Journal articles: 'Extinct birds – New Zealand'

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Haast, Julius. "Remarks on the Extinct Birds of New Zealand." Ibis 16, no. 3 (June 28, 2008): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1874.tb05941.x.

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Rawlence, NJ, JR Wood, RP Scofield, C. Fraser, and AJD Tennyson. "Soft-tissue specimens from pre-European extinct birds of New Zealand." Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 43, no. 3 (September 2013): 154–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03036758.2012.704878.

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Seersholm, Frederik V., Theresa L. Cole, Alicia Grealy, Nicolas J. Rawlence, Karen Greig, Michael Knapp, Michael Stat, et al. "Subsistence practices, past biodiversity, and anthropogenic impacts revealed by New Zealand-wide ancient DNA survey." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 30 (July 9, 2018): 7771–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1803573115.

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New Zealand’s geographic isolation, lack of native terrestrial mammals, and Gondwanan origins make it an ideal location to study evolutionary processes. However, since the archipelago was first settled by humans 750 y ago, its unique biodiversity has been under pressure, and today an estimated 49% of the terrestrial avifauna is extinct. Current efforts to conserve the remaining fauna rely on a better understanding of the composition of past ecosystems, as well as the causes and timing of past extinctions. The exact temporal and spatial dynamics of New Zealand’s extinct fauna, however, can be difficult to interpret, as only a small proportion of animals are preserved as morphologically identifiable fossils. Here, we conduct a large-scale genetic survey of subfossil bone assemblages to elucidate the impact of humans on the environment in New Zealand. By genetically identifying more than 5,000 nondiagnostic bone fragments from archaeological and paleontological sites, we reconstruct a rich faunal record of 110 species of birds, fish, reptiles, amphibians, and marine mammals. We report evidence of five whale species rarely reported from New Zealand archaeological middens and characterize extinct lineages of leiopelmatid frog (Leiopelma sp.) and kākāpō (Strigops habroptilus) haplotypes lost from the gene pool. Taken together, this molecular audit of New Zealand’s subfossil record not only contributes to our understanding of past biodiversity and precontact Māori subsistence practices but also provides a more nuanced snapshot of anthropogenic impacts on native fauna after first human arrival.

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Bramley, Gary N., and Clare J. Veltman. "Failure of translocated, captive-bred North Island Weka Gallirallus australis greyi to establish a new population." Bird Conservation International 8, no. 2 (June 1998): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900003269.

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SummarySince i960 107 translocations of wild-caught Weka (genus Gallirallus) have occurred in New Zealand. Only four of these Weka liberations resulted in a population that persisted for more than 10 years and only one was successful on the North Island (the resultant population is now believed extinct). The reason for these failures was not known. In 1991 members of the Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society commenced breeding North Island Weka Gallirallus australis greyi in captivity for another liberation. Between 1992 and 1996 101 weka were released. We used radio telemetry to follow the fates of the first 17 Weka released in the Karangahake Gorge, near Paeroa, North Island, New Zealand to determine possible outcomes of the liberation. Only one of the 17 birds released survived until 242 days post release. Most newly released Weka were killed by predators, mainly dogs. Future Weka and flightless rail introductions should occur only in areas where predators are being removed to allow survival of released birds and production of young to exceed mortality.

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Boast, Alexander, Brendan Chapman, Michael Herrera, Trevor Worthy, R. Scofield, Alan Tennyson, Peter Houde, Michael Bunce, Alan Cooper, and Kieren Mitchell. "Mitochondrial Genomes from New Zealand’s Extinct Adzebills (Aves: Aptornithidae: Aptornis) Support a Sister-Taxon Relationship with the Afro-Madagascan Sarothruridae." Diversity 11, no. 2 (February 15, 2019): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11020024.

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The recently extinct New Zealand adzebills (Aptornithidae, Aptornis spp.) were an enigmatic group of large flightless birds that have long eluded precise taxonomic assignment as they do not closely resemble any extant birds. Adzebills were nearly wingless, weighed approximately 16–19 kg, and possessed massive adze-like reinforced bills whose function remains unknown. Using hybridisation enrichment and high-throughput sequencing of DNA extracted from subfossil bone and eggshell, near-complete mitochondrial genomes were successfully assembled from the two Quaternary adzebill species: the North Island Adzebill (Aptornis otidiformis) and South Island Adzebill (A. defossor). Molecular phylogenetic analyses confirm that adzebills are members of the Ralloidea (rails and allies) and are sister-taxon to the Sarothruridae, which our results suggest comprises the Madagascan wood rails (Mentocrex, two likely sp.) in addition to the tiny (<50 gram) rail-like Afro-Madagascan flufftails (Sarothrura, 9 spp.). Node age estimates indicate that the split between adzebills and Sarothruridae occurred ~39.6 Ma, suggesting that the ancestors of the adzebills arrived in New Zealand by long-distance dispersal rather than continental vicariance. This newly identified biogeographic link between physically distant New Zealand and Afro-Madagascar, echoed by the relationship between the New Zealand kiwi (Apterygiformes) and Madagascan elephant-birds (Aepyornithiformes), suggests that the adzebill’s near relatives were formerly more widespread. In addition, our estimate for the divergence time between the two Quaternary adzebill species (0.2–2.3 Ma) coincides with the emergence of a land-bridge between the North and South islands of New Zealand (ca. 1.5–2 Ma). This relatively recent divergence suggests that North Island adzebills are the result of a relatively recent dispersal from the South Island, from which the earliest (Miocene) adzebill fossil has been described.

