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Journal articles on the topic 'External carotid artery'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 July 2024

Last updated: 7 July 2024

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1

Gavrilidou, P., D. M. Iliescu, R. Baz, and P. Bordei. "Morphological characteristics of the external carotid artery." ARS Medica Tomitana 19, no. 2 (May 1, 2013): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/arsm-2013-0013.

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Abstract The morphological characteristics at the level of the bifurcation of the common carotid artery were studied on 46 cases, finding that the most frequent, in 52.17% of cases, the common carotid bifurcation appear as the letter “V”, with two possible variations: a wide “V”, in 43.48% of cases and narrow “V” in 8.7% of cases. In 30.43% of cases, the two carotids showed an ascending traject, united for 1-2 cm up to their crossing; in 13,04% of the cases the two arteries were superimposed, the external located anteriorly. In only in two cases on the right side (4.35% of cases and 8.33% of right samples) we found a peculiar aspect of a “U” shaped bifurcation. Regarding the caliber of the external carotid artery, we found that in 43.33% of the cases the external carotid artery had a similar diameter to the internal carotid, also in 43.33% of the external carotid artery have a higher caliber than internal one and the remaining 13.33% of the cases, the external carotid artery had a smaller diameter than the internal one, with all cases on the left (16.67% of left carotid arteries). The caliber of the right external carotid artery was between 4 to 5.6 mm and the one of the left was between 3.6 to 5 mm. When the external carotid was more voluminous than the internal, the differences were 0.5 to 1.2 mm and when the internal carotid was more voluminous than the external, the differences were smaller, 0.2 to 0.8 mm. In relation to the common carotid, the external carotid had a smaller caliber from 0.6 to 1.1 mm. Regarding the external carotid traject, most commonly, from the bifurcation of the common carotid, the external carotid artery showed a vertical trajectory, in 50% of cases; in 40% of cases, the traject was oblique superomedially and in 6.67% of cases the external carotid artery described a curve with the convexity facing laterally, with all cases on the right (11.76% of right carotid arteries); in 3.33% of cases, both on the left (7.69% of the left carotid arteries), the external carotid artery traject described an inverted italic “S”

2

Sonu and Sunita Kalra. "AN UNDOCUMENTED RARE BRANCHING PATTERN OF EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 8, no. 4.1 (November 10, 2020): 7767–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2020.211.

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The external carotid arterial system supplies the areas of head and neck region. The knowledge of possible anatomical variations occurring in branching pattern of external carotid artery is crucial especially in the surgeries of head, neck and face; as well as for interpretation of radiological investigations like angiograms. During routine dissection of head and region for undergraduate students we discovered common trunk for lingual, facial and ascending pharyngeal arteries. Also, the occipital artery is arising just before the common trunk from the external carotid artery. KEY WORDS: External carotid artery, branches, common trunk, occipital artery.

3

Ankolekar, Vrinda Hari, Anne D. Souza, Mamatha Hosapatna, and Amoldeep Singh. "BRANCHES OF EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 6, no. 3.2 (August 10, 2018): 5504–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2018.257.

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4

S., Naveen Kumar, and Naveen Kumar K. "Variations in Branching Pattern of External Carotid Artery." Indian Journal of Anatomy 7, no. 5 (2018): 515–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ija.2320.0022.7518.9.

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5

Chitra, R. "Trifurcation of the right common carotid artery." Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery 41, no. 01 (January 2008): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1699237.

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ABSTRACTVariations in the position of the bifurcation of the common carotid artery and the origin or branching pattern of the external carotid artery are well known and documented. Here, we report the trifurcation of the right common carotid artery in a male cadaver aged about 55 years. The right common carotid artery was found to divide into the external and internal carotids and the occipital artery. High division of bilateral common carotid arteries and a lateral position of the right external carotid artery at its origin were also observed in the same cadaver. There were two ascending pharyngeal arteries on the right side - one from the occipital artery and another from the internal carotid artery. The intraarterial approach is one of the most important routes for the administration of anticancer drugs for head and neck cancers. A profound knowledge of the anatomical characteristics and variations of the carotid artery such as its branching pattern and its position is essential to avoid complications with catheter insertion.

