Relevant bibliographies by topics / External level of speech

Academic literature on the topic 'External level of speech'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "External level of speech"

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Serpanos, Yula C., Janet R. Schoepflin, Steven R. Cox, and Diane Davis. "The Accuracy of Smartphone Sound Level Meter Applications (SLMAs) in Measuring Sound Levels in Clinical Rooms." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 32, no. 01 (January 2021): 027–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1719137.

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Abstract Background The accuracy of smartphone sound level meter applications (SLMAs) has been investigated with varied results, based on differences in platform, device, app, available features, test stimuli, and methodology. Purpose This article determines the accuracy of smartphone SLMAs with and without calibration of external and internal microphones for measuring sound levels in clinical rooms. Research Design Quasi-experimental research design comparing the accuracy of two smartphone SLMAs with and without calibration of external and internal microphones. Data Collection and Analysis Two iOS-based smartphone SLMAs (NIOSH SLM and SPL Meter) on an iPhone 6S were used with and without calibrated external and internal microphones. Measures included: (1) white noise (WN) stimuli from 20 to 100 dB sound pressure level in a sound-treated test booth and (2) sound levels in quiet in four nonsound-treated clinical rooms and in simulated background sound conditions using music at 45, 55, and 80 dBA. Chi-square analysis was used to determine a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) in sound measures between the SLMAs and a Type 1 SLM. Results Measures of WN signals and room sound level measures in quiet and simulated background sound conditions were significantly more accurate at levels ≥ 40 dBA using the SLMAs with calibrated external and internal microphones. However, SLMA measures with and without calibration of external and internal microphones overestimated sound levels < 40 dBA. Conclusion The SLMAs studied with calibrated external or internal microphones are able to verify the room environment for audiologic screening at 1,000, 2,000, and 4,000 Hz at 20 dB hearing level (American Academy of Audiology and American Speech-Language-Hearing Association) using supra-aural earphones (American National Standards Institute S3.1–1999 [R2018]). However, the tested SLMAs overestimated low-level sound < 40 dBA, even when the external or internal microphones were calibrated. Clinicians are advised to calibrate the microphones prior to using measurement systems involving smartphones and SLMAs to measure room sound levels and to monitor background noise levels throughout the provision of clinical services.
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Enatescu, V. V., V. R. Enatescu, and I. Enatescu. "FC09-04 - The verbalization filter model in informational levels of the psychic." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73565-9.

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In the structure of psychic's level passing from the gnosic level to the semantic level is done through the verbalization filter which allow the internalization of the speech.We develop our original model of psychic compatible with Piaget theory. Staging the speech development, we can divide in the next phases: a somatic development of the phonatory organs with a synchronization of the respiratory organs, a developments: a somatic development of some sounds pronunciations of some sounds pronunciations with external feedback for the correlation of the phonatory motors centers with the auditory sensorial centers. Till here we talk about a stage of phonation exercising. Generating of words with them gradual connection to object, person, concept with a stage of semantic connections. A period of external language, when thoughts are expressed with a loud voice and external feedback is more important and necessary essential for thinking. A gradual internalization of speech with a developing of abstract thinking and a final stage of intelligence development based on concepts (words) and logic operations with words.This entire are doubled by phenomena of figurative representation that represent the multimodal functions which involve beside specific sonorous of inner speech other parameters: visuals, tactile, olfactory, etc.In internalization is not necessary the muscular efector peripheric screen except in the first phase of the forming and consolidating of the filter. Lack of auditory self-control lead to speech disorders and total lack of external stimulation (sensorial deprivation) could generate auditory hallucinations.
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Mamyrbayev, ОZh, DO Oralbekova, K. Alimhan, M. Othman, and B. Zhumazhanov. "Development online models for automatic speech recognition systems with a low data level." Annals of Mathematics and Physics 5, no. 2 (August 23, 2022): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/amp.000049.

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Speech recognition is a rapidly growing field in machine learning. Conventional automatic speech recognition systems were built based on independent components, that is an acoustic model, a language model and a vocabulary, which were tuned and trained separately. The acoustic model is used to predict the context-dependent states of phonemes, and the language model and lexicon determine the most possible sequences of spoken phrases. The development of deep learning technologies has contributed to the improvement of other scientific areas, which includes speech recognition. Today, the most popular speech recognition systems are systems based on an end-to-end (E2E) structure, which trains the components of a traditional model simultaneously without isolating individual elements, representing the system as a single neural network. The E2E structure represents the system as one whole element, in contrast to the traditional one, which has several independent elements. The E2E system provides a direct mapping of acoustic signals in a sequence of labels without intermediate states, without the need for post-processing at the output, which makes it easy to implement. Today, the popular models are those that directly output the sequence of words based on the input sound in real-time, which are online end-to-end models. This article provides a detailed overview of popular online-based models for E2E systems such as RNN-T, Neural Transducer (NT) and Monotonic Chunkwise Attention (MoChA). It should be emphasized that online models for Kazakh speech recognition have not been developed at the moment. For low-resource languages, like the Kazakh language, the above models have not been studied. Thus, systems based on these models have been trained to recognize Kazakh speech. The results obtained showed that all three models work well for recognizing Kazakh speech without the use of external additions.
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Hodgson, Murray. "Acoustical Evaluation of Six ‘Green’ Office Buildings." Journal of Green Building 3, no. 4 (November 1, 2008): 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.3.4.108.