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ANDERSON, THOMAS J. "Aepyornisas moa: giant birds and global connections in nineteenth-century science." British Journal for the History of Science 46, no. 4 (September 25, 2012): 675–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087412000726.

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AbstractThis essay explores how the scientific community interpreted the discoveries of extinct giant birds during the mid-nineteenth century on the islands of New Zealand and Madagascar. It argues that theAepyornisof Madagascar was understood through the moa of New Zealand because of the rise of global networks and theories. Indeed, their global connections made giant birds a sensation among the scientific community and together forged theories and associations not possible in isolation. In this way, this paper argues for a closer look at how the creation of science emerged from a world framework that involved multiple sites of discovery and interpretation that continually influenced and reshaped scientific theories. It also stresses the importance of local naturalists in participating in this global exchange of knowledge.

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A. E. Atkinson, I. "Recovery of wildlife and restoration of habitats New Zealand." Pacific Conservation Biology 8, no. 1 (2002): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc020027.

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Although New Zealand's native fauna shares a Gondwana origin with that of Australia, there are major differences between our countries. The near-absence of land mammals and the restricted biodiversity and habitat range of New Zealand, contrast with the species-rich fauna and habitat variety of Australia. Both countries share an unenviable extinction record, particularly birds in New Zealand and mammals in Australia. Introduced mammals, often interacting with habitat destruction, have frequently been responsible for these losses in New Zealand. In some places, entire vertebrate foraging guilds have disappeared. On the mainland, control of introduced mammals has had limited success but a steadily increasing number of islands have been cleared of alien mammals. This has created new opportunities for translocating threatened species of native vertebrates and invertebrates to pest-free islands. It has also created options for substituting an ecologically similar species for one that is extinct, thus potentially achieving a more comprehensive restoration. Recent progress with island restoration has stimulated a "mainland island" strategy involving simultaneous intensive control of several pest mammals within a limited area that is then used to re-establish viable populations of threatened species. Examples are given to illustrate these conservation actions.

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Johnston, Peter, and Kieren J. Mitchell. "Contrasting Patterns of Sensory Adaptation in Living and Extinct Flightless Birds." Diversity 13, no. 11 (October 26, 2021): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13110538.

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Avian cranial anatomy is constrained by the competing (or complementary) requirements and costs of various facial, muscular, sensory, and central neural structures. However, these constraints may operate differently in flighted versus flightless birds. We investigated cranial sense organ morphology in four lineages of flightless birds: kiwi (Apteryx), the Kakapo (Strigops habroptilus), and the extinct moa (Dinornithiformes) from New Zealand; and the extinct elephant birds from Madagascar (Aepyornithidae). Scleral ring and eye measurements suggest that the Upland Moa (Megalapteryx didinus) was diurnal, while measurements for the Kakapo are consistent with nocturnality. Kiwi are olfactory specialists, though here we postulate that retronasal olfaction is the dominant olfactory route in this lineage. We suggest that the Upland Moa and aepyornithids were also olfactory specialists; the former additionally displaying prominent bill tip sensory organs implicated in mechanoreception. Finally, the relative size of the endosseous cochlear duct revealed that the Upland Moa had a well-developed hearing sensitivity range, while the sensitivity of the kiwi, Kakapo, and aepyornithids was diminished. Together, our results reveal contrasting sensory strategies among extant and extinct flightless birds. More detailed characterisation of sensory capacities and cranial anatomy in extant birds may refine our ability to make accurate inferences about the sensory capacities of fossil taxa.

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Carpenter, Joanna K., Jamie R. Wood, Janet M. Wilmshurst, and Dave Kelly. "An avian seed dispersal paradox: New Zealand's extinct megafaunal birds did not disperse large seeds." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1877 (April 18, 2018): 20180352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0352.

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Often the mutualistic roles of extinct species are inferred based on plausible assumptions, but sometimes palaeoecological evidence can overturn such inferences. We present an example from New Zealand, where it has been widely assumed that some of the largest-seeded plants were dispersed by the giant extinct herbivorous moa (Dinornithiformes). The presence of large seeds in preserved moa gizzard contents supported this hypothesis, and five slow-germinating plant species ( Elaeocarpus dentatus, E. hookerianus, Prumnopitys ferruginea, P. taxifolia, Vitex lucens ) with thick seedcoats prompted speculation about whether these plants were adapted for moa dispersal. However, we demonstrate that all these assumptions are incorrect. While large seeds were present in 48% of moa gizzards analysed, analysis of 152 moa coprolites (subfossil faeces) revealed a very fine-grained consistency unparalleled in extant herbivores, with no intact seeds larger than 3.3 mm diameter. Secondly, prolonged experimental mechanical scarification of E. dentatus and P. ferruginea seeds did not reduce time to germination, providing no experimental support for the hypothesis that present-day slow germination results from the loss of scarification in moa guts. Paradoxically, although moa were New Zealand's largest native herbivores, the only seeds to survive moa gut passage intact were those of small-seeded herbs and shrubs.

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F. Recher, H. "Guide to the Birds of Fiji and Western Polynesia." Pacific Conservation Biology 9, no. 3 (2003): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc030234.

