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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Extinction interventions

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Academic literature on the topic 'Extinction interventions'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 17 May 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Extinction interventions"

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Vergara, Germán, and Emily Wakild. "Extinction and Its Interventions in the Americas." Environmental History 27, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 294–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/719280.

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Vergara, Germán, and Emily Wakild. "Extinction and Its Interventions in the Americas." Environmental History 27, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 294–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/719280.

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Lebois, Lauren A. M., Antonia V. Seligowski, Jonathan D. Wolff, Sarah B. Hill, and Kerry J. Ressler. "Augmentation of Extinction and Inhibitory Learning in Anxiety and Trauma-Related Disorders." Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 15, no. 1 (May 7, 2019): 257–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095634.

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Although the fear response is an adaptive response to threatening situations, a number of psychiatric disorders feature prominent fear-related symptoms caused, in part, by failures of extinction and inhibitory learning. The translational nature of fear conditioning paradigms has enabled us to develop a nuanced understanding of extinction and inhibitory learning based on the molecular substrates to systems neural circuitry and psychological mechanisms. This knowledge has facilitated the development of novel interventions that may augment extinction and inhibitory learning. These interventions include nonpharmacological techniques, such as behavioral methods to implement during psychotherapy, as well as device-based stimulation techniques that enhance or reduce activity in different regions of the brain. There is also emerging support for a number of psychopharmacological interventions that may augment extinction and inhibitory learning specifically if administered in conjunction with exposure-based psychotherapy. This growing body of research may offer promising novel techniques to address debilitating transdiagnostic fear-related symptoms.

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SCHEELE, BEN C., DAVID A. HUNTER, LAURA F. GROGAN, LEE BERGER, JON E. KOLBY, MICHAEL S. MCFADDEN, GERRY MARANTELLI, LEE F. SKERRATT, and DON A. DRISCOLL. "Interventions for Reducing Extinction Risk in Chytridiomycosis-Threatened Amphibians." Conservation Biology 28, no. 5 (June 27, 2014): 1195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12322.

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Burt, Jonathan L., and Robert C. Pennington. "A Teacher’s Guide to Using Extinction in School Settings." Intervention in School and Clinic 53, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1053451217693363.

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The use of extinction procedures or the discontinuation of reinforcement following a behavior targeted for reduction is often used to enhance the efficacy of behavioral interventions. Unfortunately, the application of extinction procedures is associated with several side effects that can produce potentially harmful and counterproductive outcomes. This article defines and describes extinction in practical terms for teachers and outlines recommendations for its use in educational settings.

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MacNaul, Hannah L., and Leslie C. Neely. "Systematic Review of Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior Without Extinction for Individuals With Autism." Behavior Modification 42, no. 3 (November 8, 2017): 398–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145445517740321.

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The purpose of this article is to review the literature on differential reinforcement of alternative behavior procedures without extinction for individuals with autism. Using predetermined inclusion criteria, a total of 10 studies were included and summarized in terms of the following: (a) participant characteristics (e.g., sex, age, and diagnosis), (b) treatment setting, (c) problem behavior, (d) function, (e) alternative behavior, (f) intervention, (g) outcomes, and (h) conclusiveness of evidence. Of the 10 studies, nine demonstrated positive effects and one mixed effects. Five studies successfully reduced problem behavior by manipulating different reinforcement parameters (magnitude, immediacy, and quality) and four manipulated the schedule of reinforcement. One study had mixed results with two of the three participants requiring extinction. The findings of this review suggest that variations of differential reinforcement of alternative behavior interventions without an extinction component may be considered promising practices for the treatment of challenging behavior in individuals with autism.

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Deng, Jiahui, Wenmei Fang, Yimiao Gong, Yanping Bao, Hui Li, Sizhen Su, Jie Sun, et al. "Augmentation of fear extinction by theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation of the prefrontal cortex in humans." Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience 46, no. 2 (April 12, 2021): E292—E302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/jpn.200053.