6

Masson, R. L., and A. L. Day. "External Carotid Artery Reconstruction." Neurosurgery 30, no. 5 (May 1, 1992): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006123-199205000-00035.

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7

Masson, R. L., and A. L. Day. "External Carotid Artery Reconstruction." Neurosurgery 30, no. 5 (May 1992): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/00006123-199205000-00035.

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8

McIntyre, K. E. "External Carotid Artery Thromboendarterectomy." Perspectives in Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy 3, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153100359000300114.

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9

Mukhia, Rajeev. "Anatomical Variations in the Branches of External Carotid Artery in Cadavers of Nepalese Origin." Journal of Human Anatomy 4, no. 1 (January 7, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/jhua-16000144.

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Introduction: Knowledge of the position and the variations of the external carotid artery and its branches are essential for faciomaxillary surgery and surgeries of the neck. The variations in the branching pattern are also essential to avoid complications with catheter insertion of carotid arteries in various procedures and pre-operative angiography. The external carotid artery is an important route for administration of anticancer drugs for head and neck cancer, so the knowledge of anatomy of branching pattern of external carotid artery is clinically important. Materials and Methods: Total 30 external carotid arteries were included in the present study. The dissection of the external carotid artery was carried in the dissection hall of the Anatomy Department, Manipal College of Medical Sciences. When all the branches and course of the external carotid artery was visible, variations was noted. The length of artery was measured with the help of thread, scale and vernier calliper. All the data were analyzed with Microsoft Excel 2007 software and represented as mean and standard deviation. Results: Average length of the external carotid artery from its origin by bifurcation of the common carotid artery to its termination is 8.1 cm on the right side and 8.0 cm on the left side. 40 % of the external carotid artery shows variations in the branching pattern on right side where as 53.4 % of external carotid artery shows variations on left side. Conclusion: The mean length of external carotid artery is more or less difference between right and left side. The prevalence of variations of external carotid artery was seen more on the left side as compared to the right side. The variations in the branching pattern of external carotid artery are important to the vascular surgeons as well as radiologists to prevent diagnostic errors and also to avoid complications while performing surgery in the head and neck region.

10

N, Esakkiammal, Renu Chauhan, and Rakhee Sharma. "CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF VARIABLE ORIGIN OF EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY BRANCHES AND HIGH LEVEL BIFURCATION OF COMMON CAROTID ARTERY." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 5, no. 2.3 (June 30, 2017): 3958–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2017.228.

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11

Grigoryants, Vladimir, Matthew J. Eagleton, and Gilbert R. Upchurch. "Bilateral External Carotid Artery Aneurysms." Vascular 12, no. 6 (November 2004): 387–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/rsmvasc.12.6.387.

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A 60-year-old female was found on a physical examination to have bilateral palpable pulsatile neck masses. She denied local pain, cranial nerve compressive symptoms, or symptoms of cerebral ischemia. Duplex ultrasonography demonstrated bilateral 1.5 x 2.2 cm external carotid artery aneurysms. Isolated bilateral external carotid artery aneurysms were confirmed by computed tomography and angiography. The patient has been treated conservatively, and at 4-year follow-up, she remains asymptomatic, and the carotid artery aneurysms are unchanged in size.

12

Shivaprakash S and Ashok K R. "Study of Branching Pattern of External Carotid Artery." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 10, no. 2 (June 5, 2022): 8367–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2022.144.

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Background: Anatomical information of vasculature is of need for the surgeons and radiologists. Carotid artery and its branches supply most of head, neck, and brain. Injuries to the external carotid artery and its branches is often complex and results in high mortality. Knowledge of types and frequencies of vascular variations of external carotid artery is of help for invasive diagnostic and interventional procedures. Materials and methods: 50 external carotid arteries were dissected to study the branching pattern of external carotid artery. Results: Conventional branching pattern was seen in 58% specimens. Superior thyroid artery originated from common carotid artery in 12% specimens. Linguofacial trunk was observed in 16%. Occipital artery and ascending pharyngeal artery rose from a single trunk in 12%. Origin of facial artery from maxillary artery was observed in one specimen. Conclusion: Study of variations in the branching pattern of the external carotid artery adds to the existing anatomical knowledge. Variations in the branching pattern is of definite help for interventional radiologists, vascular, craniofacial and neck surgeons. KEY WORDS: External carotid artery, Facial artery, Linguofacial trunk.

