Journal articles on the topic 'External level of speech'
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Serpanos, Yula C., Janet R. Schoepflin, Steven R. Cox, and Diane Davis. "The Accuracy of Smartphone Sound Level Meter Applications (SLMAs) in Measuring Sound Levels in Clinical Rooms." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 32, no. 01 (January 2021): 027–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1719137.
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Abstract Background The accuracy of smartphone sound level meter applications (SLMAs) has been investigated with varied results, based on differences in platform, device, app, available features, test stimuli, and methodology. Purpose This article determines the accuracy of smartphone SLMAs with and without calibration of external and internal microphones for measuring sound levels in clinical rooms. Research Design Quasi-experimental research design comparing the accuracy of two smartphone SLMAs with and without calibration of external and internal microphones. Data Collection and Analysis Two iOS-based smartphone SLMAs (NIOSH SLM and SPL Meter) on an iPhone 6S were used with and without calibrated external and internal microphones. Measures included: (1) white noise (WN) stimuli from 20 to 100 dB sound pressure level in a sound-treated test booth and (2) sound levels in quiet in four nonsound-treated clinical rooms and in simulated background sound conditions using music at 45, 55, and 80 dBA. Chi-square analysis was used to determine a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) in sound measures between the SLMAs and a Type 1 SLM. Results Measures of WN signals and room sound level measures in quiet and simulated background sound conditions were significantly more accurate at levels ≥ 40 dBA using the SLMAs with calibrated external and internal microphones. However, SLMA measures with and without calibration of external and internal microphones overestimated sound levels < 40 dBA. Conclusion The SLMAs studied with calibrated external or internal microphones are able to verify the room environment for audiologic screening at 1,000, 2,000, and 4,000 Hz at 20 dB hearing level (American Academy of Audiology and American Speech-Language-Hearing Association) using supra-aural earphones (American National Standards Institute S3.1–1999 [R2018]). However, the tested SLMAs overestimated low-level sound < 40 dBA, even when the external or internal microphones were calibrated. Clinicians are advised to calibrate the microphones prior to using measurement systems involving smartphones and SLMAs to measure room sound levels and to monitor background noise levels throughout the provision of clinical services.
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Enatescu, V. V., V. R. Enatescu, and I. Enatescu. "FC09-04 - The verbalization filter model in informational levels of the psychic." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73565-9.
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In the structure of psychic's level passing from the gnosic level to the semantic level is done through the verbalization filter which allow the internalization of the speech.We develop our original model of psychic compatible with Piaget theory. Staging the speech development, we can divide in the next phases: a somatic development of the phonatory organs with a synchronization of the respiratory organs, a developments: a somatic development of some sounds pronunciations of some sounds pronunciations with external feedback for the correlation of the phonatory motors centers with the auditory sensorial centers. Till here we talk about a stage of phonation exercising. Generating of words with them gradual connection to object, person, concept with a stage of semantic connections. A period of external language, when thoughts are expressed with a loud voice and external feedback is more important and necessary essential for thinking. A gradual internalization of speech with a developing of abstract thinking and a final stage of intelligence development based on concepts (words) and logic operations with words.This entire are doubled by phenomena of figurative representation that represent the multimodal functions which involve beside specific sonorous of inner speech other parameters: visuals, tactile, olfactory, etc.In internalization is not necessary the muscular efector peripheric screen except in the first phase of the forming and consolidating of the filter. Lack of auditory self-control lead to speech disorders and total lack of external stimulation (sensorial deprivation) could generate auditory hallucinations.
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Mamyrbayev, ОZh, DO Oralbekova, K. Alimhan, M. Othman, and B. Zhumazhanov. "Development online models for automatic speech recognition systems with a low data level." Annals of Mathematics and Physics 5, no. 2 (August 23, 2022): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/amp.000049.
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Speech recognition is a rapidly growing field in machine learning. Conventional automatic speech recognition systems were built based on independent components, that is an acoustic model, a language model and a vocabulary, which were tuned and trained separately. The acoustic model is used to predict the context-dependent states of phonemes, and the language model and lexicon determine the most possible sequences of spoken phrases. The development of deep learning technologies has contributed to the improvement of other scientific areas, which includes speech recognition. Today, the most popular speech recognition systems are systems based on an end-to-end (E2E) structure, which trains the components of a traditional model simultaneously without isolating individual elements, representing the system as a single neural network. The E2E structure represents the system as one whole element, in contrast to the traditional one, which has several independent elements. The E2E system provides a direct mapping of acoustic signals in a sequence of labels without intermediate states, without the need for post-processing at the output, which makes it easy to implement. Today, the popular models are those that directly output the sequence of words based on the input sound in real-time, which are online end-to-end models. This article provides a detailed overview of popular online-based models for E2E systems such as RNN-T, Neural Transducer (NT) and Monotonic Chunkwise Attention (MoChA). It should be emphasized that online models for Kazakh speech recognition have not been developed at the moment. For low-resource languages, like the Kazakh language, the above models have not been studied. Thus, systems based on these models have been trained to recognize Kazakh speech. The results obtained showed that all three models work well for recognizing Kazakh speech without the use of external additions.
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Hodgson, Murray. "Acoustical Evaluation of Six ‘Green’ Office Buildings." Journal of Green Building 3, no. 4 (November 1, 2008): 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.3.4.108.
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To explain the reactions of the building occupants to their acoustical environments, meetings with the designers, walk-through surveys, and detailed acoustical measurements were done. The objective was to determine how design decisions affect office acoustical environments, and how to improve the acoustical design of ‘green’ office buildings. Design-performance criteria were established. Measurements were made of noise level, reverberation time, speech-intelligibility index (SII), and noise isolation. Noise levels were atypically low in unoccupied buildings with no mechanical ventilation, but excessive in areas near external walls next to noisy external noise sources—especially with windows open for ventilation—and in occupied buildings. Reverberation times were excessive in areas with large volumes and insufficient sound absorption. Speech intelligibility was generally adequate, but speech privacy was inadequate in shared and open-office areas, and into private offices with the doors open for ventilation. Improvement of the acoustical design of ‘green’ buildings must include increasing the external-internal noise isolation and that between workplaces, and the use of adequate sound absorption to control reverberation and noise.
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Koval, O. A. "Relationship Between the Psychological Development of Preschool Children with Speech Pathology and the Level of Development of Emotional Intelligence." Клиническая и специальная психология 9, no. 1 (2020): 142–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/cpse.2020090108.
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The article reveals the features of emotional and cognitive development of preschool children with speech pathology, and their relationship with the level of development of emotional intelligence of parents. The relevance is caused by a marked increase in the number of children with speech pathology and insufficient study of the problem. The study involved 79 child-parent pairs, of which 51 children aged 4-5 years have speech disorders, and 28 children of the same age range are characterized by normative speech development. Found that children of the experimental sample statistically significant differ from their peers in the control group in the development of both cognitive and emotional spheres. The connections between the development of cognitive and emotional spheres of preschool children and the level of development of emotional intelligence of parents, as well as the style of emotional education implemented by them, are revealed. Parents of children in the experimental group have significant differences in the level of development of such components of emotional intelligence as interpersonal and intrapersonal emotion management, control of external manifestations of emotions, integrative indicators of interpersonal emotional intelligence and emotion management. Parents of preschoolers with speech pathologies are more likely to implement a disapproving style of emotional education, do not show interest in forming a child's ideas about emotions.
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Kohler, Klaus J. "Articulatory dynamics of vowels and consonants in speech communication." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 31, no. 1 (June 2001): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100301001013.
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This paper provides a statistical account of schwa elision and vowel nasalization, and of nasalization and deletion of plosives in a large corpus of German spontaneous dialogues in comparison with an equally large data base of read speech (sentences and texts) from large groups of North German speakers. The phonetic variability of these phrase-level processes is projected onto the articulatory dynamics in global opening and closing gestures, which are taken to be basic phonetic structures of speech communication. Trends for gesture reorganization are derived from statistics, and related to external control factors of word boundary, word class, speech style as well as internal phonetic conditions of gestural make-up and of reduction of articulatory complexity. These synchronic facts of one language are compared with parallel instances from other languages and linked to congruent diachronic data of sound change, thus laying the foundation for generalizable phrase-level patterns of human speech production.