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To explain the reactions of the building occupants to their acoustical environments, meetings with the designers, walk-through surveys, and detailed acoustical measurements were done. The objective was to determine how design decisions affect office acoustical environments, and how to improve the acoustical design of ‘green’ office buildings. Design-performance criteria were established. Measurements were made of noise level, reverberation time, speech-intelligibility index (SII), and noise isolation. Noise levels were atypically low in unoccupied buildings with no mechanical ventilation, but excessive in areas near external walls next to noisy external noise sources—especially with windows open for ventilation—and in occupied buildings. Reverberation times were excessive in areas with large volumes and insufficient sound absorption. Speech intelligibility was generally adequate, but speech privacy was inadequate in shared and open-office areas, and into private offices with the doors open for ventilation. Improvement of the acoustical design of ‘green’ buildings must include increasing the external-internal noise isolation and that between workplaces, and the use of adequate sound absorption to control reverberation and noise.
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Koval, O. A. "Relationship Between the Psychological Development of Preschool Children with Speech Pathology and the Level of Development of Emotional Intelligence." Клиническая и специальная психология 9, no. 1 (2020): 142–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/cpse.2020090108.

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The article reveals the features of emotional and cognitive development of preschool children with speech pathology, and their relationship with the level of development of emotional intelligence of parents. The relevance is caused by a marked increase in the number of children with speech pathology and insufficient study of the problem. The study involved 79 child-parent pairs, of which 51 children aged 4-5 years have speech disorders, and 28 children of the same age range are characterized by normative speech development. Found that children of the experimental sample statistically significant differ from their peers in the control group in the development of both cognitive and emotional spheres. The connections between the development of cognitive and emotional spheres of preschool children and the level of development of emotional intelligence of parents, as well as the style of emotional education implemented by them, are revealed. Parents of children in the experimental group have significant differences in the level of development of such components of emotional intelligence as interpersonal and intrapersonal emotion management, control of external manifestations of emotions, integrative indicators of interpersonal emotional intelligence and emotion management. Parents of preschoolers with speech pathologies are more likely to implement a disapproving style of emotional education, do not show interest in forming a child's ideas about emotions.
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Kohler, Klaus J. "Articulatory dynamics of vowels and consonants in speech communication." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 31, no. 1 (June 2001): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100301001013.

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This paper provides a statistical account of schwa elision and vowel nasalization, and of nasalization and deletion of plosives in a large corpus of German spontaneous dialogues in comparison with an equally large data base of read speech (sentences and texts) from large groups of North German speakers. The phonetic variability of these phrase-level processes is projected onto the articulatory dynamics in global opening and closing gestures, which are taken to be basic phonetic structures of speech communication. Trends for gesture reorganization are derived from statistics, and related to external control factors of word boundary, word class, speech style as well as internal phonetic conditions of gestural make-up and of reduction of articulatory complexity. These synchronic facts of one language are compared with parallel instances from other languages and linked to congruent diachronic data of sound change, thus laying the foundation for generalizable phrase-level patterns of human speech production.
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Verstraete, Jean-Christophe. "A semiotic model for the description of levels in conjunction." Functions of Language 5, no. 2 (January 1, 1998): 179–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.5.2.04ver.

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This paper attempts to develop a comprehensive model for the problem of internal vs. external conjunction (Halliday & Hasan 1976). It is first argued that the distinction between internal and external conjunction is not merely a matter of semantics, but that the two types are semiotically significant categories. By postulating that internal and external conjunction are cryptotypically anchored in the speaker-encoding vs. content-related grammar of their main clause, it can be explained why and how syntactic criteria like clefting or nominalization 'react' to the semantic distinction between the two types of conjunction. Secondly, it is argued that the internal category should be subdivided into two grammatically distinct types of conjunction, which are related to the modal and the speech functional grammar of their main clause. Finally, this analysis is used to propose a sharper delineation of the modal and the speech functional subtypes of the internal category.
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Gallardo-Antolín, Ascensión, and Juan M. Montero. "An Auditory Saliency Pooling-Based LSTM Model for Speech Intelligibility Classification." Symmetry 13, no. 9 (September 18, 2021): 1728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13091728.

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Speech intelligibility is a crucial element in oral communication that can be influenced by multiple elements, such as noise, channel characteristics, or speech disorders. In this paper, we address the task of speech intelligibility classification (SIC) in this last circumstance. Taking our previous works, a SIC system based on an attentional long short-term memory (LSTM) network, as a starting point, we deal with the problem of the inadequate learning of the attention weights due to training data scarcity. For overcoming this issue, the main contribution of this paper is a novel type of weighted pooling (WP) mechanism, called saliency pooling where the WP weights are not automatically learned during the training process of the network, but are obtained from an external source of information, the Kalinli’s auditory saliency model. In this way, it is intended to take advantage of the apparent symmetry between the human auditory attention mechanism and the attentional models integrated into deep learning networks. The developed systems are assessed on the UA-speech dataset that comprises speech uttered by subjects with several dysarthria levels. Results show that all the systems with saliency pooling significantly outperform a reference support vector machine (SVM)-based system and LSTM-based systems with mean pooling and attention pooling, suggesting that Kalinli’s saliency can be successfully incorporated into the LSTM architecture as an external cue for the estimation of the speech intelligibility level.
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Setyawati, Luthfiyah Hanim, Mangatur Rudolf Nababan, and Djatmika Djatmika. "Translation Analysis toward Expressions Mitigating Speech Act of Criticizing in Harper Lee’s to Kill A Mockingbird and Go Set A Watchman." Journal of English Language Teaching and Linguistics 3, no. 2 (July 25, 2018): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21462/jeltl.v3i2.113.

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<p><em>Using descriptive qualitative method, this paper aims to identify the forms of mitigation of criticizing speech acts in two novels entitled To Kill a Mockingbird and Go Set A Watchman, to identify translation technique used and to describe the quality of translation of expressions mitigating speech act of criticizing in those novels. Data used were linguistic units (words, phrases, clauses, or sentences) represented mitigation types of criticizing speech act. The findings indicate that there were two mitigation types of speech act criticizing, namely external and internal. Expressions mitigating speech act of criticizing from those novels mainly had an equivalent message in Source Text (ST). Translation techniques applied to translate mitigation forms in criticizing speech act imply the translator’s competence in conveying the message of Source Text. Thus, it will impact on shifting meaning or even level of politeness.</em></p>
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Yazdanfar, Shiler, and Alireza Bonyadi. "Request Strategies in Everyday Interactions of Persian and English Speakers." SAGE Open 6, no. 4 (October 2016): 215824401667947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244016679473.

