Journal articles on the topic 'External Korea (South)'
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1
Graham, Edward M. "Reunification of Korea: Economic Consequences from an External Point of View." International Studies Review 6, no. 2 (September 28, 2005): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667078x-00602002.
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Korean reunification remains an uncertainty. When and if it comes, the condition of the North Korean economy is primitive compared to the economy of South Korea. Because of massive investment needs in the North, and under plausible assumptions regarding savings rates in a unified Korea, the balance of payment of a reunified Korea is likely to deteriorate significantly in the event of reunification. Foreign direct investment could ameliorate this result, and might contribute to a more rapid catch-up of the North to the South.
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Pugacheva, O. S. "Social and Humanitarian Factor in South Korea's External Relations and The Korean Question." MGIMO Review of International Relations 13, no. 1 (March 3, 2020): 147–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2020-1-70-147-168.
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The development of the socio-humanitarian dimension of world politics provides new opportunities for enhancing the role and influence of the middle powers in the global affairs. That is why for understanding and assessment of their political opportunities on the international arena, it is necessary to analyze the approaches and policies of such countries on using socio-humanitarian factor to balance in the existing world balance power and ensure their foreign policy interests. The aim of the article is to analyze South Korea’s activities in the social and humanitarian sphere of world politics in the context of its foreign policy interests. The research question is: what is the role of the socio-humanitarian factor, in particular public diplomacy, in the external activities of South Korea with regard to the settlement of the Korean question? The author argues that South Korea sees social and humanitarian sphere as a possibility to strengthen its role and influence on the international arena. While developing the discourse of South Korea as a middle power, the South Korean leadership seeks to take part in creating norms and rules in different fields of global governance. Despite controversies concerning its status and policy as that of a middle power, South Korea advances through public diplomacy the discourse that constructs and enhance its middle power status and can contribute in forming the corresponding national identity. South Korea uses national branding as well to strengthen its political image. Further, the article points out that promoting South Korea’s stance and defending its interests on the Korean Peninsula represent a key task of South Korea’s public diplomacy. In particular, the article examines South Korea’s public diplomacy mechanisms on the Korean track towards the United States and emphasizes that although South Korea has actively engaged in public diplomacy in the USA, it still has a lot to do to explain South Korea's concerns to American political elites and U.S. publics and ensure that the relationship with the United States fully serves South Korean interests. Moreover, it is noted that enhancing South Korea’s role in global governance as well as forming constructive unification discourse (unification as a process now and as a result someday in the future) within the country and abroad are supposed to expand its opportunities to maneuver in the regional politics of East Asia and provide support for the South Korean initiatives on the Korean settlement. In the end, the author turns to the inter-Korean relations. The author states that different South Korean administrations have prioritized different functions of the socio-humanitarian factor. Conservative administrations put an emphasis on information pressure on the DPRK while the development of inter-Korean relations was conditioned by the denuclearization of North Korea. Progressive administrations prefer engaging the DPRK in social, humanitarian and economic interactions. In the first case the result was a rollback in inter-Korean relations with the North Korean leader-ship receiving additional grounds for the development of its military nuclear program. In the second case the social and humanitarian area was and remains a dimension providing promising opportunities for cooperation that is beneficial to the both parties as it is aimed at solving specific and practical problems of common interest. In that sense, the author argues that social and humanitarian factor in inter-Korean relations could serve as a safety cushion during intensification of the inter-Korean conflict and provide a launch pad for finding a way out of the impasses.
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Sang Hyun, Moon. "Global Pressure, Local Adjustment: The Political Economy of Telecommunication Liberalization in Korea in the 1990s." Korean Journal of Policy Studies 22, no. 2 (February 28, 2008): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps22201.
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This paper examines the political and economic implications of the liberalization of international telecommunications in South Korea in the 1990s and the changing roles of the South Koran state. Until the end of the 1980s, the South Korean telecommunications sector was controlled by a public monopoly. With the internal political and economic need for industrial restructuring, various external forces have driven liberalization of the telecommunications industry since the late 1980s. Intertwined with the national political economy, those external forces and, more generally, structural transformations in the global political economy have also significantly affected the nature and roles of the South Korean state.
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Cha, Victor D., and Katrin Katz. "South Korea in 2010." Asian Survey 51, no. 1 (January 2011): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2011.51.1.54.
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For the Obama administration, unforeseen dynamics in East Asia over the past year have escalated the importance of the U.S.-ROK alliance to unprecedented levels for the United States. But the alliance remains vulnerable to external shocks, rendering the continuation of the current phase of unmitigated harmonious ties far from certain.
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Kim, H., H. M. Kang, S. I. Choi, and S. Jeon. "Identifying relevant international forest regimes for South Korea based on their issues." International Forestry Review 22, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 438–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554820831255498.
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South Korea has focused on bilateral agreements to supply timber since the 1990s which requires cooperation with forest-related international organisations. This study analysed the relationship between South Korean and international forest regimes by identifying the issues these regimes face and analysing South Korea's contribution to these regimes. The study used data from an in-depth content analysis of key policy documents between South Korea and each of the regimes. The results confirm six forest-related international issues: Sustainable Forest Management, Sustainable Development Goals, forest land degradation and desertification, climate change, illegal logging, forest biodiversity, and species conservation. South Korea contributed to these regimes through cooperative initiatives and projects. This contribution, furthermore, directs other countries' participation to confront the issues. Most of the international forest-related issues in South Korea are derived from external elements such as international agreements or governances. South Korea also uses international regimes to encourage national goals.
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Muliawati, Esty Fidhela, Widya Setiabudi, and Wawan Darmawan. "Trust-politik Korea Selatan kepada Korea Utara dalam Konteks Reunifikasi Korea Pada Pemerintahan Park Geun-hye." Journal of Education, Humaniora and Social Sciences (JEHSS) 4, no. 2 (October 24, 2021): 809–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.34007/jehss.v4i2.749.
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The reunification of Korea is something that has been continuously discussed in every government of the presidents of South Korea. The concept of foreign policy of the 11th President of South Korea, Park Geun-hye, is known as Trust-Politics Policy. Trust-politics is President Park's overarching political philosophy. It is a vision and a policy tool applied to domestic politics and international relations. At its heart lies the concept of trust. Trust-Political Policy, influenced by internal and external factors. This politics seeks to build mutually binding expectations based on global norms. The purpose of the problem in this research is to find out the idea of reunification of South and North Korea during President Park and to explain South Korea's Trust-Political Policy to North Korea in the context of Korean Reunification. Researchers used qualitative research methods with literature study techniques in the process of collecting data. Based on the results of discussion and data analysis, reunification can be carried out using three Korean reunification scenarios, namely unification through evolution and adaptation systems, unification through collapse and absorption, and unification through conflict. As well as the idiosyncratic factors that influence Park in politics are factors of leadership, belief, culture, and the political system.