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Verstraete, Jean-Christophe. "A semiotic model for the description of levels in conjunction." Functions of Language 5, no. 2 (January 1, 1998): 179–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.5.2.04ver.
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This paper attempts to develop a comprehensive model for the problem of internal vs. external conjunction (Halliday & Hasan 1976). It is first argued that the distinction between internal and external conjunction is not merely a matter of semantics, but that the two types are semiotically significant categories. By postulating that internal and external conjunction are cryptotypically anchored in the speaker-encoding vs. content-related grammar of their main clause, it can be explained why and how syntactic criteria like clefting or nominalization 'react' to the semantic distinction between the two types of conjunction. Secondly, it is argued that the internal category should be subdivided into two grammatically distinct types of conjunction, which are related to the modal and the speech functional grammar of their main clause. Finally, this analysis is used to propose a sharper delineation of the modal and the speech functional subtypes of the internal category.
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Gallardo-Antolín, Ascensión, and Juan M. Montero. "An Auditory Saliency Pooling-Based LSTM Model for Speech Intelligibility Classification." Symmetry 13, no. 9 (September 18, 2021): 1728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13091728.
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Speech intelligibility is a crucial element in oral communication that can be influenced by multiple elements, such as noise, channel characteristics, or speech disorders. In this paper, we address the task of speech intelligibility classification (SIC) in this last circumstance. Taking our previous works, a SIC system based on an attentional long short-term memory (LSTM) network, as a starting point, we deal with the problem of the inadequate learning of the attention weights due to training data scarcity. For overcoming this issue, the main contribution of this paper is a novel type of weighted pooling (WP) mechanism, called saliency pooling where the WP weights are not automatically learned during the training process of the network, but are obtained from an external source of information, the Kalinli’s auditory saliency model. In this way, it is intended to take advantage of the apparent symmetry between the human auditory attention mechanism and the attentional models integrated into deep learning networks. The developed systems are assessed on the UA-speech dataset that comprises speech uttered by subjects with several dysarthria levels. Results show that all the systems with saliency pooling significantly outperform a reference support vector machine (SVM)-based system and LSTM-based systems with mean pooling and attention pooling, suggesting that Kalinli’s saliency can be successfully incorporated into the LSTM architecture as an external cue for the estimation of the speech intelligibility level.
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Setyawati, Luthfiyah Hanim, Mangatur Rudolf Nababan, and Djatmika Djatmika. "Translation Analysis toward Expressions Mitigating Speech Act of Criticizing in Harper Lee’s to Kill A Mockingbird and Go Set A Watchman." Journal of English Language Teaching and Linguistics 3, no. 2 (July 25, 2018): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21462/jeltl.v3i2.113.
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<p><em>Using descriptive qualitative method, this paper aims to identify the forms of mitigation of criticizing speech acts in two novels entitled To Kill a Mockingbird and Go Set A Watchman, to identify translation technique used and to describe the quality of translation of expressions mitigating speech act of criticizing in those novels. Data used were linguistic units (words, phrases, clauses, or sentences) represented mitigation types of criticizing speech act. The findings indicate that there were two mitigation types of speech act criticizing, namely external and internal. Expressions mitigating speech act of criticizing from those novels mainly had an equivalent message in Source Text (ST). Translation techniques applied to translate mitigation forms in criticizing speech act imply the translator’s competence in conveying the message of Source Text. Thus, it will impact on shifting meaning or even level of politeness.</em></p>
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Yazdanfar, Shiler, and Alireza Bonyadi. "Request Strategies in Everyday Interactions of Persian and English Speakers." SAGE Open 6, no. 4 (October 2016): 215824401667947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244016679473.
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Cross-cultural studies of speech acts in different linguistic contexts might have interesting implications for language researchers and practitioners. Drawing on the Speech Act Theory, the present study aimed at conducting a comparative study of request speech act in Persian and English. Specifically, the study endeavored to explore the request strategies used in daily interactions of Persian and English speakers based on directness level and supportive moves. To this end, English and Persian TV series were observed and requestive utterances were transcribed. The utterances were then categorized based on Blum-Kulka and Olshtain’s Cross-Cultural Study of Speech Act Realization Pattern (CCSARP) for directness level and internal and external mitigation devises. According to the results, although speakers of both languages opted for the direct level as their most frequently used strategy in their daily interactions, the English speakers used more conventionally indirect strategies than the Persian speakers did, and the Persian speakers used more non-conventionally indirect strategies than the English speakers did. Furthermore, the analyzed data revealed the fact that American English speakers use more mitigation devices in their daily interactions with friends and family members than Persian speakers.
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Ivashkevych, Eduard, and Ruslan Simko. "The Characteristics of Inner Speech of a Personality by Use of the Method of Dialogical Analysis of the Case." Collection of Research Papers "Problems of Modern Psychology", no. 57 (April 7, 2022): 32–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32626/2227-6246.2022-57.32-50.
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he purpose of our article is to characterize the method of dialogical analy-sis of the case for description of inner speech of the person, to show it use on practice during the providing of statement experiment.methods of the research. The following theoretical methods of the research were used to solve the tasks formulated in the article: the categorical method, structural and functional methods, the methods of the analysis, systematization, modeling, generalization. Also in our research we used a statement experiment as an empirical method. With the aim to diagnose the level of the development ofinner speech of the person we used the author’s method of dialogical analysis of the case.the results of the research. In the article it was shown, that human feelings act as an experience of “Me”, and in this regard it is as external monologues, and on the other hand they are dialogical in nature, they can hear a broken dialogue with others: appeals, questions, expected answers, desires that are not expressed, accusations, etc., that exists in a covert form of internal dialogue. Un-der the dialogical analysis of the case we understand the reconstruction of the movement of internal dialogue, which becomes possible as a result of a special attitude to the text (for this purpose, special methods of textual analysis were developed).conclusions. Theinner speech was showed to be the speech for himself/herself. External speech is speech for others. Psychologically, the language of the pupil in functional and structural terms is egocentric speech, it is not under-stood as internal speech and is not separated by the child from speech for others. Objectively, this language is a function differentiated from social thinking, but again inconsistent, because it can only function in a situation that makes social speech possible.
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Prokofyeva, L. P., I. L. Plastun, N. V. Filippova, L. Yu Matveeva, and Na S. Plastun. "Emotion recognition by speech signal characteristics (linguistic, clinical, informative aspects)." Sibirskiy filologicheskiy zhurnal, no. 2 (2021): 325–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18137083/75/23.
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The paper presents an experimental project of linguists, medical professionals, lawyers, com-puter security specialists dealing with emotions discernment by basic speech signal characteristics. The software has been created, and its first testing has been carried out in the social network VKontakte. The collected recordings of speech fragments of live spontaneous prox-imate-intermediated dialogical speech were analyzed at several levels. First, a complex lin-guistic analysis revealed lexico-semantic and prosodic features of emotionality. Then, a com-parison with the software results was carried out, and the data obtained were systematized. Also, conclusions on the leading role of prosody in revealing hidden types of emotional stress were made. Frequent agreements of digital meanings of prosodic elements in speech segments were found demonstrating emotions not fixed at the lexico-semantic level. Finally, the work-ing formulation for external and internal ways of emotionality expression in the live speech was offered.
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Bottalico, Pasquale, Simone Graetzer, and Eric J. Hunter. "Effect of Training and Level of External Auditory Feedback on the Singing Voice: Pitch Inaccuracy." Journal of Voice 31, no. 1 (January 2017): 122.e9–122.e16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2016.01.012.
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Cluver, August D. de V. "Changing Language Attitudes." Language Problems and Language Planning 24, no. 1 (December 6, 2000): 77–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.24.1.06clu.