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Background: Fear extinction alone does not erase the original fear memory. Interventions that enhance extinction can be beneficial for the treatment of fear-related disorders. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation has been shown to improve memory performance. The present study examined the effects of intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) on fear extinction and the return of fear memory in humans. Methods: Ninety-one young healthy volunteers underwent 3 experiments using a randomized controlled experimental design. Participants first acquired fear conditioning, after which they received 30 Hz iTBS before and after extinction training. The iTBS was applied to 1 of 2 targets: the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and the vertex (control). Fear responses were measured 24 hours later and 1 month later. Results: During the spontaneous recovery and reinstatement tests, iTBS of the left dlPFC before and after extinction significantly reduced fear response, whereas iTBS of the vertex had no effect on fear memory performance. This combined approach had a relatively long-lasting effect (i.e., at least 1 month). Limitations: We did not explore the effect of iTBS of the dlPFC on the expression of fear without extinction training. The neural mechanisms of iTBS with fear extinction to inhibit the fear response are unclear. Our results are preliminary and should be interpreted with caution. Conclusion: The present results showed that 30 Hz iTBS of the left dlPFC enhanced retention of fear extinction. Our study introduces a new intervention for fear memory and suggests that the left dlPFC may be a treatment target for fear-related disorders.

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Jones, Holly P., Nick D. Holmes, Stuart H. M. Butchart, Bernie R. Tershy, Peter J. Kappes, Ilse Corkery, Alfonso Aguirre-Muñoz, et al. "Invasive mammal eradication on islands results in substantial conservation gains." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 15 (March 21, 2016): 4033–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1521179113.

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More than US$21 billion is spent annually on biodiversity conservation. Despite their importance for preventing or slowing extinctions and preserving biodiversity, conservation interventions are rarely assessed systematically for their global impact. Islands house a disproportionately higher amount of biodiversity compared with mainlands, much of which is highly threatened with extinction. Indeed, island species make up nearly two-thirds of recent extinctions. Islands therefore are critical targets of conservation. We used an extensive literature and database review paired with expert interviews to estimate the global benefits of an increasingly used conservation action to stem biodiversity loss: eradication of invasive mammals on islands. We found 236 native terrestrial insular faunal species (596 populations) that benefitted through positive demographic and/or distributional responses from 251 eradications of invasive mammals on 181 islands. Seven native species (eight populations) were negatively impacted by invasive mammal eradication. Four threatened species had their International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List extinction-risk categories reduced as a direct result of invasive mammal eradication, and no species moved to a higher extinction-risk category. We predict that 107 highly threatened birds, mammals, and reptiles on the IUCN Red List—6% of all these highly threatened species—likely have benefitted from invasive mammal eradications on islands. Because monitoring of eradication outcomes is sporadic and limited, the impacts of global eradications are likely greater than we report here. Our results highlight the importance of invasive mammal eradication on islands for protecting the world's most imperiled fauna.

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Ulloa, Gabriella, Carrie S. W. Borrero, and John C. Borrero. "Behavioral Interventions for Pediatric Food Refusal Maintain Effectiveness Despite Integrity Degradation: A Preliminary Demonstration." Behavior Modification 44, no. 5 (May 8, 2019): 746–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145445519847626.

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Food refusal is commonly treated using behavioral treatment packages consisting of differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) and escape extinction. However, the effectiveness of such behavioral interventions is inextricably linked to the integrity with which the procedures are conducted. Although previous research has evaluated the effects of treatment integrity failures for behavioral interventions related to severe problem behavior and academic skill acquisition, the effects of these failures in the area of pediatric food refusal remain unknown. We conducted a parametric analysis to assess the effects of varying levels of errors on the treatment efficacy of contingent tangibles and attention, and escape extinction. Once stable responding was observed during an initial evaluation of treatment, participants were exposed to sessions of reduced-integrity treatment in descending order (i.e., 80%, 60%, 40%, and 20%) and subsequently exposed to full-integrity treatment (100% integrity). For one participant, integrity errors became detrimental to treatment when the level of integrity was decreased to 40%. For the other two participants, contingent tangibles and attention, and escape extinction remained effective despite being implemented with low integrity. Our preliminary demonstration suggests that behavioral interventions for pediatric food refusal remain effective despite considerable treatment integrity degradation.