13

Al-Basheer, Mamoun, D. Ferrar, D. Nelson, and Theodor Vasudevan. "Outcome of the External Carotid Artery Following Carotid Endarterectomy with Added External Carotid Artery Eversion Endarterectomy." Annals of Vascular Diseases 4, no. 3 (2011): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3400/avd.oa.11.00020.

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14

Rao, S. B., V. R. Vollala, M. Rao, V. P. Samuel, D. Deepthinath, S. Nayak, and N. Pamidi. "Unusual position of external carotid artery: a case report." Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery 38, no. 02 (July 2005): 170–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1699098.

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AbstractThe arterial pattern of the human body is one of the systems that show a large number of variations. Many reports are available regarding variations of common carotid, external and internal carotid arteries and branches of external carotid artery. We describe a very rare case of lateral position of external carotid artery. The external carotid artery was lateral to the internal carotid artery at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. The clinical importance of this variation is discussed.

15

Sudhakaran, Manju, Mini Alikunju, Vandana Latha Raveendran, and Umesan Kannanvilakom Govindapillai. "Variations in the Branching Pattern of External Carotid Artery in South Kerala Population – A Cadaveric Study." Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 8, no. 22 (May 31, 2021): 1780–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2021/336.

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BACKGROUND External carotid arteries account for a major share of arterial supply of head and neck regions. As variations are frequently observed in the branching pattern of external carotid artery, surgeons, radiologists and anaesthetists often encounter difficulties in various procedures of head and neck. The purpose of this study is to describe the variations in the branching pattern of external carotid artery as observed in South Indian population which definitely reduces its iatrogenic injuries associated with surgical and radiological procedures of head and neck. METHODS This is cross-sectional descriptive study. Bilateral neck dissection was done on twenty-two formalin fixed cadavers to study the branching pattern of external carotid artery during a period of two years in the Department of Anatomy in Government Medical College, Alappuzha. Common carotid, external carotid and internal carotid arteries were dissected. All the branches of external carotid artery were traced and the variations were noted. The distance between carotid bifurcation and point of origin of individual branches of external carotid were measured and statistically analyzed. RESULTS In the present study along with normal branching pattern of external carotid artery, variations like origin of superior thyroid artery from common carotid artery and also from carotid bifurcation were seen. A common linguofacial trunk and direct origin of superior laryngeal artery from external carotid artery were also observed. CONCLUSIONS Prior knowledge of the variations will be helpful to surgeons and anaesthetists while dealing with these vessels during procedures of head and neck regions. KEYWORDS External Carotid Artery, Carotid Bifurcation, Superior Thyroid Artery, Linguofacial Trunk

16

Dixon, J. A. "Spontaneous external carotid artery occlusion." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 103, no. 7 (July 1989): 710–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002221510010982x.

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AbstractThe case of a 64-year-old man who presented with severe left sided facial pain and cyanosis of the left ear, preauricular region and tongue is described. Digital subtraction angiography confirmed complete occlusion of the left external carotid artery. The patient was anticoagulated and his symptoms resolved over the following month, presumably due to improvement of collateral blood supply to the ischaemic areas. The literature on the clinical manifestations of external carotid ischaemia is reviewed and the relationship between facial pain, internal and external carotid atherosclerosis is emphasised.

17

Abla, Adib A., Peter Kan, Shady Jahshan, Travis M. Dumont, Elad I. Levy, and Adnan H. Siddiqui. "External Carotid Dissection and External Carotid Proatlantal Intersegmental Artery with Subclavian Steal Prompting External Carotid and Subclavian Artery Stenting." Journal of Neuroimaging 24, no. 4 (January 11, 2013): 399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6569.2012.00787.x.

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18

Kohara, Kotaro, Tatsuya Ishikawa, Tomonori Kobayashi, and Takakazu Kawamata. "Retinal artery occlusion during carotid artery stenting with distal embolic protection device." Neuroradiology Journal 31, no. 5 (June 4, 2018): 504–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1971400918781990.