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Baek, Seung-Gwan. "External factors and adjustment policies in South Korea." Journal of Asian Economics 2, no. 2 (September 1991): 265–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1049-0078(91)90039-n.
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Oh, Je Hyeok, Gyu Chong Cho, Seung Mok Ryoo, So Hyun Han, Seon Hee Woo, Yong Soo Jang, Youngsuk Cho, Minseob Sim, and Oh Hyun Kim. "Mismatches Between the Number of Installed Automated External Defibrillators and the Annual Rate of Automated External Defibrillator Use Among Places." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 36, no. 2 (January 13, 2021): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x20001508.
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AbstractAim:In South Korea, the law concerning automated external defibrillators (AEDs) states that they should be installed in specific places including apartment complexes. This study was conducted to investigate the current status and effectiveness of installation and usage of AEDs in South Korea.Methods:Installation and usage of AEDs in South Korea is registered in the National Emergency Medical Center (NEMC) database. Compared were the installed number, usage, and annual rate of AED use according to places of installation. All data were obtained from the NEMC database.Results:After excluding AEDs installed in ambulances or fire engines (n = 2,003), 36,498 AEDs were registered in South Korea from 1998 through 2018. A higher number of AEDs were installed in places required by the law compared with those not required by the law (20,678 [56.7%] vs. 15,820 [43.3%]; P <.001). Among them, 11,318 (31.0%) AEDs were installed in apartment complexes. The overall annual rate of AED use was 0.38% (95% CI, 0.33-0.44). The annual rate of AED use was significantly higher in places not required by the law (0.62% [95% CI, 0.52-0.72] versus 0.21% [95% CI, 0.16-0.25]; P <.001). The annual rate of AED use in apartment complexes was 0.13% (95% CI, 0.08-0.17).Conclusion:There were significant mismatches between the number of installed AEDs and the annual rate of AED use among places. To optimize the benefit of AEDs in South Korea, changes in the policy for selecting AED placement are needed.
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Mulyaman, Darynaufal. "Lee Myung Bak’s Choice on Sunshine Policy: South Korean National Interests and North Korean Threat." JURNAL SOSIAL POLITIK 4, no. 2 (December 26, 2018): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/sospol.v4i2.5867.
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Sunshine Policy that had been implemented by South Korean Government on Kim Dae-Jung and Roh Moo-Hyeon’s administration from 1998-2008. This policy started to do cooperative behavior for treating North Korea as a partner, not contrarily, yet the Sunshine Policy was considered as a failure by Lee Myung-Bak’s administration, thereupon stopped offhandedly despite recent cultural and cooperative diplomacy that had been done by his successor President Moon Jae-In. Then Why the South Korean government at the time of President Lee Myung-Bak stopped the Sunshine Policy offhand? In the scheme of National Interest idea, North Korea still a predominant threat that very paramount for South Korean national interest, even an accommodative and cooperative policy like Sunshine Policy could not emphasize South Korean national interests. This paper also tries to analyze the issue with explaining foreign policy decision making factors, such as the domestic and external factor, decision environment, and psychology factor of President Lee Myung-Bak at that time.
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Haggard, Stephan, and Marcus Noland. "North Korea in 2007: Shuffling in from the Cold." Asian Survey 48, no. 1 (January 2008): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2008.48.1.107.
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The year 2007 witnessed a gradual rapprochement between North Korea and the world, reflecting changes both in the country's external environment and domestic political economy. Key markers were the resumption of the Six-Party Talks and the second North-South summit. Whether these developments will endure depends largely on North Korean intentions.
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Zueva, Alexandra. "Economy of the Republic of Korea in the Face of New Challenges." Problemy dalnego vostoka, no. 3 (2022): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013128120020657-3.
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The South Korean economic miracle is cited as an example of the consolidation of business and government acting in the interests of the country’s prosperity. Thanks to the industrialization carried out in a short time and the implementation of the export-oriented economy model, the Republic of Korea received the status of a developed country already in the mid-1990s. One of the important factors of South Korean success at the global level is that the foreign economic relations of the Republic of Korea were closely intertwined with access to world markets, technologies, and investments. However, the economic crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic and the global geopolitical shift has been testing even the most sustainable economics. Since the South Korean economy has been deeply integrated into international trade and finance, it becomes very vulnerable to external challenges. Deepening partnership with the United States requires the administration of President Yoon to diversify foreign economic ties dramatically. At the domestic level new administration of President Yoon faces unresolved economic problems, which only have been worsening. First of all, it is unemployment (especially among young people), inflation, real estate crisis, problem of an aging population. One of the main focuses in the article is Russian-South Korean economic partnership and its prospects. The authors noted that our economic partnership due to strict sanction’s policy against Russia is under pressure. Economy of the Republic of Korea, diversification of the economy, foreign economic relations, entrepreneurship in the Republic of Korea, economic partnership between South Korea and Russia
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Fery, Fery, and Jihyun Park. "COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE CORPORATE GOVERNANCE BETWEEN THE SOUTH KOREAN AND INDONESIAN LAW." Journal of Law and Policy Transformation 7, no. 2 (January 1, 2023): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37253/jlpt.v7i2.7237.
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There are crucial differences about the corporate governance practices based on the regulation in Indonesia and South Korea. Director and Auditor are explained in the Korean Company Law, but it is absent in the Indonesian Company Law. Hence, this research aims to discuss the comparison between representatives of directors of a company and auditors between South Korean and Indonesian companies. It adopted normative legal approach that utilized a qualitative method in analyzing data and using secondary data. All secondary data was collected from library research. It also adopted a juridical qualitative approach to analyze the secondary data. It found that the exact position of auditors in Indonesia is very different from those in South Korea. South Korean law is foreign to the term “commissioners”, it has an auditor instead. Indonesia has both director and commissioner as the boards in a company. Auditor in Indonesia is an external party that must be hired by the company.
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Koh, B. C. "South Korea in 1996: Internal Strains and External Challenges." Asian Survey 37, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2645768.
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Koh, B. C. "South Korea in 1996: Internal Strains and External Challenges." Asian Survey 37, no. 1 (January 1997): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.1997.37.1.01p01954.
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Hwang, Wonjae, Wonbin Cho, and Krista Wiegand. "Do Korean-Japanese Historical Disputes Generate Rally Effects?" Journal of Asian Studies 77, no. 3 (May 23, 2018): 693–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911818000438.
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Does ongoing animosity between South Korea and Japan over the disputed Dokdo Islands and other issues that originated from historical disputes generate rally effects in Korean domestic politics? This article argues that the Dokdo Islands dispute—and related disputed issues rooted in the colonial experience of Korea under Japan's rule historically—strongly influence Korean presidents’ abilities to effectively mobilize domestic support for not only the issues, but particularly the public opinion of presidents. Using data on Korean presidents’ approval ratings between 1993 and 2016, this article shows that Korea's bilateral disputes with Japan tend to promote Korean presidential popularity. The findings suggest that external crises with Japan related to historical disputes have positive political effects on leadership ratings in Korea.