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Tresiana, Novita, Noverman Duadji, Indra Gumay Febryano, and Shabina Atma Zenitha. "Saving Mangrove Forest Extinction in Urban Areas: Will Government Interventions Help?" International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 17, no. 2 (April 26, 2022): 375–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.170203.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Extinction interventions"

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Hansen, Jeremy J. "The development of an effective rapid intervention team within the fire service." Online version, 2003. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2003/2003hansenj.pdf.

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Janney, Donna M. "A Component Analysis of Function-Based Intervention: The Role of the Extinction Procedure." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193525.

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The primary purpose of this study was to test the assumption that function-based interventions developed using the Function-Based Intervention Decision Model (Umbreit, Ferro, Liaupsin, & Lane, 2007) must consist of three method elements (i.e., adjustment of antecedent conditions, providing appropriate reinforcement for replacement behaviors, and eliminating reinforcement for target behaviors) for an optimal effect on changing behavior. In this study, the contribution of the extinction procedure was examined with three elementary school-aged students who were at risk for emotional and behavioral disorders. The study was conducted in two phases. Phase 1 consisted of a descriptive FBA involving assessment and intervention development. Phase 2 consisted of data collection in three conditions: baseline, intervention consisting of all three method elements, and intervention consisting of only antecedent adjustments and reinforcement of replacement behavior. Intervention phases were systematically introduced to each student using a multi-element reversal design (A-B-A-B-C-B) and resulted in improvements in the intervention conditions. Interventions using all three method elements were more effective in increasing replacement behaviors and decreasing target behaviors than those in which the extinction procedure was removed. Social validity using the Intervention Rating Profile-15 and Children's Intervention Rating Profile resulted in high acceptability ratings for interventions consisting of all three method elements. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed.

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Paradis, Jasmine. "Utilisation de l’enseignement parental interactif Web pour implanter l’extinction graduée afin d’améliorer le sommeil d’enfants ayant un trouble du spectre de l’autisme." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20324.

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Books on the topic "Extinction interventions"

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Mason, Michael R. Rapid intervention company operations, (RICO). Clifton Park, NY: Thomson Delmar Learning, 2006.

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Jakubowski, Greg. Rapid intervention teams. Stillwater, Okla: Fire Protection Publications, Oklahoma State University, 2001.

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Service, Global Response. Project, Restore Hope--Bosnia: Humanitarian and development assistance program for Bosnia-Herzegovina : restoration of the emergency service agencies for the cities of Mostar, Bihac, and Gorazde : material and equipment donations : advanced technical training and education : intervention support services. Herndon, VA: Global Response Service Corp., 1996.

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Howlett, Jonathon R., and Murray B. Stein. Novel Prevention and Treatment Approaches to PTSD. Edited by Israel Liberzon and Kerry J. Ressler. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190215422.003.0021.

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Current therapeutic and preventive interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have important limitations in terms of efficacy and tolerability. Translational research based on animal models of fear extinction and the stress response has yielded a number of new targets for investigation in clinical studies. Novel treatment approaches include new medications, psychotherapies, and the combination of exposure-based therapies with medications to enhance fear extinction. PTSD prevention represents a major opportunity, and preventive interventions can also be informed by basic neurobiology. Despite potentially useful new therapeutic and prevention approaches, the pace of clinical studies has been slow, and the evidence for most novel interventions is sparse. Given the urgent clinical need, more resources should be directed to clinical trials to fulfill the promise of translational research for this disorder.

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Milad, Mohammed R., and Kylie N. Moore. Neurobiology and Neuroimaging of PTSD. Edited by Frederick J. Stoddard, David M. Benedek, Mohammed R. Milad, and Robert J. Ursano. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457136.003.0015.