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Language attitudes are long-term phenomena that tend to become more specific over generations. The stigmatization of Khoekhoegowap in Namibia shows how negative images of minority languages are generated by external forces, but also how these forces may also be reinforced by corresponding internal forces. The case of Khoekhoegowap is examined on three levels: (1) the external level (how political doctrine may influence the observations of language planners), (2) the theoretical level (how language stigmatization and similar problems result from a wide variety of factors), and (3) the empirical level (how members of a speech community can intentionally create negative stereotypes of another language to destabilize the development of that language and reduce the status of its speakers in society, and how this, in turn, can become internalized and lead to language decline).
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Wahyu, Gede Eka, and Ni Putu Evi Wahyu Citrawati. "The Investigation of Request Strategies By EFL Learners of The International Institute of Tourism and Business Denpasar." Humanis 25, no. 2 (May 22, 2021): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jh.2021.v25.i02.p03.
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Communicative competence has been the goal teaching of a second or foreign language. In acquiring the language, speakers of language also acquire the rules of knowledge and choose the speech acts when communicating with others. This study aimed to investigate the act of request strategies and request perspectives produced by the student of The International Institute of Tourism and Business Denpasar. There are fifty students’ involved in the study with intermediate level in their English proficiency. The data is collected with a written Discourse Completion Test (DCT) which has ten request situations. Soshana Blum Kulka and Olshtain’s (1984) theory is used to categorize the speech acts produce in analyzing data. The result of the project showed that most of the students use internal modification and the number of students external modification in their speech acts.
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Bazyma, Nataliia, Oksana Koropatova, Yuliia Bondarenko, Olga Forostian, Hanna Sokolova, and Veronika Kovylina. "Characteristics of Language Behavior and Speech Activity in Children with Autistic Disorders: Theoretical Aspect." BRAIN. BROAD RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 12, no. 1 (March 29, 2021): 01–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/brain/12.1/167.
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Speech development of a child with autism does not always take place at the appropriate age and does not always obey the laws of development of speech functions. According to the analysis of literature sources, the direct study of speech activity of children with autistic disorders requires a more detailed study. According to our predictions, a child with autistic disorders of older preschool age due to the peculiarities of communicative and behavioral spheres will show a low level of speech activity, which can be explained directly by the specificity of speech development along with limited language experience and insufficient knowledge of language and its use in communication. Language behavior consists of two complementary and interrelated processes: psychological formation (generation) of speech utterance and perception of the expanded speech of the interlocutor. The model of speech utterance generation includes five consecutive, interconnected stages (phases) identified by O.O. Leontiev (1967): the motive of utterance; the idea of expression; internal programming; lexical and grammatical development of the utterance; implementation of speech expression in external speech. Speech activity is one of the many forms of general activity, a reflection of the needs that arise in accordance with specific communication situations, a prerequisite and an important component of language behavior. The term "speech activity" is considered by us in the sense of the presence of a motive for speech utterance and direct speech utterance, which may occur as a reaction-response to the interlocutor's remark or as a desire to inform the interlocutor of their own thoughts, experiences, emotions, needs.
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Reynolds, Andrea Leigh, Jessica Lindsay Vick, and Nancy Jeanne Haak. "Telehealth applications in speech-language pathology: a modified narrative review." Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 15, no. 6 (August 31, 2009): 310–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jtt.2009.081215.
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We conducted a modified narrative review of the literature on telehealth applications used in speech-language pathology assessment and treatment. The following databases and information resources were used: MEDLINE, CINAHL, PSYCInfo, ERIC, Digital Dissertations, CSA Social Services Abstracts, CSA Sociological Abstracts, On-line ASHA publications and personal contacts. Sixty-two full-text documents were located. Twenty-eight provided sufficient detail to be reviewed using a checklist adapted from the Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network (SIGN) recommendations for level of evidence rankings and quality assessment ratings. Five of the 28 studies received a ranking indicating a high level of evidence (larger sample sizes, assessed outcomes with valid and reliable measures, performed statistical analysis of study results, measured reliability of study results, ensured internal and external validity, and ensured randomization of participants to groups). These five studies concluded that the service delivery results from telehealth were equivalent to traditional face-to-face results. However, telehealth was not a complete replacement for face-to-face service delivery and further research is required.
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Birkholc, Robert. "Narracja subiektywna zapośredniczona. Wokół zagadnienia „mowy pozornie zależnej” w filmie." Studia Europaea Gnesnensia, no. 14 (December 15, 2016): 143–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/seg.2016.14.8.
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The paper sets out to describe the “free indirect speech” of film, which the author chooses to cali “mediated subjective narrative”. Based on specific examples, the author characterizes the narrative devices which in a way are analogous to what literary studies define as “free indirect discourse”. The basic indicators of that textual figure include subjectivization of communication on a stylistic level and interference of internal and external focalization.
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Gamirova, R. G., E. A. Gorobets, A. V. Skhirtladze, V. F. Prusakov, and S. Ya Volgina. "Features of cognitive development in children of early and preschool age using gadgets." Rossiyskiy Vestnik Perinatologii i Pediatrii (Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics) 66, no. 5 (December 9, 2021): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21508/1027-4065-2021-66-5-163-167.
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The article describes the impact of technological devices – gadgets – on the early cognitive and speech development in children. In early childhood, object-activity communication is the leading form of activity; its influence on the speech development is determined by the interaction of the child with the adult (object-oriented actions, the understanding of the purpose of objects, the use of verbal communication). The play activity of preschoolers helps to enhance communication and interaction with peers. Long and uncontrolled interaction with gadgets is connected with insufficient attention of parents and caregivers, which disrupts the process of communication and cognition, in particular, slows down the process of speech development. Foreign pediatric associations recommend eliminating the use of mobile devices in children aged 0–2 years and limiting their use to one hour per day for children aged 3–5 years. Most researchers identify a connection between the long-term use of gadgets by preschoolers, delayed development of endogenus attention, social interaction, distortion of cognitive development, delayed speech development and such positive effects as a high level of exogenus attention development, quick response to external stimuli.
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Nikitina, Ksenia. "The Migration Crisis as It Seems: Speech Manipulation Technology in US Internet Media." American, British and Canadian Studies Journal 27, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/abcsj-2016-0016.
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Abstract The following paper is devoted to the study of speech manipulation technologies in US political media discourse. A number of web-based articles have been taken under consideration for this study. They demonstrate the problem arising from the refugee flow in Europe and create a special “image” of the complicated European situation. It is helpful to see how the situation appears in the Internet media since this type of mass communication is most influential these days. While considering a large amount of media texts, a special speech manipulation technology has been revealed. This phenomenon demonstrates a distinct structure and close interrelations of purposefully selected elements. Going through a number of stages we can find out the technology of speech manipulation – a system of using the aggregate of speech manipulation instruments in order to purposefully guide the reality perception of the mass audience. The external level of the texts enables us to take a penetrating look at the internal intentions. This knowledge will help us not to confuse the migration crisis as it is and the migration crisis as it seems.
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Joo, Seok-Hee, and Eun-Yeong Shin. "The Noise Level Measurements of Children’s Sound Books." Audiology and Speech Research 17, no. 4 (October 31, 2021): 371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21848/asr.210031.
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Purpose: It was intended to measure the sound intensity of children's sound books and to compare them with the standards of Korea and the International Standards Organization (ISO).Methods: The loudness of 15 children’s sound books was measured at a distance of 25 cm (child’s arm length), and 2.5 cm length of external auditory canal. Measurements taken three times with each book were performed, and the overall sound intensity of the sound books and the sound intensity of each button were measured and compared.Results: Compared with the Korean standard, all the buttons of all books exceeded the standard for the sound volume of the children’s book measured at a distance of 2.5 cm. When comparing the maximum sound intensity measured at a distance of 25 cm with 85 LAmax, a total of 168 buttons of these, 25 (14.88%) were recorded as exceeding the maximum loudness. According to the standards of the ISO, all buttons in all books were below the standard 85 LAeq.Conclusion: Several children’s books are loud enough to cause noise-induced hearing loss, especially when they are placed close to the ear. Strict standards for sound children’s books are required, and it is important to put a warning on the cover of the book. It is expected that the sound intensity of the children’s sound book presented in this study can be referenced when referring to the loudness during hearing rehabilitation in children.