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CHOO, Jaewoo. "South Korea’s Politics 2018: Unpredictable External Relations and a Slowing Economy." East Asian Policy 11, no. 01 (January 2019): 100–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793930519000096.
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South Korea will face enormous challenges on two fronts for 2019. The country’s economic base will collapse because of the government’s inability to counter the trap it has laid on itself with a dramatic elevation of minimum wage and tax rates on property and housing. The government will be diplomatically isolated for its blind love towards North Korea, and confronted with rising friction with Japan over history issues and China on Terminal High Altitude Area Defence.
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Lee, Yong-Shik. "South Korean Economy at the Crossroads: Structure Issues under External Pressure – An Essay from a Law and Development Perspective." Law and Development Review 12, no. 3 (October 25, 2019): 865–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ldr-2019-0063.
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Abstract South Korea is one of the most successful economic development cases in history. This country, stricken with crushing poverty and torn by a disastrous war two generations ago, rose from the ashes of the war and underwent unprecedented economic development for over three decades. By the mid-1990s, South Korea had built an advanced economy with world-class industries and also achieved a liberal democracy based on the rule of law. Since its 1997 financial crisis, however, Korea’s economic growth has been continually slowing down with widening income gaps among its populations. The Korean economy has also faced increasing external pressure, which has recently been dramatized by Japan’s export restraint measures on some of the key materials used to produce semiconductors, one of the most important export products for the Korean economy. This note discusses structural issues in the Korean economy, such as its over-dependency on a small number of conglomerates (“chaebols”) and the weakness of its SMEs, which cause the Korean economy to slow down and render the economy vulnerable to external pressure. This note examines these issues from a legal and institutional perspective and offers proposals to remedy some of the problems in the Korean economy.
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Kim, Youngsang, and Hoonsik Yoo. "Cross-cultural comparison of preferences for the external appearance of artificial intelligence agents." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 49, no. 11 (November 3, 2021): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.10824.
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We analyzed international differences in preferences related to the two dimensional (2D) versus three dimensional (3D) and male versus female external appearance of artificial intelligence (AI) agents for use in self-driving automobiles. We recruited 823 participants in five countries (South Korea, United States, China, Russia, and Brazil), who completed a survey. South Korean, Chinese, and North American respondents preferred a 2D appearance of the AI agent, which appears to result from the religious or philosophical views held in countries with a large or growing number of Christians, whereas Brazilian and Russian respondents preferred a 3D appearance. Brazilian respondents' high rate of functional illiteracy may be the reason for this finding; however, there were difficulties in identifying the reason for the Russian preference. Furthermore, men in all five countries preferred female AI agents, whereas South Korean, Chinese, and Russian women preferred female agents, but in the United States and Brazil women preferred male agents. These findings may offer valuable guidelines for design of personalized AI agent appearance, taking into account differences in preferences between countries and by gender.
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Fedorovsky, A. N. "Сhallenge of COVID-19 and Priorities of Economic Development of the Republic of Korea." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 13, no. 5 (November 27, 2020): 204–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2020-13-5-12.
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The article analyzes the South Korean experience of dealing with the crisis phenomena that most countries faced at the national and global levels in 2020. The fact that the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the previously negative internal and external trends has made the problems of socio-economic development of the Republic of Korea more acute. Among them – the chronic difficulties of South Korean small and medium-sized businesses, the pressure by the president Trump’s protectionist measures in the US-South Korean and international trade in general, the consequences of the aggravation of the USChina standoff. The key challenges associated with the imposition of negative external factors on existing internal imbalances are evaluated. The analysis of the state policy to counteract the spread of the COVID-19 virus is carried out. The article examines the prerequisites for the stability of the national economy and the anti-crisis measures taken to resist internal and external challenges in the context of the pandemic, and assesses the prospects for correcting the development course that has developed in the Republic of Korea in recent years. The role of the created complex of innovative industries and modern medical support system is emphasized. The importance of public confidence in the government’s preventive health measures is noted. It shows, on the one hand, the importance of international value chains as a possible source of instability risk in the context of a pandemic, and, on the other hand, the potential of medical-related industries to maintain the dynamics of foreign economic relations. The importance of coordinating anti-crisis measures with China for the Republic of Korea in creating conditions that limit the spread of COVID-19 while maintaining the stable operation of major industries is noted. The prospects for Seoul’s participation in regional projects are evaluated, as an example, the activation of exports to ASEAN member countries of medical equipment and technologies aimed at combating the pandemic is given.
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Hayes, Peter, and Roger Cavazos. "North Korea in 2015." Asian Survey 56, no. 1 (January 2016): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2016.56.1.68.
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North Korea upgraded its nuclear and military power and grew its economy slightly, thereby realizing Kim Jong Un’s byungjin line. It also attempted to open new external fronts and to coerce the South to cooperate on its terms, but failed. Instead, it retreated into a repaired relationship with China.
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CHOI, JIN-KYUNG, JANKO KOLAROV, and JONG-WOOK LEE. "Descriptions of two new species of Brachyzapus Gauld & Dubois (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae) from South Korea with key to a Palaearctic species." Zootaxa 4711, no. 2 (December 16, 2019): 293–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4711.2.4.
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Two new species of the genus Brachyzapus Gauld & Dubois are described from South Korea: Brachyzapus convergens sp. nov. and B. pyramidalis sp. nov. Four species of this genus are newly recorded from South Korea, with diagnoses provided. A key to species of the Palaearctic region of this genus and illustrations of their external characters are provided.
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Lim, Chang-Ho. "The Measures of Enhancing Police Accountability Mechanisms in South Korea." Korean Association of Public Safety and Criminal Justice 31, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 395–424. http://dx.doi.org/10.21181/kjpc.2022.31.3.395.
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It is true that South Korea’s police accountability mechanisms, unlike those of United States and United Kingdom, have been not systematically established and that academic research on the police accountability mechanisms has been also very poor. The purpose of this study is first to analyze previous studies published recently in South Korea and foreign countries on the police accountability mechanisms, second to summarize the police accountability mechanisms of western countries, third to explain six types of the police accountability mechanisms of South Korea and, fourth to suggest the measures for improving the police accountability mechanisms of South Korea. In particular, this study presented six types of police accountability mechanisms in South Korea: legal, political, administrative, societal, communal, and judicial. In order to improve the police accountability system in South Korea, the measures to strengthen the internal police accountability mechanisms and strengthen the external police accountability mechanisms have been proposed. First, in order to strengthen the internal police accountability mechanisms, it is necessary to strengthen the performance evaluation of the police department, introduce the early warning system, strengthen the education and training of police officers, and operate the existing internal police accountability mechanisms more systematically. Second, in order to strengthen the external police accountability mechanisms, it is necessary to activate the police supervision system, activate the police ombudsman system of the Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission, establish the police accountability mechanisms step by step, and promote research on the police accountability mechanisms.