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FEW taxa have suffered at the expansion of humanity to the extent of the birds of Pacific Islands. Of the 130 or so birds to become extinct as a consequence of European exploration and colonization of the Pacific, most were island birds and most were flightless rails. Not so well understood is the scale of extinctions that accompanied pre-European colonization of the Pacific islands. Only now is the paleontological record revealing the richness of the lost Pacific avifauna much of which can be put on a par with the loss of moas from New Zealand and the Dodo Raphus cucullatus from Mauritius in the Indian Ocean.

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Bourdon, Estelle, Jacques Castanet, Armand de Ricqlès, Paul Scofield, Alan Tennyson, Hayat Lamrous, and Jorge Cubo. "Bone growth marks reveal protracted growth in New Zealand kiwi (Aves, Apterygidae)." Biology Letters 5, no. 5 (June 10, 2009): 639–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0310.

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The presence of bone growth marks reflecting annual rhythms in the cortical bone of non-avian tetrapods is now established as a general phenomenon. In contrast, ornithurines (the theropod group including modern birds and their closest relatives) usually grow rapidly in less than a year, such that no annual rhythms are expressed in bone cortices, except scarce growth marks restricted to the outer cortical layer. So far, cyclical growth in modern birds has been restricted to the Eocene Diatryma , the extant parrot Amazona amazonica and the extinct New Zealand (NZ) moa (Dinornithidae). Here we show the presence of lines of arrested growth in the long bones of the living NZ kiwi ( Apteryx spp., Apterygidae). Kiwis take 5–6 years to reach full adult body size, which indicates a delayed maturity and a slow reproductive cycle. Protracted growth probably evolved convergently in moa and kiwi sometime since the Middle Miocene, owing to the severe climatic cooling in the southwest Pacific and the absence of mammalian predators.

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N. H. Seabrook-Davision, Mark, and Dianne H. Brunton. "Introduced species in New Zealand ? Their impacts on a biodiversity hotspot." Pacific Conservation Biology 16, no. 4 (2010): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc110230.

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The issue of naturalization of introduced species to New Zealand was raised in an article in Nature (Ritchie 1922a Thompson 1922) 88 years ago. Here, we take the opportunity to assess the impacts of introduced species to the islands of New Zealand, one of the only entire countries, such as Madagascar, Japan, Philippines and New Caledonia to be described as a biodiversity hotspot (Reid 1998; Abbitt et al. 2000; Smith et al. 2001; Mittermeier et al. 2004). Between 1769 and 1919, 1170 species were recorded as being introduced to New Zealand (Thompson 1922) (Table 1). Ritchie (1922) reviewed the publication of Thompson?s inventory and warned against the introduction of exotic species without proper planning and assessment of the impacts on the existing biota. The warning was given because of New Zealand?s biodiversity had evolved in the absence of mammalian predators. Many bird, reptile and invertebrate species had limited defences against mammal species such as rats Rattus spp, mustelids (Stoat Mustela erminea, Ferret Mustela furo and Weasel Mustela nivalis vulgari), Brushtail Possum Trichosurus vulpectula and Cat Felis cattus. At the beginning of the 20th century, most of New Zealand?s large land vertebrates were extinct or threatened with extinction. The rapid expansion of mustelids, rats and Cat had caused considerable contractions in the distribution of large ground birds such as Kakapo Strigops habroptilus, South Island Takahe Porphyrio mantelli hochstetteri and species of waterfowl.

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Wilson, Kerry-Jayne. "Extinct and introduced vertebrate species in New Zealand: a loss of biodistinctiveness and gain in biodiversity." Pacific Conservation Biology 3, no. 3 (1997): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc970301.

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During the 1 000 years that people have lived in New Zealand 50 vertebrate species have become extinct. Other species are extinct on the mainland but survive on island refugia. In the 150 years since European colonization 95 vertebrate species have been introduced and habitat changes have allowed 10 additional bird species to colonize. All but one of the extinct species were endemic and 24 belonged to families or orders endemic to New Zealand. All but one of the introduced and colonizing species are common in their homelands. Although there are now more vertebrate species in New Zealand than there were at the time of human settlement, the previously highly distinctive fauna is becoming increasingly cosmopolitan. The impact faunal change has had on terrestrial ecosystems is poorly known. It is important that conservation priorities be based on an appreciation of faunal and ecological changes rather than responding to crises one species at a time.

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Attard, Marie R. G., Laura A. B. Wilson, Trevor H. Worthy, Paul Scofield, Peter Johnston, William C. H. Parr, and Stephen Wroe. "Moa diet fits the bill: virtual reconstruction incorporating mummified remains and prediction of biomechanical performance in avian giants." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1822 (January 13, 2016): 20152043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.2043.

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The moa (Dinornithiformes) are large to gigantic extinct terrestrial birds of New Zealand. Knowledge about niche partitioning, feeding mode and preference among moa species is limited, hampering palaeoecological reconstruction and evaluation of the impacts of their extinction on remnant native biota, or the viability of exotic species as proposed ecological ‘surrogates'. Here we apply three-dimensional finite-element analysis to compare the biomechanical performance of skulls from five of the six moa genera, and two extant ratites, to predict the range of moa feeding behaviours relative to each other and to living relatives. Mechanical performance during biting was compared using simulations of the birds clipping twigs based on muscle reconstruction of mummified moa remains. Other simulated food acquisition strategies included lateral shaking, pullback and dorsoventral movement of the skull. We found evidence for limited overlap in biomechanical performance between the extant emu ( Dromaius novaehollandiae ) and extinct upland moa ( Megalapteryx didinus ) based on similarities in mandibular stress distribution in two loading cases, but overall our findings suggest that moa species exploited their habitats in different ways, relative to both each other and extant ratites. The broad range of feeding strategies used by moa, as inferred from interspecific differences in biomechanical performance of the skull, provides insight into mechanisms that facilitated high diversities of these avian herbivores in prehistoric New Zealand.