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Chichanovskaya, L. V., T. A. Slyusar, T. M. Nekrasova, I. N. Slyusar, A. R. Podborsky, and A. G. Flax. "Clinical, psychological and neuroimaging characteristics of chronic tension headache in elderly persons." Medical alphabet, no. 1 (March 3, 2022): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2022-1-54-59.
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The aim of the study. To study clinical, psychological and neuroimaging characteristics of chronic tension headache (CTH) in the elderly.Materials and methods. 92 patients with CHTHN (37 men and 55 women aged 55–74 years) were examined. The control group consisted of 53 people (22 men and 31 women of the same age) who did not have neurological complaints, including headache. Pain intensity was assessed on a 10-point visual analogue scale. The severity of neurological symptoms was determined using the NIH-NINDS scale. For the study of cognitive functions, a short scale for assessing mental status was used Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and a frontal assessment battery (FAB). Memory was assessed according to the results of the memory subtest MMSE and the 10 words test. The level of attention was studied using the Schulte table, speech fluency – in the «fluency of speech» subtest of the FAB and in the test of verbal associations, visuospatial functions were assessed using the clock drawing test. Memory was assessed by the results of the subtest of memory MMSE and the 10-words test. The level of attention was studied using the Schulte table, the fluency of speech – in the subtest ‘fluency of speech’ FAB and in the verbal association test, visuospatial functions were assessed using the clock drawing test. Magnetic resonance imaging of the head was performed on a Magnetom Impact Expert (Siemens, Germany) tomograph with a magnetic field strength of 1.5 Tesla in T1 and T2 modes. The localization and severity of leukoaraiosis, signs of external and internal atrophy of the brain were determined, the linear dimensions of the anterior horns and central sections of the bodies of the lateral ventricles were measured, and the indices of the anterior horns and bodies of the lateral ventricles were calculated.Results. Patients with chronic tension headache were characterized by clinical and cognitive heterogeneity: frequent «non-standard» characteristics of headache, severe polymorphism of algic manifestations, high frequency of comorbid disorders, cognitive dysfunction and somatic burden, high representation of leukoaraiosis, external and internal hydrocephalus according to MRI study.
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Kropotov, Yu A., A. A. Belov, A. A. Kolpakov, and A. Yu Proskuryakov. "The syllable intelligibility in the system of information transmission by speech signals depending on the intensity of acoustic noise." Information Technology and Nanotechnology, no. 2416 (2019): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/1613-0073-2019-2416-277-282.
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The paper investigates the effect of the signal-to-noise ratio on syllable intelligibility under the intense influence of external acoustic interference when exchanging voice messages in telecommunication systems of public address systems. The article discusses the effect on the syllable intelligibility of the signal / external acoustic noise ratio, examines the effect of the integral articulation index, the dependence of the perception coefficient of formants on the relative level of formant intensity, the dependence of the formant parameter on the geometric mean frequency of the i-th spectrum of the speech signal. In accordance with the results of studies of the integral articulation index depending on the signal-to-noise ratio, a function of syllable intelligibility depending on the signal-to-noise ratio was obtained, using which it is possible to determine the maximum value of the output signal-to-noise ratio in the audio exchange telecommunications system to obtain a given syllable intelligibility. At the same time, experimentally determined the value of the signal-to-noise ratio in the telecommunications system of audio exchange to obtain a syllable intelligibility of at least 93% for ensure full perception of the transmitted speech information.
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Wang, Xin. "Research on Open Oral English Scoring System Based on Neural Network." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (April 23, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1346543.
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This study designs and implements a scoring system for open-spoken English using NN technology. The system scores the oral recording from the phonetic level and the text level, respectively, and can comprehensively evaluate its oral level. The system will separately score the spoken speech and the spoken content through different scoring models and add the scoring results as the final score, in which the spoken content is obtained by text transcription of the recording by an external speech recognition engine. An acoustic sensor is adopted to collect pronunciation signals of spoken English. Modern signal processing and automatic pattern recognition technology are used to distinguish the quality of spoken pronunciation. Similar semantic units are marked between acoustic feature sequences, which make use of the parallel algorithm processing mode of multi-computing cores of modern GPU and allow multiple units to independently execute the comparison algorithm at the same time. Experiments show that the model in this study achieves better comprehensive scoring performance. The scoring model is of great significance to the development of educational informatization and intelligence, and it also provides a reference for the construction of intelligent oral scoring system.
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Petersen, Eline Borch, Malte Wöstmann, Jonas Obleser, and Thomas Lunner. "Neural tracking of attended versus ignored speech is differentially affected by hearing loss." Journal of Neurophysiology 117, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00527.2016.
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Hearing loss manifests as a reduced ability to understand speech, particularly in multitalker situations. In these situations, younger normal-hearing listeners' brains are known to track attended speech through phase-locking of neural activity to the slow-varying envelope of the speech. This study investigates how hearing loss, compensated by hearing aids, affects the neural tracking of the speech-onset envelope in elderly participants with varying degree of hearing loss ( n = 27, 62–86 yr; hearing thresholds 11–73 dB hearing level). In an active listening task, a to-be-attended audiobook (signal) was presented either in quiet or against a competing to-be-ignored audiobook (noise) presented at three individualized signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). The neural tracking of the to-be-attended and to-be-ignored speech was quantified through the cross-correlation of the electroencephalogram (EEG) and the temporal envelope of speech. We primarily investigated the effects of hearing loss and SNR on the neural envelope tracking. First, we found that elderly hearing-impaired listeners' neural responses reliably track the envelope of to-be-attended speech more than to-be-ignored speech. Second, hearing loss relates to the neural tracking of to-be-ignored speech, resulting in a weaker differential neural tracking of to-be-attended vs. to-be-ignored speech in listeners with worse hearing. Third, neural tracking of to-be-attended speech increased with decreasing background noise. Critically, the beneficial effect of reduced noise on neural speech tracking decreased with stronger hearing loss. In sum, our results show that a common sensorineural processing deficit, i.e., hearing loss, interacts with central attention mechanisms and reduces the differential tracking of attended and ignored speech. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present study investigates the effect of hearing loss in older listeners on the neural tracking of competing speech. Interestingly, we observed that whereas internal degradation (hearing loss) relates to the neural tracking of ignored speech, external sound degradation (ratio between attended and ignored speech; signal-to-noise ratio) relates to tracking of attended speech. This provides the first evidence for hearing loss affecting the ability to neurally track speech.
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Estenne, M., L. Zocchi, M. Ward, and P. T. Macklem. "Chest wall motion and expiratory muscle use during phonation in normal humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 68, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 2075–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.68.5.2075.
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The pattern of rib cage (RC) and abdomen (AB) motion and the electromyograms of the triangularis sterni (TS) and abdominal external oblique (EO) muscles were studied during speech and reading in six normal uninformed subjects in the sitting posture. Most phrases were started from within the tidal breathing range and extended below RC and AB spontaneous end-expiratory volumes. On the average, 75% of the change in chest wall volume occurred below the resting end-expiratory level. The expired volume resulted from a large predominance of RC displacement, and this was accompanied by marked recruitment of the TS. The EO was also generally activated, but the pattern of activation was less consistent. We conclude that 1) speech occurs primarily below the spontaneous end-expiratory level; 2) most of the volume change is caused by active emptying of the RC produced, at least in part, by contraction of the TS; 3) concomitant activation of the abdominal muscles serves to optimize the inspiratory function of the diaphragm, which has to contract rapidly between phrases to refill the respiratory system.
