiko-kategorie van ʼn spesifieke gebied. ʼn Verskeidenheid alternatiewe metodes vir brandbestryding en nuwe brandbestrydings-tegnologieë is ondersoek, om sodoende die afhanklikheid van ons beperkte drinkbare waterbronne vir brandbestryding te verminder. Die tradisionele metode om water aan munisipale areas te voorsien, die gebruik van ʼn WVS, is ook geassesseer. Hierdie metodes dui daarop dat die potensiële brandgevaar-kostes (potensiële koste van skade indien ʼn brand sou plaas vind) ook in ag geneem moet word, tesame met die konstruksie kostes van ʼn WVS, om sodoende die mees ekonomies haalbare netwerk te bepaal. Data wat verkry is vanaf die brandweer departement van drie plattelandse munisipaliteite in die Wes-Kaap is ontleed om die werklike vloei-tempos vas te stel wat nodig was om brande te blus in hierdie dorpe. Die data is verkry vir ʼn tydperk van een jaar en 564 brandverslae was bruikbaar vir die doeleindes van hierdie studie. Volgens die data was ʼn lae aantal (11%) van die brande geblus vanuit die WVS deur die koppeling van brandbestrydingstoerusting direk aan ʼn brandkraan. Die meeste van die brande is geblus met behulp van water wat voorsien is deur ʼn brandbestrydingsvoertuig. Met hierdie metode word water deur die brandbestrydings-voertuie aangery vanaf die brandweerstasie of onttrek vanuit ʼn sentrale ontrekkingspunt in die WVS. Daar is gevind dat die ligging van laasgenoemde ontrekkingspunt ʼn beduidende impak op die WVS het – hierdie aspek is daarom verder ondersoek. Die data het getoon dat 99.8% van die vloei-tempo’s wat nodig is om brande te blus in plattelandse dorpe, laer is as die brandvloei riglyne vir matige risiko-areas volgens tipes Suid-Afrikaanse standaarde. Hidrouliese modellering van ʼn hipotetiese WVS is uitgevoer om te illustreer dat die verskaffing van brandvloei volgens die standaarde wat algemeen gebruik word, hoër kostes tot gevolg het. Die laasgenoemde hipotetiese gevallestudie illustreer dat ʼn netwerk ontwerp om brandvloei te verskaf volgens die huidige standaarde 15% duurder is as vir netwerke wat ontwerp is om die werklike aangetekende brandvloei te voorsien soos getoon deur die veld-data wat vir hierdie studie verkry is. Die hipotetiese gevallestudie het ook getoon dat die koste vir ʼn WVS, waar voldoende drukke gehandhaaf moet word by alle brandkrane terwyl piek brand vloeie voorsien word, 2.4% duurder is as vir ʼn WVS waar die brandvloei verskaf word by voorafbepaalde brandkrane vir die hervulling van brandbestrydingsvoertuie. ʼn WVS met sentrale onttrekkingspunte vir die hervulling van brandbestrydingsvoertuie, bied ʼn metode om brandvloei te voorsien in gebiede waar die WVS onvoldoende is, bv. informele nedersettings. Die hersiening van die huidige brandvloei standaarde van Suid Afrika sou dus ʼn logiese volgende stap wees, tesame met die herevaluering van die metodes wat gebruik word vir die verskaffing van brandvloei.
Sennblad, Adina. "Effects of past fragmentation and habitat loss and current management methods on the changes in vascular plant communities. : An evaluation of extinction debt in semi-natural grasslands in Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-447366.
Caumont-Prim, Chloé. "Détermination de la distribution de taille des nanoparticules de suie par analyse du spectre d'extinction et de diffusion angulaire de la lumière." Phd thesis, INSA de Rouen, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00800137.
Hautphenne, Sophie. "An algorithmic look at phase-controlled branching processes." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210255.
Our objective is to develop numerical methods to answer several questions about Markovian binary trees. The issue of the extinction probability is the main question addressed in the thesis. We first assume independence between individuals. In this case, the extinction probability is the minimal nonnegative solution of a matrix fixed point equation which can generally not be solved analytically. In order to solve this equation, we develop a linear algorithm based on functional iterations, and a quadratic algorithm, based on Newton's method, and we give their probabilistic interpretation in terms of the tree.
Next, we look at some transient features for a Markovian binary tree: the distribution of the population size at any given time, of the time until extinction and of the total progeny. These distributions are obtained using the Kolmogorov and the renewal approaches.
We illustrate the results mentioned above through an example where the Markovian binary tree serves as a model for female families in different countries, for which we use real data provided by the World Health Organization website.
Finally, we analyze the case where Markovian binary trees evolve under the external influence of a random environment or a catastrophe process. In this case, individuals do not behave independently of each other anymore, and the extinction probability may no longer be expressed as the solution of a fixed point equation, which makes the analysis more complicated. We approach the extinction probability, through the study of the population size distribution, by purely numerical methods of resolution of partial differential equations, and also by probabilistic methods imposing constraints on the external process or on the maximal population size.