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Boast, Alexander P., Laura S. Weyrich, Jamie R. Wood, Jessica L. Metcalf, Rob Knight, and Alan Cooper. "Coprolites reveal ecological interactions lost with the extinction of New Zealand birds." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 7 (February 12, 2018): 1546–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1712337115.

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Over the past 50,000 y, biotic extinctions and declines have left a legacy of vacant niches and broken ecological interactions across global terrestrial ecosystems. Reconstructing the natural, unmodified ecosystems that preceded these events relies on high-resolution analyses of paleoecological deposits. Coprolites are a source of uniquely detailed information about trophic interactions and the behaviors, gut parasite communities, and microbiotas of prehistoric animal species. Such insights are critical for understanding the legacy effects of extinctions on ecosystems, and can help guide contemporary conservation and ecosystem restoration efforts. Here we use high-throughput sequencing (HTS) of ancient eukaryotic DNA from coprolites to reconstruct aspects of the biology and ecology of four species of extinct moa and the critically endangered kakapo parrot from New Zealand (NZ). Importantly, we provide evidence that moa and prehistoric kakapo consumed ectomycorrhizal fungi, suggesting these birds played a role in dispersing fungi that are key to NZ’s natural forest ecosystems. We also provide the first DNA-based evidence that moa frequently supplemented their broad diets with ferns and mosses. Finally, we also find parasite taxa that provide insight into moa behavior, and present data supporting the hypothesis of coextinction between moa and several parasite species. Our study demonstrates that HTS sequencing of coprolites provides a powerful tool for resolving key aspects of ancient ecosystems and may rapidly provide information not obtainable by conventional paleoecological techniques, such as fossil analyses.

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Boyle, Cameron. "The silence of the huia: Bird extinction and the archive." Journal of New Zealand & Pacific Studies 7, no. 2 (October 1, 2019): 219–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/nzps_00008_1.

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Abstract In this article, I argue that art can enable a critique of museological conventions, along with related ideas of natural history and extinction, which together have structured practices of preserving and representing departed species as scientific specimens. I draw on the case of the huia specifically, a bird species endemic to New Zealand, which became extinct in the early twentieth century, as a result of multiple ecological, cultural, political and economic forces stemming from colonization. I suggest the preservation of individual huia birds in the form of scientific specimens demonstrates how Victorian aesthetics and ideas about the natural world shaped the modality through which non-human life was, and to some extent still is, recorded and portrayed according to particular archival norms. Utilizing concepts from recent scholarship in the field of extinction studies, I critically consider how the works of two artists which feature the huia, challenge the traditions of the museum and the archive. First, I examine how Fiona Pardington's photography of huia specimens frames the species as a life form that became extinct in a context scarred by the complex and violent entanglement of people and nature. Second, I show how a work of sound art by Sally Ann McIntyre, which is centred on the inaudible recordings of huia specimens played on Kapiti Island, the bird's original habitat, highlights that extinction results in the loss of multispecies relationality.

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Tomotani, Barbara M., Rodrigo B. Salvador, Amandine J. M. Sabadel, Colin M. Miskelly, Julie C. S. Brown, Josette Delgado, Patrick Boussès, Yves Cherel, Susan M. Waugh, and Sarah J. Bury. "Extreme bill dimorphism leads to different but overlapping isotopic niches and similar trophic positions in sexes of the charismatic extinct huia." Oecologia 198, no. 1 (November 29, 2021): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-021-05082-8.

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AbstractThe New Zealand huia (Heteralocha acutirostris) had the most extreme bill sexual dimorphism among modern birds. Given the quick extinction of the species, the cause of the dimorphism could only be hypothesised to reflect different trophic niches and reduce male/female competition. We tested that hypothesis by combining museum specimens, geometric morphometrics, and isotopic analyses. We used geometric morphometrics to describe bill shape; measured bulk (δ15Nbulk) and (δ13Cbulk) values from feather as proxies of the birds’ foraging habitat and diet; and compared compound-specific stable isotopes analyses (CSIA) of nitrogen in amino acids (δ15NAA) in male–female pairs to estimate their trophic position. Sexes had significantly different, but overlapping feather δ15Nbulk and δ13Cbulk values, but δ15NAA indicated identical trophic positions and δ15Nbulk was not related to bill shape. Trophic position was less variable among females, consistent with a specialised foraging behaviour and, thus, supporting a partial male/female foraging segregation.

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Bond, William J., William G. Lee, and Joseph M. Craine. "Plant structural defences against browsing birds: a legacy of New Zealand's extinct moas." Oikos 104, no. 3 (March 2004): 500–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12720.x.

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Recher, Harry F. "Extinction & Biogeography of Tropical Pacific Birds." Pacific Conservation Biology 17, no. 2 (2011): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc110163.