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This chapter provides a broad overview of the fear circuitry implicated in the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder. It begins by reviewing evidence from animal models of fear conditioning and extinction that unveiled the neural structures incorporated in the fear circuitry. Then it explores the translation of these findings to healthy human models of fear conditioning and finally examines the neural dysfunctions highlighted by neuroimaging studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in order to conceptualize mechanisms of fear extinction and the role of impaired fear extinction in contributing to the pathology of PTSD. The chapter ends with the potential therapeutic interventions for the treatment of PTSD in the scope of this model but with a note of caution regarding some of its limitations.

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Karpova, Nina N. Pharmacological Adjuncts and Evidence-Supported Treatments for Trauma. Edited by Sara Maltzman. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199739134.013.32.

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A large proportion of humans experienced a traumatic event in their lifetime, with more than 10% developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder, phobias, and other fear/anxiety disorders. The neural circuitry of fear responses is highly conserved in humans as well as rodents, and this allows for translational research using animal models of fear. Fear/anxiety disorders in humans are most efficiently treated by exposure-based psychotherapy (i.e., cognitive behavioral therapy; CBT), the main aspects of which are closely modeled by extinction training in Pavlovian fear conditioning and extinction paradigms in rodents. To improve the efficacy of psychotherapy, pharmacological agents potent for enhancing learning and memory consolidation processing should be developed to combine with exposure-based therapy. The purpose of these adjunctive pharmacological agents is to promote fear memory erasure and the consolidation of extinction memories, thus providing a combined treatment of increased effectiveness. This review discusses established pharmacological adjuncts to behavioral therapeutic interventions for fear/anxiety disorders. The mechanisms of action of these adjuncts, as well as the evidence for and against the pharmacological treatment strategies and their limitations are discussed.

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Nedder, Joe. Fire Service Rapid Intervention Crews : Principles and Practice: Principles and Practice. Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, 2014.

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Javanbakht, Arash, and Gina R. Poe. Behavioral Neuroscience of Circuits Involved in Arousal Regulation. Edited by Israel Liberzon and Kerry J. Ressler. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190215422.003.0007.

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This chapter evaluates the evidence that hyper-reactive noradrenergic responses during trauma contribute to hyperarousal symptoms in PTSD, including disturbances in sleep. Some genetic vulnerability for PTSD involves the adrenergic system, and a hyperactive central noradrenergic system might serve to over-consolidate and sustain the affective component of fear memories. Reduced moderation of noradrenergic reactions during low hormone phases of the menstrual cycle could also lead to increased susceptibility to PTSD. This chapter considers a mechanism by which hyperactivity in the noradrenergic system during sleep would impair REM sleep theta and non-REM sleep spindles in the limbic system, both of which are implicated in the consolidation of new safety memories, thereby compromising extinction recall and setting into motion a positive feedback loop in PTSD pathophysiology, involving hyperarousal, failure to integrate contextual information, and biased attention to threat. If so, novel pharmacotherapeutic interventions inhibiting the noradrenergic system during sensitive periods in sleep should be considered.

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Rapid Intervention Teams. I F S T A, 2019.

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Fire Service Rapid Intervention Crews: Principles and Practice. Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, 2016.

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Book chapters on the topic "Extinction interventions"

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Barkley, Lori, and K. Linda Kivi. "Decolonizing Sinixt “Extinction”." In Histories, Myths, and Decolonial Interventions, 40–58. London: Routledge India, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003099017-4.

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Vollmer, Timothy R., Janelle K. Bacotti, and Lindsay A. Lloveras. "Extinction and Differential Reinforcement." In Handbook of Applied Behavior Analysis Interventions for Autism, 539–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96478-8_28.

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Pradhan, Basant, Narsimha R. Pinninti, and Shanaya Rathod. "Trauma Interventions Using Mindfulness-Based Extinction and Reconsolidation of Memories (TIMBER)." In TIMBER Psychotherapy, 29–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20648-2_3.

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Rowe, Andy. "Evaluation at the Endgame: Evaluating Sustainability and the SDGs by Moving Past Dominion and Institutional Capture." In Transformational Change for People and the Planet, 207–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78853-7_14.