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Cross-cultural studies of speech acts in different linguistic contexts might have interesting implications for language researchers and practitioners. Drawing on the Speech Act Theory, the present study aimed at conducting a comparative study of request speech act in Persian and English. Specifically, the study endeavored to explore the request strategies used in daily interactions of Persian and English speakers based on directness level and supportive moves. To this end, English and Persian TV series were observed and requestive utterances were transcribed. The utterances were then categorized based on Blum-Kulka and Olshtain’s Cross-Cultural Study of Speech Act Realization Pattern (CCSARP) for directness level and internal and external mitigation devises. According to the results, although speakers of both languages opted for the direct level as their most frequently used strategy in their daily interactions, the English speakers used more conventionally indirect strategies than the Persian speakers did, and the Persian speakers used more non-conventionally indirect strategies than the English speakers did. Furthermore, the analyzed data revealed the fact that American English speakers use more mitigation devices in their daily interactions with friends and family members than Persian speakers.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "External level of speech"

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Vaziri, Ghazaleh. "Evaluation of Changes in Speech Production Induced by Conventional and Level-Dependent Hearing Protectors and Noise Characteristics." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38501.

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The use of personal hearing protection devices (HPDs) is often recommended to protect workers' hearing from noise-induced damage when no other means of reducing noise levels at the source is effective. The effects of HPDs on speech communication cannot be neglected in spite of their benefit in reducing the risk of hearing loss. While much research has been directed at speech perception, much less is known on how HPDs affect speech production. The tendency of talkers to raise their vocal effort in noise, known as the Lombard effect, is often disrupted by HPDs due to their occlusion effect and the lower noise at the ears as well as the attenuated feedback from one’s own voice. Three main knowledge gaps are addressed in this thesis. The first gap is to characterize speech produced by talkers with or without HPDs under realistic acoustic conditions while immersed in an external noise field. The second gap is to evaluate more comprehensively speech production under protected and unprotected talker and listener ear conditions in different types of fluctuating and continous noises. The third gap is to assess the alterations in the characteristics of speech produced by talkers wearing level-dependent HPDs set at different transmission gain settings and in comparison with passive HPDs. This thesis extends methods used to recover Lombard speech elicited in an external noise field. For this purpose, two noise suppression methods, direct waveform subtraction (DWS) and adaptive noise cancellation (ANC), were found to adequately remove noise from speech recorded for SNRs as low as −10 dB. Moreover, this work contributes new knowledge on the effects of conventional passive HPDs on speech production. When talker wears HPD in noise then speech level were found to decrease by up to 9 dB in continuous noises and by 7 dB in fluctuating noises compared to open ears, while speech levels were found to increase by about 5 dB in all noises when the listener wears HPD. Furthermore, changes in pitch and spectral levels were consistent with changes in speech levels. The effects of level-dependent HPD on speech production, depending on the chosen transmission gain setting, revealed that it led to smaller decrease in talkers’ speech levels in noise compared to conventional passive HPD. These findings indicate that the level-dependent HPDs may impede communication less than conventional passive HPDs, while providing protection against high levels of noise.
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Lucas, Adrian Edward. "Acoustic level speech recognition." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1991. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/2819/.

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A number of techniques have been developed over the last forty years which attempt to solve the problem of recognizing human speech by machine. Although the general problem of unconstrained, speaker independent connected speech recognition is still not solved, some of the methods have demonstrated varying degrees of success on a number of constrained speech recognition tasks. Human speech communication is considered to take place on a number of levels from the acoustic signal through to higher linguistic and semantic levels. At the acoustic level, the recognition process can be divided into time-alignment (the removal of global and local timing differences between the unknown input speech and the stored reference templates) and referencete mplate matching. Little attention seems to have been given to the effective use of acoustic level contextual information to improve the performance of these tasks. In this thesis, a new template matching scheme is developed which addresses this issue and successfully allows the utilization of acoustic level context. The method, based on Bayesian decision theory, is a dynamic time warping approach which incorporates statistical dependencies in matching errors between frames along the entire length of the reference template. In addition, the method includes a speaker compensation technique operating simultaneously. Implementation is carried out using the highly efficient branch and bound algorithm. Speech model storage requirements are quite small as a result of an elegant feature of the recursive matching criterion. Furthermore, a novel method for inferencing the special speech models is introduced. The new method is tested on data drawn from nearly 8000 utterances of the 26 letters of the British English Alphabet spoken by 104 speakers, split almost equally between male and female speakers. Experiments show that the new approach is a powerful acoustic level speech recognizer achieving up to 34% better recognition performance when compared with a conventional method based on the dynamic programming algorithm.
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Campbell, Wilhelm. "Multi-level speech timing control." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283832.

