Books on the topic 'External drainage'
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1
Pitman, Phil. External works, roads and drainage: A practical guide. London: Spon Press, 2001.
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2
Pitman, Phil. External Works, Roads and Drainage: A Practical Guide. London: Spon Press, 2001.
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3
Pitman, Phil. External Works, Roads and Drainage. CRC Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482272246.
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4
External Works and Drainage-A Practical Guide. Taylor & Francis Group, 2001.
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5
Pitman, Phil. External Works, Roads and Drainage: A Practical Guide. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.
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6
Pitman, Phil. External Works, Roads and Drainage: A Practical Guide. Taylor & Francis Group, 2001.
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7
Pitman, Phil. External Works, Roads and Drainage: A Practical Guide. Taylor & Francis Group, 2001.
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8
Kahn, S. Lowell. Use of Contrast-Fortified Surgilube for Biliary Drainage in the Setting of Active Leakage. Edited by S. Lowell Kahn, Bulent Arslan, and Abdulrahman Masrani. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199986071.003.0083.
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Biliary leaks are a common clinical entity that may occur after trauma or surgery. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is the first choice of treatment for an active biliary leak. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) with drain placement (external or internal/external) is increasingly employed either alone or as an adjunct to endoscopy (Rendezvous procedure) or surgery. Performance of a PTC on the nondilated system remains technically challenging and is associated with extra needle passes and significantly longer fluoroscopy times. Technical challenges arise from needle localization of a small nondilated duct and the contrast that is injected will pass through the leak rather than distending and opacifying the ducts. This chapter describes the use of contrast-fortified Surgilube for biliary opacification in the setting of an active biliary leak.
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Chiumello, Davide, and Silvia Coppola. Management of pleural effusion and haemothorax. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0125.
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The main goal of management of pleural effusion is to provide symptomatic relief removing fluid from the pleural space. The options depend on type, stage, and underlying disease. The first diagnostic instrument is the chest radiography, while ultrasound can be very useful to guide thoracentesis. Pleural effusion can be a transudate or an exudate. Generally, a transudate is uncomplicated effusion treated by medical therapy, while an exudative effusion is considered complicated effusion and should be managed by drainage. Refractory non-malignant effusions can be transudative (congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, nephrosis) or exudative (pancreatitis, connective tissue disease, endocrine dysfunction), and the management options include repeated therapeutic thoracentesis, in-dwelling pleural catheter for intermittent external drainage, pleuroperitoneal shunts for internal drainage, or surgical pleurectomy. Parapneumonic pleural effusions can be classified as complicated when there is persistent bacterial invasion of the pleural space, uncomplicated and empyema with specific indications for pleural fluid drainage. Malignancy is the most common cause of exudative pleural effusions in patients aged >60 years and the decision to treat depends upon the presence of symptoms and the underlying tumour type. Options include in-dwelling pleural catheter drainage, pleurodesis, pleurectomy, and pleuroperitoneal shunt. Haemothorax needs to be differentiated from a haemorrhagic pleural effusion and, when suspected, the essential management is intercostal drainage. It achieves two objectives to drain the pleural space allowing expansion of the lung and to allow assessment of rates of blood loss to evaluate the need for emergency or urgent thoracotomy.
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Blasi, Francesco, and Paolo Tarsia. Pathophysiology and causes of haemoptysis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0126.
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The main goal of management of pleural effusion is to provide symptomatic relief removing fluid from pleural space and the options depend on type, stage and underlying disease. The first diagnostic instrument is the chest radiography while ultrasound can be very useful to guide thoracentesis. Pleural effusion can be a transudate or an exudate. Generally a transudate is uncomplicated effusion treated by medical therapy, while an exudative effusion is considered complicated effusion and should be managed by drainage. Refractory non-malignant effusions can be transudative (congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, nephrosis) or exudative (pancreatitis, connective tissue disease, endocrine dysfunction), and the management options include repeated therapeutic thoracentesis, indwelling pleural catheter for intermittent external drainage, pleuroperitoneal shunts for internal drainage, or surgical pleurectomy. Parapneumonic pleural effusions can be divided in complicated when there is persistent bacterial invasion of the pleural space, uncomplicated and empyema with specific indications for pleural fluid drainage. Malignancy is the most common cause of exudative pleural effusions in patients aged >60 years and the decision to treat depends upon the presence of symptoms and the underlying tumour type. Options include indwelling pleural catheter drainage, pleurodesis, pleurectomy and pleuroperitoneal shunt. Hemothorax needs to be differentiated from a haemorrhagic pleural effusion and when is suspected the essential management is the intercostal drainage. It achieves two objectives to drain the pleural space allowing expansion of the lung and to allow assessment of rates of blood loss to evaluate the need for emergency or urgent thoracotomy.