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AbstractThree facts underlay this chapter. First, the human system and all our ambitions for improving the human system depend on sustainable natural systems. Second, we do not have much time. On track to fall well short of all sustainability goals, the climate and sustainability crises grow and extinction looms. Third, up to this point evaluation has shown little interest in sustainability, yet evaluation potentially addresses the very questions that are central to informing and guiding rapid adaptation of human behavior to successfully surmounting extinction.Business-as-usual evaluation will not suffice. At the endgame with extinction looming, we need an evaluation that is more nimble, keeps up with rapidly accelerating knowledge, is relentlessly use-seeking and that guides the way to joined-up approaches. The evaluation we need will systematically mainstream sustainability across all evaluations and interventions, in all evaluation criteria and standards. For this, all evaluations will always address nexus where human and natural systems join and incorporate knowledge and methods from both systems. Existing evaluation knowledge is well suited to this task, as are knowledges in biophysical sciences. We know and promote knowledge processes for integrative evaluation and are starting to shift toward the requirements for evaluation at the nexus. As this chapter shows, the anchors holding us back are political, not technical.

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Swanson, Timothy M. "International Intervention in National Resource Management: The Instruments for Regulating Global Biological Diversity." In The International Regulation of Extinction, 179–99. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12985-0_7.

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Nezu, Christine Maguth, Christopher R. Martell, and Arthur M. Nezu. "Applied Behavioral Analytic Interventions." In Specialty Competencies in Cognitive and Behavioral Psychology, 117–21. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195382327.003.0007.

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Chapter 7 provides examples of applied behavioural analysis strategies that have been shown to be effective in both single case and group settings, which may include ways to increase the likelihood of a patient learning new associations or functional contingencies, inhibition of a patient’s previous associations through extinction learning, reduction or extinction of patient behaviours that have been previously reinforced, or fostering the patient’s learning of new skills or adaptive behaviour.

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Durand, V. Mark. "Night Waking." In When Children Don't Sleep Well: Parent Workbook, 41–48. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195329483.003.0005.

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Lonsdorf, Tina B. "Fear learning and extinction." In Genes, brain, and emotions, 113–28. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793014.003.0009.

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Experimental fear conditioning and extinction represent basic forms of associative learning with considerable clinical relevance and serve as laboratory models for the development and treatment of anxiety disorders, respectively. There is considerable inter-individual variation in the ability to acquire and extinguish conditioned fear reactions as well as the return of fear and approximately one third of the variance in human fear conditioning and in the vulnerability for anxiety disorders can be attributed to genetic factors. The experimental paradigms of fear conditioning and extinction are particularly well suited for genetic association studies as these optimally investigate simple behavioral paradigms with sufficient inter-individual variability and clear heritability that elicit robust behavioral responses which are easy to measure and quantify and rely on a well-defined underlying neural circuitry. Understanding the molecular pathways that mediate conditioning and extinction might therefore make an important contribution to the study of anxiety pathophysiology and resilience. Because a significant proportion of patients do not respond to or tolerate standard treatments, such advances may ultimately open up new perspectives for pharmacological interventions (i.e. pharmacologically enhanced CBT) or the individualization of current prevention and treatment programs. In the future, translational work employing a synergy between molecular genetics, neuroimaging, psychophysiology and psychopharmacology will be powerful in unraveling the neurobiology of fear learning and extinction processes and the investigation of genetic polymorphisms in fear learning and extinction processes represents one avenue along this path.

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Myers, Karyn M., and Michael Davis. "Chapter 2.3 Extinction of fear: From animal studies to clinical interventions." In Handbook of Anxiety and Fear, 49–62. Elsevier, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1569-7339(07)00004-5.

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Gabriel, Iason, and Brian McElwee. "Effective Altruism, Global Poverty, and Systemic Change." In Effective Altruism, 99–114. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198841364.003.0007.

