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Journal articles on the topic 'External United States'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Miller, K. M. "Measurements of External Radiation in United States Dwellings." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 45, no. 1-4 (December 1, 1992): 535–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a081598.

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2

Miller, K. M. "Measurements of External Radiation in United States Dwellings." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 45, no. 1-4 (December 1, 1992): 535–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/45.1-4.535.

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3

Firestone, William A., and David Mayrowetz. "Rethinking “High Stakes”: Lessons from the United States and England and Wales." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 102, no. 4 (August 2000): 724–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146810010200403.

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Based on fieldwork conducted in England, Wales, and two American states, this paper suggests six themes about “high stakes testing.” First, not all stakes are perceived to be equally high. Second, pressure to respond to a test comes from more than just formal stakes. Third, external pressure leads to symbolic responses outside the classroom. Fourth, external pressure can be useful for changing content taught. Fifth, external pressure is less effective in changing instructional strategy than content taught. Sixth, the effects of stakes will depend on a variety of other policy factors.

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4

Darden, Keith A. "Russian Revanche: External Threats & Regime Reactions." Daedalus 146, no. 2 (April 2017): 128–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00440.

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Has the development of post-Soviet Russia in an international system dominated by a democracy-promoting United States bred an authoritarian reaction in Russia as a response to perceived threats from the West? Beginning with the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999, Russian elites have increasingly seen the United States as a distinctively threatening power, one with a strategy to exploit civic organizations, ethnic groups, and other forms of domestic pluralism as “fifth columns” in an effort to overthrow unfriendly regimes. With each new crisis in U.S.-Russian relations – Ukraine 2004, Georgia 2008, Ukraine 2014 – the Russian leadership has tightened controls over society, the press, and the state. The result is that the United States’ muscular promotion of democracy abroad has produced the opposite of its intended effect on Russia, leading successive Russian governments to balance the perceived threat from the United States by pursuing greater military and intelligence capacity to intervene abroad, and by tightening internal authoritarian controls at home to prevent foreign exploitation of the nascent internal pluralism that emerged in the wake of Communism.

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5

Gagnon, Joseph E. "Predicting external imbalances for the United States and Japan." International Journal of Forecasting 13, no. 2 (June 1997): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-2070(97)00012-5.

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6

Tegtmeier, Erin M., and Michael D. Duffy. "External Costs of Agricultural Production in the United States." International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 2, no. 1 (January 2004): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2004.9684563.

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7

Holtfreter, Robert E., and Adrian Harrington. "Data breach trends in the United States." Journal of Financial Crime 22, no. 2 (May 5, 2015): 242–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-09-2013-0055.

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Purpose – The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the trends of various types of data breaches and their compromised records in the USA using a new model recently developed by the authors. Design/methodology/approach – The 2,280 data breaches and over 512 million related compromised records tracked by the Privacy Rights Clearinghouse from 2005 through 2010 were analyzed and classified into four external, five internal and one non-traceable data breach categories, after which trends were determined for each. Findings – The findings indicate that although the trends for the annual number of data breaches and each of the internal and external categories and their related compromised records have increased over the six-year period, the changes have not been consistent from year to year. Practical implications – By classifying data breaches into internal and external categories with the use of this new data breach model provides an excellent methodological framework for organizations to use to develop more workable strategies for safeguarding personal information of consumers, clients, employees and other entities. Originality/value – The topic of data breaches remains salient to profit and nonprofit organizations, researchers, legislators, as well as criminal justice practitioners and consumer advocate groups.

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8

Sobański, Konrad. "'Dark Matter' in the External Sector of the United States." Economics and Business Review 5, no. 2 (2019): 86–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.18559/ebr.2019.2.5.

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9

Goldfajn, Ilan. "Predicting current external imbalances for the United States and Japan." Journal of Asian Economics 7, no. 2 (June 1996): 337–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1049-0078(96)90012-3.

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10

Makin, Anthony J. "Feasible Limits for External Deficits and Debt." Global Economy Journal 5, no. 1 (January 2005): 1850030. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1043.

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Large current account deficits and foreign debt levels remain a source of concern for international financial markets and policymakers. Yet, exactly what an “excessive” external deficit or liability position for an advanced economy is at any time has never been adequately defined. This article addresses the question by proposing new methods for assessing the proximity of current account deficits and the associated foreign debt to their upper bounds. It contends that productive investment fundamentally sets the feasible limit for current account deficits, whereas the capital to output ratio ultimately sets the foreign debt to GDP limit. Benchmark estimates for the United States, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, advanced economies that have borrowed heavily since 1990, reveal external deficits have usually been well within limits, although recent United States experience is an exception.