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Kim, Eunhye, Tsatsral Amarbayasgalan, and Hoon Jung. "Efficient Weighted Ensemble Method for Predicting Peak-Period Postal Logistics Volume: A South Korean Case Study." Applied Sciences 12, no. 23 (November 23, 2022): 11962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122311962.
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Demand prediction for postal delivery services is useful for managing logistic operations optimally. Particularly for holiday periods, namely the Lunar New Year and Korean Thanksgiving Day (Chuseok) in South Korea, the logistics service increases sharply compared with the usual period, which makes it hard to provide reliable operation in mail centers. This study proposes a Multilayer Perceptron-based weighted ensemble method for predicting the accepted parcel volumes during special periods. The proposed method consists of two main phases: the first phase enriches the training dataset via synthetic samples using unsupervised learning; the second phase builds two Multilayer Perceptron models using internal and external factor-derived features for prediction. The final result is estimated by the weighted average predictions of these models. We conducted experiments on 25 Korean mail center datasets. The experimental study on the dataset provided by Korea Post shows better performance than other compared methods.
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Maeng, Seong-Jun, Dong-Jun Lee, and Jun-Hyeok Kang. "First Drinking Experiences during Adolescence in South Korea: A Qualitative Study Focusing on the Internal and External Factors." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15 (August 3, 2021): 8200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158200.
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This study explored the internal and external factors affecting the first drinking experience during Korean adolescence. To achieve this, we collected 34 cases revealing specific drinking experiences during adolescence in Alcoholic Anonymous (A.A.), Korea. The collected data were analyzed using a qualitative case study method, and the analysis focused on the internal and external factors influencing drinking in adolescence. As per the results, internal factors that influenced drinking in adolescence were “curiosity” and “elevated mood and stress relief”, and external factors were “family”, “friends”, “older friends at school”, “neighbors”, “Korean tradition of alcohol making”, “workplaces that encourage alcohol consumption”, and “a generous drinking culture.” Based on these findings, we suggested several practical alternatives, such as a stringent alcohol punishment system, government-led campaigns to overcome the generous alcohol culture, monitoring the drinking status of working and intern youths, and using local crime prevention guards to curb youth drinking. In future research, it is necessary to quantitatively verify the results of this study to develop theories related to adolescent drinking behavior.
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LIM, KAYUN, and SEUNGHWAN LEE. "A key to species of Nomada ruficornis species-group (Hymenoptera: Apidae) of South Korea, with descriptions of three new species." Zootaxa 5228, no. 1 (January 11, 2023): 44–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5228.1.2.
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In this study, three new species (Nomada adustaspinae, sp. n., Nomada atra, sp. n., Nomada biaulacis, sp. n.) and two species new to South Korea (Nomada aswensis Tsuneki, 1973, Nomada fusca Schwarz, 1986) are reported. The adult external morphology and male genitalia are illustrated with a key to 29 species of Nomada ruficornis species-group in South Korea. Additionally, the flower associations for each species are also provided.
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Ko, Jai-kil, and Dong-Joo Lee. "Current Status of Cross-Border E-Commerce between China and North Korea and its Implications for Inter-Korean Transactions." Korea International Trade Research Institute 18, no. 5 (October 31, 2022): 273–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.16980/jiyc.22.5.202210.273.
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Purpose - This study considers a realistic plan for introducing e-commerce between South and North Korea in terms of designing a future-oriented inter-Korean trade system, amid the rapid growth of cross-border e-commerce worldwide.
Design/Methodology/Approach - For this purpose, based on the current status of cross-border e-commerce, we examine the progress and revitalization strategies of cross-border e-commerce in China, and provide implications for inter-Korean trade through the analysis of North Korea's e-commerce introduction and multilateral cooperation cases.
Findings - As a step-by-step direction for inter-Korean e-commerce cooperation in consideration of internal and external conditions, we suggest a plan to first establish a promotion system between South and North Korea and China, and propose a plan to open and operate dedicated logistics facilities in the North-China border area. Second, it is necessary to improve the system and simplify the procedure to prepare a one-stop system for inter-Korean e-commerce. Third, starting with a B2B method, processes gradually expand to a B2C or C2C method. Fourth, we propose a method of selecting and operating a pilot item group and company, and then examining whether the target items and participants will be gradually expanded.
Research Implications - In the meantime, study on the introduction of e-commerce between South and North Korea has been cut off for a long time, and in this situation, this study can be meaningful in that it presents a step-by-step approach to market creation while minimizing risks for the proponents.
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Permata Sari, Constantya Astrid, Usmar Salam, Makarim Wibisono, and Tahan Samuel Lumban Toruan. "Factors affecting Japan in resolving the issue of jugun ianfu with South Korea through a ‘finally and irreversibly’ agreement between Japan and South Korea in 2016." Strategi Perang Semesta 8, no. 1 (July 31, 2022): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.56555/sps.v8i1.1192.
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Jugun ianfu or comfort women is a term for women who are used to meet the sexual needs of Japanese soldiers during the colonial period until the end of World War II. After rejecting the program from the Asian Women’s Fund (AWF) which was formed by the Japanese government to resolve the issue of jugun ianfu, activists and the South Korean government urged Japan to resolve the issue again. However, the Japanese government did not give a positive response. In fact, in 2014 the investigative team under Shinzo Abe stated that the statement acknowledging the direct or indirect involvement of the Japanese military in the creation and management of the comfort station was not based on facts and was the result of negotiations with South Korea. However, in November 2015, the Foreign Ministers of Japan and South Korea met and agreed to resolve this issue by drawing up a 'Finally and Irreversibly' Agreement. The author uses a qualitative method with the main data source in the form of literature to analyze why the Japanese government finally softened and agreed to resolve the issue of South Korea's jugun ianfu by compiling a ‘Finally and Irreversibly’ Agreement. The changes that occurred on the part of the Japanese government were caused by various internal and external factors, such as economic problems faced by Japan, decisive action from South Korea, pressure from the United States, the strengthening of the economy and defense from China and the increasing nuclear capabilities of North Korea.
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Lee, Yong-Shik. "Law and Development: Lessons from South Korea." Law and Development Review 11, no. 2 (June 26, 2018): 433–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ldr-2018-0026.
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Abstract South Korea has achieved unprecedented economic and social development in history. This country, which had been among the poorest in the world until the early 1960s, became one of the world’s leading economies by the mid-1990s as demonstrated by high per-capita income and world-class industries. In the early 1960s, Korea had much of the characteristics shared by many developing countries today, such as prevalent poverty, low economic productivity, low levels of technology and entrepreneurship in society, insufficient capital, poor endowment of natural resources, over-population in a relatively small territory, and internal political instability and external threats to its security. Korea has successfully overcome these obstacles and achieved economic development within a single generation. Korea’s success in economic development was also accompanied by the advancement of the rule of law and elective democracy by the 1990s. What are the causes of this unprecedented success? This article, applying a recently developed theory of law and development, explores the legal and institutional dimensions of Korea’s development and draws lessons from its successful development.