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Papanikolaou, M., N. Skenteris, and S. M. Piperakis. "Effect of external classroom noise on schoolchildren’s reading and mathematics performance: correlation of noise levels and gender." International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health 27, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2014-0006.
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Abstract The present study investigated the effect of low, medium, and high traffic road noise as well as irrelevant background speech noise on primary school children’s reading and mathematical performance. A total of 676 participants (324 boys, 47.9% and 352 girls, 52.1%) of the 4th and 5th elementary classes participated in the project. The participants were enrolled in public primary schools from urban areas and had ages ranging from 9 to 10 years and from. Schools were selected on the basis of increasing levels of exposure to road traffic noise and then classified into three categories (Low noise: 55–66 dB, Medium noise: 67–77 dB, and High noise: 72–80 dB). We measured reading comprehension and mathematical skills in accordance with the national guidelines for elementary education, using a test designed specifically for the purpose of this study. On the one hand, children in low-level noise schools showed statistically significant differences from children in medium- and high-level noise schools in reading performance (p<0.001). On the other hand, children in low-level noise schools differed significantly from children in high-level noise schools but only in mathematics performance (p=0.001). Girls in general did better in reading score than boys, especially in schools with medium- and high-level noise. Finally the levels of noise and gender were found to be two independent factors.
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Sim, YeonWoo, TaeRim Lee, and In-Ki Jin. "A Study of the Effect of Sound Therapy in People with Mild Tinnitus." Audiology and Speech Research 18, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21848/asr.210042.
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Purpose: Tinnitus refers to the maladaptive perception of sound in the absence of external sounds. Sound therapy is a representative rehabilitation option that has been used to relieve the adverse effects of tinnitus. It helps to reduce the discomfort caused by tinnitus by providing various external background noises to those suffering from tinnitus. The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of sound therapy on tinnitus relief in people with mild tinnitus.Methods: Twelve participants with mild tinnitus participated in this study. Sound therapy was performed for 3 months using a customized mobile phone application. Broadband noise was used as the sound therapy stimulus. The level of stimulus was set to the level of the mixing point. The Korean version of the Tinnitus Primary Function Questionnaire (K-TPFQ) score, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score, and tinnitus loudness level were recorded as outcome measurements at baseline and 3 months.Results: There were no significant differences in the K-TPFQ and VAS scores and tinnitus loudness level between the baseline and 3-month follow-up session.Conclusion: The results of this study showed that sound therapy alone for 3 months does not provide significant tinnitus relief in participants with mild tinnitus. Therefore, considering only sound therapy for rehabilitation in people with mild tinnitus might not be ideal for providing relief.
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Baniata, Laith H., Seyoung Park, and Seong-Bae Park. "A Multitask-Based Neural Machine Translation Model with Part-of-Speech Tags Integration for Arabic Dialects." Applied Sciences 8, no. 12 (December 5, 2018): 2502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8122502.
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The statistical machine translation for the Arabic language integrates external linguistic resources such as part-of-speech tags. The current research presents a Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) - Conditional Random Fields (CRF) segment-level Arabic Dialect POS tagger model, which will be integrated into the Multitask Neural Machine Translation (NMT) model. The proposed solution for NMT is based on the recurrent neural network encoder-decoder NMT model that has been introduced recently. The study has proposed and developed a unified Multitask NMT model that shares an encoder between the two tasks; Arabic Dialect (AD) to Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) translation task and the segment-level POS tagging tasks. A shared layer and an invariant layer are shared between the translation tasks. By training translation tasks and POS tagging task alternately, the proposed model can leverage the characteristic information and improve the translation quality from Arabic dialects to Modern Standard Arabic. The experiments are conducted from Levantine Arabic (LA) to MSA and Maghrebi Arabic (MA) to MSA translation tasks. As an additional linguistic resource, the segment-level part-of-speech tags for Arabic dialects were also exploited. Experiments suggest that translation quality and the performance of POS tagger were improved with the implementation of multitask learning approach.
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Johns, L. C., P. Allen, I. Valli, T. Winton-Brown, M. Broome, J. Woolley, P. Tabraham, et al. "Impaired verbal self-monitoring in individuals at high risk of psychosis." Psychological Medicine 40, no. 9 (December 2, 2009): 1433–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291709991991.
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BackgroundCognitive models suggest that auditory verbal hallucinations arise through defective self-monitoring and the external attribution of inner speech. We used a paradigm that engages verbal self-monitoring (VSM) to examine whether this process is impaired in people experiencing prodromal symptoms, who have a very high risk of developing psychosis.MethodWe tested 31 individuals with an At-Risk Mental State (ARMS) and 31 healthy volunteers. Participants read single adjectives aloud while the source and pitch of the online auditory verbal feedback was manipulated, then immediately identified the source of the speech they heard (Self/Other/Unsure). Response choice and reaction time were recorded.ResultsWhen reading aloud with distorted feedback of their own voice, ARMS participants made more errors than controls (misidentifications and unsure responses). ARMS participants misidentified the source of their speech as ‘Other’ when the level of acoustic distortion was severe, and misidentification errors were inversely related to reaction times.ConclusionsImpaired VSM is evident in people with an ARMS, although the deficit seems to be less marked than in patients with schizophrenia. Follow-up of these participants may clarify the extent to which the severity of this impairment predicts the subsequent onset of psychosis and development of positive symptoms.
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Karimkhanlooei, Giti, and Narges Vaezi. "Politeness strategies in written communications: the issue of Iranian EFL learners." Journal of Language and Cultural Education 5, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 108–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jolace-2017-0031.
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Abstract The approximation of the pragmatic knowledge of English language learners to native speakers has been a realm of concern for the scholars and researchers in applied linguistics. Thus, this research was an endeavor to figure out the association between the proficiency level and politeness strategies and external/internal modifications in written communication skills in the speech act of requests in Iranian English language learners. To this end, a written Discourse Completion Test (DCT), adapted from Rose (1994), including 8 situations was administered to elicit data from Iran Language Institute120 female and male EFL learners, 60 upper-intermediate and 60 intermediate. The data were sorted out using Brown and Levinson’s politeness strategies taxonomy (Brown and Levinson 1987) and external/internal modifications developed by Faerch and Kasper (1989). The written request utterances provided by each participant were analyzed in terms of frequency and types of politeness strategies, namely, positive, negative, bald on record, and off-record as well as external/internal modifications utilized in requests. The Pearson Chi-Square test results revealed that there was a statistically significant difference between upper-intermediate and intermediate learners’ type of politeness strategies and external/internal modifications.
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Alexandrova, Olga. "New Tendencies in the Development of Modern English." Armenian Folia Anglistika 1, no. 1-2 (1) (October 17, 2005): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.46991/afa/2005.1.1-2.021.
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The 21st century is facing a new qualitative level of technological advances which have had a significant impact on human lifestyle and human language alike. Since language is a most important means of cognition, it plays an essential role in the development process of the world. In this regard, English, being the most widely used language in the international communication, is, perhaps, the most flexible one. Under the external factors and due to ever-changing human thinking, language undergoes significant changes both in oral and in written speech as well as in the overall language system.
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Li, Qingbiao, Chunhua Wu, Zhe Wang, and Kangfeng Zheng. "Hierarchical Transformer Network for Utterance-Level Emotion Recognition." Applied Sciences 10, no. 13 (June 28, 2020): 4447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10134447.
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While there have been significant advances in detecting emotions in text, in the field of utterance-level emotion recognition (ULER), there are still many problems to be solved. In this paper, we address some challenges in ULER in dialog systems. (1) The same utterance can deliver different emotions when it is in different contexts. (2) Long-range contextual information is hard to effectively capture. (3) Unlike the traditional text classification problem, for most datasets of this task, they contain inadequate conversations or speech. (4) To better model the emotional interaction between speakers, speaker information is necessary. To address the problems of (1) and (2), we propose a hierarchical transformer framework (apart from the description of other studies, the “transformer” in this paper usually refers to the encoder part of the transformer) with a lower-level transformer to model the word-level input and an upper-level transformer to capture the context of utterance-level embeddings. For problem (3), we use bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT), a pretrained language model, as the lower-level transformer, which is equivalent to introducing external data into the model and solves the problem of data shortage to some extent. For problem (4), we add speaker embeddings to the model for the first time, which enables our model to capture the interaction between speakers. Experiments on three dialog emotion datasets, Friends, EmotionPush, and EmoryNLP, demonstrate that our proposed hierarchical transformer network models obtain competitive results compared with the state-of-the-art methods in terms of the macro-averaged F1-score (macro-F1).