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11

Iwata, Kazumasa. "Budgetary balance, aging, and external balance: The future of the United States-Japan external imbalance." Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 5, no. 4 (December 1991): 473–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0889-1583(91)90009-f.

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12

Wareham, N. J. "External monitoring of quality of health care in the United States." Quality and Safety in Health Care 3, no. 2 (June 1, 1994): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/qshc.3.2.97.

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13

Staniland, Martin. "The United States and the external aviation policy of the EU." Journal of European Public Policy 2, no. 1 (March 1995): 19–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13501769508406973.

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14

Frydl, Kathleen J. "Kidnapping and State Development in the United States." Studies in American Political Development 20, no. 1 (April 2006): 18–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x06000022.

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A nation-state defending against threats may, in the process, alter itself: some threats cannot be handled by existing political and institutional arrangements. Of course, the dynamic response undertaken to answer external, state-issued threats has been widely noted. Many students of government—if not history—understand wars between nations to be a great catalyst for state development. Interestingly, even non-state and vastly weaker threats can elicit transformative responses.

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15

Tikhonov, Yu P. "Formation of Dependent Communication Regime of Ukraine: United States Impact." Russia & World: Sc. Dialogue, no. 3 (August 21, 2022): 108–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.53658/rw2022-2-3(5)-108-119.

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The article is devoted to the issues of the influence of external actors on country communication modes and their dependence as the result. This influence is a consequence of the unsettled global communication, which allows hegemons to influence states and country communication modes in the field of information and communication exchange. The communication regime of Ukraine, which was not previously the subject of scientific research, and its formation under the influence of external actors are of particular importance in the context of the current geopolitical situation. Based on the designed system criteria of dependence of the communication mode, which include the commonality of the past and its influence on the modern structure of communication, the language of communication (actual and official), the presence of preferences / restrictions on the activities of communication channels, the participation of foreign actors in rulemaking, the development of strategies in the field of information and communication exchange, dependence on external decision-making centers, communication coverage (territory control, broadcast to the whole territory), investments and financing of the communication sphere, ownership of communication media, the author analyzes the impact of the United States on the communication regime of Ukraine. The influence revealed as a result testifies not only to the dependence of the communication regime, but also in the context of the current conjuncture of international relations allows us to judge the fragmentation of the communication regime of Ukraine under the influence of external actors, which in the future will not contribute to the formation of a single stable information and communication space in Ukraine.

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Ubandawaki, Umar. "Perceptions in Nigeria and United States of America relations." Global Journal of Sociology: Current Issues 7, no. 2 (September 10, 2017): 116–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjs.v7i2.2397.

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AbstractNigeria and United States of America are colossal and strategic in global security concern. Over the years, a number of domestic and external factors have, individually or collectively, shaped the pattern of relations between the two countries in military and security affairs. These factors include oil, population, military and security capabilities as well as threat posed by terrorism. This paper posits that analysis of perceptions of decision makers is relevant in explaining the factors and in understanding the pattern of relations between the two countries. The paper uses Stimulus-Response Model of Decisionmaking to examine perception of decision makers of Nigeria and the USA. Using qualitative method of data collection and analysis, the paper establishes that some domestic and external factors such as oil, peacekeeping credentials and threat of terrorism produced either cooperation of disagreement in the relations. The paper concludes that positive perception displayed by the USA against stimuli of oil and peacekeeping credentials of Nigeria promotes understanding in the relations;while negative perception by the USA towards threat of terrorism and population of Nigeria facilitates misunderstanding in the relations. Thus, the paper suggests that the two countries should always emphasize factors that promote understanding in their relations. Keywords: Decisions, Nigeria, perception, relationn, security, USA.

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17

Blanchard, Jean-Marc F. "The United States - China Rivalry and the BRI." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 21, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 288–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2021-21-2-288-303.

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The article describes the United States - China rivalry and Chinas Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) through a fine-grained review of primary materials such as major US policy documents and speeches by and media interviews with key American foreign policy decisionmakers, as well as the selective use of secondary materials such as think tank studies and articles in scholarly publications. It shows that the BRI has fueled the bilateral rivalry since its birth in 2013 and that the rivalry, in turn, has affected US views about the BRI. Under President Barack Obama, the US took a muted stance towards the BRI, expressing modestly cooperative sentiments regarding it. In contrast, under President Donald Trump, Washingtons posture towards the BRI dramatically changed with his administration frequently denigrating the BRI, raising it in major security and foreign policy documents, initiating competing development schemes such as the BUILD Act, and building closer cooperation with allies against Chinas venture. Despite its angst about the BRI, however, the Trump administration never launched any large-scale countermeasures. This article contributes to clarifying the situation by correcting some factual errors in past analyses and updating the general understanding about the Trump administrations response. It systematically contemplates how internal and external economic, political, and ideational factors affected the Obama and Trump administrations responses to the BRI, demonstrating that such factors shaped or shifted US policy or bounded its form and intensity. These factors, being similar to those stressed by neoclassical realists who emphasize the role of leaders as interpreters within limits of the external environment and responders to it subject to various domestic constraints, provide a foundation which is used to speculate about the USs probable response to the BRI under President Joseph Biden, Jr.