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Lee, Sang Kyung. "The politics of anti-austerity protest: South Korea in 1997–1998 and Greece in 2009–2010." International Journal of Comparative Sociology 62, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 32–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020715221988951.
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Why does austerity confront varying degrees of popular resistance? While prior research primarily addresses the economic threat of austerity as the stimulus for anti-austerity protest, a growing volume of studies highlights the roles of external environments in moderating the mobilizing effect of austerity. This study challenges the recent literature on the moderating role of external environments, pointing out that it tends to overlook the distinction between structural and contingent aspects of external environments. I undertake a paired comparison of carefully chosen cases, South Korea in 1997–1998 and Greece in 2009–2010, to examine the moderating roles of the two aspects of external environments—each aspect is characterized through the notion of political opportunity drawing on Rootes’ work. Results reveal that structural and contingent opportunities played distinct roles in promoting (Greece) and hampering (South Korea) the growth of anti-austerity movements, initially triggered by the economic threat of austerity in both countries.
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Davydov, O. "Yoon Suk-Yeol Administration's Foreign Policy Strategy and the U.S.–Rok Alliance." World Economy and International Relations 67, no. 1 (2023): 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2023-67-1-68-79.
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The article studies new foreign policy of South Korea after the administration change in Seoul in May 2022. Over the last period, the external environment for the country has become more complex. That was due to the growth of rivalry between the USA and China, COVID‑19 pandemic implications as well as the Ukrainian crisis, which resulted in increased global and regional instability and disruption of previously established supply chains. Along with that, the confrontation on the Korean Peninsula has become deeper and more protracted with no way forward to break that impasse. All previous attempts to engage North Korea into the dialogue, made by the Moon Jae-in administration, have failed. Those factors affected the priorities chosen by the new administration in foreign affairs. The author concentrates on the concept of the “global pivotal state” announced by the Yoon Suk-yeol’s government. With the criticism of the previous government’s approach that was narrowly focused on Inter-Korean agendas, the new foreign policy team is going to pursue the brand of a “value diplomacy”, emphasizing South Korea’s role in promoting “liberal democracy” and “rules-based regional order”. As for North Korea, Yoon Suk-yeol has shifted his strategy to a hard-line approach which implied strengthening deterrence and raising credibility of the U.S. assurances to provide a nuclear umbrella to defend its ally. The article highlights Seoul’s new policy aimed at rebuilding and strengthening the “comprehensive global alliance” between the ROK and the USA that presupposes cooperation on a wide range of international and regional agendas beyond the Korean Peninsula. The paper explores some emerging political dimensions of South Korea in the Indo-Pacific region. It is shown that Seoul wishes to be an active participant of the U.S. – led minilateral arrangements to ensure its expanded economic and security interests in the region.
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Kim, Yun-Young, Seung-Ku Kyoung, and Yong-Gab Lee. "A Study of Care Workers’ Wages and Relevant Factors in South Korea." Healthcare 8, no. 2 (June 19, 2020): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8020178.
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The purpose of this study is to analyze the wages of South Korea’s care workers as reported by the Korean national health insurance services database. We also try to identify the factors determining the wages of these 1,221,085 care workers. According to the results of the analysis, first, the wage level of care workers is fundamentally low compared to other jobs; second, the labor conditions of home care facilities (compared to those in residential care facilities) are poor, because these depend on wages, which in turn depend on the external environment, such as care institutes’ management; and third, it was verified that the locations of care institutes affect the wages of care workers. As the South Korean population continues to age, the supply of high-quality care workers has important clinical implications for improving the quality of care received by the elderly. Throughout this study, it is argued that the establishment of a social service corporation has become desirable in terms of strengthening public care institutes in Korea.
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Lee, Junhan, and Wonjae Hwang. "External Crisis, Information Cues, and Presidential Popularity in Korea, 1993–2008." Asian Survey 55, no. 4 (August 1, 2015): 665–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2015.55.4.665.
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As information cues grow diverse, the public becomes better equipped with the information necessary to independently judge external crises, and thus their support for the president is less likely to be influenced by elite discourse. Our analysis of South Korean presidential popularity (1993–2008) confirms this expectation.
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Sung, Heungsup, Myung-Guk Han, Cheon-Kwon Yoo, Sang-Won Lee, Yoon-Seok Chung, Jae-Sun Park, Mi-Na Kim, et al. "Nationwide External Quality Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Molecular Testing, South Korea." Emerging Infectious Diseases 26, no. 10 (October 2020): 2353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2610.202551.
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CHO, YOUNG JAE, and YONG JUNG KWON. "A new genus and species of the Mirine plant bug (Hemiptera: Miridae: Mirinae) from South Korea." Zootaxa 1825, no. 1 (July 18, 2008): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1825.1.7.
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This paper describes a unique new mirine plant bug collected in Jeollanamdo province and Gyeongsangbukdo province, South Korea. This mirid, which is represents a new genus of the tribe Mirini, exhibits external features such as an oval body, a vertex without transverse carina, an impunctate pronotum, and hemelytra that are shallowly punctate with blackish short pubescence. Although somewhat similar externally to certain species of the genus Lygocorides Yasunaga, the new mirid differs substantially with respect to the structure of the male genitalia; in particular, the vesica possesses a peculiar bundle of spinelike spicules and coiled-branched lobe-sclerites. Several external diagnostic characters also support the placement of this species into a new genus.
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Leading Korean scholars, no name. "North Korea Facing Collapse: Domestic Political and Social and Economic Situation." World Economy and International Relations, no. 1 (2012): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2012-1-89-102.
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The paper deals with various aspects of economic and social crisis in the DPRK on the eve of 2010’s. Basically, there is an evident functional paralysis of the command economy that leads to its complete decay and breakdown. The result is emergence of a set of isolated sectors and segments living by different rules. Also, it triggers major social processes which undermine the stability of North Korean political system and its ideology. Different options of future developments are considered in the light of possible similarities with processes characteristic of the Soviet Union, East European countries and China in the past. Special attention is paid to actual and potential role of external factors, primarily to the influence of Chinese policy towards North Korea and the recent contacts with South Korea.
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PARK, JONG-GEUN, and YE EUN. "A new species and a new genus of Parabathynellidae (Crustacea, Syncarida) from South Korea." Zootaxa 3368, no. 1 (July 4, 2012): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3368.1.15.
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Arisubathynella gen. nov. is established for a new species, A. cheongmiensis sp. nov. from South Korea. An illustrated description is given. The new genus stands out in the family Parabathynellidae by six-segmented antennules, three-segmented antenna without medial seta on inner margin of third segment, absence of mandibulartooth of the ventral edge, bare proximal segment of maxilla, two-segmented exopods of thoracopods II-VII, and male thoracopod VIII with elongated external lobe. Arisubathynella gen. nov. is the fourth genus known from South Korea and foreshadows the great diversity of bathynellaceans in the Far East.