/
Les processus de branchements sont des processus stochastiques décrivant l'évolution de populations d'individus qui se reproduisent et meurent indépendamment les uns des autres, suivant des lois de probabilités spécifiques.
Nous considérons une classe particulière de processus de branchement, appelés arbres binaires Markoviens, dans lesquels la vie d'un individu et ses instants de reproduction sont contrôlés par un MAP. Notre objectif est de développer des méthodes numériques pour répondre à plusieurs questions à propos des arbres binaires Markoviens.
La question de la probabilité d'extinction d'un arbre binaire Markovien est la principale abordée dans la thèse. Nous faisons tout d'abord l'hypothèse d'indépendance entre individus. Dans ce cas, la probabilité d'extinction s'exprime comme la solution minimale non négative d'une équation de point fixe matricielle, qui ne peut être résolue analytiquement. Afin de résoudre cette équation, nous développons un algorithme linéaire, basé sur l'itération fonctionnelle, ainsi que des algorithmes quadratiques, basés sur la méthode de Newton, et nous donnons leur interprétation probabiliste en termes de l'arbre que l'on étudie.
Nous nous intéressons ensuite à certaines caractéristiques transitoires d'un arbre binaire Markovien: la distribution de la taille de la population à un instant donné, celle du temps jusqu'à l'extinction du processus et celle de la descendance totale. Ces distributions sont obtenues en utilisant l'approche de Kolmogorov ainsi que l'approche de renouvellement.
Nous illustrons les résultats mentionnés plus haut au travers d'un exemple où l'arbre binaire Markovien sert de modèle pour des populations féminines dans différents pays, et pour lesquelles nous utilisons des données réelles fournies par la World Health Organization.
Enfin, nous analysons le cas où les arbres binaires Markoviens évoluent sous une influence extérieure aléatoire, comme un environnement Markovien aléatoire ou un processus de catastrophes. Dans ce cas, les individus ne se comportent plus indépendamment les uns des autres, et la probabilité d'extinction ne peut plus s'exprimer comme la solution d'une équation de point fixe, ce qui rend l'analyse plus compliquée. Nous approchons la probabilité d'extinction au travers de l'étude de la distribution de la taille de la population, à la fois par des méthodes purement numériques de résolution d'équations aux dérivées partielles, ainsi que par des méthodes probabilistes en imposant des contraintes sur le processus extérieur ou sur la taille maximale de la population.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Books on the topic "Extinction methods":
Newman, M. E. J. Modeling extinction. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Newman, M. E. J. Modeling extinction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
R, Skaggs Stephanie, and National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.), eds. Screening methods for agent compatibility with people, materials, and the environment. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1999.
International Conference on Performance-Based Codes and Fire Safety Design Methods. Proceedings, 4th International Conference on Performance-Based Codes and Fire Safety Design Methods: 20-22 March 2002, Melbourne Exhibitions & Convention Centre, Melbourne, Australia. [Bethesda, Md.]: Society of Fire Protection Engineers, 2002.
E, Holmes E., and Northwest Fisheries Science Center (U.S.), eds. Cross validation of quasi-extinction risks from real time series: An examination of diffusion approximation methods. Seattle, Wash: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Fisheries Service, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2005.
McClincy, William D. Instructional methods in emergency services: A resource text designed for EMS, fire, and rescue instructors. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Brady Prentice Hall, 1995.
Lindsey, Jeffrey. Fire service instructor. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006.
Maher, Patrick T. Designing emergency scene simulations for police and fire promotional examiniations. La Palma, Calif: Personnel and Organization Development Consultants, 1993.
Amato, George. Conservation genetics in the age of genomics. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009.
Gross, S. S. Improved method for extinguishing coal refuse fires. [Pittsburgh, PA]: Bureau of Mines, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1991.
Book chapters on the topic "Extinction methods":
Lieberman, Mira. "Research Methods." In Extinction Governance, Finance and Accounting, 530–48. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003045557-35.
Knude, Jens. "Methods to Account for Interstellar Extinction." In Census of the Galaxy: Challenges for Photometry and Spectrometry with GAIA, 97–107. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0361-2_15.
Santovito, Luca Spiro, and Graziano Pinna. "Preclinical Methods of Neurosteroid-Induced Facilitation of Fear Extinction and Fear Extinction Retention." In Translational Methods for PTSD Research, 325–48. New York, NY: Springer US, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-3218-5_15.
Drummond, Katherine, and Jee Hyun Kim. "Periadolescent Social Isolation Effects on Extinction of Conditioned Fear." In Translational Methods for PTSD Research, 23–35. New York, NY: Springer US, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-3218-5_2.
