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Journal articles on the topic 'Extinction interventions'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 17 May 2023

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1

Vergara, Germán, and Emily Wakild. "Extinction and Its Interventions in the Americas." Environmental History 27, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 294–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/719280.

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Vergara, Germán, and Emily Wakild. "Extinction and Its Interventions in the Americas." Environmental History 27, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 294–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/719280.

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3

Lebois, Lauren A. M., Antonia V. Seligowski, Jonathan D. Wolff, Sarah B. Hill, and Kerry J. Ressler. "Augmentation of Extinction and Inhibitory Learning in Anxiety and Trauma-Related Disorders." Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 15, no. 1 (May 7, 2019): 257–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095634.

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Although the fear response is an adaptive response to threatening situations, a number of psychiatric disorders feature prominent fear-related symptoms caused, in part, by failures of extinction and inhibitory learning. The translational nature of fear conditioning paradigms has enabled us to develop a nuanced understanding of extinction and inhibitory learning based on the molecular substrates to systems neural circuitry and psychological mechanisms. This knowledge has facilitated the development of novel interventions that may augment extinction and inhibitory learning. These interventions include nonpharmacological techniques, such as behavioral methods to implement during psychotherapy, as well as device-based stimulation techniques that enhance or reduce activity in different regions of the brain. There is also emerging support for a number of psychopharmacological interventions that may augment extinction and inhibitory learning specifically if administered in conjunction with exposure-based psychotherapy. This growing body of research may offer promising novel techniques to address debilitating transdiagnostic fear-related symptoms.
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SCHEELE, BEN C., DAVID A. HUNTER, LAURA F. GROGAN, LEE BERGER, JON E. KOLBY, MICHAEL S. MCFADDEN, GERRY MARANTELLI, LEE F. SKERRATT, and DON A. DRISCOLL. "Interventions for Reducing Extinction Risk in Chytridiomycosis-Threatened Amphibians." Conservation Biology 28, no. 5 (June 27, 2014): 1195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12322.

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5

Burt, Jonathan L., and Robert C. Pennington. "A Teacher’s Guide to Using Extinction in School Settings." Intervention in School and Clinic 53, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1053451217693363.

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The use of extinction procedures or the discontinuation of reinforcement following a behavior targeted for reduction is often used to enhance the efficacy of behavioral interventions. Unfortunately, the application of extinction procedures is associated with several side effects that can produce potentially harmful and counterproductive outcomes. This article defines and describes extinction in practical terms for teachers and outlines recommendations for its use in educational settings.
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MacNaul, Hannah L., and Leslie C. Neely. "Systematic Review of Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior Without Extinction for Individuals With Autism." Behavior Modification 42, no. 3 (November 8, 2017): 398–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145445517740321.

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The purpose of this article is to review the literature on differential reinforcement of alternative behavior procedures without extinction for individuals with autism. Using predetermined inclusion criteria, a total of 10 studies were included and summarized in terms of the following: (a) participant characteristics (e.g., sex, age, and diagnosis), (b) treatment setting, (c) problem behavior, (d) function, (e) alternative behavior, (f) intervention, (g) outcomes, and (h) conclusiveness of evidence. Of the 10 studies, nine demonstrated positive effects and one mixed effects. Five studies successfully reduced problem behavior by manipulating different reinforcement parameters (magnitude, immediacy, and quality) and four manipulated the schedule of reinforcement. One study had mixed results with two of the three participants requiring extinction. The findings of this review suggest that variations of differential reinforcement of alternative behavior interventions without an extinction component may be considered promising practices for the treatment of challenging behavior in individuals with autism.
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Deng, Jiahui, Wenmei Fang, Yimiao Gong, Yanping Bao, Hui Li, Sizhen Su, Jie Sun, et al. "Augmentation of fear extinction by theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation of the prefrontal cortex in humans." Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience 46, no. 2 (April 12, 2021): E292—E302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/jpn.200053.

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Background: Fear extinction alone does not erase the original fear memory. Interventions that enhance extinction can be beneficial for the treatment of fear-related disorders. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation has been shown to improve memory performance. The present study examined the effects of intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) on fear extinction and the return of fear memory in humans. Methods: Ninety-one young healthy volunteers underwent 3 experiments using a randomized controlled experimental design. Participants first acquired fear conditioning, after which they received 30 Hz iTBS before and after extinction training. The iTBS was applied to 1 of 2 targets: the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and the vertex (control). Fear responses were measured 24 hours later and 1 month later. Results: During the spontaneous recovery and reinstatement tests, iTBS of the left dlPFC before and after extinction significantly reduced fear response, whereas iTBS of the vertex had no effect on fear memory performance. This combined approach had a relatively long-lasting effect (i.e., at least 1 month). Limitations: We did not explore the effect of iTBS of the dlPFC on the expression of fear without extinction training. The neural mechanisms of iTBS with fear extinction to inhibit the fear response are unclear. Our results are preliminary and should be interpreted with caution. Conclusion: The present results showed that 30 Hz iTBS of the left dlPFC enhanced retention of fear extinction. Our study introduces a new intervention for fear memory and suggests that the left dlPFC may be a treatment target for fear-related disorders.
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Jones, Holly P., Nick D. Holmes, Stuart H. M. Butchart, Bernie R. Tershy, Peter J. Kappes, Ilse Corkery, Alfonso Aguirre-Muñoz, et al. "Invasive mammal eradication on islands results in substantial conservation gains." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 15 (March 21, 2016): 4033–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1521179113.