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Retinal artery occlusion associated with carotid artery stenosis is well known. Although it can also occur at the time of carotid artery stenting, retinal artery occlusion via the collateral circulation of the external carotid artery is rare. We encountered two cases of retinal artery occlusion that were thought to be caused by an embolus from the external carotid artery during carotid artery stenting with a distal embolic protection device for the internal carotid artery. A 71-year-old man presented with central retinal artery occlusion after carotid artery stenting using the Carotid Guardwire PS and a 77-year-old man presented with branch retinal artery occlusion after carotid artery stenting using the FilterWire EZ. Because additional new cerebral ischaemic lesions were not detected in either case by postoperative diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, it was highly likely that the debris that caused retinal artery occlusion passed through not the internal carotid artery but collaterals to retinal arteries from the external carotid artery, which was not protected by a distal embolic protection device. It is suggested that a distal protection device for the internal carotid artery alone cannot prevent retinal artery embolisation during carotid artery stenting and protection of the external carotid artery is important to avoid retinal artery occlusion.

19

Quintas-Neves, Miguel, Sofia Almeida Xavier, Mariana Ribeiro Santos, Ana Rita Silva, José Nuno Alves, Jaime Rocha, and José Manuel Amorim. "External carotid artery stenting in symptomatic internal carotid artery occlusion." Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 78 (August 2020): 397–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2020.05.023.

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20

Willfort-Ehringer, Andrea, Ramazanali Ahmadi, Diego Gruber, Michael E. Gschwandtner, Angelika Haumer, Gottfried Heinz, Wilfried Lang, and Herbert Ehringer. "Effect of carotid artery stenting on the external carotid artery." Journal of Vascular Surgery 38, no. 5 (November 2003): 1039–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0741-5214(03)00550-0.

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21

Zaccheo, Fabrizio, Giulia Petroni, Alessandro Guttadauro, Alfredo Passaretti, Maria Elisabetta Campogrande, Gianluca Tenore, Ahmed Mohsen, and Andrea Cicconetti. "Configuration Origin Variants of Superior Thyroid, Lingual and Facial Arteries: A Proposal Updating of Current Classification." Applied Sciences 13, no. 8 (April 10, 2023): 4737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13084737.

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Background: The aim of this study was to identify variations in the origins of the anterior branches of the external carotid artery (ECA) and to propose an update of the current classification. Methods: The study included 100 carotids arteries from fifty human donors. Classification of anterior branches of external carotid artery was performed according to Vaz’quez et al. (2009). Results: The configuration origins of anterior branches were found as follows: Type I, 82%; Type II, 1%; Type III, 16%. No Type IV was observed. The study identified seven subgroups of anterior branch variations in the external carotid artery. The most frequently observed variations were Subtype Ia in 40% (n = 20) of cases on the right side and Subtype Ib in 38% (n = 19) on the left side. In addition, a rare and previously unclassified configuration was observed in a 72-year-old male donor, where the carotid artery was pentafurcated on the left side. Conclusions: In conclusion, the presence of anatomical variants not previously included in the anterior external carotid artery branching classifications supports the consideration of a revision to the present classification system.

22

Grigoryants, Vladimir, Matthew J. Eagleton, and Gilbert R. Upchurch. "Bilateral External Carotid Artery Aneurysms." Vascular 12, no. 06 (2004): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/6670.2004.00039.

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23

Dwivedi, Amit J., Andrea E. Yancey, Charles B. Ross, and Marvin E. Morris. "Symptomatic External Carotid Artery Stenosis." American Surgeon 77, no. 11 (November 2011): 238–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481107701111.

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24

De Luccia, Nelson, Erasmo Simão da Silva, Marta Aponchik, Fernanda Appolonio, and Luiz Alberto Benvenuti. "Congenital External Carotid Artery Aneurysm." Annals of Vascular Surgery 24, no. 3 (April 2010): 418.e7–418.e10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2009.05.021.

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25

NUMATA, Tsutomu, Toyoyuki HANAZAWA, Keisuke SHIBA, Kouichi NAKANO, Hiroyuki MUTOU, Hiroshi NAGATA, Nobuhisa TERADA, and Akiyoshi KONNO. "CONTRALATERAL EXTERNAL CAROTID-EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY BYPASS FOR VASCULAR RECONSTRUCTION IN CASES OF COMMON CAROTID ARTERY RESECTION." Japanese jornal of Head and Neck Cancer 27, no. 3 (2001): 607–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5981/jjhnc1974.27.607.