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HAN, JUNGHEE, and ALMAS HESHMATI. "DETERMINANTS OF FINANCIAL REWARDS FROM INDUSTRY–UNIVERSITY COLLABORATION IN SOUTH KOREA." International Journal of Innovation Management 20, no. 07 (August 5, 2016): 1650075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1363919616500754.
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The external circumstances for universities have been changing rapidly. In order to be competitive, survive and flourish, universities have turned to external sources to generate revenues. The literature refers to this phenomenon as academic capitalism, defined as the involvement of colleges and their faculty in market-like behaviours, which has become a key feature of higher education finances in most countries. As a result, technology transfer, technological commercialisation, and patents via industry–university collaboration represent a source of financial rewards. This paper explores the determinants of financial rewards of universities sourced from academic engagement through industry–university collaboration in South Korea. We have found that technology transfer per employees working at technology licensing offices, participation of engineering faculty, patent approvals, and the number of firms with incubators within universities significantly contributes to university revenues. The following determinants of financial performance are unexpectedly not contributors to revenue: technological commercialisation using technology transfer, distinguished faculty and incentive rules for inventors. In the light of these findings, it appears that an entrepreneurial university program is likely to play a strong role in university finances in Korea.
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Kim, Tae-Sik. "Mythologizing the face mask: How protective covers became political during the fine-dust and COVID-19 crises in South Korea." International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics 17, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 97–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/macp_00044_1.
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This study aimed to demonstrate how South Korean news media routinized and sensationalized the face mask amid two recent public health crises: the fine-dust crisis and the COVID-19 epidemic. News media appropriated the mythologized meaning of the face mask as a symbol of individual safety during the two crises. This study analyses news articles to answer three questions: (1) How was wearing the face mask mythologized as a routinized practice in days of uncertain risk? (2) How was the face mask politicized as a mythologized sign indicating China as an external threat? and (3) How was the face mask politicized as a symbolic code of the government’s responsibility for the crisis? Once signified as the primary means of individual protection in the context of Korean risk society, the face mask became politicized amid the shortage of the face mask. Placed in the context of the recent disastrous crises in Korea, China was identified as the culprit not only in the epidemic but also in the shortage of the face mask. The meaning of China as an external threat was continuously strengthened when the South Korean government opted out of the entry ban on Chinese citizens. The last analytic part presents how news media politicized the epidemic by associating the face mask crisis with the Korean government.
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Yang, Yi Ling, Sungho Lee, and Sahangsoon Kim. "Locus of legitimacy and startup resource acquisition strategies." Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 12, no. 1 (April 16, 2018): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjie-04-2018-046.
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Purpose Theoretically, the paper aims to provide locus of legitimacy as a framework to not only introduce a multidimensional perspective on legitimacy but also expand the understanding about resource acquisition strategies of social enterprises. Empirically, the authors test the theoretical predictions by using cases from South Korea and Taiwan. Practically, the authors intend to assist chief executive officers (CEOs) of social enterprises in their effort to secure valuable resources and provide policy implications so that both South Korea and Taiwan learn from each other. Design/methodology/approach The authors use case methods to find evidence of the proposed theoretical framework. The initial search for target companies showed that social enterprises in South Korea and Taiwan were ideal samples. In-person, email and phone interviews were conducted on CEOs, and archival data on institutional environments and various aspects of social enterprises were collected. Collected data were analyzed using the locus of legitimacy framework to find out how different emphasis on locus of legitimacy impacted critical decisions of social enterprise, such as human, financial and network resources. Findings As predicted in the locus of the legitimacy framework, the analyses confirmed that locus of legitimacy did explain critical decisions of social enterprises in South Korea and Taiwan. First, significant institutional forces existed, shaping social enterprises behavior. For example, Taiwanese Jinu showed that greater emphasis was given to internal legitimacy, while South Korean Sohwa was higher in external locus of legitimacy. Such differences systematically impacted choices made on resource acquisition strategies. Jinu showed a greater similarity to those of for-profit companies, aligning key decisions of resource acquisition strategies to achieve financial viability as a top priority. However, Sohwa, though financial performance was still important, put more emphasis on meeting institutional demands from South Korean Government. Originality/value This study is one of early studies that attempts to understand the structure of legitimacy faced by social enterprises. The authors argue that organizations can play a more proactive role in securing legitimacy. The authors believe that locus of legitimacy framework complements the existing understanding about legitimacy in institutional theory. By introducing a multidimensional perspective about legitimacy, the authors add additional explanations about how firms exposed to different institutional forces can have diverse alternatives in resource acquisition strategies.
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Quintana-Romero, Luis, Nam Kwon Mun, Roldán Andrés-Rosales, and José Álvarez-García. "Trade Complementarity and the Balance of Payments Constraint Hypothesis: A New Free Trade Agreement between Mexico and South Korea." Mathematics 8, no. 10 (October 4, 2020): 1708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8101708.
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Market diversification is one of the keys to success in the new era of world trade. Highly competitive countries have accomplished positive and sustained growth rates by not depending on a single market for their exports and imports. In Mexico, on the contrary, 80% of exports and 45% of imports concentrate in the United States. The South Korean market represents an opportunity for the Mexican economy, as the relationship between the two countries has strengthened in recent decades. This opportunity would promote greater economic growth for both countries if they reached a Free Trade Agreement, as we show in this work. The aim of this research is to assess the complementarity between these countries and estimate their external long-term equilibrium using the Thirlwall trade restriction model. Results confirm the existence of trade complementarity between the two economies and show that these are able to achieve long-term equilibrium in the external sector. Additionally, the Mexican economy would not face balance of payment constraints for growth when trading with South Korea, as it currently does with the United States.
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KWON, DAEUN. "Changing countries as a reference point for education in South Korea after PISA." Korean Association For Learner-Centered Curriculum And Instruction 23, no. 1 (January 15, 2023): 719–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22251/jlcci.2023.23.1.719.
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Objectives This paper investigate whether the PISA rankings have resulted in the shifting of USA and high ranking countries referential status in South Korea education.
Methods For the purposes of analysis, media representation and the number of articles of referential countries education in South Korea is analyzed by using a newspaper holding a high market share and diverse viewpoints from three time periods: two years before and after the first PISA release and for the last two years.
Results Referential countries are diversified from only two countries, USA and Japan, after PISA in elementary and secondary education. Articles have much less detail about USA education. USA losing considerably slowly its status as a reference point for Korea education and the pattern of Japan articles has peculiarity.
Conclusions The results of this study imply that the pattern of external referencing in media representation is affected by not only PISA but also historical, political, and cultural experiences in the case of South Korea. The world university ranking, meanwhile, has even bigger impact than PISA and cultural experience in a university education.
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Jeong, Young Sun. "Selection of Insulation Materials and Insulation Performance with Consideration of Building Energy when Designing a Building." Applied Mechanics and Materials 752-753 (April 2015): 724–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.752-753.724.