Suzuki, Takao K., Motomu Matsui, Sira Sriswasdi, and Wataru Iwasaki. "Lifestyle Evolution Analysis by Binary-State Speciation and Extinction (BiSSE) Model." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 327–42. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2691-7_16.
Mcfarlane, Donald A. "A Comparison of Methods for the Probabilistic Determination of Vertebrate Extinction Chronologies." In Extinctions in Near Time, 95–103. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5202-1_5.
Velasco, Eric Raul, Antonio Florido, Ignacio Javier Marin-Blasco, Patricia Molina, Laura Perez-Caballero, and Raul Andero. "Stress Immobilization Inducing Fear Extinction Deficits in Male and Female Mice." In Translational Methods for PTSD Research, 191–201. New York, NY: Springer US, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-3218-5_9.
Marusak, Hilary A., Craig Peters, and Christine A. Rabinak. "Using Virtual Reality to Study Fear and Extinction in Children and Adolescents." In Translational Methods for PTSD Research, 37–49. New York, NY: Springer US, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-3218-5_3.
Miller, Dylan B., Madeleine M. Rassaby, Zhenfu Wen, and Mohammed R. Milad. "Pavlovian Conditioning and Extinction Methods for Studying the Neurobiology of Fear Learning in PTSD." In Translational Methods for PTSD Research, 97–115. New York, NY: Springer US, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-3218-5_5.
Mohammadi Ziabari, Seyed Sahand, and Jan Treur. "An Adaptive Cognitive Temporal-Causal Model for Extreme Emotion Extinction Using Psilocybin." In Computational Statistics and Mathematical Modeling Methods in Intelligent Systems, 176–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31362-3_18.
Conference papers on the topic "Extinction methods":
Perez, Maximillian A., Steffen Kross, Jeff De Natale, Rob Mihailovich, Jaime Ramirez-Serrano, and Megan Ivory. "High-extinction chip-scale shuttering for quantum technologies." In Novel Optical Systems, Methods, and Applications XXII, edited by Cornelius F. Hahlweg and Joseph R. Mulley. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2527220.
Andrews, Gordon E., N. T. Ahmed, Roth Phylaktou, and Phil King. "Weak Extinction in Low NOx Gas Turbine Combustion." In ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2009-59830.
Ma, Yunfeng, Shanshan Chang, Lifen Liao, Chunmin Tian, Wang Cheng, Peng Zhao, and Nan Jiang. "Research on two test methods of polarizer extinction ratio." In Micro- and Nano-Optics, Catenary Optics, and Subwavelength Electromagnetics, edited by Reinhart Poprawe, Bin Fan, Xiong Li, Min Gu, Mingbo Pu, and Xiangang Luo. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2506163.
Ferri, Fabio, Enrico Paganini, and Luca De Stefano. "Particle Sizing from Spectral Extinction Data." In Photon Correlation and Scattering. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/pcs.1996.fc.2.
Kovalev, Vladimir A., Michael P. Bristow, James L. McElroy, and Raul J. Alvarez. "Compensational Methods for Retrieving Ozone Concentration Profiles with a Multiwavelength DIAL System." In Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1995.tuc23.
Wang, Xiaobin, Bin Xu, Zhengzheng Ma, and Shunxing Hu. "New Measurement Methods of Dust Charge Based on Infrared Extinction Theory." In 2018 12th International Symposium on Antennas, Propagation and EM Theory (ISAPE). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isape.2018.8634214.
Chiba, Kazuhisa, Masahiro Kanazaki, and Toru Shimada. "MANIFESTATION OF ASCENDANCY OF EXTINCTION-REIGNITION ON SOUNDING HYBRID ROCKET USING DESIGN INFORMATICS." In VII European Congress on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences and Engineering. Athens: Institute of Structural Analysis and Antiseismic Research School of Civil Engineering National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) Greece, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7712/100016.2422.6360.
Hall, Freeman F. "Cirrus cloud transmittance and backscatter measured with an infrared CO2 lidar." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1987.mz5.
Reinhardt, C. N., D. T. Wayne, K. M. McBryde, and A. K. Ascencio. "Machine Learning Methods for the Analysis of Turbulence- and Extinction-Degraded Imagery." In Imaging Systems and Applications. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/isa.2014.im4c.4.
Prakash, Shashvat, Yedidia Neumeier, and Ben T. Zinn. "Blowout Margin Estimation Based on Two Precursor Types." In ASME Turbo Expo 2007: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2007-27874.
Reports on the topic "Extinction methods":
Paulson, M. R. Utility of a Dual-Lidar Method to Measure Integrated Extinction. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada203145.
Minagawa, Tomohiro, Makoto Shimono, Toshihiko Muramatsu, Fumihide Sato, and Takeyuki Kamimoto. Temporal Measurements of Trapping Efficiency of a DPF by a Laser Extinction Method. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, May 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0278.