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Agarwal, Anil, Neil Borley, and Greg McLatchie. ENT. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199608911.003.0014.
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This chapter on ENT outlines procedures like aural microsuction, nasal endoscopy, nasolaryngoscopy, pharyngoscopy, microlaryngoscopy, Dix Hallpike test and Epleu manoeuvre, nasal cautery, reduction of nasal fracture, drainage of orbital abscess, drainage of a peritonsillar abscess (Quincy), sphenopalatine artery ligation, biopsy of oral lesion, changing tracheostomy tube, removal of foreign body from the nose of a child, myringotomy, and insertion of grommet. Operations included are myringoplasty, tympanoyomy and tympanoplasty, excision of external canal osteoma/exostosis, cortical mastoidectomy, mastoid exploration, cochlear implantation, pinnaplasty, stapedectomy and ossciculoplasty, septoplasty, middle meatal antrostomy, nasal polypectomy, ethmoidectomy, septorhinoplasty, dacrocystorhinostomy (DCR), Caldwell–Luc, tracheostomy, excision of neck node, branchial cyst excision, excision of thyroglossal cyst, uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, parotidectomy, submandibular gland excision, neck dissection, total laryngectomy, tonsillectomy, adenoidectomy, and laryngo-tracheal reconstruction.
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Thomas, James, Tanya Monaghan, and Prarthana Thiagarajan. Practical procedures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199593972.003.0018_update_001.
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Using this chapterInfiltrating anaesthetic agentsHand hygieneConsentAseptic techniqueSubcutaneous and intramuscular injectionsIntravenous injectionsVenepunctureSampling from a central venous catheterArterial blood gas (ABG) samplingPeripheral venous cannulationFemoral venous catheter insertionCentral venous access: internal jugular veinCentral venous access: subclavian veinCentral venous access: ultrasound guidanceIntravenous infusionsArterial line insertionFine needle aspiration (FNA)Lumbar punctureMale urethral catheterizationFemale urethral catheterizationBasic airway managementOxygen administrationPeak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) measurementInhaler techniqueNon-invasive ventilationPleural fluid aspirationPneumothorax aspirationChest drain insertion (Seldinger)Recording a 12-lead ECGCarotid sinus massageVagal manoeuvresTemporary external pacingDC cardioversionPericardiocentesisNasogastric tube insertionAscitic fluid sampling (ascitic tap)Abdominal paracentesis (drainage)Sengstaken–Blakemore tube insertionBasic interrupted suturingCleaning an open woundApplying a backslabManual handling
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Agarwal, Anil, Neil Borley, and Greg McLatchie. Paediatric surgery. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199608911.003.0007.
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This chapter covers paediatric operations. Procedures like rigid bronchoscopy, chest drain insertion, and central venous catheter insertion are described. Common operations of abscess drainage, appendicectomy, laparoscopy, gastrostomy, circumcision, epigastric and umbilical hernia repair, external angular dermoid cyst excision, inguinal hernia, and hydrocele are all outlined. Other operations described are fundoplication, ileostomy formation, pyloromyotomy, small-bowel resection and anastomosis. Surgery for intussusception, small-bowel atresia, meconium ileus, and oesophageal atresia are included. Urological operations include orchidopexy, scrotal exploration, cystoscopy, endoscopic correction of vescico urteric reflux (VUR), insertion and removal of JJ stent, vesicostomy, suprapubic catheter insertion, nephrectomy, repair of hypospadias, bladder augmentation, and Anderson Hynes pyeloplasty.
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Mundy, Anthony R., and Daniela E. Andrich. Lower urinary tract trauma. Edited by Anthony R. Mundy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0052.
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Lower urinary tract trauma is common. Indeed, iatrogenic lower urinary tract trauma is the commonest type of urological injury. External trauma is much less common but potentially life-threatening, if only because of the force needed to cause it. This chapter describes the incidence, aetiology, pathology, clinical features, and management of both types of injury and draws attention to the controversies in management of the most serious of these injuries which remain controversial after nearly 100 years of debate. Despite the controversies, the three fundamental principles of treatment remain unchallenged: to provide urinary drainage to prevent or relieve urinary retention; to prevent or treat urinary extravasation; and to provide the best possible conditions for recovery of the injury.