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In this chapter, Iason Gabriel and Brian McElwee examine the status of interventions aimed at bringing about large-scale systemic change. According to Gabriel and McElwee, in the domain of global poverty, (i) philanthropic interventions favoured by effective altruists tend to take the form of “low-value/high-confidence” narrowly focused practical interventions, but (ii) it is quite likely that there are “medium-value/medium-confidence” interventions tackling global poverty via systemic change that are ex ante better. In other contexts, effective altruism definitely does take seriously “high-value/low-confidence” interventions (namely, efforts to mitigate extinction risk), so there does not seem to be any simple bias towards high confidence at work here. The explanation Gabriel and McElwee suggest lies in an understandable yet still misguided preference for political neutrality within the effective altruism movement.

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Conference papers on the topic "Extinction interventions"

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Vicente Villa-Garcia, Jorge, and Rodolfo Martinez-Gutierrez. "Corporate Governance Model for Customs Agency in Accordance with Federal Customs Law Article 167-D in Mexico." In Human Systems Engineering and Design (IHSED 2021) Future Trends and Applications. AHFE International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001204.

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Customs agencies operate under the protection of a customs agent patent as a natural person, and there is a reform to the Federal Customs Law published in the Official Gazette of the Federation on June 25, 2018, establishing the Customs Agency model so that they can operate under the concept of "Customs Agency Patent", conceptualized as a legal person. The objective of the new modifications of the Federal Customs Law in article 167-D establishes the promotion of customs clearance of merchandise for third parties in different customs regimes. Maintaining the continuity of the operations of the Customs Agencies against the risk of extinction due to the lack of the person who holds the Customs Patent, regardless of the reason or cause, through internal strategies of Corporate Governance practice models for compliance with regulations applicable according to the challenges of competitiveness in Foreign Trade and Customs. This article presents a methodological intervention proposal as part of a Master thesis in Administration project at the Tecnologico Nacional de Mexico campus Tijuana.

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Parida, F. C., P. M. Rao, S. S. Ramesh, B. Malarvizhi, V. Gopalakrishnan, E. H. V. M. Rao, N. Kasinathan, and S. E. Kannan. "Experimental Evaluation of Pool Fire Suppression Performance of Sodium Leak Collection Tray in Open Air." In 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone14-89592.

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In the event of sodium leakage from heat transfer circuits of fast breeder reactors (FBR), liquid sodium catches fire in ambient air leading to production of flame, smoke and heat. One of the passive fire protection methods involves immediate collection of the leaking sodium to a sodium hold-up vessel (SHV) covered with a sloping cover tray (SCT) having a few drain pipes and one vent pipe (as in Fig. 1). As soon as the liquid sodium falls on the sloping cover tray, gravity guides the sodium through drain pipes into the bottom tray in which self-extinction occurs due to oxygen starvation. This sodium fire protection equipment called leak collection tray (LCT) works without the intervention of an operator and external power source. A large number of LCTs are strategically arranged under the sodium circulating pipe lines in the FBR plants to serve as passive suppression devices. In order to test the efficacy of the LCT, four tests were conducted. Two tests were with LCT having three drain pipes and rest with one. In each experiment, nearly 40 kg of hot liquid sodium at 550 °C was discharged on the LCT in the open air. Continuous on-line monitoring of temperature at strategic locations (∼ 28 points) were carried out. Colour videography was employed for taking motion pictures of various time-dependent events like sodium dumping, appearance of flame and release of smoke through vent pipes. After self-extinction of sodium fire, the LCT was allowed to cool overnight in an argon atmosphere. Solid samples of sodium debris in the SCT and SHV were collected by manual core drilling machine. The samples were subjected to chemical analysis for determination of unburnt and burnt sodium. The results of the four tests revealed an interesting feature: LCT with three drain pipes showed far lower sodium collection efficiency and much higher sodium combustion than that with just one drain pipe. Thermal fluctuations in temperature sensor located near the tip of the drain pipe have indicated that transient freezing and remelting processes are responsible for this phenomenon. Moreover comparison of test results between present and earlier experiments has revealed that the LCT with funnel shaped SCT is superior to that with boat shaped SCT.

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