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ALTHOUGH Steadman’s book was published in 2006, it has lost none of its value. Without question, Extinction & Biogeography of Tropical Pacific Birds is one of the most interesting and informative books published on the birds of the Pacific Region in the last 100 years. It ranks in importance with Ernst Mayr’s Birds of the Southwest Pacific (1945) and should be read by everyone with an interest in the ecology and history of the Pacific islands. The impact of humans on the fauna of the Pacific is well known, but I doubt many of us appreciated either the scale of that impact or the speed at which it occurred, much less who was responsible. The Pacific islands were among the last lands colonized by the world’s ever expanding human population (and some may be the first to be de-populated as sea levels rise with global warming). Some islands, such as New Zealand, may only have been colonized within the last 600–800 years. For others, such as New Britain, people arrived ~30-35,000 BP. In all instances, bar the large continental islands, and regardless of island size and isolation, the impact of humans on birds was the same — rapid extinction of almost all species. Because many, if not most, islands had evolved endemic species of flightless rails, the total number of extinctions estimated by Steadman is between 1000 and 2000 species (p.319), of which the number of extinct rails lies between 500 and 1600 (p.316). The birds that survived are a vestige of a much richer and diverse avifauna. This is what makes Steadman’s account so important.

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Baker, A. J., L. J. Huynen, O. Haddrath, C. D. Millar, and D. M. Lambert. "Reconstructing the tempo and mode of evolution in an extinct clade of birds with ancient DNA: The giant moas of New Zealand." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102, no. 23 (May 31, 2005): 8257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0409435102.

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Tsang, Leah, Nicholas Carlile, Terry O’Dwyer, Mark Eldridge, Greta Frankham, and Hank Bower. "A recent specimen of a Tasmanian Boobook Ninox leucopsis recovered on Lord Howe Island." Australian Field Ornithology 39 (2022): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.20938/afo39143157.

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On 11 July 2019, during the Rodent Eradication Program on Lord Howe Island using aerial and ground rodentbaiting, the recovery of dead non-target birds included a recently dead boobook Ninox sp. found on a resident’s property. Two Tyto species were also recovered. Despite automated sound-recording equipment stationed within the forests of the Island, no records of Ninox vocalisations were made before discovery of the boobook specimen; however, two instances of Ninox owl calls were reported anecdotally within The Settlement. There was speculation from some Island residents that the recovered boobook could have been an individual of the extinct endemic subspecies, the Lord Howe Boobook N. novaeseelandiae albaria. The boobook was forwarded to the Australian Museum for further visual scrutiny, collection of morphometric data, DNA analysis, and preparation for the Australian Museum collection. There was overlap in plumage and morphological measurements between both the Tasmanian Boobook (N. leucopsis) and the nominate Tasman Morepork from New Zealand (N. n. novaeseelandiae), but the specimen was distinct from the larger Australian mainland N. boobook. DNA analysis provided conclusive evidence that the bird was a male N. leucopsis, exhibiting an overall clean-white spotted pattern and darker brown coloration. The occurrence of a Ninox species on Lord Howe Island is the first record in more than 50 years and should prompt further exploration of the dispersal and possible migration of boobooks from Tasmania.

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P. Armstrong, Doug, and John G. Ewen. "Testing for food limitation in reintroduced Hihi populations: contrasting results for two islands." Pacific Conservation Biology 7, no. 2 (2001): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc010087.

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The Hihi Notiomystis cincta, a New Zealand honeyeater (Aves: Meliphagidae), became extinct everywhere except one offshore island following European colonization, Attempts to establish Hihi on additional islands in the 1980s had poor success, and this was attributed to food limitation. These islands had all been modified by human use, and had a lower diversity of natural carbohydrate (fruit and nectar) sources than the source island, particularly in winter. When Hihi were released on two additional islands, Mokoia and Tiritiri Matangi, we used supplementation experiments to test whether condition and survival of birds were limited by availability of carbohydrate food. Sugar water was provided on an on-off basis from autumn through spring in the year after the release. Birds were weighed at the beginning and end of fed periods, and survival for fed and unfed periods was estimated using mark-recapture analysis on sighting data. Armstrong and Perrott (2000) reported that supplementary feeding had no effect on condition or survival on Mokoia, and annual survival was about 40%, both in the year of the experiment and in subsequent years when food was supplied continuously. This paper reports contrasting results for Tiritiri Matangi. Supplementary feeding on Tiritiri Matangi increased both condition and survival, and overall survival was substantially higher than on Mokoia - 66% in the year of the experiment and 76% the following year when food was supplied continuously. It therefore appears that supplementary feeding can be used to improve survival of Hihi on Tiritiri Matangi, whereas survival is constrained to a low level by other factors on Mokoia. These results emphasize the value of habitat manipulation experiments for developing appropriate management strategies for reintroduced populations.

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Bromham, Lindell, Robert Lanfear, Phillip Cassey, Gillian Gibb, and Marcel Cardillo. "Reconstructing past species assemblages reveals the changing patterns and drivers of extinction through time." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1744 (August 2012): 4024–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1437.