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More than US$21 billion is spent annually on biodiversity conservation. Despite their importance for preventing or slowing extinctions and preserving biodiversity, conservation interventions are rarely assessed systematically for their global impact. Islands house a disproportionately higher amount of biodiversity compared with mainlands, much of which is highly threatened with extinction. Indeed, island species make up nearly two-thirds of recent extinctions. Islands therefore are critical targets of conservation. We used an extensive literature and database review paired with expert interviews to estimate the global benefits of an increasingly used conservation action to stem biodiversity loss: eradication of invasive mammals on islands. We found 236 native terrestrial insular faunal species (596 populations) that benefitted through positive demographic and/or distributional responses from 251 eradications of invasive mammals on 181 islands. Seven native species (eight populations) were negatively impacted by invasive mammal eradication. Four threatened species had their International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List extinction-risk categories reduced as a direct result of invasive mammal eradication, and no species moved to a higher extinction-risk category. We predict that 107 highly threatened birds, mammals, and reptiles on the IUCN Red List—6% of all these highly threatened species—likely have benefitted from invasive mammal eradications on islands. Because monitoring of eradication outcomes is sporadic and limited, the impacts of global eradications are likely greater than we report here. Our results highlight the importance of invasive mammal eradication on islands for protecting the world's most imperiled fauna.
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9

Ulloa, Gabriella, Carrie S. W. Borrero, and John C. Borrero. "Behavioral Interventions for Pediatric Food Refusal Maintain Effectiveness Despite Integrity Degradation: A Preliminary Demonstration." Behavior Modification 44, no. 5 (May 8, 2019): 746–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145445519847626.

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Food refusal is commonly treated using behavioral treatment packages consisting of differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) and escape extinction. However, the effectiveness of such behavioral interventions is inextricably linked to the integrity with which the procedures are conducted. Although previous research has evaluated the effects of treatment integrity failures for behavioral interventions related to severe problem behavior and academic skill acquisition, the effects of these failures in the area of pediatric food refusal remain unknown. We conducted a parametric analysis to assess the effects of varying levels of errors on the treatment efficacy of contingent tangibles and attention, and escape extinction. Once stable responding was observed during an initial evaluation of treatment, participants were exposed to sessions of reduced-integrity treatment in descending order (i.e., 80%, 60%, 40%, and 20%) and subsequently exposed to full-integrity treatment (100% integrity). For one participant, integrity errors became detrimental to treatment when the level of integrity was decreased to 40%. For the other two participants, contingent tangibles and attention, and escape extinction remained effective despite being implemented with low integrity. Our preliminary demonstration suggests that behavioral interventions for pediatric food refusal remain effective despite considerable treatment integrity degradation.
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10

Tresiana, Novita, Noverman Duadji, Indra Gumay Febryano, and Shabina Atma Zenitha. "Saving Mangrove Forest Extinction in Urban Areas: Will Government Interventions Help?" International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 17, no. 2 (April 26, 2022): 375–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.170203.

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Tresiana, Novita, Noverman Duadji, Indra Gumay Febryano, and Shabina Atma Zenitha. "Saving Mangrove Forest Extinction in Urban Areas: Will Government Interventions Help?" International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 17, no. 2 (April 26, 2022): 375–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.170203.

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Erturk, Buket, Wendy Machalicek, and Christine Drew. "Self-Injurious Behavior in Children With Developmental Disabilities: A Systematic Review of Behavioral Intervention Literature." Behavior Modification 42, no. 4 (November 27, 2017): 498–542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145445517741474.

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We reviewed single-case research studies examining the effects of behavioral interventions for self-injurious behavior (SIB) in young children with autism and developmental disabilities. Systematic searches of electronic databases, journals, and reference lists identified 46 studies (66 participants younger than the age of 12) meeting inclusion criteria. Studies were examined based on (a) participant demographics, (b) topography and function of SIB, (c) type of functional behavior assessment (FBA), (d) intervention procedures and outcomes, and (e) experimental design and measurement. Intervention strategies were categorized as antecedent manipulations, teaching behavior, consequence-based procedures, and/or extinction procedures. Positive outcomes were reported for 78% of participants in the reviewed studies and 88% of the participants were diagnosed with autism. Results suggest the effectiveness of behavioral interventions to decrease SIB for young children with disabilities; however, the frequent use of packaged interventions without component analysis limits the conclusiveness of any treatment recommendation. Suggestions for future research are discussed.
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13

Blair, Alan. "Working with People with Learning Difficulties Who Self-Injure: A Review of the Literature." Behavioural Psychotherapy 20, no. 1 (January 1992): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0141347300016281.

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Self-injurious behaviour in people with learning difficulties has been found to be a common and health-threatening problem. As a consequence, there is an expanding literature addressing a variety of methods of intervention that are either designed to facilitate or to enforce the reduction or extinction of such behaviour. It is not clear, however, the extent to which such interventions are successful in achieving their avowed goal. This paper critically reviews the treatment of self-injurious behaviour, including work which takes psychodynamic, psychopharmacological, developmental, self-stimulation or learned behaviour perspectives, in order to establish the current status of interventions in this area. It is concluded that no single treatment approach has been shown to be effective in facilitating a reduction in the self-injurious behaviour of all clients. Rather, individualized programmes of intervention need to be constructed, using careful causal and functional analyses of behaviour. Moreover, such programmes, which may be multi-modal in nature, need to aim for interventions that are minimally or non-aversive.
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14

Blunden, S., and J. Osborne. "P012 Maternal and infant stress during a bedtime separation: a pilot RCT." SLEEP Advances 2, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2021): A25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleepadvances/zpab014.060.

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Abstract Background Behavioural sleep interventions to improve infant sleep disturbance commonly include extinction where an unwanted behaviour (night time crying) is periodically ignored. There have been conflicting findings regarding the impact of extinction methods on infant stress levels as measured with cortisol and as perceived by mothers and only one that measured cortisol at the time of the separation. This study aimed to compare a responsive method to extinction (controlled crying) and a control group evaluating subjective and objective stress for mother/infant dyads at the time of bedtime separation. Methods Mother/infant dyads were randomly allocated to behavioural sleep interventions (Responsive - n= 7, Controlled Crying - n=6 or Controls - n=4). Cortisol (two oral swabs on two nights at T2), maternal self-reported stress (Subjective Units of Distress - SUDS), and perceived infant distress (PIS) were compared over eight weeks. Correlations tested relationships between PIS, SUDS and infant cortisol levels. Mixed models analysis were used for cortisol analyses. Results There were no significant differences in cortisol levels between groups across time points but significant inter and intra-individual variability. Maternal stress was positively correlated with infant cortisol and PIS (p<0.05) and mothers in the Responsive group were significantly less stressed (p=0.02). Conclusion In this small sample, infant cortisol during bedtime separation was variable, elevated in all sleep interventions and not significantly different. Mothers were less stressed in the Responsive group. Findings indicate responsive methods are comparable to extinction and less stressful for mothers offering a possible gentler choice at bedtime separation.
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15

Bui, Lilly T. D., Dennis W. Moore, and Angelika Anderson. "Using Escape Extinction and Reinforcement to Increase Eating in a Young Child with Autism." Behaviour Change 30, no. 1 (March 25, 2013): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bec.2013.5.