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18

Hooper, Peter, and Jaime R. Marquez. "Exchange Rates, Prices, and External Adjustment in the United States and Japan." International Finance Discussion Paper 1993, no. 456 (1993): 1–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/ifdp.1993.456.

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19

Oliver, Jeremie D., Daniel Boczar, Andrea Sisti, Maria T. Huayllani, David J. Restrepo, Aaron C. Spaulding, Emmanuel Gabriel, Sanjay Bagaria, Brian D. Rinker, and Antonio J. Forte. "National Analysis of Patients With External Ear Melanoma in the United States." Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 30, no. 8 (November 2019): e787-e790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/scs.0000000000005777.

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20

MEULLENET, J. F., V. K. GRIFFIN, K. CARSON, G. DAVIS, S. DAVIS, J. GROSS, J. A. HANKINS, et al. "RICE EXTERNAL PREFERENCE MAPPING FOR ASIAN CONSUMERS LIVING IN THE UNITED STATES." Journal of Sensory Studies 16, no. 1 (February 2001): 73–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-459x.2001.tb00291.x.

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21

W. Keep, William, and Peter J. Vander Nat. "Multilevel marketing and pyramid schemes in the United States." Journal of Historical Research in Marketing 6, no. 2 (May 13, 2014): 188–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhrm-01-2014-0002.

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Purpose – This paper aims to analyze the evolution of direct selling – a retail channel that successfully sold products ranging from cosmetics to radios to automobiles – to multilevel marketing (MLM), an industry now apparently heavily reliant on selling to itself. As the courts have found some MLM companies to be pyramid schemes, the analysis includes the overlap between the legal MLM model and an illegal pyramid scheme. Design/methodology/approach – The development of direct selling in the USA was examined, followed by the factors contributing to the design and growth of the MLM model and its non-commission-based compensation structure. Then, the key legal decisions regarding illegal pyramid schemes operating under the guise of MLM, the relative stagnation of direct selling and the state of the MLM industry were examined. Findings – As the MLM model operates on the dual premise of retailing through a network of distributors and recruiting new distributors to do the same, it was found that federal regulators and the courts consistently focus on the “retail question” – the existence and extent of sales to consumers external to the distributor network. The authors argue that without a significant external customer base, internal consumption by an ever-churning base of participants resembles neither employee purchases nor a buying club. Social implications – As the MLM model facilitated the growth of pyramid scheme fraud, creating victims rather than customers, this research highlights successful efforts to regulate this type of consumer fraud. Originality/value – Few papers have been written on MLM and pyramids schemes, and none thus far has taken an historical perspective.

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22

Frolov, Alexander. "Struggle for Libya: External Actors and Their Bets." Uchenie zapiski Instituta Afriki RAN, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31132/2412-5717-2021-55-2-19-36.

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Libya is the country affected most by the Arab Spring and actually disintegrated into separate enclaves, which was largely facilitated by the actions of external actors, primarily the United States and France. External forces continue to influence the situation in Libya in their own interests, largely consisting in access to the natural resources of this country and ensuring political influence through the support of forces loyal to them. In addition to the abovementioned countries, Italy, Germany, Russia, China, Turkey, Egypt and, to a certain extent, Saudi Arabia and the UAE are also involved in the Libyan events. The article examines in a historical context their views on the problem, the interests of external actors and the military-political and economic tools used to ensure them. The pandemic somewhat constrained their actions, but in the current situation Turkey was the most active, intervening in the course of the Libyan conflict, showing a high degree of interest in access to Libyan oil and gas, and strengthening its own, including geopolitical, positions. The United States is trying to act through UN institutions, while Russia is trying to find compromises between the two main forces of the Libyan conflict. At this stage, the positions of external players are so contradictory that achieving peace and stability looks difficult, and attempts to coordinate their actions within the framework of the Berlin Forum have not been crowned with success. For now, the efforts of the United States look preferable in terms of influencing the overall situation, although Germany retains the best chances to mediate. The article also examines the possible consequences of the unsettled situation in Libya and the impact of the Libyan events on the outside world.

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23

Filatotchev, Igor, Salim Chahine, and Garry D. Bruton. "Board Interlocks and Initial Public Offering Performance in the United States and the United Kingdom: An Institutional Perspective." Journal of Management 44, no. 4 (January 27, 2016): 1620–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206315621145.