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Predicting future species extinctions from patterns of past extinctions or current threat status relies on the assumption that the taxonomic and biological selectivity of extinction is consistent through time. If the driving forces of extinction change through time, this assumption may be unrealistic. Testing the consistency of extinction patterns between the past and the present has been difficult, because the phylogenetically explicit methods used to model present-day extinction risk typically cannot be applied to the data from the fossil record. However, the detailed historical and fossil records of the New Zealand avifauna provide a unique opportunity to reconstruct a complete, large faunal assemblage for different periods in the past. Using the first complete phylogeny of all known native New Zealand bird species, both extant and extinct, we show how the taxonomic and phylogenetic selectivity of extinction, and biological correlates of extinction, change from the pre-human period through Polynesian and European occupation, to the present. These changes can be explained both by changes in primary threatening processes, and by the operation of extinction filter effects. The variable patterns of extinction through time may confound attempts to identify risk factors that apply across time periods, and to infer future species declines from past extinction patterns and current threat status.

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MARCHÉ, JORDAN D. "“GIANT BIRDS OF OLD”: AN 1837 POEM BY JAMES DWIGHT DANA (?) ON THE SUPPOSED MAKERS OF THE CONNECTICUT VALLEY'S FOSSIL TRACKWAYS." Earth Sciences History 38, no. 2 (November 1, 2019): 276–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6178-38.2.276.

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ABSTRACT An 1842 letter from Benjamin Silliman, Jr., to Edward Hitchcock contains the only known text of a poem that was reportedly composed five years earlier by an anonymous ‘tutor’ at Yale College. The poem's light-hearted verses depicted how the recently-described three-toed fossil footprints (now known to have been produced by theropod dinosaurs) were supposedly made by “giant birds of old”, as Hitchcock's recent investigation had concluded. The poem's lines offered a verbal ‘reconstruction’ of that ancient scene, along with suggesting the existence of two marsupial animals which may have borne witness to the passage of the trackmakers; one of which was plausible while the other was not. These ‘witnesses’ provide evidence that the poem's author was well informed upon contemporary geology and paleontology in a manner far beyond that of the common person. This article first reviews Hitchcock's inferences derived from the fossil evidence that the footprints had been made by multiple species of extinct birds, one of which attained enormous size, and the subsequent controversies regarding those claims that arose in America and Europe. Description by comparative anatomist Richard Owen of fossil bones of the much younger Moa or Dinornis from Recent strata in New Zealand seemingly vindicated Hitchcock's arguments and brought those disputes to a close. While the true identity of the poet remains inconclusive, internal evidence from the poem itself points to it having been composed by Yale graduate James Dwight Dana. His placement as an ‘assistant’ within the chemistry laboratory under Benjamin Silliman, Sr., at that time appears to support Silliman, Jr.'s assertion regarding the poet's identity. Probable reasons for the apparent suppression of the poem's existence and its authorship are likewise explored. The former was finally eased after Dana's return from the U.S. Exploring Expedition in 1842, but the latter was not.

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Garnett, Stephen T., Penny Olsen, Stuart H. M. Butchart, and Ary A. Hoffmann. "Did hybridization save the Norfolk Island boobook owl Ninox novaeseelandiae undulata?" Oryx 45, no. 4 (October 2011): 500–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605311000871.

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AbstractThe population of the Norfolk Island boobook owl Ninox novaeseelandiae undulata, a nocturnal bird restricted to the Australian territory of Norfolk Island, was reduced to a single female in 1986. Deliberate introduction of two males of its nearest relative, the New Zealand boobook N. n. novaeseelandiae, as a conservation intervention has allowed the taxon to persist on Norfolk Island, albeit in hybrid form. Although declared Extinct in 2000, a re-examination of this unique situation has concluded there is a strong argument that the taxon should be categorized as Critically Endangered because, on average, approximately half the nuclear genome of the original taxon and all the mitochondrial DNA is conserved in all living owls on the island. This thus represents a special case in which the taxon can be considered to be extant, in hybrid form, even though no pure-bred individuals survive. More generally, we suggest that, in exceptional cases, hybridization may not be a threat to highly threatened species and that guidelines are needed to determine when to consider hybrid populations as extant forms of the original taxon, and when to declare extinction through hybridization.

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Lévêque, Lucile, Jessie C. Buettel, Scott Carver, and Barry W. Brook. "Characterizing the spatio-temporal threats, conservation hotspots and conservation gaps for the most extinction-prone bird family (Aves: Rallidae)." Royal Society Open Science 8, no. 9 (September 2021): 210262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.210262.

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With thousands of vertebrate species now threatened with extinction, there is an urgent need to understand and mitigate the causes of wildlife collapse. Rails (Aves: Rallidae), being the most extinction-prone bird family globally, and with one-third of extant rail species now threatened or near threatened, are an emphatic case in point. Here, we undertook a global synthesis of the temporal and spatial threat patterns for Rallidae and determined conservation priorities and gaps. We found two key pathways in the threat pattern for rails. One follows the same trajectory as extinct rails, where island endemic and flightless rails are most threatened, mainly due to invasive predators. The second, created by the diversification of anthropogenic activities, involves continental rails, threatened mainly by agriculture, natural system modifications, and residential and commercial development. Indonesia, the USA, the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Cuba were the priority countries identified by our framework incorporating species' uniqueness and the level of endangerment, but also among the countries that lack conservation actions the most. Future efforts should predominantly target improvements in ecosystem protection and management, as well as ongoing research and monitoring. Forecasting the impacts of climate change on island endemic rails will be particularly valuable to protect rails.

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Johansson, Ulf S., Eric Pasquet, and Martin Irestedt. "The New Zealand Thrush: An Extinct Oriole." PLoS ONE 6, no. 9 (September 9, 2011): e24317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024317.