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Feeding problems that can lead to associated nutritionally related medical conditions and often cause stress and difficulties for parents are prevalent in children with autism. It is therefore important to target these problem behaviours through effective interventions. The present study was designed to trial a procedure comprised of escape extinction combined with positive reinforcement with the aim to reduce food refusals and increase eating in a child with autism. It was predicted that the intervention package would significantly reduce food refusals and increase eating and that any increase in food acceptance would be maintained and generalised to other behaviours related to feeding on termination of the intervention. The research design was a multiple baseline across settings. The results confirmed our predictions. It was concluded that the treatment package was effective at increasing food acceptance.
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16

Wanke, Nadine, and Lars Schwabe. "Dissociable neural signatures of passive extinction and instrumental control over threatening events." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 15, no. 6 (June 2020): 625–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsaa074.

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Abstract Aberrant fear learning processes are assumed to be a key factor in the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders. Thus, effective behavioral interventions to reduce dysfunctional fear responding are needed. Beyond passive extinction learning, instrumental control over threatening events is thought to diminish fear. However, the neural mechanisms underlying instrumental control—and to what extent these differ from extinction—are not well understood. We therefore contrasted the neural signatures of instrumental control and passive extinction using an aversive learning task, relative to a control condition. Participants (n = 64) could either learn to exert instrumental control over electric shocks, received a yoked number and sequence of shocks without instrumental control or did not receive any shocks. While both passive extinction and instrumental control reduced threat-related skin conductance responses (SCRs) relative to pre-extinction/control, instrumental control resulted in a significantly more pronounced decrease of SCRs. Instrumental control was further linked to decreased striatal activation and increased cross talk of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) with the amygdala, whereas passive extinction was associated with increased vmPFC activation. Our findings demonstrate that instrumental learning processes may shape Pavlovian fear responses and that the neural underpinnings of instrumental control are critically distinct from those of passive extinction learning.
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Cote, Catherine A., Rachel H. Thompson, and Paige M. McKerchar. "THE EFFECTS OF ANTECEDENT INTERVENTIONS AND EXTINCTION ON TODDLERS' COMPLIANCE DURING TRANSITIONS." Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 38, no. 2 (June 2005): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2005.143-04.

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18

Sandler, Ronald. "Should We Engineer Species in Order to Save Them?" Environmental Ethics 41, no. 3 (2019): 221–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/enviroethics201941323.

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There are two strategies for engineering species for conservation purposes, de-extinction and gene drives. Engineering species for conservation purposes is not in principle wrong, and on common criteria for assessing conservation interventions there may well be cases in which de-extinction and gene drives are evaluated positively in comparison to other possible strategies. De-extinction is not as transformative a conservation technique as it initially appears. It is largely dependent, as a conservation activity, upon traditional conservation practices, such as captive breeding programs, species reintroductions, and habitat improvement and protection. In contrast, gene drives have the potential to significantly restructure how conservation problems are framed and approached. Gene drives are therefore a much more disruptive technology for conservation philosophy and practice.
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Di Marco, Moreno, Ben Collen, Carlo Rondinini, and Georgina M. Mace. "Historical drivers of extinction risk: using past evidence to direct future monitoring." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1813 (August 22, 2015): 20150928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0928.

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Global commitments to halt biodiversity decline mean that it is essential to monitor species' extinction risk. However, the work required to assess extinction risk is intensive. We demonstrate an alternative approach to monitoring extinction risk, based on the response of species to external conditions. Using retrospective International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List assessments, we classify transitions in the extinction risk of 497 mammalian carnivores and ungulates between 1975 and 2013. Species that moved to lower Red List categories, or remained Least Concern, were classified as ‘lower risk'; species that stayed in a threatened category, or moved to a higher category of risk, were classified as ‘higher risk'. Twenty-four predictor variables were used to predict transitions, including intrinsic traits (species biology) and external conditions (human pressure, distribution state and conservation interventions). The model correctly classified up to 90% of all transitions and revealed complex interactions between variables, such as protected areas (PAs) versus human impact. The most important predictors were: past extinction risk, PA extent, geographical range size, body size, taxonomic family and human impact. Our results suggest that monitoring a targeted set of metrics would efficiently identify species facing a higher risk, and could guide the allocation of resources between monitoring species' extinction risk and monitoring external conditions.
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Goossens, Benoît, Milena Salgado-Lynn, Jeffrine J. Rovie-Ryan, Abdul H. Ahmad, Junaidi Payne, Zainal Z. Zainuddin, Senthilvel K. S. S. Nathan, and Laurentius N. Ambu. "Genetics and the last stand of the Sumatran rhinoceros Dicerorhinus sumatrensis." Oryx 47, no. 3 (May 9, 2013): 340–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605313000045.

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AbstractThe Sumatran rhinoceros Dicerorhinus sumatrensis is on the brink of extinction. Although habitat loss and poaching were the reasons of the decline, today's reproductive isolation is the main threat to the survival of the species. Genetic studies have played an important role in identifying conservation priorities, including for rhinoceroses. However, for a species such as the Sumatran rhinoceros, where time is of the essence in preventing extinction, to what extent should genetic and geographical distances be taken into account in deciding the most urgently needed conservation interventions? We propose that the populations of Sumatra and Borneo be considered as a single management unit.
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Aliee, Maryam, Kat S. Rock, and Matt J. Keeling. "Estimating the distribution of time to extinction of infectious diseases in mean-field approaches." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 17, no. 173 (December 2020): 20200540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2020.0540.