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This thesis describes a model of speech timing, predicting at the syllable level, with sensitivity to rhythmic factors at the foot level, that predicts segmental durations by a process of accommodation into the higher-level timing framework. The model is based on analyses of two large databases of British English speech; one illustrating the range of prosodic variation in the language, the other illustrating segmental duration characteristics in various phonetic environments. Designed for a speech synthesis application, the model also has relevance to linguistic and phonetic theory, and shows that phonological specification of prosodic variation is independent of the phonetic realisation of segmental duration. It also shows, using normalisation of phone-specific timing characteristics, that lengthening of segments within the syllable is of three kinds: prominence-related, applying more to onset segments; boundary-related, applying more to coda segments; and rhythm/rate-related, being more uniform across all component segments. In this model, durations are first predicted at the level of the syllable from consideration of the number of component segments, the nature of the rhyme, and the three types of lengthening. The segmental durations are then constrained to sum to this value by determining an appropriate uniform quantile of their individual distributions. Segmental distributions define the range of likely durations each might show under a given set of conditions; their parameters are predicted from broad-class features of place and manner of articulation, factored for position in the syllable, clustering, stress, and finality. Two parameters determine the segmental duration . pdfs, assuming a Gamma distribution, and one parameter determines the quantile within that pdf to predict the duration of any segment in a given prosodic context. In experimental tests, each level produced durations that closely fitted the data of four speakers of British English, and showed performance rates higher than a comparable model predicting exclusively at the level of the segment.
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Chang, Hung-An Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Multi-level acoustic modeling for automatic speech recognition." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/74981.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2012.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 183-192).
Context-dependent acoustic modeling is commonly used in large-vocabulary Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems as a way to model coarticulatory variations that occur during speech production. Typically, the local phoneme context is used as a means to define context-dependent units. Because the number of possible context-dependent units can grow exponentially with the length of the contexts, many units will not have enough training examples to train a robust model, resulting in a data sparsity problem. For nearly two decades, this data sparsity problem has been dealt with by a clustering-based framework which systematically groups different context-dependent units into clusters such that each cluster can have enough data. Although dealing with the data sparsity issue, the clustering-based approach also makes all context-dependent units within a cluster have the same acoustic score, resulting in a quantization effect that can potentially limit the performance of the context-dependent model. In this work, a multi-level acoustic modeling framework is proposed to address both the data sparsity problem and the quantization effect. Under the multi-level framework, each context-dependent unit is associated with classifiers that target multiple levels of contextual resolution, and the outputs of the classifiers are linearly combined for scoring during recognition. By choosing the classifiers judiciously, both the data sparsity problem and the quantization effect can be dealt with. The proposed multi-level framework can also be integrated into existing large-vocabulary ASR systems, such as FST-based ASR systems, and is compatible with state-of-the-art error reduction techniques for ASR systems, such as discriminative training methods. Multiple sets of experiments have been conducted to compare the performance of the clustering-based acoustic model and the proposed multi-level model. In a phonetic recognition experiment on TIMIT, the multi-level model has about 8% relative improvement in terms of phone error rate, showing that the multi-level framework can help improve phonetic prediction accuracy. In a large-vocabulary transcription task, combining the proposed multi-level modeling framework with discriminative training can provide more than 20% relative improvement over a clustering baseline model in terms of Word Error Rate (WER), showing that the multi-level framework can be integrated into existing large-vocabulary decoding frameworks and that it combines well with discriminative training methods. In speaker adaptive transcription task, the multi-level model has about 14% relative WER improvement, showing that the proposed framework can adapt better to new speakers, and potentially to new environments than the conventional clustering-based approach.
by Hung-An Chang.
Ph.D.
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Пазюра, Людмила Володимирівна, and Олександра Олександрівна Новікова. "Teaching oral russian speech at the beginner’s level." Thesis, Материали за XIV международна научна практична конференция, Новината за напреднали наука - 2018 , 15-22 май 2018 г. Филологическите науки. : София.« Бял ГРАД-БГ » - 140 c. (С. 17-21), 2018. http://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/35225.

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Golston, Chris. "Level-ordered Lexical Insertion: Evidence from Speech Errors." Department of Linguistics, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/227269.

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Agee, C., C. Bowden, and A. Lynn Williams. "Phonological Intervention with Children: Word vs. Conversation Level." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1999. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2103.

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Husein, Hish. "Audiologist as the entry level professional." Diss., NSUWorks, 2002. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hpd_aud_stuetd/2.

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Professional Research Project Report Presented to the Au.D. and SLP.D. Programs in Communication Sciences and Disorders in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Audiology.
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Colombo, Mackenzie. "Is There a Significant Positive Correlation Between Paraphasias at the Level of Confrontation Naming to Paraphasias at the Level of Discourse and CIUs in Discourse?" The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1554820396344076.

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Elgie, Benjamin. "Activation of word-level speech production regions during suprasegmental speech perception differs by modality and task." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=104890.

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This study addresses recent ideas regarding the contribution of motor and frontal brain regions, traditionally engaged during speech production, to speech perception. Using an fMRI experiment concerned with word-level speech production and perception, the overlap between perception and production was investigated using a functional mask derived from a conjunction analysis of that experiment's word production tasks. This same mask was used to analyse activity during multi-modal sentence-level speech perception in another experiment. Common activity was found between word production and word perception, but not between word production and the more complex sentence-level speech perception tasks. Contrary to certain claims, visual speech perception did not lead to increased activation of speech production regions. Whole-brain analyses of the sentence-level experiment revealed complex differences between modality- and task-specific regions in frontal, temporal, and occipital regions. Activation in this experiment was clearly influenced by inherent demands of the speech level, task, and modality. Results are discussed in light of the task demands of both experiments, as well as their implication for current understanding of motor/frontal contributions to speech perception.
Cette étude s'appuie sur de récentes hypothèses concernant la contribution en perception de la parole des aires cérébrales motrices et frontales, traditionnellement recrutées lors de la production de la parole. La création d'un masque fonctionnel calculé à partir des données d'une étude en imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionelle (IRMf) portant sur la perception et la production de mots nous a permis de rechercher une éventuelle superposition entre la perception et la production de la parole. Ce masque a été à nouveau utilisé pour analyser d'éventuelles activations pendant une tâche de perception de phrases multi-modales issue d'une autre expérience d'IRMf. Des activités communes à la production et à la perception de mots, mais pas entre la production de mots et la production plus complexe de phrases, ont été mises en évidence. Contrairement à certaines affirmations, la perception visuelle de la parole n'a pas entraîné d'augmentation des activations dans les régions dédiées à la production de la parole. Des analyses de l'ensemble du cerveau lors de la perception et de la production des phrases ont révélé des différences complexes entre les régions spécifiques de la tâche ou de la modalité dans des aires frontales, temporales et occipitales. La modalité, la tâche et le niveau de complexité de la parole ont clairement influencé les activations observées lors de cette expérience. Les résultats obtenus sont discutés en regard des demandes spécifiques dues aux tâches et aux expériences menées ainsi que de la compréhension actuelle des contributions motrices/frontales lors de la perception de la parole.
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Books on the topic "External level of speech"

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External auditing: Qualifications and credit framework : Level 4 diploma in accounting. Wokingham: Kaplan, 2012.