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26

Nagasawa, Shiro, Hideo Tanaka, Masahiro Kawanishi, and Tomio Ohta. "Contralateral external carotid-to-external carotid artery (half-collar) saphenous vein graft for common carotid artery occlusion." Surgical Neurology 45, no. 2 (February 1996): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0090-3019(96)80006-1.

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27

Sonje, Preeti, Neelesh Kanasker, and P. Vatsalaswamy. "Significance of level of bifurcation of common carotid artery and variant branches of external carotid artery in cervicofacial surgeries with ontological explanation: a cadaveric study." International Surgery Journal 6, no. 10 (September 26, 2019): 3681. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20194424.

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Background: External carotid artery is the main artery supplying the structures of neck and face. Variability in the branching pattern of external carotid artery is important surgically and radiologically from the point of view of procedures carried out in that region. Purpose of the present study was to study the branching pattern of external carotid artery.Methods: Carotid triangle of the neck and the infratemporal fossa was dissected for studying the external carotid artery.Results: Generally the common carotid artery bifurcates at the level of upper border of lamina of thyroid cartilage. Level of bifurcation of common carotid artery may vary; it may arise at a lower level or at a higher level than its normal level of origin, which was observed in this study. Amongst the branches of external carotid artery like the superior thyroid artery, the facial artery, the lingual artery usually shows variations in their origin. These include origin of superior thyroid artery from common carotid artery, common trunk for facial and lingual arteries and many other different types of variations were seen in this study.Conclusions: Variant origins of the branches of external carotid artery are of significance in surgeries of thyroid, parotid gland, tongue as well as important in diagnostic procedures of head, neck, face region.

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OKU, Takayuki, Kenichiro NOGAMI, Hiroyasu KOIZUMI, Hideyuki ISHIHARA, Shoichi KATO, Hirosuke FUJISAWA, and Michiyasu SUZUKI. "External Carotid Artery Stenting and Superficial Temporal Artery to Middle Cerebral Artery Anastomosis for Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion With External Carotid Artery Severe Stenosis." Neurologia medico-chirurgica 52, no. 12 (2012): 906–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2176/nmc.52.906.

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29

Islam, S., H. Manabe, S. Hasegawa, A. Takemura, M. Nagahata, C. Ito, and M. Ezura. "Retinal Embolization and Cerebellar Asymptomatic Embolization after Carotid Stenting Using Distal Balloon Protection." Interventional Neuroradiology 9, no. 3 (September 2003): 311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/159101990300900312.

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We describe a rare case of having both symptomatic ipsilateral retinal embolization and asymptomatic cerebellar embolization occurring after carotid stenting with use of distal protect device. In this case, external carotid angiograms revealed accessory meningeal artery-ophthalmic artery and occipital artery-vertebral artery anastomoses. This case suggested that the protection for external carotid artery should be considered during carotid stenting to avoid retinal embolization and cerebellar or cerebral embolization in cases showing angiographical anastomoses between external carotid artery and ophthalmic artery or intracranial arteries.

30

Shreevastava, Amit Kumar, Rajat Subhra Das, Tarun Prakash Maheshwari, and Balkund Kailash Damodhar. "Bilateral higher carotid termination with rare anomalous emergence of ventral branches of the external carotid arteries: A cadaver study." SAGE Open Medical Case Reports 10 (January 2022): 2050313X2211386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050313x221138659.

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The common carotid artery bifurcates into two terminal branches—the external and internal carotid arteries. The head, neck, and face regions principally get their blood supply from the external carotid artery and its branches. Some previous articles have mentioned the abnormal pattern of the external carotid artery branching and its variable origin. In this article, a rare case has been documented, having the combination of anomalies of the high carotid termination and bilateral variable origin of the ventral branches of the external carotid artery encountered during routine dissection of the head and neck region of a 55-year-old male cadaver in the Department of Anatomy. In this instance, on the right side of the neck, we observed the presence of a thyrolinguofacial trunk which arose from the ventral surface of the external carotid artery, and on the left side, the linguofacial trunk emerged from the ventral surface of the external carotid artery while the superior thyroid artery branched off directly from the left common carotid artery. This apart, there was bilateral high termination of the common carotid artery. Although the exact embryogenesis of such common arterial trunks anomalies and high carotid termination is not clear, detailed and precise anatomical knowledge of such a combination of anomalies will provide further insight for better radiological evaluation and to avert iatrogenic vascular injuries during any surgical procedures of the head and face region.