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A key challenge for many infectious diseases is to predict the time to extinction under specific interventions. In general, this question requires the use of stochastic models which recognize the inherent individual-based, chance-driven nature of the dynamics; yet stochastic models are inherently computationally expensive, especially when parameter uncertainty also needs to be incorporated. Deterministic models are often used for prediction as they are more tractable; however, their inability to precisely reach zero infections makes forecasting extinction times problematic. Here, we study the extinction problem in deterministic models with the help of an effective ‘birth–death’ description of infection and recovery processes. We present a practical method to estimate the distribution, and therefore robust means and prediction intervals, of extinction times by calculating their different moments within the birth–death framework. We show that these predictions agree very well with the results of stochastic models by analysing the simplified susceptible–infected–susceptible (SIS) dynamics as well as studying an example of more complex and realistic dynamics accounting for the infection and control of African sleeping sickness ( Trypanosoma brucei gambiense ).
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Wodak, Josh. "(Human-Inflected) Evolution in an Age of (Human-Induced) Extinction: Synthetic Biology Meets the Anthropocene." Humanities 9, no. 4 (October 23, 2020): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h9040126.

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At the advent of the Anthropocene, life is being pushed to its limits the world over; we are currently living through the Sixth Mass Extinction to occur since multicellular life first emerged on the planet 570 million years ago. Evolutionary biologist E.O. Wilson sums up this push in the opening gambit of his book The Future of Life: “the race is now on between the techno-scientific forces that are destroying the living environment and those that can be harnessed to save it”. Contra Wilson, this paper addresses the paradox arising from proposals to harness “techno-scientific forces … to save” the “living environment” while other forces continue to destroy it. By framing human-inflected evolution in an age of human-induced extinction, this article asks what could or should conservation become, if ‘conserving’ imperiled species might now require genetic interventions of the synthetic kind. Drawing upon recent key markers of “the race”, this paper presents a notional conservation for the Anthropocene—namely, that such a conservation proposes active intervention not only into ecosystems but into evolution itself. And yet, such interventions can only be considered in the context of the planetary scale that is the Anthropocene-writ-large, as per the desertification of the Amazon or the collapse of Antarctic ice sheets, the spatial scale of the microbial world, and on the temporal scale of evolution. Viewed within such a context, this paper presents technoscientific conservation as paradoxically being both vital and futile, as well as timely and too late.
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Higham, Desmond J., and Henry-Louis de Kergorlay. "Epidemics on hypergraphs: spectral thresholds for extinction." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 477, no. 2252 (August 2021): 20210232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2021.0232.

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Epidemic spreading is well understood when a disease propagates around a contact graph. In a stochastic susceptible–infected–susceptible setting, spectral conditions characterize whether the disease vanishes. However, modelling human interactions using a graph is a simplification which only considers pairwise relationships. This does not fully represent the more realistic case where people meet in groups. Hyperedges can be used to record higher order interactions, yielding more faithful and flexible models and allowing for the rate of infection of a node to depend on group size and also to vary as a nonlinear function of the number of infectious neighbours. We discuss different types of contagion models in this hypergraph setting and derive spectral conditions that characterize whether the disease vanishes. We study both the exact individual-level stochastic model and a deterministic mean field ODE approximation. Numerical simulations are provided to illustrate the analysis. We also interpret our results and show how the hypergraph model allows us to distinguish between contributions to infectiousness that (i) are inherent in the nature of the pathogen and (ii) arise from behavioural choices (such as social distancing, increased hygiene and use of masks). This raises the possibility of more accurately quantifying the effect of interventions that are designed to contain the spread of a virus.
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Battaglia, Simone, Chiara Di Fazio, Carmelo M. Vicario, and Alessio Avenanti. "Neuropharmacological Modulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate, Noradrenaline and Endocannabinoid Receptors in Fear Extinction Learning: Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 6 (March 21, 2023): 5926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065926.

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Learning to recognize and respond to potential threats is crucial for survival. Pavlovian threat conditioning represents a key paradigm for investigating the neurobiological mechanisms of fear learning. In this review, we address the role of specific neuropharmacological adjuvants that act on neurochemical synaptic transmission, as well as on brain plasticity processes implicated in fear memory. We focus on novel neuropharmacological manipulations targeting glutamatergic, noradrenergic, and endocannabinoid systems, and address how the modulation of these neurobiological systems affects fear extinction learning in humans. We show that the administration of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) agonists and modulation of the endocannabinoid system by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibition can boost extinction learning through the stabilization and regulation of the receptor concentration. On the other hand, elevated noradrenaline levels dynamically modulate fear learning, hindering long-term extinction processes. These pharmacological interventions could provide novel targeted treatments and prevention strategies for fear-based and anxiety-related disorders.
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Gilbert, Martin, Nadezhda Sulikhan, Olga Uphyrkina, Mikhail Goncharuk, Linda Kerley, Enrique Hernandez Castro, Richard Reeve, et al. "Distemper, extinction, and vaccination of the Amur tiger." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 50 (November 23, 2020): 31954–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2000153117.

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Canine distemper virus (CDV) has recently emerged as an extinction threat for the endangered Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica). CDV is vaccine-preventable, and control strategies could require vaccination of domestic dogs and/or wildlife populations. However, vaccination of endangered wildlife remains controversial, which has led to a focus on interventions in domestic dogs, often assumed to be the source of infection. Effective decision making requires an understanding of the true reservoir dynamics, which poses substantial challenges in remote areas with diverse host communities. We carried out serological, demographic, and phylogenetic studies of dog and wildlife populations in the Russian Far East to show that a number of wildlife species are more important than dogs, both in maintaining CDV and as sources of infection for tigers. Critically, therefore, because CDV circulates among multiple wildlife sources, dog vaccination alone would not be effective at protecting tigers. We show, however, that low-coverage vaccination of tigers themselves is feasible and would produce substantive reductions in extinction risks. Vaccination of endangered wildlife provides a valuable component of conservation strategies for endangered species.
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Hardesty-Moore, Molly, Stefanie Deinet, Robin Freeman, Georgia C. Titcomb, Erin M. Dillon, Keenan Stears, Maggie Klope, et al. "Migration in the Anthropocene: how collective navigation, environmental system and taxonomy shape the vulnerability of migratory species." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1746 (March 26, 2018): 20170017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0017.