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Hegde, M. N. (Mahabalagiri N.), 1941- author, ed. Assessment and treatment of speech sound disorders in children: A dual-level text. Austin, TX: PRO-ED, an international publisher, 2015.

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Bühler, Dirk. Domain-level reasoning for spoken dialogue systems. New York: Springer, 2011.

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Joint Board for Pre-Vocational Education. Certificate of Pre-Vocational education: Optional external assessment : communication level 1 : assignment A. London: City and Guilds of London Institute with Business and Technician Education Council, 1986.

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J, Robinson William. The effects of skill level on EMG activity during internal and external imagery. Eugene: Microform Publications, College of Human Development and Performance, University of Oregon, 1985.

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Joint Board for Pre-Vocational Education. Certificate of Pre-Vocational education: Optional external assessment : numeracy level 3 : assignment A. London: City and Guilds of London Institute with Business and Technician Education Council, 1986.

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Joint Board for Pre-Vocational Education. Certificate of Pre-Vocational education: Optional external assessment : numeracy level 1 : assignment A. London: City and Guilds of London Institute with Business and Technician Education Council, 1986.

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Education, Joint Board for Pre-Vocational. Certificate of Pre-Vocational education: Optional external assessment : communication level 2 : assignment A. London: City and Guilds of London Institute with Business and Technician Education Council, 1986.

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Joint Board for Pre-Vocational Education. Certificate of Pre-Vocational education: Optional external assessment : numeracy level 4 : assignment A. London: City and Guilds of London Institute with Business and Technician Education Council, 1986.

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Joint Board for Pre-Vocational Education. Certificate of Pre-Vocational education: Optional external assessment : communication level 3 : assignment A. London: City and Guilds of London Institute with Business and Technician Education Council, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "External level of speech"

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Weik, Martin H. "external level." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 558. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_6651.

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Weik, Martin H. "external consideration level." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 557. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_6638.

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Byon, Andrew Sangpil. "The intimate speech level and the plain speech level." In Intermediate Korean:, 1–8. 2nd ed. Second edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge grammar workbooks: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003096610-1.

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Byon, Andrew Sangpil. "The formal speech level and the polite speech level." In Basic Korean, 26–32. Second edition. | [New York] : Routledge, [2020] |: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003096597-5.

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Nigmatulina, Yulia. "Word-External Reduction in Spontaneous Russian." In Speech and Computer, 495–503. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23132-7_61.

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Gorman, G. "The External Environment of Business." In Business Studies A Level, 208–24. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13846-3_13.

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Chernykh, German, Maxim Korenevsky, Kirill Levin, Irina Ponomareva, and Natalia Tomashenko. "State Level Control for Acoustic Model Training." In Speech and Computer, 435–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11581-8_54.

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Kachhi, Aastha, Anand Therattil, Priyanka Gupta, and Hemant A. Patil. "Continuous Wavelet Transform for Severity-Level Classification of Dysarthria." In Speech and Computer, 312–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20980-2_27.

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Kim, Jong-Bok. "Parsing Head Internal and External Relative Clause Constructions in Korean." In Text, Speech and Dialogue, 111–17. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11846406_14.

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Evdokimova, Vera, Pavel Skrelin, Andrey Barabanov, and Karina Evgrafova. "Phonetic Aspects of High Level of Naturalness in Speech Synthesis." In Speech and Computer, 531–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43958-7_64.

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Conference papers on the topic "External level of speech"

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Pushkina, Valentina, Svetlana Razmahova, Dilbar Borisovets, Irina Gernet, and Tatyana Shirokova. "Use of Speech Exercises at Correction of Rigidity Level in Students." In The Public/Private in Modern Civilization, the 22nd Russian Scientific-Practical Conference (with international participation) (Yekaterinburg, April 16-17, 2020). Liberal Arts University – University for Humanities, Yekaterinburg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35853/ufh-public/private-2020-74.

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To date, the guiding values of the domestic educational system have been changed. Knowledge and skills have been substituted with competences i.e., the ability to perform any work in an efficient and the cheapest manner. A practice-oriented approach has come to the forefront, requiring changes in teaching methods and technology. Therefore, active and interactive forms of education have taken a significant place in the educational process. By organising the learning process in this way, personal features of students, plasticity and flexibility of mental formations play an important role. In the course of intercommunication, the improvisation method is often employed, therefore such a personal trait as rigidity can badly hamper intercommunication. The methods embraced under the study were as follows: questionnaires to discover student personality characteristics, the analysis of scientific and research publications on the subject topic. To alleviate rigidity, speech exercises to develop speech skills and enunciation were used. The students’ rigidity was assessed prior to and following the Effective Engagement Techniques class, which included 36 hours of classroom work. The study demonstrated that the use of speech training exercises in the teaching process significantly reduced the level of rigidity in students: the number of students with high levels of rigidity decreased by 19 %, the group of students with medium levels of rigidity decreased by 6 %, and the group with low levels of rigidity increased by 25 %. The changes in young people’s personal characteristics will enable them to alter their actions more effectively and to adapt to the changing external environment.
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QOSIMOVA, Shakhodat. "PECULIARITIES OF MEDICAL TERMS RELATED TO “PATIENT AND PHYSICIAN” SPEECH IN MODERN COMMUNICATION." In UZBEKISTAN-KOREA: CURRENT STATE AND PROSPECTS OF COOPERATION. OrientalConferences LTD, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ocl-01-32.