31

Numata, Tsutomu, Akiyoshi Konno, Yousuke Takeuchi, Tatsuaki Katahashi, Jun Yuza, Toyoyuki Hanazawa, and Junichi Ono. "Contralateral External Carotid-Middle Cerebral Artery Bypass for Carotid Artery Resection." Laryngoscope 107, no. 5 (May 1997): 665–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005537-199705000-00020.

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32

Päivänsalo, M. J., T. M. J. Siniluoto, T. A. Tikkakoski, V. Myllylä, and I. J. I. Suramo. "Duplex US of the External Carotid Artery." Acta Radiologica 37, no. 1P1 (January 1996): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02841851960371p108.

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The ratio between the systolic peak velocities of the internal and common carotid arteries (vpICA/vpCCA), vpICA and grey-scale imaging measurement are generally used to evaluate internal carotid stenosis against known flow criteria in order to differentiate non-significant from significant stenosis. The same criteria are also used for evaluating the external carotid artery (ECA). Our data on 707 normal or stenotic ECA nevertheless showed that the systolic peak velocity of the normal ECA (vpECA) and its ratio to the systolic velocity of the CCA (vpECA/vpCCA) are higher than vpICA and vpICA/vpCCA. vpECA/vpCCA is about 2 in >0–49% ECA stenosis. Only in severe stenosis are the peak velocities almost comparable. The ratio between the peak end diastolic velocities (edvECA/edvCCA) and edvECA proved to be unreliable, as did grey-scale imaging measurement of the external carotid stenosis. In addition, ipsilateral internal carotid stenosis greatly affects the non-stenotic external carotid flow values, and probably has the same effect on the flow values of a stenotic external artery. Thus, external carotid flow values must be considered carefully.

33

Worley, G. A., J. D. Hern, G. J. O'Sullivan, P. Tassone, and A. E. Hinton. "Mycotic aneurysm of the external carotid artery." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 112, no. 8 (August 1998): 793–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100141738.

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AbstractMycotic aneurysms of the extracranial carotid arteries are extremely rare. A case is reported of a false aneurysm of the left external carotid artery. This developed secondary to cervical lymphadenitis which did not settle with high dose antibiotic therapy. The diagnosis was made on investigation with carotid doppler ultrasound and confirmed with computerized tomography. Digital subtraction angiography was performed to highlight the vascular anatomy. In addition percutaneous balloon catheter control of blood flow in the external carotid artery was used as an adjunct to surgical management.

34

Chen, H. C., C. J. Lin, F. C. Chang, C. B. Luo, Y. J. Lai, and C. Y. Chang. "Stenting in the Remnant of the Third Aortic Arch in a Case of Post-Irradiation Occluded Internal Carotid Artery." Interventional Neuroradiology 17, no. 1 (March 2011): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/159101991101700105.

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Collateral networks between the external carotid artery and internal carotid arteries become crucial for cerebral perfusion after occlusion of internal carotid arteries. We report the first case of a patient who received percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting in a collateral vessel between the external and internal carotid artery for treatment of radiation induced severe stenosis of the internal carotid artery in the context of a contralateral internal carotid artery occlusion.

35

Tritsch, Tara, Mohammadali M. Shoja, R. Isaiah Tubbs, and R. Shane Tubbs. "Middle meningeal artery arising from the petrous internal carotid artery: Outcome of unusual stapedial artery regression." Surgical Neurology International 15 (February 23, 2024): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/sni_962_2023.