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Building on the institutional perspective on capital markets, we examine the process of legitimation that underpins investor valuation of initial public offerings in the context of institutional polycentricism. We focus on the impact of board interlocks of the CEO and internal and external board members on investor perceptions of initial public offering firms in the United States and United Kingdom. We find that the extent of board members’ interlocks relates positively to the extent of the CEO’s interlocks, but this relationship is stronger in the United Kingdom than in the United States. More extensive interlocks lead to higher valuations in the United Kingdom than in the United States. This is the result of differences in institutional confluences that underpin corporate governance in the two culturally related countries.

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24

Muller, Nicholas Z., Robert Mendelsohn, and William Nordhaus. "Environmental Accounting for Pollution in the United States Economy." American Economic Review 101, no. 5 (August 1, 2011): 1649–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.101.5.1649.

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This study presents a framework to include environmental externalities into a system of national accounts. The paper estimates the air pollution damages for each industry in the United States. An integrated-assessment model quantifies the marginal damages of air pollution emissions for the US which are multiplied times the quantity of emissions by industry to compute gross damages. Solid waste combustion, sewage treatment, stone quarrying, marinas, and oil and coal-fired power plants have air pollution damages larger than their value added. The largest industrial contributor to external costs is coal-fired electric generation, whose damages range from 0.8 to 5.6 times value added. (JEL E01, L94, Q53, Q56)

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25

Wang, Lei. "China and the United States in Africa." China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies 06, no. 01 (January 2020): 123–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2377740020500037.

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China and the United States are among the most important external stakeholders in Africa’s peace, security, and prosperity. The African continent, with some of the world’s fastest-growing economies, an expanding consumer base, and an exploding youth population, has recently witnessed intensifying China-U.S. competition. In economic and trade terms, the United States is playing catch-up as Beijing has long ago overtaken Washington as the continent’s largest trading partner and investor. While China regards Africa’s adherence to the “One China” principle as the only political prerequisite for its engagement with the continent, the United States views greater democracy and rule of law in Africa as in the best interests of both. China’s security presence in Africa pales in comparison with that of the United States, as Washington boasts an extensive network of military bases on the continent while Beijing’s peace and security engagement mainly involves multilateral UN peacekeeping operations and bilateral security cooperation, such as arms sales and training programs. However, growing China-U.S. competition does not necessarily crowd out shared interests or preclude closer coordination in specific areas, for example, market development, infrastructure building, anti-piracy, health capacity-building, and so on. By fending off a senseless ideological contest, respecting each other’s core interests in Africa, accommodating Africans’ development aspirations and security concerns, Beijing and Washington can find more common ground than many believe.

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26

Sharma, Aishwarya, and Sharon Mace. "Reviewing Disasters: Hospital Evacuations in the United States from 2000 to 2017." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19000633.

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Introduction:Between 2000 to 2017, there were over 150 hospital evacuations in the United States. Data received from approximately 35 states were primarily concentrated in California, Florida, and Texas. This analysis will provide disaster planners and administrators statistics on hazards that cause disruptions to hospital facilities.Aim:The aim of this study is to investigate US hospital evacuations by compiling the data into external, internal, and man-made disasters thus creating a risk assessment for disaster planning.Methods:Hospital reports were retrieved from LexisNexis, Google, and PubMed databases and categorized according to evacuees, duration, location, and type. These incidents were grouped into three classifications: external, internal, and man-made. Both partial and full evacuations were included in the study design.Results:There were a total of 154 reported evacuations in the United States. 110 (71%) were due to external threats, followed by 24 (16%) man-made threats, and 20 (13%) internal threats. Assessing the external causes, 60 (55%) were attributed to hurricanes, 21 (19%) to wildfires, and 8 (7%) to storms. From the internal threats, 8 (40%) were attributed to hospital fires and 4 (20%) chemical fumes. From the man-made threats, 6 (40%) were attributed to bomb threats and 4 (27%) gunmen. From the 20 total reported durations of evacuations, 9 (45%) lasted between 2 to 11:59 hours, 6 (30%) lasted over 24 hours, and 5 (25%) lasted up to 1:59 hours.Discussion:Over 70% of hospital evacuations in the US were due to natural disasters. Compared to 1971-1999, there was an increase in internal and man-made threats. Exact statistics on evacuees, durations, injuries, and mortality rates were unascertainable due to a lack of reporting. It is critical to implement a national registry to report specifics on incidences of evacuations to further assist with disaster and infrastructure planning.