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Of course, there are conditions for working with a patient. After the doctor has studied the approximate diagnosis of the patient's illness, personality, profession, social conditions, level, worldview, level of knowledge, external mental characteristics, it is necessary to prepare spiritually for communication with him. Communication between the patient and the doctor takes place in two frames. The first, in the outer circular chain, includes the steps in the physician’s preparation for communication with the patient, as described above. The second, the inner circle, is the chain of evidence that determines the identity of the patient, the causes of his illness.
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Ouyang, Linshu, Yongzheng Zhang, Hui Liu, Yige Chen, and Yipeng Wang. "Gated POS-Level Language Model for Authorship Verification." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/557.

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Authorship verification is an important problem that has many applications. The state-of-the-art deep authorship verification methods typically leverage character-level language models to encode author-specific writing styles. However, they often fail to capture syntactic level patterns, leading to sub-optimal accuracy in cross-topic scenarios. Also, due to imperfect cross-author parameter sharing, it's difficult for them to distinguish author-specific writing style from common patterns, leading to data-inefficient learning. This paper introduces a novel POS-level (Part of Speech) gated RNN based language model to effectively learn the author-specific syntactic styles. The author-agnostic syntactic information obtained from the POS tagger pre-trained on large external datasets greatly reduces the number of effective parameters of our model, enabling the model to learn accurate author-specific syntactic styles with limited training data. We also utilize a gated architecture to learn the common syntactic writing styles with a small set of shared parameters and let the author-specific parameters focus on each author's special syntactic styles. Extensive experimental results show that our method achieves significantly better accuracy than state-of-the-art competing methods, especially in cross-topic scenarios (over 5\% in terms of AUC-ROC).
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Robertson, Andrew J., Andrew J. Neely, Peter T. Ireland, and Les R. Harper. "Local Heat Transfer Coefficients on Flat Continuous, Flat Interrupted and Corrugated External Cooling Fins." In ASME 1997 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/97-gt-380.

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An experimental investigation into the performance of gas turbine engine component external cooling fins has been carried out using the transient liquid crystal technique in a low speed wind tunnel. Full fin surface local heat transfer coefficient distributions have been determined. Measurements with this level of resolution are not previously reported in the literature. In addition to the flat continuous fins, interrupted and corrugated fin geometries have been tested. These geometries enhance heat transfer coefficients by disrupting the thermal and velocity boundary layers which grow down the length of the fin. All geometries are tested at a range of flow speeds and comparisons are made with the relevant literature.
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Mucchi, Emiliano, Gabriele Tosi, Roberto d’Ippolito, and Giorgio Dalpiaz. "A Robust Design Optimization Methodology for External Gear Pumps." In ASME 2010 10th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2010-24775.

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This work addresses the topic of external gear pumps for automotive applications, which operate at high speed and low pressure. In previous works of the authors, a hybrid lumped-parameter/finite-element model has been developed, in order to foresee the pump dynamic behaviour in terms of gear and casing acceleration. The model includes the main important phenomena involved in the pump operation and it has been validated on the basis of experimental data. In this research, an original optimization process has been applied to such a hybrid model in order to reduce the pump vibration level, i.e. the acceleration of the external casing. The set up of the optimization process comprises a single objective (case accelerations) and some operational and geometrical input variables (oil viscosity, oil Bulk modulus, relief groove dimension and radial clearance in the journal bearings). This paper compares three optimization methodologies for the optimization of the pump vibration level. In particular common optimization processes based on simulations are compared with a combined analysis based, firstly, on Design Of Experiments (DOE) and Response Surface Modelling (RSM) and, secondly, on the application of evolutionary algorithms to reach the optimal variable combination. The different methodologies are compared in terms of time efficiency and accuracy in the solution. Finally, a robust design process has been carried out in order to consider the manufacturing tolerances of the real pump and assess their effect on the performance of the component. The results offer important information and design insights that would be very difficult to obtain without such procedures.
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Mainuddin, M., R. Keanini, and B. Mullany. "Utilizing Small External Vibrational Sources to Increase Polishing Material Removal Rates." In ASME 2015 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2015-9239.

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Although precision polishing of optical grade components using pitch based tools is still common practice, the process has not received the same level of scientific attention as other precision material removal processes. Building on previous research results, this paper demonstrates the relationship between low amplitude, broad spectrum vibrational power input and fused silica material removal rates obtained with different tool-polishing machine combinations. A low cost, easy to implement method of increasing vibrational power is presented and verified through polishing tests. The method uses small, off the shelf, high speed (>10 krpm), DC motors with eccentric masses (0.5 g and 4 g). Attachment of the battery driven motors to the underside of the platen and the workpiece holder increased the vibrational input from 0.7 W to 0.22 W resulting in an increase in the material removal rate from 0.96 mg/hr to 1.10 mg/hr. A method to attenuate process generated vibrations, and thus material removal rates, is also outlined. To achieve this the tool construction is modified by the addition of a cork layer between the substrate and the pitch layer. While this approach is not as flexible as that for increasing the vibrational power input, it successfully attenuated process vibrations (0.2 W to 0.14 W) and reduced the associated material removal rate (9.67 mg/hr to 6.13 mg/hr). The results outlined this paper demonstrate that recording and controlling process vibrations provides practitioners with viable process monitoring and optimization options.
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Asmatulu, R., B. Zhang, and N. Nuraje. "Guiding the Nonmagnetic Particles by Magnetic Nanoparticles in a Microfluidic Device Using External Magnetic Fields." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-12340.