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Recent increases in human disturbance pose significant threats to migratory species using collective movement strategies. Key threats to migrants may differ depending on behavioural traits (e.g. collective navigation), taxonomy and the environmental system (i.e. freshwater, marine or terrestrial) associated with migration. We quantitatively assess how collective navigation, taxonomic membership and environmental system impact species' vulnerability by (i) evaluating population change in migratory and non-migratory bird, mammal and fish species using the Living Planet Database (LPD), (ii) analysing the role of collective navigation and environmental system on migrant extinction risk using International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifications and (iii) compiling literature on geographical range change of migratory species. Likelihood of population decrease differed by taxonomic group: migratory birds were more likely to experience annual declines than non-migrants, while mammals displayed the opposite pattern. Within migratory species in IUCN, we observed that collective navigation and environmental system were important predictors of extinction risk for fishes and birds, but not for mammals, which had overall higher extinction risk than other taxa. We found high phylogenetic relatedness among collectively navigating species, which could have obscured its importance in determining extinction risk. Overall, outputs from these analyses can help guide strategic interventions to conserve the most vulnerable migrations. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Collective movement ecology'.
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Suarez-Jimenez, Benjamin, Anton Albajes-Eizagirre, Amit Lazarov, Xi Zhu, Ben J. Harrison, Joaquim Radua, Yuval Neria, and Miquel A. Fullana. "Neural signatures of conditioning, extinction learning, and extinction recall in posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies." Psychological Medicine 50, no. 9 (July 1, 2019): 1442–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291719001387.

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AbstractBackgroundEstablishing neurobiological markers of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is essential to aid in diagnosis and treatment development. Fear processing deficits are central to PTSD, and their neural signatures may be used as such markers.MethodsHere, we conducted a meta-analysis of seven Pavlovian fear conditioning fMRI studies comparing 156 patients with PTSD and 148 trauma-exposed healthy controls (TEHC) using seed-basedd-mapping, to contrast neural correlates of experimental phases, namely conditioning, extinction learning, and extinction recall.ResultsPatients with PTSD, as compared to TEHCs, exhibited increased activation in the anterior hippocampus (extending to the amygdala) and medial prefrontal cortex during conditioning; in the anterior hippocampus-amygdala regions during extinction learning; and in the anterior hippocampus-amygdala and medial prefrontal areas during extinction recall. Yet, patients with PTSD have shown an overall decreased activation in the thalamus during all phases in this meta-analysis.ConclusionFindings from this metanalysis suggest that PTSD is characterized by increased activation in areas related to salience and threat, and lower activation in the thalamus, a key relay hub between subcortical areas. If replicated, these fear network alterations may serve as objective diagnostic markers for PTSD, and potential targets for novel treatment development, including pharmacological and brain stimulation interventions. Future longitudinal studies are needed to examine whether these observed network alteration in PTSD are the cause or the consequence of PTSD.
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Loibel, Selene, Marinho G. Andrade, João B. R. do Val, and Alfredo R. de Freitas. "Richards growth model and viability indicators for populations subject to interventions." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 82, no. 4 (December 2010): 1107–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652010000400028.

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In this work we study the problem of modeling identification of a population employing a discrete dynamic model based on the Richards growth model. The population is subjected to interventions due to consumption, such as hunting or farming animals. The model identification allows us to estimate the probability or the average time for a population number to reach a certain level. The parameter inference for these models are obtained with the use of the likelihood profile technique as developed in this paper. The identification method here developed can be applied to evaluate the productivity of animal husbandry or to evaluate the risk of extinction of autochthon populations. It is applied to data of the Brazilian beef cattle herd population, and the the population number to reach a certain goal level is investigated.
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France, Karyn G. "Handling Parents' Concerns Regarding the Behavioural Treatment of Infant Sleep Disturbance." Behaviour Change 11, no. 2 (June 1994): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0813483900004617.

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Infant sleep disturbance (ISD) is widespread and troublesome. Although effective management techniques have been established, some lay and professional authors have expressed concern about these interventions. These concerns are sometimes shared by parents who seek professional advice while feeling ambivalent about undertaking treatment. These concerns include (a) that ISD is normal and inevitable, (b) that it results from unnatural or artificial cultural practices, (c) the belief that ISD expresses a need state, and (d) the belief that the use of extinction is harmful. These concerns are examined and the management of ISD by extinction and its alternatives are considered in the light of the ethics of professional practice. It is concluded that these concerns are best answered within the context of a professional relationship based on a partnership and the sharing of expertise with parents.
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Hanley, Gregory P., Cathleen C. Piazza, Wayne W. Fisher, and Kristen A. Maglieri. "ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AND PREFERENCE FOR PUNISHMENT AND EXTINCTION COMPONENTS OF FUNCTION-BASED INTERVENTIONS." Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 38, no. 1 (March 2005): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2005.6-04.

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Mohanty, Madhuchhanda, and Priyadarsheenee Ipsita Mishra. "HR Interventions in Turnaround Strategy: A Case Study of Rourkela Steel Plant." Management and Labour Studies 33, no. 4 (November 2008): 525–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0258042x0803300406.

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Turnaround strategy is of great importance as far as the matter of survival and future of Rourkela Steel Plant (RSP) is concerned. It revived RSP from a loss-making to a profit-making organization and helped RSP to regain its previous position when it was at the verge of extinction. Moreover, as future of the entire Rourkela town depended on RSP thus with the uplift of the RSP, Rourkela which started to lose its charm, emerged as a “prosperous city” from a “dead city”. The present article is an attempt to give idea about the turn around strategies adopted by RSP and discuss and analyse in detail the various HR interventions taken by the plant to achieve turnaround for sustainable competitive advantage in the Indian Steel Industry.
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McGowan,, P. J. K., L. L. Owens, and M. J. Grainger. "Galliformes science and species extinctions: what we know and what we need to know." Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 35, no. 2 (December 2012): 321–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32800/abc.2012.35.0321.