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27

Rawdon, Vicki A., Frank N. Willis, and Emily J. Ficken. "Locus of Control in Young Adults in Russia and the United States." Perceptual and Motor Skills 80, no. 2 (April 1995): 599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1995.80.2.599.

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A comparison of scores on perceived relative economic status and locus of control was made between young adults in Russia and in the United States prior to the fall of communism. 84 students in Moscow and 88 students in the USA were voluntary participants. There was no national difference in mean perceived, relative economic status. The Russian students scored more external than the USA students on over-all locus of control and on the subcategories of Luck/Fate, Academics, Leadership/Success, and Politics. This pattern reversed with the Respect subcategory. USA students scored more external than those in Russia. These findings agree with past comparisons of samples from collectivist and democratic societies.

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28

Thorson, James A. "To Die with Your Boots On: Relative Lethality of the States." Psychological Reports 72, no. 3 (June 1993): 843–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1993.72.3.843.

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External causes of death (accidents, suicides, and homicides) account for slightly more than seven percent of all deaths in the United States. This percentage varies, however, from less than five percent in Rhode Island to almost fifteen percent in New Mexico and over twenty-five percent in Alaska. Relative lethality from external causes among the states is examined, and several explanatory hypotheses for observed differences are presented.

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29

Burnham, Peter. "Re-evaluating the Washington Loan Agreement: a revisionist view of the limits of postwar American power." Review of International Studies 18, no. 3 (July 1992): 241–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210500117255.

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The Financial Agreement signed between the governments of the United States and the United Kingdom on the 6th December 1945 (popularly known as the Washington Loan Agreement, and hereafter referred to as ‘the Agreement’) is widely interpreted as an agreement which imposed fundamental constraints on British external economic policy and is even seen as a benchmark in postwar international relations signalling the subordination of Britain to the level almost of a client state of the United States.

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30

Simon, T. D. "External Causes of Pediatric Injury-related Emergency Department Visits in the United States." Academic Emergency Medicine 11, no. 10 (October 1, 2004): 1042–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1197/j.aem.2004.04.013.

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31

Kassenova, Togzhan. "External perceptions of Brazil's nuclear policy: views from Argentina and the United States." Nonproliferation Review 23, no. 5-6 (November 2016): 595–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10736700.2017.1339932.

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32

Nedeljkovic, Stevan, and Merko Dasic. "UNITED STATES AND WAR ON TERROR: COSTS OF THE PYRRHIC VICTORY." Politika nacionalne bezbednosti 21, no. 2/2021 (December 27, 2021): 75–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22182/pnb.2122021.4.

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The withdrawal of American troops from Afghanistan during August 2021 puts an end to the longest war that America has ever fought and the first phase of the Global War on Terrorism. In this regard, two important questions arise, which we will try to answer in this paper. First, what are the main external and internal consequences that the United States has faced due to engaging in the “War on Terror”? Second, did the U.S. achieve its goals in that war? The external effects we have identified are the crisis of global leadership, the weakening of relations with the allies, the growth of China in the lee, and the rise of populism. Among the internal ones, we included the strengthening of the presidential function, the increase of state power, more profound social polarization, an increase in budget expenditures, and a growing deficit, as well as human casualties. In the end, we contributed to the debate on the nature of the U.S. “victory”. We are providing the argumentation in the direction that the final output of War on Terror should be named Pyrrhic victory.

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33

D’Assumpcao, Carlos, Addie Bugas, Arash Heidari, Sandra Sofinski, and Rick A. McPheeters. "A Case and Review of Ophthalmomyiasis Caused by Oestrus ovis in the Central Valley of California, United States." Journal of Investigative Medicine High Impact Case Reports 7 (January 2019): 232470961983585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2324709619835852.

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Ophthalmomyiasis externa is the infestation of external ocular structures most commonly by Oestrus ovis, sheep nasal bot fly, which have a pupal stage in soil. Farmers and shepherds are commonly affected but rarely in urban areas. This is the first case of Oestrus ovis ophthalmomyiasis externa in California since Catalina Island 1986. No livestock exposure was noted. Manure fertilizer sourced from grazing fields of natural hosts was used on a local urban sports field and is the suspected source.

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34

Nurjanah, Rahma, and Candra Mustika. "The influence of imports, foreign exchange reserves, external debt, and interest rates on the currency exchange rates against the United States Dollar in Southeast Asia Countries." Jurnal Perspektif Pembiayaan dan Pembangunan Daerah 9, no. 4 (October 31, 2021): 365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/ppd.v9i4.12706.