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A microfluidic device was fabricated via UV lithography technique to separate nonmagnetic fluoresbrite carboxy microspheres (∼4.5 μm) from the ferrofluids made of magnetic nanoparticles (∼10 nm). A mixture of microspheres and ferrofluid was injected to lithographically developed Y shape micro channels, and then by applying the external magnet field, the fluoresbrite carboxy microspheres and ferrofluids were clearly separated into different channels because of the magnetic force acting on those nonmagnetic particles. During the fabrication, a number of different parameters, such as UV exposure times, UV power level and photoresist thickness were tested to optimize for our needs. In addition, in the magnetic field testing, different pumping speeds, and particle concentrations associated with the various distances between the magnet and the microfluidic system were studied for an efficient separation.
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Wilde, Deborah A., and Luis San Andre´s. "Comparison of Rotordynamic Analysis Predictions With the Test Response of Simple Gas Hybrid Bearings for Oil Free Turbomachinery." In ASME Turbo Expo 2003, collocated with the 2003 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2003-38859.

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Current applications of gas film bearings in high-speed oil-free micro-turbomachinery (&lt;0.4 MW) require calibrated predictive tools to successfully deploy their application to mass-produced systems, for example oil-free turbochargers. The present investigation details the linear rotordynamic analysis of a test rotor supported on externally pressurized gas bearings. Model predictions are compared with the test rotordynamic response determined through comprehensive experiments conducted on a small rotor supported on three lobed hybrid (hydrostatic/hydrodynamic) rigid gas bearings. Predictions for the rotor-bearing system synchronous response to imbalance show good agreement with measurements during rotor coast downs, and manifest a decrease in damping ratio as the level of external pressurization increases. The rotor-bearing eigenvalue analysis forwards natural frequencies in accordance with the measurements, and null damping ratios evidence the threshold speeds of rotordynamic instability. Estimated whirl frequency ratios are typically 50% of rotor speed, thus predicting sub synchronous instabilities at lower rotor speeds than found experimentally when increasing the magnitude of feed pressurization. Rationale asserting the nature of the discrepancies calls for further analysis.
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Singh, Manpreet, and Anant Kumar Singh. "Parametric Optimization for Nano-Finishing of the External Cylindrical Surfaces Using Rotating Core Magnetorheological Finishing Process." In ASME 2018 13th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2018-6597.

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A rotating core magnetorheological finishing process has been developed to finish the external cylindrical surfaces at nano-level as the conventional finishing processes like grinding cannot meet the extreme precise requirement. The quality of finished cylindrical components estimated through its geometrical accuracy, material assets, and mechanical features. The macaroni making machine driving shaft is made up of mild steel where high quality of surface finish is required. In plastic toy industries, the mild steel punches are used where a high level of surface finish is required to increase the appearance of the products and to improve its geometrical accuracy. The MR finishing process can improve the external surface quality of the cylindrical components very precisely. This result in the improvement of prolongs functional performance of the components. In the present work, the optimum process parameters are experimentally investigated for nano-finishing of the mild steel cylindrical external surfaces using the rotating core magnetorheological (MR) finishing process. The rotation of tool core, the rotation of the cylindrical workpiece, the current, and the working gap are the control process parameters which affect the finishing performance i.e. percentage change in surface roughness value. So, the effects of these process parameters on the process response such as percentage change in surface roughness value have been analyzed using signal-to-noise ratios and mean response data. The current and the rotational speed of the tool core have been found as a considerable role for increasing the percentage change in roughness value. Further, the optimum magnitude of the process parameters are predicted as the current 3A, the rotational speed of tool 500 rpm, the rotational speed of the cylindrical workpiece 80 rpm and the working gap of 0.6 mm. With the finishing of these optimum process parameters on the present developed process, the average roughness Ra value of the external surface of the mild steel cylindrical is reduced to 60 nm from the initial Ra value of 600 nm in 90 minutes of finishing. The results of scanning electron microscopy test, mirror images and roughness graphs of the finished surface have confirmed that the present finishing process can fulfil the extreme precise requirement of surface quality which is not possible by the conventional finishing processes. The extreme precise requirement of the surface quality of the external cylindrical workpieces are dealing with mild steel punches in plastic toy industries, dies, and molds, macaroni making driving shafts, armature shaft, and shafts used in gear etc.
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Engdar, Ulf, Per Nilsson, and Jens Klingmann. "Investigation of Turbulence Models Applied to Premixed Combustion Using a Level-Set Flamelet Library Approach." In ASME Turbo Expo 2003, collocated with the 2003 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2003-38331.

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Most of the common modeling approaches to premixed combustion in engineering applications are either based on the assumption of infinitely fast chemistry or the flamelet assumption with simple chemistry. The level-set flamelet library approach (FLA) has shown great potential in predicting major species and heat release, as well as intermediate and minor species, where more simple models often fail. In this approach, the mean flame surface is tracked by a level-set equation. The flamelet libraries are generated by an external code, which employs a detailed chemical mechanism. However, a model for the turbulent flame speed is required, which, amongst other considerations, depends on the turbulence intensity, i.e. these models may show sensitivity to turbulence modeling. In this paper, the FLA model was implemented in the commercial CFD program Star-CD, and applied to a lean premixed flame stabilized by a triangular prism (bluff body). The objective of this paper has been to investigate the impact on the mean flame position, and hence on the temperature and species distribution, using three different turbulent flame speed models in combination with four different turbulence models. The turbulence models investigated are: the standard k-ε model, a cubic non-linear k-ε model, the standard k-ω model and the Shear Stress Transport (SST) k-ω model. In general, the computed results agree well with experimental data for all computed cases, although the turbulence intensity is strongly underestimated at the downstream position. The use of the non-linear k-ε model offers no advantage over the standard model, regardless of flame speed model. The k-ω based turbulence models predict the highest turbulence intensity with the shortest flame lengths as a consequence. The Mu¨ller flame speed model shows the least sensitivity to the choice of turbulence model.
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Reports on the topic "External level of speech"

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Gordon, Peter C. Multi-Level Processing in Human Speech Recognition. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada216475.