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In early 2010, the 193 Parties that had signed up to the Convention on Biological Diversity all acknowledged that they had failed to meet the target that they had set themselves in 1992 of significantly reducing species extinctions by 2010. At the end of the year they set a new and more ambitious target of preventing species extinctions by 2020. Achieving that target will require much greater efficiency in the use of resources and research has a very significant role to play in making this happen. There are 290 species of Galliformes of which 26 % are considered at risk of extinction, compared with 12 % of all 10,000 bird species. At the same time there is significant research literature on the group that stretches back decades for some species. It is timely, therefore, to consider whether it is possible to increase the efficiency and global impact of gamebird research so that, with careful planning that involves more strategic direction and sharing of lessons learnt, game biologists can play a significant role in achieving the 2020 target for species adopted by the Convention on Biological Diversity. Specific areas in need of this lesson sharing approach are population estimation and threat assessment, analysis of exploitation and determining the ecological basis of successful interventions.
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Vazquez, Melissa, Mitch J. Fryling, and Anthony Hernández. "Assessment of Parental Acceptability and Preference for Behavioral Interventions for Feeding Problems." Behavior Modification 43, no. 2 (January 17, 2018): 273–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145445517751435.

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The present study evaluates the treatment acceptability and preference for behavioral interventions for feeding problems with parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and other developmental disabilities. The impact of behavioral severity on acceptability and preference was also evaluated by comparing results of parents who responded with respect to a vignette of a child with food refusal with those who responded to a vignette of a child with food selectivity. Overall, parents rated differential reinforcement of alternative behavior as the most preferred and most acceptable strategy across both food selectivity and food refusal groups. Escape extinction was the least acceptable and least preferred across both groups, and the severity of the behavior had no impact on acceptability or preference scores. Implications for future research on the social validity of feeding interventions are provided.
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Epstein, Leonard H., Michelle D. Myers, Hollie A. Raynor, and Brian E. Saelens. "Treatment of Pediatric Obesity." Pediatrics 101, Supplement_2 (March 1, 1998): 554–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.101.s2.554.

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The primary goal of childhood obesity interventions is regulation of body weight and fat with adequate nutrition for growth and development. Ideally, these interventions are associated with positive changes in the physiologic and psychological sequelae of obesity. To contribute to long-term weight maintenance, interventions should modify eating and exercise behaviors such that new, healthier behaviors develop and replace unhealthy behaviors, thereby allowing healthier behaviors to persist throughout development and into adulthood. This overview of pediatric obesity treatment, using predominantly randomized, controlled studies, highlights important contributions and developments in primarily dietary, activity, and behavior change interventions, and identifies characteristics of successful treatment and maintenance interventions. Potential positive (eg, reduction in blood pressure, serum lipids, and insulin resistance) and negative (eg, development of disordered eating patterns) side effects of treatment also are described. Recommendations for improving implementation of childhood obesity treatments, including application of behavioral choice theory, improving knowledge of response extinction and recovery in regards to behavior relapse, individualization of treatment, and integration of basic science with clinical outcome research, are discussed.
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Wodak, Josh. "Drawing a line in the sand: Bioengineering as conservation in the face of extinction debt." Queensland Review 28, no. 2 (December 2021): 169–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qre.2022.14.

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AbstractWhat conservation could possibly become commensurate with the rates of human-induced biophysical change unfolding at the advent to the Sixth Extinction Event? Any such conservation would require time-critical interventions into both ecosystems and evolution itself, for these interventions would also require domains of risk and ethics that shatter normative understandings of conservation. Yet a line appears to have been drawn in the sand against such experimental conservation. Holding the line will retain conservation practices that are null and void against the extinction debt facing multitudes of species. Crossing the line would invoke scales of bioengineering that appear abhorrent to normative morality. This article explores the question of whether this line in the sand could, and should, be crossed through a detailed case study of current and proposed conservation for endangered Chelonia mydas sea turtles on Raine Island, a small coral cay on the Great Barrier Reef in Australia. Chelonia mydas and Raine Island are presented as synecdoche for conservation across diverse species across the world because turtles are among the most endangered of all reptiles and Raine Island is the largest and most important rookery in the world for this species. With such lines disappearing under the rising seas, the article contemplates the unthinkable questions that our current situation demands we ask, and perhaps even try to answer.
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Thatcher, Andrew, and Paul H. P. Yeow. "Sustainability and resilience: using the sustainable system-ofsystems model for ergonomics interventions." Ergonomics SA 30, no. 1 (August 23, 2022): 2–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/esa.v30i1.2.

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The ecological crises faced by humanity require all disciplines to think differently about how we interact with the ecosphere to prevent untold misery and possible human extinction. The fact that these crises are primarily caused by human mismanagement of our environment means that ergonomics (literally meaning the study of human work) should play a key role in understanding and ameliorating these negative effects. This article introduces Thatcher and Yeow’s (2016) sustainable system-of-systems model for ergonomics to the South African ergonomics community. The sustainable system-ofsystems model blends ecological models of systems with social models of ergonomics systems to create a new model that encapsulates this eco-socio-technical systems thinking. This article focuses on aspects of complex adaptive systems and resilience thinking to show where ergonomics might contribute to the creation of resilient and sustainable systems. The article concludes with a set of challenges that need to be considered when creating sustainable work systems that demonstrate resilience over time.
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Tereshko, Lisa, Justin B. Leaf, Mary Jane Weiss, Amy Rich, and Morgan Pistorino. "A systematic literature review of antecedent and reinforcement‐based behavioral feeding interventions without the implementation of escape extinction." Behavioral Interventions 36, no. 2 (February 2, 2021): 496–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bin.1769.