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This study aims to analyze the effect of imports, foreign exchange reserves, foreign debt, and interest rates on the currency exchange rates against the United States Dollar in Southeast Asia countries. The study results found that from 2010 to 2017, the currency exchange rates against the United States Dollar in Southeast Asian countries tended to weaken (depreciate). The highest growth in the exchange rate against the United States dollar was in Indonesia, while the lowest was in Singapore. Foreign exchange reserves negatively affect foreign debt, and imports positively affect countries' exchange rates in the Southeast Asia region against the United States dollar. On the other hand, interest rates do not show a significant effect.

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35

Frydman, Carola, and Eric Hilt. "Investment Banks as Corporate Monitors in the Early Twentieth Century United States." American Economic Review 107, no. 7 (July 1, 2017): 1938–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20150143.

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We study the effect of financial relationships on firms' investment decisions and access to external finance. In the early twentieth century, securities underwriters commonly held directorships with American corporations. Section 10 of the Clayton Antitrust Act prohibited bankers from serving on the boards of railroads for which they underwrote securities. We find that following the implementation of Section 10, railroads with strong preexisting relationships with underwriters saw declines in their investment rates, valuations, and leverage, and increases in their costs of external funds. Reassuringly, we do not observe similar effects among industrials and utilities, which were not subject to Section 10. Our results are consistent with underwriters on corporate boards acting as delegated monitors, and highlight the potential for regulations intended to address conflicts of interest to disrupt valuable information flows. (JEL G24, G31, G32, G34, K22, N21, N22)

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36

Prasetyo, Alvin Sugeng, and Mochamad Devis Susandika. "Analisis Respon Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Indonesia Akibat External Shock Amerika Serikat dan China." e-Journal Ekonomi Bisnis dan Akuntansi 8, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/ejeba.v8i1.22902.

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The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze the response to Indonesia's economic growth caused by external shocks from the United States and China. The method used is VECM, because it is stationary at I (1) and there is cointegration. The estimation results show that the uncertainty of China's economic policies and the contribution of China's economic growth has a greater effect than the United States on Indonesia's economic growth. The shock of the rupiah exchange rate against the US dollar was better than the rupiah exchange rate against the RMB. The shock of changes in oil prices was responded negatively by changes in Indonesia's economic growth. In the long term, there are no signs of a movement in response to changes in Indonesia's economic growth towards equilibrium (convergence).

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Kossow, Sydney. "Creating a United Front: Harmonizing the United States Regulatory Policies Surrounding Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research." SMU Science and Technology Law Review 25, no. 2 (2022): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.25172/smustlr.25.2.7.

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Stem cell therapy is an imperative development in science and medicine that is heavily regulated worldwide. With the potential to cure illnesses, help understand disease development, and advance regenerative medicine, a harmonized regulatory policy is crucial to capitalize on the benefits of stem cells. This article examines an important topic of discussion surrounding stem cell therapy and research: the political debate on how and when embryonic stem cells can be used. In addition to examining ethical challenges, this article discusses the legal challenges surrounding using embryonic stem cells to inform regenerative therapies. Specifically, this article will examine the National Institute of Health’s Guidelines for Human Stem Cell Research and the historic avenues of federal and state legislation to regulate the use of these cells in research. This article discusses the internal and external inconsistencies of the United States’ current regulation of embryonic stem cells and how the divide between states is problematic for the United States’ completive stance in developmental science and medicine. Finally, this article contemplates a cohesive regulatory system influenced by individual states and other countries that currently lead the medical field, to form a united front in approaching the use of stem cells.

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Matson, Tanner A., and David L. Wagner. "A new Stamnodes from the southwestern United States (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae)." ZooKeys 923 (April 1, 2020): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.923.48290.

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Stamnodes fergusonisp. nov. occurs from extreme southeastern Arizona through southern New Mexico east into western Texas, USA. Identity of the new species can be reliably determined by external features, genitalic characters, and COI haplotypes. Larvae are believed to be specialists on Salvia pinguifolia and S. ballotiflora. The adult and larval stages and male and female genitalia are illustrated, available DNA barcode data that support the recognition of the new Stamnodes are reviewed, and its life history briefly characterized.

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Weatherford, M. Stephen, and Haruhiro Fukui. "Domestic adjustment to international shocks in Japan and the United States." International Organization 43, no. 4 (1989): 585–623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300034457.

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Economic interdependence complicates domestic policymaking by interposing the decisions of foreigners in the loop that links policy instrument settings to economic outcomes. Nowhere was this vulnerability to external decisions demonstrated more forcefully—even for the world's major economies—than by the energy supply shocks of 1973 and 1979. The oil shocks posed challenges that offer unusual insight into the way nations choose policies: their severity forced a policy response; their unpredictable timing and (at least in 1973) unprecedented nature ruled out conventional formulas and brought to the fore explicit policy trade-offs. This article seeks to explain how policymakers in the world's two major economies responded to these external shocks. The analysis successively employs three vantage points—system, society, and state—in tracing the sources of domestic adjustment policies. It focuses specifically on the extent to which policies accommodated or extinguished each shock's inflationary impulses and on the coherence and consistency with which the executive in each government formulated and pursued particular policy goals. A comparison of these four cases illustrates the strengths and weaknesses of increasingly detailed theoretical frameworks for explaining policy choice. Although the research does not contradict the depiction of the United States and Japan in terms of state strength, it does underscore the importance of looking beyond formal institutional arrangements to consider how elite policy preferences, ambitions, and capacities can define the way constraints influence policy.