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Mathews., G. M. "Notes on New Zealand Birds." Ibis 77, no. 4 (April 3, 2008): 884–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1935.tb01639.x.

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Kirk, T. W. "Notes on some New-Zealand Birds." Ibis 31, no. 3 (June 28, 2008): 296–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1889.tb06450.x.

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Lambert, David M., Lara D. Shepherd, Leon Huynen, Gabrielle Beans-Picón, Gimme H. Walter, and Craig D. Millar. "The Molecular Ecology of the Extinct New Zealand Huia." PLoS ONE 4, no. 11 (November 25, 2009): e8019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008019.

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Buller, Walter. "On some New Species of New-Zealand Birds." Ibis 5, no. 17 (June 28, 2008): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1869.tb07092.x.

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Buller, Walter. "On some New Species of New-Zealand Birds." Ibis 11, no. 1 (June 28, 2008): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1869.tb07151.x.

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Schmidt, Gerald D., and Frances R. Allison. "New records of cestodes of New Zealand birds." New Zealand Journal of Zoology 16, no. 3 (July 1989): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1989.10422913.

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Hutton., F. W. "Notes on certain Birds of New Zealand." Ibis 16, no. 1 (June 28, 2008): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1874.tb05920.x.

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Kirk, T. W. "Notes on the Birds of New Zealand." Ibis 30, no. 1 (June 28, 2008): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1888.tb07722.x.

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Canoville, Aurore, Anusuya Chinsamy, and Delphine Angst. "New Comparative Data on the Long Bone Microstructure of Large Extant and Extinct Flightless Birds." Diversity 14, no. 4 (April 15, 2022): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14040298.

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Here, we investigate whether bone microanatomy can be used to infer the locomotion mode (cursorial vs. graviportal) of large terrestrial birds. We also reexamine, or describe for the first time, the bone histology of several large extant and extinct flightless birds to (i) document the histovariability between skeletal elements of the hindlimb; (ii) improve our knowledge of the histological diversity of large flightless birds; (iii) and reassess previous hypotheses pertaining to the growth strategies of modern palaeognaths. Our results show that large extinct terrestrial birds, inferred as graviportal based on hindlimb proportions, also have thicker diaphyseal cortices and/or more bony trabeculae in the medullary region than cursorial birds. We also report for the first time the occurrence of growth marks (not associated with an outer circumferential layer-OCL) in the cortices of several extant ratites. These observations support earlier hypotheses that flexible growth patterns can be present in birds when selection pressures for rapid growth within a single year are absent. We also document the occurrence of an OCL in several skeletally mature ratites. Here, the high incidence of pathologies among the modern species is attributed to the fact that these individuals were probably long-lived zoo specimens.

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Surovell, Todd A., and Brigid S. Grund. "The Associational Critique of Quaternary Overkill and why it is Largely Irrelevant to the Extinction Debate." American Antiquity 77, no. 4 (October 2012): 672–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.77.4.672.

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AbstractThe overkill hypothesis has been criticized using a simple observation–with the exception of New Zealand, there is little evidence for human hunting of extinct Quaternary faunas. We explore the legitimacy of this argument, or what we call the “Associational Critique,” the idea that the paucity of evidence for the subsistence exploitation of extinct taxa weakens or falsifies overkill. Using quantitative and probabilistic models, based on the temporal depth of extinction events, human demography, and taphonomic bias, we ask how many associations with extinct fauna should have been found by this point in time in Australia, North America, and New Zealand. We conclude that such evidence should be rare in Australia, of intermediate abundance in North America, and common in New Zealand, a conclusion very much in accord with the current state of the archaeological record. We reach a similar conclusion using an analysis of the relative frequency of radiocarbon dates from each region dating to the time of coexistence of humans and extinct fauna. We argue that a scarcity of evidence for the exploitation of extinct fauna is not only consistent with overkill but also nearly every other extinction hypothesis that has been proposed, thus rendering the Associational Critique irrelevant.

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Rychert, Catherine A., and Nicholas Harmon. "Fluid-rich extinct volcanoes cause small earthquakes beneath New Zealand." Nature 595, no. 7866 (July 7, 2021): 178–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-01703-7.

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Kessler, Jenő Eugen. "Evolution and presence of diurnal predatory birds in the Carpathian Basin." Ornis Hungarica 26, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 102–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/orhu-2018-0008.

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Abstract The author describes the presence of the oldest extinct diurnal birds of prey species in the world and fossilized representatives of different families, as well as the presence of recent species in the Carpathian Basin among fossilized remains. In case of ospreys, one of the oldest known materials is classified as a new extinct species named Pandion pannonicus. The text is supplemented by a plate and a size chart.

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Pole, Mike. "Plant-macrofossil assemblages during Pliocene uplift, South Island, New Zealand." Australian Journal of Botany 55, no. 2 (2007): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt06055.