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Etherton, Hayley, Sarah Blunden, and Yvonne Hauck. "Discussion of Extinction-Based Behavioral Sleep Interventions for Young Children and Reasons Why Parents May Find Them Difficult." Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 12, no. 11 (November 15, 2016): 1535–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.6284.

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39

Thiel, Kenneth J., Ben Engelhardt, Lauren E. Hood, Natalie A. Peartree, and Janet L. Neisewander. "The interactive effects of environmental enrichment and extinction interventions in attenuating cue-elicited cocaine-seeking behavior in rats." Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 97, no. 3 (January 2011): 595–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2010.09.014.

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40

Park, Hee Ra, Mudan Cai, and Eun Jin Yang. "Neurogenic Interventions for Fear Memory via Modulation of the Hippocampal Function and Neural Circuits." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 7 (March 25, 2022): 3582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073582.

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Fear memory helps animals and humans avoid harm from certain stimuli and coordinate adaptive behavior. However, excessive consolidation of fear memory, caused by the dysfunction of cellular mechanisms and neural circuits in the brain, is responsible for post-traumatic stress disorder and anxiety-related disorders. Dysregulation of specific brain regions and neural circuits, particularly the hippocampus, amygdala, and medial prefrontal cortex, have been demonstrated in patients with these disorders. These regions are involved in learning, memory, consolidation, and extinction. These are also the brain regions where new neurons are generated and are crucial for memory formation and integration. Therefore, these three brain regions and neural circuits have contributed greatly to studies on neural plasticity and structural remodeling in patients with psychiatric disorders. In this review, we provide an understanding of fear memory and its underlying cellular mechanisms and describe how neural circuits are involved in fear memory. Additionally, we discuss therapeutic interventions for these disorders based on their proneurogenic efficacy and the neural circuits involved in fear memory.
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Durand, V. Mark, Peter Gernert-Dott, and Eileen Mapstone. "Treatment of Sleep Disorders in Children with Developmental Disabilities." Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 21, no. 3 (September 1996): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154079699602100302.

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Sleep disorders in children with developmental disabilities are a common and frequently disruptive behavioral concern. In the present study, four children with developmental disabilities (two of the children exhibited frequent night wakings and two had bedtime disturbances) were treated using a multiple baseline across subjects design. Sleep diaries were used to monitor changes in each child's sleep throughout treatment. Establishment of a consistent bedtime routine combined with a graduated extinction procedure for nighttime behavior problems resulted in a decrease in night wakings for two children (a 7-year-old girl and an 11-year-old boy) and a decrease in bedtime disturbances for two children (a 2-year-old girl and a 12-year-old boy). This series of interventions highlights the heterogeneity of maintaining variables in sleep disorders and the effectiveness of relatively simple behavioral interventions for the treatment of night wakings and bedtime disturbances in children with autism and other developmental disabilities.
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42

Hodnett, Jennifer, Mindy Scheithauer, Nathan A. Call, Joanna Lomas Mevers, and Sarah J. Miller. "Using a Functional Analysis Followed by Differential Reinforcement and Extinction to Reduce Challenging Behaviors in Children With Smith-Magenis Syndrome." American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 123, no. 6 (November 1, 2018): 558–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-123.6.558.

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Abstract Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) is a genetic disorder, commonly caused by a 17p11.2 deletion, affecting the Retinoic Acid Induced 1 gene. It affects approximately 1 in 25,000 individuals, with over 90% engaging in challenging behaviors. Function-based treatments, using the principles of applied behavior analysis, have consistently been shown to decrease challenging behaviors exhibited by individuals with developmental delays. However, additional research is needed to determine the effects of these interventions with specific diagnostic subsets, including SMS. The current study identified the function of challenging behavior for 2 children with SMS and found a function-based treatment, consisting of differential reinforcement and extinction, reduced challenging behavior for both.
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43

Tonn, Bruce Edward, and Dorian Stiefel. "Anticipating the Unanticipated-Unintended Consequences of Scientific and Technological Purposive Actions." World Futures Review 11, no. 1 (August 1, 2018): 19–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1946756718789413.

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As science and technology change our world, anticipating the unintended consequences becomes critical. This article presents a framework for identifying unintended consequences, especially unanticipated-unintended consequences, and prioritizing the necessary actions to mitigate or adapt. Content for the framework, and the distinctions among the anticipated-intended, anticipated-unintended, and unanticipated-unintended consequences, are generated with four scenario types: evolution over time, market-saturation, interventions in tightly coupled systems, and existential risk of human extinction. To validate the framework, each scenario type is applied to historical and emerging technologies to anticipate the unintended consequences, including the causes, initiators, effects, actions to mitigate or adapt, and unmet obligations to future generations.
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Rosenthal, M. Zachary, and Munir G. Kutlu. "Translation of associative learning models into extinction reminders delivered via mobile phones during cue exposure interventions for substance use." Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 28, no. 3 (2014): 863–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0037082.

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45

Dadds, Mark R., and Tracy Rhodes. "Aggression in young children with concurrent callous–unemotional traits: can the neurosciences inform progress and innovation in treatment approaches?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1503 (April 23, 2008): 2567–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0029.

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Parenting is the ‘clean water’ of healthy psychological development and parenting interventions remain the number one treatment at the individual and community levels for early-onset aggression and antisocial behaviour in children. However, recent progress in child psychopathology research is specifying a number of biological mechanisms that interact with environmental risk to influence pathways into aggression and antisocial behaviour. After a brief review of the parent training literature, we focus on child factors, especially callous–unemotional traits, that parse ‘aggressive’ children into more homogeneous groupings, and then review selected ideas about the origins of aggression coming from the neurosciences (such as neurobehavioural responsivity to emotional stimuli; hypothalamic–pituitary axis abnormalities influencing low cortisol and low serotonin production). We review human and, where relevant, animal models of neurobiological system changes with particular attention to developmental timing and interactions with environmental factors, especially parenting. Based on this innovative research, we then discuss a number of ideas that hold potential for interventions. We conclude that the future will see the development of interventions that aim for synergy between specific biological processes and psychological experiences as they unfold developmentally. The use of d -cycloserine in fear extinction and oxytocin in affiliative bonds is used as an example of these futuristic approaches.
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46

Brown, R. I. F. "Classical and Operant Paradigms in the Management of Gambling Addictions." Behavioural Psychotherapy 15, no. 2 (April 1987): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0141347300011204.