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Stocchetti, Nino, and Andrew I. R. Maas. Causes and management of intracranial hypertension. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0233.
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Intracranial hypertension may damage the brain in two ways—it causes tissue distortion and herniation, and reduces cerebral perfusion. The many different pathologies that can result in intracranial hypertension include subarachnoid haemorrhage, spontaneous intra-parenchymal haemorrhage, malignant cerebral hemispheric infarction, and acute hydrocephalus. The pathophysiology and specific treatment of intracranial hypertension may be different and depend on aetiology. In patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage a specific focus is on treating secondary hydrocephalus and maintaining adequate cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP). Indications for surgery in patients with intracranial hypertension due to intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) are not only related to the mass effect, but also to remove the toxic effect of extravasated blood on brain tissue. Decompressive surgery should be considered for patients with a malignant hemispheric infarction, but in order to benefit the patient this surgery should be performed within 48 hours of the onset of the stroke. Hydrocephalus may result from obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow, from impaired CSF re-absorption and occasionally from overproduction of CSF. Emergency management of acute hydrocephalus can be accomplished by external ventricular drainage of CSF. More definitive treatment may be either by third ventriculostomy or implantation of a CSF shunt diverting CSF to the abdominal cavity (a ventriculoperitoneal shunt) or to the right atrium of the heart (ventriculo-atrial shunt).
16
Gibson, Alistair A., and Peter J. D. Andrews. Management of traumatic brain injury. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0343.
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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide and although young male adults are at particular risk, it affects all ages. TBI often occurs in the presence of significant extracranial injuries and immediate management focuses on the ABCs—airway with cervical spine control, breathing, and circulation. Best outcomes are achieved by management in centres that can offer comprehensive neurological critical care and appropriate management for extracranial injuries. If patients require transfer from an admitting hospital to a specialist centre, the transfer must be carried out by an appropriately skilled and equipped transport team. The focus of specific TBI management is on the avoidance of secondary injury to the brain. The principles of management are to avoid hypotension and hypoxia, control intracranial pressure and maintain cerebral perfusion pressure above 60 mmHg. Management of increased intracranial pressure is generally by a stepwise approach starting with sedation and analgesia, lung protective mechanical ventilation to normocarbia in a 30° head-up position, maintenance of oxygenation, and blood pressure. Additional measures include paralysis with a neuromuscular blocking agent, CSF drainage via an external ventricular drain, osmolar therapy with mannitol or hypertonic saline, and moderate hypothermia. Refractory intracranial hypertension may be treated surgically with decompressive craniectomy or medically with high dose barbiturate sedation. General supportive measures include provision of adequate nutrition preferably by the enteral route, thromboembolism prophylaxis, skin and bowel care, and management of all extracranial injuries.
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Hoskin, Peter J. Radiotherapy in symptom management. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0123.
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Radiotherapy has a major role in symptom control and over 40% of all radiation treatments are given with palliative intent. In the palliative setting, radiotherapy will usually be delivered using high-energy external beam treatment from a linear accelerator. Bone metastases may be treated with intravenous systemic radioisotopes and dysphagia with endoluminal brachytherapy. A general principle of palliative radiotherapy is that it should be delivered in as few treatment visits as possible and be associated with minimal acute toxicity. The main indications for palliative radiotherapy are in the management of symptoms due to local tumour growth and infiltration. These include pain from bone metastases, visceral pain from soft tissue metastases, and neuropathic pain from spinal, pelvic, and axillary tumour. Local pressure symptoms are particularly onerous and potentially dangerous when they affect the nervous system; thus spinal canal compression remains one of the few true emergency situations in which radiotherapy is indicated. Similarly brain, meningeal, or skull base metastases require urgent assessment and can be helped with local radiotherapy. Obstruction of a hollow tube or drainage channels can lead to significant symptoms and again local radiotherapy can be valuable in addressing this scenario. Such indications would include dysphagia, bronchial obstruction, leg or arm oedema, vena cava obstruction, or hydrocephalus. Finally haemorrhage can be distressing if rarely life-threatening. Local radiotherapy to bleeding tumours in the lung, bronchus, bowel, genitourinary tract, and skin is very effective at control of bleeding.