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Mace, Sharon, Daniel Caicedo, and Aishwarya Sharma. "Mortality in Nursing Home Evacuations in the United States from 1995-2017." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19000244.

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Introduction:There are an estimated 15,600 nursing homes with a total of 1.4 million residents in the United States. The number of residents will continue to increase due to the aging population, and the associated morbidities will make it difficult to evacuate them safely.Aim:This study is the first of its kind to provide an analysis of the number of nursing home deaths caused by external and internal events following evacuations.Methods:Information from the databases Lexis Nexis and PubMed were compiled and limited to news articles from 1995-2017. The gathered information included the reason for evacuation, injuries, deaths, and locations within the United States.Results:From 1995 to 2017, there was a total of 51 evacuations and 141 deaths in nursing homes. 27 (53%) evacuations were due to external events which resulted in a combined 121 (86%) deaths, and 24 (47%) evacuations were due to internal events which resulted in a combined 20 (14%) deaths. Hurricanes were responsible for the majority of deaths during evacuations, followed by fires and floods. The number of evacuations and deaths increased the greatest between 2005 to 2008.Discussion:External events have the greatest impact on loss of life. Internal disasters are about equal in the number of incidents, however, external events have a much greater mortality rate. Exact numbers on injuries, morbidity, and mortality are difficult to ascertain, but it appears to be related to natural disasters. In view of the increasing likelihood of natural disasters related to global warming, a drastic improvement of standard evacuation procedures of long-term nursing homes is critical to decreasing mortality of nursing home residents. There also needs to be a nationally standardized method of reporting evacuations in order to better analyze data on nursing homes.

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Bondy, Amy L., Daniel Bonanno, Ryan C. Moffet, Bingbing Wang, Alexander Laskin, and Andrew P. Ault. "The diverse chemical mixing state of aerosol particles in the southeastern United States." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 16 (August 30, 2018): 12595–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-12595-2018.

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Abstract. Aerosols in the atmosphere are chemically complex with thousands of chemical species distributed in different proportions across individual particles in an aerosol population. An internal mixing assumption, with species present in the same proportions across all aerosols, is used in many models and calculations of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, cloud activation, and aerosol optical properties. However, many of these effects depend on the distribution of species within individual particles, and important information can be lost when internal mixtures are assumed. Herein, we show that – as found during the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) in Centreville, Alabama, at a rural, forested location – aerosols frequently are not purely internally mixed, even in the accumulation mode (0.2–1.0 µm). A range of aerosol sources and the mixing state were determined using computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (CCSEM-EDX) and scanning transmission X-ray microscopy–near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (STXM-NEXAFS). Particles that were dominated by SOA and inorganic salts (e.g., ammonium sulfate) were the majority of particles by number fraction from 0.2 to 5 µm with an average of 78 % SOA in the accumulation mode. However, during certain periods contributions by sea spray aerosol (SSA) and mineral dust were significant to accumulation (22 % SSA and 26 % dust) and coarse-mode number concentrations (38 % SSA and 63 % dust). The fraction of particles containing key elements (Na, Mg, K, Ca, and Fe) were determined as a function of size for specific classes of particles. Within internally mixed SOA/sulfate particles < 5 % contained Na, Mg, K, Ca, or Fe, though these nonvolatile cations were present in particles from the other sources (e.g., SSA and dust). Mass estimates of the aerosol elemental components were used to determine the extent of internal versus external mixing by calculating the mixing state index (χ). The aerosol population was more externally mixed than internally mixed during all time periods analyzed. Accumulation mode aerosol ranged from more internally mixed during SOA periods to mostly externally mixed during dust periods. Supermicron aerosols were most externally mixed during SOA time periods, when more SOA particles added a distinct supermicron class, and more internally mixed when dominated by a single particle type (e.g., SSA or dust). These results emphasize that neither external nor internal mixtures fully represent the mixing state of atmospheric aerosols, even in a rural, forested environment, which has important implications for air quality and climate modeling.

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Peinhardt, Clint, Alisha A. Kim, and Viveca Pavon-Harr. "Deforestation and the United States–Peru Trade Promotion Agreement." Global Environmental Politics 19, no. 1 (February 2019): 53–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00498.