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Previous (mainly classical) conditioning and current (mainly operant) approaches to the treatment of gambling addictions are reviewed in the light of recent evidence of the central importance of heightened arousal in the experience of normal gambling. Within a general framework which views the central features of addiction as the phenomenology of arousal and the acquisition of altered states of consciousness as goals, the possible contributions of reversal theory are explored. A more detailed examination of operant and classical conditioning analyses of the maintenance and reinstatement of excessive gambling behaviour appears to point towards a return to interventions based upon classical conditioning theory, although to cue exposure and the extinction of “peak experiences” rather than to aversion therapy.
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Skerratt, Lee F., Lee Berger, Nick Clemann, Dave A. Hunter, Gerry Marantelli, David A. Newell, Annie Philips, et al. "Priorities for management of chytridiomycosis in Australia: saving frogs from extinction." Wildlife Research 43, no. 2 (2016): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr15071.

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To protect Australian amphibian biodiversity, we have identified and prioritised frog species at an imminent risk of extinction from chytridiomycosis, and devised national management and research priorities for disease mitigation. Six Australian frogs have not been observed in the wild since the initial emergence of chytridiomycosis and may be extinct. Seven extant frog species were assessed as needing urgent conservation interventions because of (1) their small populations and/or ongoing declines throughout their ranges (southern corroboree frog (Pseudophryne corroboree, New South Wales), northern corroboree frog (Pseudophryne pengilleyi, Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales), Baw Baw frog (Philoria frosti, Victoria), Litoria spenceri (spotted tree frog, Victoria, New South Wales), Kroombit tinkerfrog (Taudactylus pleione, Queensland), armoured mist frog (Litoria lorica, Queensland)) or (2) predicted severe decline associated with the spread of chytridiomycosis in the case of Tasmanian tree frog (Litoria burrowsae, Tasmania). For these species, the risk of extinction is high, but can be mitigated. They require increased survey effort to define their distributional limits and to monitor and detect further population changes, as well as well-resourced management strategies that include captive assurance populations. A further 22 frog species were considered at a moderate to lower risk of extinction from chytridiomycosis. Management actions that identify and create or maintain habitat refugia from chytridiomycosis and target other threatening processes such as habitat loss and degradation may be effective in promoting their recovery. Our assessments for some of these species remain uncertain and further taxonomical clarification is needed to determine their conservation importance. Management actions are currently being developed and trialled to mitigate the threat posed by chytridiomycosis. However, proven solutions to facilitate population recovery in the wild are lacking; hence, we prioritise research topics to achieve this aim. Importantly, the effectiveness of novel management solutions will likely differ among species due to variation in disease ecology, highlighting the need for species-specific research. We call for an independent management and research fund of AU$15 million over 5 years to be allocated to recovery actions as determined by a National Chytridiomycosis Working Group of amphibian managers and scientists. Procrastination on this issue will likely result in additional extinction of Australia’s amphibians in the near future.
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Choquette, Jonathan D., Matthew R. Macpherson, and Robert C. Corry. "Identifying Potential Connectivity for an Urban Population of Rattlesnakes (Sistrurus catenatus) in a Canadian Park System." Land 9, no. 9 (September 3, 2020): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9090313.

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In the face of ongoing habitat loss and fragmentation, maintaining an adequate level of landscape connectivity is needed to both encourage dispersal between habitat patches and to reduce the extinction risk of fragmented wildlife populations. In a developing region of southwestern Ontario, Canada, a declining population of Eastern Massasauga rattlesnakes (Sistrurus catenatus) persists in fragmented remnants of tallgrass prairie in an urban park system. The goal of this study was to identify potential connectivity pathways between habitat patches for this species by using a GIS least-cost permeability swath model, and to evaluate the outputs with snake road mortality data. Results identified seven pathways between five core habitat blocks, a subset of which were validated with aerial imagery and mortality data. Four high-ranking pathways intersected roads through or near road mortality hotspots. This research will guide conservation interventions aimed at recovering endangered reptiles in a globally rare ecosystem, and will inform the use of permeability swaths for the identification of locations most suitable for connectivity interventions in dynamic, urbanizing landscapes.
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Dionísio, Ana, Isabel Catarina Duarte, Miguel Patrício, and Miguel Castelo-Branco. "Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation as an Intervention Tool to Recover from Language, Swallowing and Attentional Deficits after Stroke: A Systematic Review." Cerebrovascular Diseases 46, no. 3-4 (2018): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000494213.

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Background: Following a stroke event, patients often are severely affected by disabilities that hinder their quality-of-life. There are currently several rehabilitative options and strategies, and it is crucial to find the most effective interventions. The applicability of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to the recovery of nonmotor functions such as communication skills, swallowing ability and spatial attention after stroke remains important clinical questions. Summary: We searched PubMed and ISI Web of Science for articles that used repetitive TMS protocols to rehabilitate post-stroke deficits. We analysed qualitatively 38 articles that met the eligibility criteria; of these, 21 dealt with aphasia, 8 with dysphagia, 8 with neglect and 1 with visual extinction. The efficacy of TMS as an intervention for post-stroke rehabilitation of these nonmotor deficits was studied as well as the current limitations were assessed. Key Messages: Most part of the included studies reported statistically significant functional improvements, supporting the use of TMS for the rehabilitation of aphasia, dysphagia and neglect. Future research, with larger sample sizes, is mandatory to confirm its efficacy, determine the optimal stimulation parameters and investigate inter-subject variability.
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Pradhan, Basant, Richard Gray, Tapan Parikh, Padmalatha Akkireddi, and Andres Pumariega. "Trauma Interventions using Mindfulness Based Extinction and Reconsolidation (TIMBER©) as Monotherapy for Chronic PTSD: A Pilot Study." Adolescent Psychiatry 5, no. 2 (April 30, 2015): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/221067660502150430155038.

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