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Chehab, Ghassan. Effectiveness and External Noise of Transverse Rumble Strip Designs. Illinois Center for Transportation, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/22-009.

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The report presents a case study motivated by comments and concerns from residents regarding high levels of noise originating from vehicles passing transverse rumble strips at the intersection of US-41 northbound and West Park Avenue in Highland Park, Illinois. The Illinois Department of Transportation seeks to reduce the exterior noise the rumble strips generate without compromising the safety they deliver. A review of the latest literature on the topic and state of practice by other state departments of transportation revealed the absence of an existing standard that mandates specific designs and, thus, lack of consistency among the agencies on a configuration that could be followed. To decide whether changes to the existing design are appropriate, a performance comparison with other candidate designs needs to be conducted. To that end, measurements of exterior noise levels at the rumble strips on US-41 and at the adjacent neighborhood were collected in the presence of continuous flow of traffic. The collected measurements serve as a baseline for comparison with noise emanating from modified or new transverse rumble strip designs that would be investigated for possible implementation in the future. Similar measurements were conducted for interior noise in a vehicle passing over the rumble strips at different speeds to study their effectiveness in alerting drivers of cautions ahead.
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Rannenberg, Kai, Sebastian Pape, Frédéric Tronnier, and Sascha Löbner. Study on the Technical Evaluation of De-Identification Procedures for Personal Data in the Automotive Sector. Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/gups.63413.

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The aim of this study was to identify and evaluate different de-identification techniques that may be used in several mobility-related use cases. To do so, four use cases have been defined in accordance with a project partner that focused on the legal aspects of this project, as well as with the VDA/FAT working group. Each use case aims to create different legal and technical issues with regards to the data and information that are to be gathered, used and transferred in the specific scenario. Use cases should therefore differ in the type and frequency of data that is gathered as well as the level of privacy and the speed of computation that is needed for the data. Upon identifying use cases, a systematic literature review has been performed to identify suitable de-identification techniques to provide data privacy. Additionally, external databases have been considered as data that is expected to be anonymous might be reidentified through the combination of existing data with such external data. For each case, requirements and possible attack scenarios were created to illustrate where exactly privacy-related issues could occur and how exactly such issues could impact data subjects, data processors or data controllers. Suitable de-identification techniques should be able to withstand these attack scenarios. Based on a series of additional criteria, de-identification techniques are then analyzed for each use case. Possible solutions are then discussed individually in chapters 6.1 - 6.2. It is evident that no one-size-fits-all approach to protect privacy in the mobility domain exists. While all techniques that are analyzed in detail in this report, e.g., homomorphic encryption, differential privacy, secure multiparty computation and federated learning, are able to successfully protect user privacy in certain instances, their overall effectiveness differs depending on the specifics of each use case.
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Hiddessen, A. SINGLE-CELL LEVEL INVESTIGATION OF CYTOSKELETAL/CELLULAR RESPONSE TO EXTERNAL STIMULI. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/902301.

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Eichengreen, Barry, and Hui Tong. The External Impact of China's Exchange Rate Policy: Evidence from Firm Level Data. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w17593.

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Abouchacra, Kim S., and Tomasz Letowski. Localization of a Speech Target in Nondirectional and Directional Noise as a Function of Sensation Level. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada568738.

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Elmore, M. R. WVNS Tank Farm Process Support: Experimental evaluation of an inert gas (nitrogen) to mitigate external corrosion of high-level waste storage tanks. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/204211.

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Carrasco, Alex, and David Florián Hoyle. External Shocks and FX Intervention Policy in Emerging Economies. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003457.

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This paper discusses the role of sterilized foreign exchange (FX) interventions as a monetary policy instrument for emerging market economies in response to external shocks. We develop a model for a commodity-exporting small open economy in which FX intervention is considered as a balance sheet policy induced by a financial friction in the form of an agency problem between banks and their creditors. The severity of banks agency problem depends directly on a bank-level measure of currency mismatch. Endogenous deviations from the standard UIP condition arise at equilibrium. In this context, FX interventions moderate the response of financial and macroeconomic variables to external shocks by leaning against the wind with respect to real exchange rate pressures. Our quantitative results indicate that, conditional on external shocks, the FX intervention policy successfully reduces credit, investment, and output volatility, along with substantial welfare gains when compared to a free-floating exchange rate regime. Finally, we explore distinct generalizations of the model that eliminate the presence of endogenous UIP deviations. In those cases, FX intervention operations are considerably less effective for the aggregate equilibrium.
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MAO, Zhiyuan, Qingyu XIE, Yang SU, Ziyi SHEN, Jiahui HU, and Yewen SUN. Meta-analysis of the effect of oral administration and external application of traditional Chinese medicine on reducing blood uric acid level in patients with gout. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.9.0074.

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Morsy, Ahmed. Towards a renewed local social and political covenant in Libya, Syria and Yemen. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/ofgn2229.

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This SIPRI Insights Paper examines the domestic and external factors at play in Libya, Syria and Yemen and their impact on negotiating post-war peaceful settlements and shaping prospective social contracts.The paper’s argument is two-fold. Firstly, policymaking must move beyond a static approach to understanding these conflicts. Despite apparent stalemates, the three countries should be approached as ever-evolving simmering conflicts. Secondly, policymakers have to move below the national level in order to achieve various forms of localized social peace. Given the nature of these conflicts and the varied sub-national segmentation, the analysis concludes that community-level social and political covenants may offer a first building block towards nationwide social contracts and sustainable conflict resolution.The role of external actors, particularly the European Union (EU), is critical in paving the way for these local-level dialogues and negotiations in Libya, Syria and Yemen. In short, external powers, including the EU, should adopt policies that push for long-term resolution to achieve post-conflict stabilization rather than the opportunistic taking of sides.
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