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Perrier, Pascal, David J. Ostry, and Rafael Laboissière. "The Equilibrium Point Hypothesis and Its Application to Speech Motor Control." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 39, no. 2 (April 1996): 365–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3902.365.
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In this paper, we address a number of issues in speech research in the context of the equilibrium point hypothesis of motor control. The hypothesis suggests that movements arise from shifts in the equilibrium position of the limb or the speech articulator. The equilibrium is a consequence of the interaction of central neural commands, reflex mechanisms, muscle properties, and external loads, but it is under the control of central neural commands. These commands act to shift the equilibrium via centrally specified signals acting at the level of the motoneurone (MN) pool. In the context of a model of sagittal plane jaw and hyoid motion based on the λ version of the equilibrium point hypothesis, we consider the implications of this hypothesis for the notion of articulatory targets. We suggest that simple linear control signals may underlie smooth articulatory trajectories. We explore as well the phenomenon of intra-articulator coarticulation in jaw movement. We suggest that even when no account is taken of upcoming context, that apparent anticipatory changes in movement amplitude and duration may arise due to dynamics. We also present a number of simulations that show in different ways how variability in measured kinematics can arise in spite of constant magnitude speech control signals.
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Lanzi, Alyssa, and Michelle S. Bourgeois. "Structured External Memory Aid Treatment for Mild Cognitive Impairment." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 29, no. 1S (February 21, 2020): 474–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_ajslp-cac48-18-0209.
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Purpose The aims of this study were (a) to examine the effects of a structured external memory aid (EMA) treatment for individuals with possible mild neurocognitive disorder on their use of EMAs to compensate for memory impairments, (b) to examine the extent that improved functional EMA use maintains following intervention, and (c) to measure the effects of treatment on participants' self-reported memory skills. Method The researchers employed a multiple-baseline design across subjects within dyads. Data were collected using the Roleplay Assessment. The graphed data were analyzed visually at baseline, treatment, and maintenance sessions. In addition, the researchers examined the participants' self-report of memory skills through an experimental pre–post design. Results Following intervention, a functional strategy use treatment effect was observed. All 6 participants' graphs revealed a large positive change in level, with no overlapping data. Statistical analyses also supported the positive effects of treatment. The participants maintained the use of strategies for 1–3 months. The participants self-reported a statistically significant increase in strategy use following intervention. Conclusions With treatment, individuals with mild memory impairments can learn to use EMAs to facilitate enhanced performance on functional activities. This study provides evidence for the importance of documenting individual treatment effects and using a functional measure to examine compensatory strategy use in everyday tasks.
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Bury, James, Anthony Sellick, and Kyoko Yamamoto. "An after school program to prepare senior high school students for external speech contests: Implementation and feedback." Language Teacher 36, no. 2 (March 1, 2012): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37546/jalttlt36.2-3.
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A voluntary after school program to prepare students for external speech contests was introduced in a senior high school. The students’ perceptions of, and attitudes towards, the program were assessed. Analysis of the data shows a high level of satisfaction and the participating students reported their confidence and levels of speaking and writing had improved. Furthermore, the program offered new learning contexts that were beneficial to the students and developed their skills in the language areas that they found most difficult. The students also had the opportunity to voice their opinions and work autonomously, which empowered them to develop their English skills with a definite goal. 外部スピーチコンテスト対策プログラムが高校で開始された。その対策プログラムに参加する生徒のプログラムに対する認識、及び姿勢が調査された。データの分析の結果、プログラムに参加した生徒は高い満足度を示し、自信とスピーキングとラィティングのレベルが向上したと報告した。更に、その対策プログラムでは、生徒の役に立ち、なおかつ生徒たちが最も難しいと考えている言語分野のスキルを向上させる新しい学習内容が提供された。生徒たちは、自分の意見を発表し、自主的に学習をすすめる機会もまた持つことが出来た。それによって、明確な目標を持ち、英語のスキルを発展させようとする自立心が養成された。
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Murray, Elizabeth, Patricia McCabe, and Kirrie J. Ballard. "A Randomized Controlled Trial for Children With Childhood Apraxia of Speech Comparing Rapid Syllable Transition Treatment and the Nuffield Dyspraxia Programme–Third Edition." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 58, no. 3 (June 2015): 669–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2015_jslhr-s-13-0179.
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PurposeThis randomized controlled trial compared the experimental Rapid Syllable Transition (ReST) treatment to the Nuffield Dyspraxia Programme–Third Edition (NDP3; Williams & Stephens, 2004), used widely in clinical practice in Australia and the United Kingdom. Both programs aim to improve speech motor planning/programming for children with apraxia of speech (CAS), but they differ in types of stimuli used, level of stimulus complexity at initiation of treatment, and the principles of motor learning that they apply.MethodTreatment was delivered to 26 children with mild to severe CAS aged 4–12 years through trained and supervised speech-language pathology students in 1-hr sessions, 4 days a week for 3 weeks at a university clinic. Articulation and prosodic accuracy were assessed at pretreatment, 1 week, 1 month, and 4 months posttreatment using blinded independent assessors to compare treatment, maintenance, and generalization effects.ResultsThe ReST and NDP3 treatments demonstrated large treatment effects. ReST maintained treatment gains from 1-week to 4-months posttreatment more effectively than the NDP3. Significant generalization to untreated stimuli was observed for both ReST and NDP3.ConclusionsReST and NDP3 have strong evidence of treatment and generalization gains in children with CAS when delivered intensively. Overall, ReST has greater external evidence from multiple sources but both treatments have support for clinical use.
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Moro-Velázquez, Laureano, Jorge Andrés Gómez-García, Juan Ignacio Godino-Llorente, and Gustavo Andrade-Miranda. "Modulation Spectra Morphological Parameters: A New Method to Assess Voice Pathologies according to the GRBAS Scale." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/259239.
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Disordered voices are frequently assessed by speech pathologists using perceptual evaluations. This might lead to problems caused by the subjective nature of the process and due to the influence of external factors which compromise the quality of the assessment. In order to increase the reliability of the evaluations, the design of automatic evaluation systems is desirable. With that in mind, this paper presents an automatic system which assesses the Grade and Roughness level of the speech according to the GRBAS perceptual scale. Two parameterization methods are used: one based on the classic Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients, which has already been used successfully in previous works, and other derived from modulation spectra. For the latter, a new group of parameters has been proposed, named Modulation Spectra Morphological Parameters: MSC, DRB, LMR, MSH, MSW, CIL, PALA, and RALA. In methodology, PCA and LDA are employed to reduce the dimensionality of feature space, and GMM classifiers to evaluate the ability of the proposed features on distinguishing the different levels. Efficiencies of 81.6% and 84.7% are obtained for Grade and Roughness, respectively, using modulation spectra parameters, while MFCCs performed 80.5% and 77.7%. The obtained results suggest the usefulness of the proposed Modulation Spectra Morphological Parameters for automatic evaluation of Grade and Roughness in the speech.
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Taran, Oksana, and Marharyta Salionovych. "FEATURES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ADAPTATION TO SCHOOL OF FIRST-GRADERS WITH SPEECHDISORDERS IN INCLUSIVE EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT." Scientific journal of Khortytsia National Academy, no. 2021-4 (December 4, 2021): 144–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.51706/2707-3076-2021-4-13.