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Background: The internal and external carotid arterial systems are generally separate regarding branching patterns. However, these two systems do form collateral circulations with their terminal parts. On rare occasions, branches that belong to one arterial system may arise from the other. Case Description: We present a rare variant of a middle meningeal artery, generally derived from the external carotid artery, arising from the internal carotid artery and entering the floor of the middle cranial fossa by traveling through a small unnamed foramen. This anatomy and embryology and other variants of the middle meningeal and petrous carotid systems are discussed. Conclusion: Embryologically, this variant anatomy signifies an atypical regression of the distal stapedial artery and its connection to the external carotid artery. Surgeons who operate on the skull base, vascular interventionalists, and radiologists should be aware of this potential anatomical variation of the skull base.

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Kawamata, Takakazu, Yoshikazu Okada, Akitsugu Kawashima, Kohji Yamaguchi, and Tomokatsu Hori. "External Carotid Endarterectomy Followed by Superficial Temporal Artery to Middle Cerebral Artery Anastomosis for Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion with Advanced Ipsilateral External Carotid Stenosis." Operative Neurosurgery 62, suppl_5 (May 1, 2008): ONS395—ONS399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000326024.93724.16.

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Abstract Objective: For patients with internal carotid artery occlusion with advanced narrowing of the ipsilateral external carotid artery (ECA), we performed preventive carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for the ECA stenosis before superficial temporal artery (STA) to middle cerebral artery (MCA) anastomosis for internal carotid artery occlusion. Methods: Between August 2002 and July 2005, we treated seven patients with such lesions, six men and one woman, ranging in age from 52 to 66 years (median, 60 yr). Before STA-MCA anastomosis, we performed preventive CEA for advanced ECA stenosis (>70%) to ensure sufficient blood flow to the STA. STA-MCA double anastomoses were performed more than 1 month after the CEA. Postoperative cerebrovascular complications and carotid restenosis were investigated. Results: All patients in the present series had an excellent postoperative course without cerebrovascular complications during either the CEA or STA-MCA anastomosis phase. Furthermore, no postoperative carotid restenosis occurred, and all STA-MCA anastomoses were patent during a mean follow-up period of 35.6 months. Conclusion: The present study suggests that surgical management by external CEA followed by STA-MCA anastomosis is safe and effective for patients with internal carotid artery occlusion and advanced stenosis of the ipsilateral ECA.

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Woo, Edward Y., Jagajan Karmacharya, Omaida C. Velazquez, Jeffrey P. Carpenter, Christopher L. Skelly, and Ronald M. Fairman. "Differential Effects of Carotid Artery Stenting Versus Carotid Endarterectomy on External Carotid Artery Patency." Journal of Endovascular Therapy 14, no. 2 (April 2007): 208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1583/1545-1550(2007)14[208:deocas]2.0.co;2.

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Woo, Edward Y., Jagajan Karmacharya, Omaida C. Velazquez, Jeffrey P. Carpenter, Christopher L. Skelly, and Ronald M. Fairman. "Differential Effects of Carotid Artery Stenting versus Carotid Endarterectomy on External Carotid Artery Patency." Journal of Endovascular Therapy 14, no. 2 (April 2007): 208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152660280701400213.

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Pritz, Michael B. "External carotid artery reconstruction performed using an autologous internal carotid artery patch." Journal of Neurosurgery 94, no. 6 (June 2001): 996–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2001.94.6.0996.

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✓ The reconstruction of the external carotid artery (ECA) and obliteration of an occluded stump or atretic internal carotid artery (ICA) are described. In this method the occluded ICA is used as an autologous patch graft. Satisfactory ICA obliteration and expanded, smooth common carotid artery—ECA contour were obtained in three patients. Advantages of this procedure include ICA obliteration and precise patch placement by using an ideal, autologous, arterial graft.

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Beer-Furlan, André, and Stephan A. Munich. "Carotid artery stenting in a patient with an anomalous vertebral artery origin from the external carotid artery." Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery 13, no. 10 (February 11, 2021): 974. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2020-017075.

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The existence of carotid basilar anastomoses has been well documented embryologically, anatomically, and, in the case of the persistent trigeminal and hypoglossal arteries, angiographically. Conversely, anomalous origins of the vertebral arteries (VA) are not very common with an incidence ranging from 3% to 8%. Multiple variations of the VA origin have been reported in the literature, including arising from the aortic arch, from the common, internal, or external carotid arteries and subclavian branches.1 There are only four cases reported in the literature of VA origin from the external carotid artery.2–5 We report the fifth case in which the anomalous origin was identified during the investigation of an acute ischemic stroke. Video 1 emphasizes the importance of anatomical knowledge prior to endovascular or surgical interventions. It also highlights technical nuances of carotid artery stenting in a patient with anomalous VA origin from the external carotid artery.Video 1

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Savithri, P. "Unilateral variations in the branching pattern of right external carotid artery- a case report." National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 01, no. 03 (July 2012): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3401678.