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Building designs should be reviewed from the aspects of both design aesthetics and energy performance. The installation of insulation materials in external walls, roofs, and floors is a basic method that could reduce energy losses from buildings. The purpose of this study is to investigate the types of insulation materials selected as building materials and the insulation performance of each building elements when designing new buildings in South Korea. The insulation performance of the external walls, roofs, and floors of buildings were compared with the insulation criteria of the Energy Saving Design Standards of Buildings in building energy code. The design documents, as well as drawings and building energy saving plan sheets, which are required to be submitted for buildings larger than a certain size in South Korea, were collected. The most widely used insulation material in multi-family housings and non-residential buildings was extruded polystyrene (XPS). The insulation performance of external walls, roofs, and floors were higher than that established by design criteria of building energy code. In particular, the external walls had roughly a 25.5% better insulation performance than the insulation criteria.
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Mishin, Valery Yu, and Anna V. Simonenok. "President Moon Jae-in's Policy on the Settlement of the Inter-Korean Relations: Searching for a Balance between the Desirable and the Possible." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 466 (2021): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/466/13.
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Moon Jae-in came to power in May 2017 in the wake of the Korean political crisis and impeachment of the previous president Park Geyn-hye. Since the very first days of his leadership President Moon has set a course for a sequential transformation of the inter-Korean relations and prevention of the nuclear crisis on the Korean Peninsula. The cornerstone of his program was the idea that the denuclearization of North Korea and the establishment of the long-lasting peace on the Korean Peninsula is possible provided that the North-South relations are normalized and Pyongyang is involved into the constructive peaceful dialogue. The authors demonstrate how Moon Jae-in was able to start the renaissance in the inter-Koran relations. He used the experience of the previous liberal governments of the Republic of Korea and successfully developed and enhanced the famous Sunshine Policy with his own ideas. The first stage of Moon Jane-in's presidency was marked with some serious foreign policy achievements. Thanks to the tactic of “summit diplomacy” President Moon was able to achieve significant reduction in tensions on the Korean Peninsula, which resulted in the fact that relations between the North and the South became more friendly and trustworthy. The historical documents signed during these summits - the Panmunjom Declaration (April 2018) and the Comprehensive Military Agreement (September 2018) - and their fast practical implementation can also be considered as President Moon's success. Further advancement of Moon Jae-in's course for building positive relationships with the DPRK faced serious obstruction from the United States. The authors show how simultaneously with settlement of inter-Korean relations President Moon had to deal with another difficult task - neutralization of the external factors (US sanctions and disagreements between Washington and Pyongyang) that were harmful for the development of the North Korea-South Korea relations. The tactics of being a mediator between the United States and North Korea chosen by Moon Jae-in was quite efficient in the beginning. The blatant enemies - Pyongyang and Washington - clamped down on their confrontation and sat at the negotiating table. However, the intransigence of Washington on the issue of a gradual and phase-based denuclearization of North Korea and withdrawal of sanctions altogether with the non-constructive criticism of the South Korean opposition made Moon Jae-in a hostage of the situation, limiting his potentially independent and substantive steps in foreign policy. Meanwhile, the authors of the research have come to the conclusion that on some issues President Moon was able to achieve much more than his predecessors. Despite the fact that he was unable to achieve a full-scaled settlement of the inter-Korean relations he did everything possible under the existing circumstances. Nowadays one can say that the challenges of the North Korean nuclear missile program and security on the Korean Peninsula are no longer entirely military topics, they are even more likely to be diplomatic issues. This fact is un-doubtfully his great accomplishment. Thus, it is possible to foresee good perspectives for the further declining level of the regional tensions and for the development of the inter-Korean relations.
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Park, Yoonhee, Jin Gu Lee, Hong Jeon Jeong, Min Sub Lim, and Mi-Rae Oh. "How does the protean career attitude influence external employability? The roles of career resilience and proactive career behavior." Industrial and Commercial Training 54, no. 2 (February 16, 2022): 317–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ict-06-2021-0045.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the structural relationships between protean career attitude, career resilience, proactive career behavior and external employability. Design/methodology/approach This study sampled 212 training apprentice employees who participated in training programs using a proportional stratified sampling in South Korea. The study tested the research model using structural equation modeling. Findings This study revealed that protean career attitude influenced external employability through career resilience and proactive career behavior. Career resilience fully mediated the relationship between protean career attitude and external employability and partially mediated protean career attitude and proactive career behavior. Proactive career behavior also mediated the relationship between protean career attitude and external employability. Research limitations/implications This study has a limitation by relying on cross-sectional data. In terms of theoretical implications, this study can add new knowledge to the protean career research by demonstrating that the protean career attitude influences perceived external employability through career resilience and proactive career behavior for the sample of young training apprentice employees. Originality/value This study uncovers the dynamic processes between protean career attitude and perceived external employability. Moreover, this study’s sample is significant because training apprentice employees are mostly young in their 20s and 30s with less than three years of working experience and working in small and medium-sized enterprises in South Korea.
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Ruzgar, Dr Nilufer. "Moon Jae In: A Contemporary Strategıc and Vısıonary Leader." International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention 6, no. 2 (February 28, 2019): 5291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v6i2.05.
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Leadership, as a social phenomenon, has emerged in any society regardless of geography, culture and nationality. Antique China and Greek philosophers were respected as leaders whose advices were valuable and famous authors like Homer and Machiavelli authenticated leaders’ smart and masterly strategies. As for today’s globalworld, leaders have to display various roles in order to cope with the changing external and internal environments and direct their followers by focusing on general and strategic problems so as to create a vision that will shape the future. Developing strategies and creating a clear vision is not only a need for the organizations, but also a crucial need for the nations to have peaceful and safe ties and connections in terms of international relations. In this sense, the president of South Korea Moon Jae In, seem to displayvisionary and strategic leadership roles, in the context of his being the first South Korean leader that have melted the ice between North Korea since the Korean War. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the leadership traits of Moon Jae In, in the frame of visionary and strategic leadership styles. With this purpose a literature review has been performed in the context of leadership styles, the personal and political lives of Moon Jae In have been researched and the leadership traits of South Korean leader have tried to be examined in order to prove that he carries strategic and visionary leadership traits. According to the evaluations, Moon Jae In carries almost all characteristics of both strategic and visionary leadership styles.
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Jungyeon, Park, and Koo Min Gyo. "The Origin and Evolution of the Crisis in the Offshore-Plant Industry in South Korea: Goal Ambiguity and Governmental Politics." Korean Journal of Policy Studies 32, no. 1 (April 30, 2017): 71–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps32104.