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Do environmental provisions in trade agreements make a difference? In part to coopt environmental criticisms, the United States has included environmental components to trade agreements since NAFTA side agreements in the mid-1990s. Environmental components are increasingly more integrated and more specific, as illustrated by the 2009 United States–Peru Trade Promotion Agreement (PTPA). In exchange for increased market access to the United States, the Peruvian government agreed to reduce illegal logging and improve forest sector governance. Recent qualitative assessments of deforestation highlight difficulties in implementing the specific requirements of the PTPA’s Annex on Forest Sector Governance, but tests with Peruvian data on logging appear unreliable. We circumvent this difficulty by using satellite imagery of deforestation across Peruvian border regions and by engaging multiple methods to estimate the PTPA’s impact. All results suggest that deforestation has actually increased since the PTPA entered force, although no more than in other Amazonian countries. We conclude by emphasizing the limits of external imposition of environmental rules, which appear prone to failure unless domestic interests mobilize in their support.

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Onyimadu, Cukwuemeka O., Clifford C. Agbaeze, and Daniel U. Sunday. "Do Productivity Shocks in the United States Matter to Components of Nigeria’s External Sector?" Theoretical Economics Letters 10, no. 01 (2020): 180–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/tel.2020.101012.

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Kaya, Huseyin, Giray Gozgor, and Ender Demir. "Does Economic and Policy Uncertainty Affect External Trade Balance? Evidence from the United States." Central Asian Review of Economics and Policy 1, no. 2 (2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15604/carep.2019.01.02.001.

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Kshirsagar, Rijul S., Priscilla Q. Vu, and Jonathan Liang. "Endoscopic versus external dacryocystorhinostomy: temporal and regional trends in the United States Medicare population." Orbit 38, no. 6 (February 2, 2019): 453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01676830.2019.1572767.

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Wareham, N. J. "Changing systems of external monitoring of quality of health care in the United States." Quality and Safety in Health Care 3, no. 2 (June 1, 1994): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/qshc.3.2.102.

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Burlington, D. Bruce. "Automatic External Defibrillators and the United States Food and Drug Administration: An Invited Commentary." Annals of Emergency Medicine 26, no. 5 (November 1995): 632–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-0644(95)70016-1.

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48

Cronshaw, Ian, and R. Quentin Grafton. "Economic benefits, external costs and the regulation of unconventional gas in the United States." Energy Policy 98 (November 2016): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.08.016.

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van Asch, Charlotte J. J., Birgitta K. Velthuis, Jacoba P. Greving, Peter Jan van Laar, Gabriël J. E. Rinkel, Ale Algra, and Catharina J. M. Klijn. "External Validation of the Secondary Intracerebral Hemorrhage Score in The Netherlands." Stroke 44, no. 10 (October 2013): 2904–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.113.002386.

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Background and Purpose— We aimed to validate externally in a setting outside the United States the secondary intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) score that was developed to predict the probability of macrovascular causes in patients with nontraumatic ICH. Methods— Patients with nontraumatic ICH admitted to the University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands, between 2003 and 2011 were included if an angiographic examination, neurosurgical inspection, or pathological examination had been performed. Secondary ICH score performance was assessed by calibration (agreement between predicted and observed outcomes) and discrimination (separation of those with and without macrovascular cause). Results— Forty-eight of 204 patients (23.5%) had a macrovascular cause. The secondary ICH score showed modest calibration ( P =0.06) and modest discriminative ability ( c -statistic 0.73; 95% confidence interval, 0.65–0.80). Discrimination improved slightly using only noncontrast computed tomography categorization ( c -statistic 0.79; 95% confidence interval, 0.72–0.86). Conclusions— The discriminative ability and calibration of the secondary ICH score are moderate in a university hospital setting outside the United States. Clues on noncontrast computed tomography are the strongest predictor of a macrovascular cause in patients with ICH.

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Doran, Charles F. "Les relations canado-américaines dans une ère d'incertitude." Études internationales 27, no. 2 (April 12, 2005): 281–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/703597ar.

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The following treatment of U.S.-Canada relations begins with the Ottawa-Quebec nexus and its impact upon the connection with the United States. Then the analysis proceeds through bilateral relations. The essay concludes with a look at multilateral interactions from the focus of both Canada and the United States. Thus the analysis proceeds from the most specific to the most general, and from the most internalized to the most external. Concluding with a paradox, the argument of the essay is that despite the end of the Cold War and the disappearance of imminent external threat, uncertainty has never loomed larger in the relation of Canada to its southern neighbor, for all parts of Canada including Quebec, and for the Canadian polity as a whole.

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