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AbstractA case report of anomalous origin and branching pattern of right external carotid artery found during the dissection of human cadavers is reported here. Knowledge of anatomical variations of external carotid artery is especially important in head & neck surgeries. This knowledge is also important for radiologists in the image interpretation. In the case reported here, the right external carotid artery gave direct origin of one of dorsal lingual artery, two stylomastoid arteries, muscular artery and lymph nodal artery along with its normal eight branches. Generally the dorsal lingual arteries are two arising from lingual artery. Contrary to that, in this case the dorsal lingual arteries were found arising one from front of external carotid artery and other from lingual artery, and both these arteries communicated at 4mm beyond their origin. The two stylomastoid arteries arising directly from the front of external carotid artery 4mm above the facial artery were found arising with a gap of 2mm distance from one another. Muscular artery arose directly from the posterior aspect of external carotid artery opposite the anomalous dorsal lingual artery and descended downwards and forwards in its course giving small twigs to surrounding muscles . Lymph nodal artery arising just beside the muscular artery opposite to facial artery passed downwards and laterally and divided into two small twigs to supply a pair of lymph nodes. These lymph nodes are deep cervical nodes measuring about 5x5 mm in size hard in consistency on histopathological examination, found to be nonmalignant.

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Kurata, A., Y. Miyasaka, M. Kunii, H. Morishima, K. Fujii, and S. Kan. "Endovascular Approach to a Ligated External Carotid Artery." Interventional Neuroradiology 3, no. 2 (June 1997): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/159101999700300204.

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A 37-year-old female with left sided multiple congenital haemangiomata presented with repeated haemorrhage. The haemorrhagic origin was from the angiomatous lesion with arteriovenous (AV) shunting in the tongue and pharynx. The patient had already undergone ligation of the external carotid artery. Vascularization was mainly from the portion of the external carotid artery distal to the occlusion. Our first approach via the collateral channels to the haemangioma failed. Through direct puncture of the distal end of the external carotid artery with the use of two dimensional road mapping, we succeeded in catheterizing the distal end of the external carotid artery at the first attempt without placing any pressure on the neck, and carried out selective embolisation without mishap.

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Dráč, Petr, Daniel Šaňák, Petr Utíkal, Marie Černá, Martin Köchler, and Petr Bachleda. "Endarterectomy of the external carotid artery." Česká a slovenská neurologie a neurochirurgie 83/116, no. 2 (March 31, 2020): 194–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.14735/amcsnn2020194.

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Zarins, Christopher K. "Revascularization of the external carotid artery." Journal of Vascular Surgery 2, no. 1 (January 1985): 232–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mva.1985.avs0020232.

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Senkowsky, Jon, Florence L. Smith, and Morris D. Kerstein. "Subclavian-External Carotid Artery Bypass Graft." AORN Journal 50, no. 2 (August 1989): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-2092(07)65986-9.

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Smith, Tony P. "Embolization in the External Carotid Artery." Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 17, no. 12 (December 2006): 1897–913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.rvi.0000247301.64269.27.

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Lasjaunias, Pierre L. "The External Carotid Artery: Functional Anatomy." Rivista di Neuroradiologia 4, no. 1_suppl (June 1991): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/19714009910040s107.

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Zarins, Christopher K. "Revascularization of the external carotid artery." Journal of Vascular Surgery 2, no. 1 (January 1985): 232–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0741-5214(85)90196-x.

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Friedman, Steven G. "Revascularization of the External Carotid Artery." Archives of Surgery 123, no. 4 (April 1, 1988): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.1988.01400280107022.

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Asfar, Sami, Jasem Al-Ali, and Moneera Ben-Nakhi. "Repair of Common Carotid Artery Injury with an External Carotid Artery Flap." Medical Principles and Practice 13, no. 5 (2004): 292–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000079531.

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