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The once-promising offshore-plant industry in South Korea is on the verge of collapse. There are both internal and external reasons for the sudden rise and fall of this now troubled industry. This study focuses on what went wrong within the South Korean government. It examines how the offshore-plant industrial policy has been implemented since its inception in 2012. Using a modified version of Matland`s ambiguity-conflict matrix, this study explains the way in which the combination of policy goal ambiguity and organizational conflict between and within government agencies led to policy drift and failure. We find that offshore-plant industrial policy has undergone three different but related stages from symbolic to experimental to political implementation over the past five years. Varying degrees of goal ambiguity and organizational conflicts have resulted in these shifts, which in turn have resulted in the government missing opportunities to correct earlier policy errors in the next stages. This study explains the unique problems inherent in the offshore-plant industrial policy. At the same time, it reveals common problems prevalent in South Korea`s government-led industrial policy: a lack of planning, deliberation, coordination, and collaboration within the government, let alone outside of it.
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Sim, Geum-Ok, and Hyun-Ah Lee. "Characteristics of firms that issue redeemable convertible preferred stock: Evidence from South Korea." GLOBAL BUSINESS FINANCE REVIEW 27, no. 6 (December 31, 2022): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17549/gbfr.2022.27.6.40.
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Purpose: The issuance of redeemable convertible preferred stock (RCPS) has been steadily increasing in Korea since the revision of the Commercial Act, which allows firms to issue various types of stocks, in 2010. This study aims to verify equity financing behavior by examining the characteristics of firms that issue RCPS.
Design/methodology/approach: Using a sample of 12,768 firm-year observations of Korean listed companies from 2011 to 2018, this study conducts univariate and multivariate analyses to examine the factors that affect firms' decisions regarding RCPS issuance. For multivariate analysis, logistic regression analysis is used.
Findings: This study shows that firms issuing RCPS have higher debt ratios and lower operating cash flows than non-issuing firms. It is also found that firms issuing RCPS are smaller and younger than non-issuing firms. These findings indicate that firms with higher costs of financial distress, lower internal cash flow, and lower credibility/reputation are more likely to issue RCPS because they are constrained by debt capacity.
Research limitations/implications: According to pecking order theory, firms prefer debt over equity if external funds are required. The results of this study support the pecking order theory by providing evidence that firms rely on hybrid securities financing like redeemable preferred stock, a priority after debt when they are constrained by debt capacity.
Originality/value: This study sheds light on financing decisions related to the issuance of hybrid securities from the perspective of pecking order theory. It also contributes to broadening the scope of research on hybrid securities by providing empirical evidence on the financial characteristics of firms that issue RCPS.
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Heo, Inhye. "The Revival of ‘Big Government’ Discourse in South Korea, 2017." Journal of Asian and African Studies 54, no. 6 (May 16, 2019): 913–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909619848075.
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After the democratisation of South Korea in 1987, political discourse on ‘big government’ nearly disappeared, largely because it recalled past authoritarianism. Authoritarian states are highly likely to employ ‘big government’ – exerting policy influence over the distribution of private resources – to sustain their political power, and Korea’s authoritarian state was no exception. Thus, newly inaugurated President Moon Jae-in’s official implication that he would pursue big government is notable, because he claimed to represent pro-democracy groups that opposed both historical authoritarianism and the former president’s undemocratic governance. In this context, this study examines external and internal political-economic factors behind the revival of big government discourse in Korea. Results show that critical factors included the lack of pressure in the global capitalist market and the dominance of governmentalists over marketists in the political-economic discourse influencing the administration’s maintenance and expansion of its political foundation.
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Pattee, Brittany, Laura Tourdot, Amanda Beaudoin, Jennifer Dale, Jill Fischer, Leslie Lovett, Jacy Walters, Jonathan Alpern, and Keely Ellyson. "Case of Candida auris Identified From the External Ear Canal of a Healthy Minnesota Outpatient With Travel to South Korea." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, S1 (October 2020): s16—s17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.489.
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Background:Candida auris is a globally emerging, multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen that causes healthcare-associated outbreaks and can be misidentified in clinical laboratories. Most US C. auris cases occur in hospitalized or long-term care patients with underlying medical conditions. Also, 4 global phylogenetic C. auris clades largely cluster geographically. Receiving health care abroad is a risk factor for US C. auris cases. In December 2019, the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) confirmed Minnesota’s first C. auris case, isolated from the external ear canal of a healthy young adult outpatient with right-sided otitis externa. We describe the investigation and response for this uncommon US presentation of C. auris. Methods: The MDH initiated mandatory reporting and submission of confirmed or possible C. auris isolates in August 2019. The MDH Public Health Laboratory (MDH-PHL) confirmed C. auris by MALDI-TOF (Bruker) from an isolate submitted by a hospital laboratory as C. duobushaemulonii to rule out C. auris. The MDH-PHL performed broth microdilution antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST). The CDC Mycotics Diseases Branch laboratory performed whole-genome sequencing (WGS). The MDH epidemiologists obtained a patient history through interviews with healthcare staff and the patient, and they collected environmental samples from otoscopes. The MDH-PHL tested environmental samples by C. auris RT-PCR and culture. The MDH recommended disinfection of examination rooms and otoscopes and 3 months of C. auris surveillance for patients evaluated with otoscopes who later returned with otic inflammation. Swabs from the patient’s axilla, groin, and external ear canals were tested for C. auris by PCR at the MDH-PHL. Results: The patient reported recurrent right ear infections in 2016 during a 16-month visit to South Korea, with treatment in multiple ENT clinics. December 2019 otitis resolved after treatment with oral amoxicillin/clavulanate and otic ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone. AFST showed resistance to fluconozale and susceptibility to 8 antifungals, including echinocandins. WGS placed the isolate in the East Asian clade, indicating similarity to isolates from South Korea and Japan. Environmental cultures were negative. The asymptomatic left ear was colonized with C. auris; other sites were negative. As of January29, 2020, no additional cases were detected. Conclusions: We identified prolonged colonization of C. auris in the external ear canals of a healthy patient. WGS and travel in South Korea, including ENT clinic exposure, provide strong evidence of C. auris acquisition in South Korea. No spread has been reported in Minnesota. Deliberate communication with clinical laboratories regarding ruling out C. auris was key to case discovery. Clinicians should be aware of C. auris epidemiology, including healthcare exposure abroad, particularly in young, healthy patients.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None
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Yoon, Heun-Keung. "A Study of Nurses' Internal, External, and Social Images as Perceived by College Students in South Korea." Global Journal of Health Science 10, no. 1 (December 17, 2017): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v10n1p156.
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PURPOSE: This study is a descriptive survey study aiming to examine the internal, external, and social images of nurses as perceived by Korean college students and clarifying the relationship between these images.METHODS: This study was performed using a structured questionnaire from May 2 to 14, 2016. Data were collected from 221 college students and were statistically interpreted using t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation coefficient.RESULTS: The study results are as follows: First, the internal image of nurses was scored at 3.46 points, the external image at 2.78, and the social image at 2.76. Second, a significant positive correlation was found between the internal, external, and social images as well as between the external and social images, implying the importance of both internal and external images of nurses.CONCLUSION: The results of this study are expected to be used as a reference base for devising strategies and measures for the enhancement of internal, external, and social images of nurses for future healthcare consumers.