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The article deals with the problem of psychological adaptation to school of first-graders with speech disorders in inclusive educational environment. The article outlines the essence of the concepts of adaptation to school, which is understood as the adaptation of children to a modified system of requirements, norms and rules associated with the implementation of educational activities. It is determined by readiness to accept the role of a pupil, the formation of a positive attitude to school studies and a sense of emotional comfort in a new social space. The problem of disadaptation to school is determined; it is caused by a number of factors: internal (school readiness, peculiarities of psychophysical development, brain dysfunction, etc.) and external (irrational organization of learning, inconsistency of teaching methods and technologies with the age and functionality of children, etc.). The article substantiates the relevance of encouraging children with speech disorders to participate in inclusive learning in order to socialize them. The authors present the results of the empirical study according to which the personal, socio-psychological and psychophysiological aspects of the psychological adaptation of first grade pupils with speech disorders are formed at an insufficient level. Insufficient adaptability to school of this category of children happens due to personal immaturity, predominance of the game motive and insufficient acceptance of the role of a school student. Insufficient adaptation to the psychophysical aspect confirms the presence of pupils with speech disorders of endogenous factors, which cause their difficulties in learning, in particular neurological disorders manifested in rapid fatigue, difficulties to concentrate and slowing in the pace of processing educational material.That is, speech disorders are a destabilizing factor in the process of psychological adaptation of children to school. According to the results of the survey carried out by specialists of the support team the authors found insufficient level of professional competence in relation to the psychological adaptation of first-graders with speech disorders to school in inclusive environment. Thus, the great majority of specialists need help in increasing their professional competence in relation to the specified problems in the format of seminars, trainings and webinars.
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Nefedova, Liliya A., Ekaterina S. Krasnopeyeva, and Svetlana S. Kraeva. "E-politeness in student requests to faculty: А view from a regional Russian university in the midst of a pandemic." Philological Sciences. Scientific Essays of Higher Education, no. 2 (March 2022): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.20339/phs.2-22.034.
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This paper explores pragmalinguistic strategies in the Russian language student requests made to faculty via email and Moodle learning management system (LMS) at Chelyabinsk State University, Russia, from March 2020 to March 2021, in the period of the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions. Drawing from the sample and a questionnaire, we focus on the type of request and its level of imposition, as well as the internal and external modification, following a modified Cross-Cultural Study of Speech Act Realization Patterns framework. The reported case study shows that students use LMS for making requests for action, and resort to email to request information. External modification is a dominant strategy used to mitigate the impositive force of the requests in the sample. LMS requests tend to be concise and directed at ‘getting stuff done’ with minimal mitigation strategies. This may illustrate a lack of essential pragmatic competence on the students’ part and be connected to the normalisation of a telegraph-style communication.
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Hidayat, Syahroni. "SPEECH RECOGNITION OF KV-PATTERNED INDONESIAN SYLLABLE USING MFCC, WAVELET AND HMM." Kursor 8, no. 2 (December 12, 2016): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.28961/kursor.v8i2.63.
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The Indonesian language is an agglutinative language which has complex suffixes and affixes attached on its root. For this reason there is a high possibility to recognize Indonesian speech based on its syllables. The syllable-based Indonesian speech recognition could reduce the database and recognize new Indonesian vocabularies which evolve as the result of language development. MFCC and WPT daubechies 3rd (DB3) and 7th (DB7) order methods are used in feature extraction process and HMM with Euclidean distance probability is applied for classification. The results shows that the best recognition rateis 75% and 70.8% for MFCC and WPT method respectively, which come from the testing using training data test. Meanwhile, for testing using external data test WPT method excel the MFCC method, where the best recognition rate is 53.1% for WPT and 47% for MFCC. For MFCC the accuracy increased asthe data length and the frame length increased. In WPT, the increase in accuracy is influenced by the length of data, type of the wavelet and decomposition level. It is also found that as the variation of state increased the recognition for both methods decreased.
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Maksymenko, Ksenia, and Heorhii Kalmykov. "Psycholinguistic Concept and the Model of Speech Influence by A.A. Leontiev and Its Importance for Actualization of the Modern Communication Problems." PSYCHOLINGUISTICS 24, no. 1 (October 3, 2018): 227–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2309-1797-2018-24-1-227-251.
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The article reveals the main provisions of the concept of speech influence and describes its theoretical model, which was developed by well-known psycholinguist of the 20th century A.A. Leontiev. The main ideas of this concept are explicated within the scope of the problem of speech communication and conditioned by this verbal act processes of speaking of the communicator (speaker) and listening of the recipient (s). The speech influence is considered by the researcher of this problem at the level of the internal and external stages of the communicative-speech processes generation of the speaker and the recipient. That is why A.A. Leontiev pays great attention in this concept to the analysis of such psycholinguistic phenomena as: «value», «sense», «semantic field of the recipient», «sign», «internal speech», «internal programming», «act of speaking» etc. The article reveals the following aspects: a) established by A.A. Leontiev evolution of the forms of communication and its psychological and semiotic mediation; b) separated by him stages of the historical formation of the activity of communication, in particular its final stage – the speech effect, which becomes a professional activity, motivated «from inside the self»; c) distinguished by the researcher notions of «speech» and «speech activity», d) defined by him the notion of «communication» and its varieties, e) associated with orientation – the criterion of speech communication – speech effect, which is characterized as one of the aspects of psychological content of communication, g) identified by three parameters phenomenon of the sign and applied in its interpretation two methods of scientific analysis important for a deep understanding of speech influence used, through the processes of understanding (the transition from a sign to the thought) and through the objectification of the subjective communicative intention (the transition from a thought to the sign) and other important provisions of the proposed concept. The content of this manuscript also describes the psycholinguistic model of speech effect, which, according to the author, has statuses or psychological actions, or appears as an independent activity with its own motive, has a feedback, acts in various forms of interference with consciousness and subconscious of the personality, etc.; the ways of achieving changes in the recipient’s existing values under the influence of the content of communicator’s speech are represented; the three-layer psycholinguistic structure of the speech influence is substantiated. In the debating section of the article, it is suggested to consider the scientific work of A.A. Leontiev concerning the speech influence as a psycholinguistic theory, by taking into account its theoretical and practical significance for modern science and communicative practice.
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Jacobson, Gary P., Jennifer A. Henderson, and Devin L. McCaslin. "A Re-evaluation of Tinnitus Reliability Testing." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 11, no. 03 (March 2000): 156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1748041.
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AbstractThe purposes of these investigations were to (1) evaluate tinnitus loudness measures of unskilled normal listeners asked to imagine that they are experiencing a constant monaural tonal tinnitus and (2) compare the performance of these listeners to that of a sample of patients with tinnitus. Subgroups of 24 patients participated in two investigations. Results suggest that (1) normal subjects asked to imagine a high-pitched, tonal tinnitus show significantly greater tinnitus loudness matching levels (a) when they do not have an external reference, (b) after a 1-week interval, and (c) for low-frequency matching tones; (2) patients with high-pitched tinnitus did not demonstrate statistically significant differences in tinnitus loudness judgments within or between sessions or frequencies; (3) tinnitus patients do not differ significantly from normals feigning tinnitus in the variability of tinnitus loudness matching levels within a single session (two measures) or after a 1-week interval (one measure); and (4) normals feigning tinnitus tended to choose significantly greater loudness matching levels than did tinnitus subjects. Abbreviations: SL = sensation level, THI= Tinnitus Handicap Inventory
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Radovanović, Vesna, Marina Radić Šestić, Jasmina Kovačević, and Sanja Dimoski. "Factors Related to Personal Resiliency in Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Adolescents." Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 25, no. 4 (June 1, 2020): 430–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/deafed/enaa012.