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Organically preserved plant macrofossils, which accumulated during the period of late Neogene tectonic uplift, were documented from four localities in the South Island. These include Arapito Road (near Karamea), Waitahu River (near Reefton), Tadmor (south of Nelson) and Grey River (north of Christchurch). The assemblages from these localities were species-poor compared with older Cenozoic assemblages, but included a range of conifers and angiosperms. Of note was the presence of Acmopyle (currently extinct in New Zealand) and Cupressaceae in all four localities. At least two new species of Acmopyle were present, with leaf shapes distinctly different from any currently known. One of them (A. kirrileeae sp. nov.) had unflattened, awl-like foliage, whereas the other (A. biformis sp. nov.) had dimorphic foliage, including very distinct bilaterally flattened leaves with a mucronate apex. Both of these were distinct from the flattened foliage, which predominates on extant Acmopyle. Other conifers included Araucaria, Dacrycarpus, Dacrydium, Phyllocladus and Libocedrus. Angiosperms included Beauprea (now extinct in New Zealand) Beilschmiedia, Knightia sp., Metrosideros, Nothofagus and probably Pseudowintera, Pseudopanax and Cunoniaceae. The assemblages suggest temperate conditions.

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Tompkins, Daniel, Cheryl Johansen, Richard Jakob-Hoff, David Pulford, Isabel Castro, and Graham Mackereth. "Surveillance for arboviral zoonoses in New Zealand birds." Western Pacific Surveillance and Response Journal 4, no. 4 (December 5, 2013): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5365/wpsar.2013.4.3.002.

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Star, Paul. "Human Agency and Exotic Birds in New Zealand." Environment and History 20, no. 2 (May 1, 2014): 275–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/096734014x13941952681070.

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Worthy, T. H. "Loss of flight ability in the extinct New Zealand duckEuryanas finschi." Journal of Zoology 215, no. 4 (August 1988): 619–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1988.tb02399.x.

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Allentoft, Morten Erik, Rasmus Heller, Charlotte L. Oskam, Eline D. Lorenzen, Marie L. Hale, M. Thomas P. Gilbert, Christopher Jacomb, Richard N. Holdaway, and Michael Bunce. "Extinct New Zealand megafauna were not in decline before human colonization." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 13 (March 17, 2014): 4922–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1314972111.

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Gill, B. J. "Osteometry and systematics of the extinct New Zealand ravens (Aves: Corvidae:Corvus)." Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 1, no. 1 (January 2003): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1477201903001019.

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Leschen, Richard A. B., and Brigit E. Rhode. "A new genus and species of large extinct Ulodidae (Coleoptera) from New Zealand." New Zealand Entomologist 25, no. 1 (January 2002): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00779962.2002.9722095.

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Cockrem, JF. "Timing of seasonal breeding in birds, with particular reference to New Zealand birds." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 7, no. 1 (1995): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9950001.

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A model to explain the timing of seasonal breeding in birds is presented. It is assumed that, despite the wide range in egg-laying seasons, there are common physiological mechanisms which underlie seasonality in birds and that most, if not all, birds are photoperiodic. Birds are considered to possess an internal rhythm of reproduction which is synchronized with seasonal changes in the environment by external factors, particularly the annual cycle of daylength. The rhythm consists, at least in part, of regular changes in the photoperiodic response between states of photosensitivity and photorefractoriness. Avian breeding seasons effectively start in autumn when birds become photosensitive, regardless of when egg-laying occurs. The timing of breeding is then influenced by the rate of increase of hypothalamic 'drive' and by the sensitivity of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to inhibitory feedback from gonadal steroids. If sensitivity is high, gonadal growth will not occur until the threshold daylength for photostimulation is exceeded after the winter solstice. Egg-laying then starts in late winter, spring or summer. Alternatively, steroid feedback may be relatively low and gonadal growth may be sufficiently rapid once the birds become photosensitive that breeding occurs in late autumn or winter. The time of egg-laying in birds may also be strongly influenced by supplementary information, such as social cues, food availability, temperature and rainfall and, in some species, this information is more important than daylength in determining the timing of breeding. The review also includes the first summary of the breeding seasons of New Zealand birds. The pattern of egg-laying is exactly the same in native birds, in birds introduced to New Zealand and in other Southern hemisphere birds from similar latitudes, with a broad peak of egg-laying occurring from September to December. In addition, annual cycles of steroid hormone concentrations in the North Island brown kiwi, the yellow-eyed penguin and the kakapo are consistent with results from many studies on Northern hemisphere birds. This model for the timing of breeding in birds can be applied to New Zealand birds and it is concluded that the physiological control mechanisms for the timing of seasonal breeding in New Zealand birds are similar to those of other birds.

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Tennyson, Alan J. D., Liam Greer, Pascale Lubbe, Felix G. Marx, Marcus D. Richards, Simone Giovanardi, and Nicolas J. Rawlence. "A New Species of Large Duck (Aves: Anatidae) from the Miocene of New Zealand." Taxonomy 2, no. 1 (March 9, 2022): 136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/taxonomy2010011.

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We describe a new species of extinct duck, Miotadorna catrionae sp. nov. (Anatidae, Tadornini, Tadorninae), based on a right humerus from the Miocene lacustrine deposits of St Bathans, Otago, New Zealand. Principal component analysis reveals that the new taxon is distinguished by its large size and relative proportions. This is the eighth and largest species of duck described from the St Bathans fossil assemblage and further underscores the global importance of this site for understanding anatid evolution.

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Finsch, O. "Remarks on some species of Birds from New Zealand." Ibis 11, no. 4 (April 3, 2008): 378–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1869.tb06890.x.

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Buller, Walter. "Remarks on some disputed species of New-Zealand Birds." Ibis 12, no. 4 (June 28, 2008): 455–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1870.tb05811.x.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Extinct birds – New Zealand'

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