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Abstract Hearing loss is a risk factor for a child’s appropriate psychosocial development but is not a risk factor for the development of resiliency. Thus, the aim of this research was to determine the level of resiliency, as well as its relation to internal and external factors, in deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) adolescents. The sample included 55 DHH students, 12–14 years of age. Resiliency Scales for Children & Adolescents was used in this research. The obtained results showed that DHH students perceived their resiliency in the average range, except in subscales: Self-efficacy (within Sense of Mastery Scale), Social Support (within Sense of Relatedness Scale), Impairment (within Emotional Reactivity Scale) in which the results were within a higher range, and Recovery (within Emotional Reactivity Scale) in which the results were in a lower range.
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Knecht, Heather A., Peggy B. Nelson, Gail M. Whitelaw, and Lawrence L. Feth. "Background Noise Levels and Reverberation Times in Unoccupied Classrooms." American Journal of Audiology 11, no. 2 (December 2002): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1059-0889(2002/009).
Full textAbstract:
Classrooms are often filled with deterrents that hamper a child’s ability to listen and learn. It is evident that the acoustical environment in classrooms can be one such deterrent. Excessive background noise and reverberation can affect the achievement and educational performance of children with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and children with normal hearing sensitivity who have other auditory learning difficulties, as well as elementary school children with no verbal or hearing disabilities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the extent of the problem of noise and reverberation in schools. To that end, we measured reverberation times and background noise levels in 32 different unoccupied elementary classrooms in eight public school buildings in central Ohio. The results were compared with the limits recommended in the American National Standards Institute standard for acoustical characteristics of classrooms in the United States (ANSI S12.60-2002). These measurements were also compared to the external and internal criteria variables developed by Crandell, Smaldino, & Flexer (1995) to determine if a simple checklist can accurately predict unwanted classroom background noise levels and reverberation. Results indicated that most classrooms were not in compliance with ANSI noise and reverberation standards. Further, our results suggested that a checklist was not a good predictor of the noisier and more reverberant rooms.
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ZENNAKI, O., N. SEMMAR, and L. BESACIER. "A neural approach for inducing multilingual resources and natural language processing tools for low-resource languages." Natural Language Engineering 25, no. 1 (August 6, 2018): 43–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324918000293.
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AbstractThis work focuses on the rapid development of linguistic annotation tools for low-resource languages (languages that have no labeled training data). We experiment with several cross-lingual annotation projection methods using recurrent neural networks (RNN) models. The distinctive feature of our approach is that our multilingual word representation requires only a parallel corpus between source and target languages. More precisely, our approach has the following characteristics: (a) it does not use word alignment information, (b) it does not assume any knowledge about target languages (one requirement is that the two languages (source and target) are not too syntactically divergent), which makes it applicable to a wide range of low-resource languages, (c) it provides authentic multilingual taggers (one tagger forNlanguages). We investigate both uni and bidirectional RNN models and propose a method to include external information (for instance, low-level information from part-of-speech tags) in the RNN to train higher level taggers (for instance, Super Sense taggers). We demonstrate the validity and genericity of our model by using parallel corpora (obtained by manual or automatic translation). Our experiments are conducted to induce cross-lingual part-of-speech and Super Sense taggers. We also use our approach in a weakly supervised context, and it shows an excellent potential for very low-resource settings (less than 1k training utterances).
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Hunter, Eric J., Mark L. Berardi, and Miriam van Mersbergen. "Relationship Between Tasked Vocal Effort Levels and Measures of Vocal Intensity." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 64, no. 6 (June 4, 2021): 1829–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_jslhr-20-00465.
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Purpose Patients with voice problems commonly report increased vocal effort, regardless of the underlying pathophysiology. Previous studies investigating vocal effort and voice production have used a range of methods to quantify vocal effort. The goals of the current study were to use the Borg CR100 effort scale to (a) demonstrate the relation between vocal intensity or vocal level (dB) and tasked vocal effort goals and (b) investigate the repeated measure reliability of vocal level at tasked effort level goals. Method Three types of speech (automatic, read, and structured spontaneous) were elicited at four vocal effort level goals on the Borg CR100 scale (2, 13, 25, and 50) from 20 participants (10 females and 10 males). Results Participants' vocal level reliably changed approximately 5 dB between the elicited effort level goals; this difference was statistically significant and repeatable. Biological females produced a voice with consistently less intensity for a vocal effort level goal compared to biological males. Conclusions The results indicate the utility of the Borg CR100 in tracking effort in voice production that is repeatable with respect to vocal level (dB). Future research will investigate other metrics of voice production with the goal of understanding the mechanisms underlying vocal effort and the external environmental influences on the perception of vocal effort.
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Bakai, Yulia. "PSYCHOLINGUISTIC PECULIARITIES OF VERBAL AGGRESSION IN ENGLISH POLITICAL DISCOURSE." Academic Journal of Nawroz University 11, no. 2 (April 23, 2022): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.25007/ajnu.v11n2a1258.
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Psycholinguistic peculiarities of verbal aggression in English political discourse. The article examines aspects of speech aggression that allows social pressure to be exercised in the conditions of the asymmetric social status of participants in verbal communications. The factors of linguistic objectification are investigated from the perspective of age, social, gender, personal characteristics and characteristics of subjects of discourse. As an example of verbal aggression, the speech acts of public speeches of the incumbent President of the United States of America D. Trump, which are considered as an integral part of an individual's activities, due to high semantic significance and the necessary level of interpersonal interaction, were subjected to linguistic analysis. The use of aggression in Trump's political discourse is is guided by reason, not emotion. His consistent use of derogatory nicknames, constant attention to the media, as well as the selection of offensive words that draw attention to the specific shortcomings of his addressees indicate that aggression is not based on impulsiveness or randomness. Verbal aggression aimed at lowering the opponent's social status is one of the methods of an offensive strategy and affects, sometimes significantly, the decision-making of an offended person. The use of methods of verbal aggression by D. Trump in the context of political discourse can be a powerful "weapon" both in relation to the internal political situation and in the external political arena. Such aspects, in the context of the increasing influence of forms of digital culture on the psycho-emotional sphere of a person, leave researchers with ample opportunities in the field of scientific research.
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Kurnosov, Dmitry. "Pragmatic Adjudication of Election Cases in the European Court of Human Rights." European Journal of International Law 32, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 255–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chab032.
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Abstract During the past 30 years, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has been constantly expanding its footprint in the area of democratic rights. However, the Court’s approach to election cases has been arguably more cautious compared to its jurisprudence on freedom of speech, association and assembly. Despite a growing body of scholarship on the ECtHR and democratic processes, this caution is yet to be adequately contextualized. This article aims to fill the gap by developing a normative model of how external considerations affect the ECtHR election jurisprudence. American judge-scholar Richard Posner has proposed pragmatic adjudication as a blueprint for incorporating external considerations into political disputes before the courts. I rely on this blueprint to gauge the level of deference to respondent governments in election cases at the ECtHR between 1987 and 2020. I find that, while the Court gives states wide leeway over political competition, it is less deferential when cases concern access to political process. At the same time, the ECtHR increasingly relies on procedural oversight to detect unfair electoral practices without changing the general distribution of competences.
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GRAFMILLER, JASON. "Variation in English genitives across modality and genres." English Language and Linguistics 18, no. 3 (October 28, 2014): 471–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674314000136.
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The choice of genitive construction in English is conditioned by numerous semantic, syntactic and phonological factors. The present study explores the influence of these factors across different modalities (speech vs writing) and genres (e.g. press, fiction, etc.), and models the mediating effect of language-external variables on internal cognitive and linguistic factors within the context of a probabilistic grammar of genitive choice. The discussion revolves around debates concerning the driving force(s) behind recent changes in newspaper genitives, concluding that the trend reflects a push toward more economical modes of expression in reportage texts. Curiously, analysis finds few significant interactions with low-level processing-related factors, e.g. possessor frequency and lexical density – a surprising result in light of recent research. However, analysis further reveals significant inter-genre variability among several other crucial factors including possessor animacy and final sibilancy, which are significantly reduced in journalistic prose. These latter findings offer indirect evidence in favor of economization, and offer insight into the connections between external stylistic concerns, specific linguistic practices and internal probabilistic weights associated with specific grammatical constructions.