Academic literature on the topic 'Extensively grazed'
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Journal articles on the topic "Extensively grazed"
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Parker, EM, CP Gardiner, AE Kessell, and AJ Parker. "Hypovitaminosis A in extensively grazed beef cattle." Australian Veterinary Journal 95, no. 3 (February 27, 2017): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/avj.12560.
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Fogarty, Eloise S., David L. Swain, Greg M. Cronin, Luis E. Moraes, and Mark Trotter. "Behaviour classification of extensively grazed sheep using machine learning." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 169 (February 2020): 105175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2019.105175.
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Wehn, Sølvi, Knut Anders Hovstad, and Line Johansen. "The relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem services and the effects of grazing cessation in semi-natural grasslands." Web Ecology 18, no. 1 (April 13, 2018): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/we-18-55-2018.
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Abstract. Land use change can affect biodiversity, and this has an impact on ecosystem services (ESs), but the relationships between biodiversity and ESs are complex and poorly understood. Biodiversity is declining due to the abandonment of extensively grazed semi-natural grasslands. We therefore aim to explore relationships between biodiversity and ESs provided by extensively managed semi-natural grasslands. Focusing on vascular plant species richness, as well as the ESs fodder quantity, quality, and stability, allergy control, climate regulation, nutrient cycling, pollination, and aesthetic appreciation, we carried out botanical field surveys of 28 paired extensively grazed and abandoned semi-natural grassland plots, with four subplots of 4 m2 in each plot. The management of the semi-natural grasslands is and has been at low intensity. We calculated the influence of abandonment on the ES indicators, measured the correlation between the biodiversity measure of vascular plant species richness and ES indicators, and finally determined how the relationships between plant species richness and the ES indicators were affected by the cessation of the extensive management. ES indicators are often, but not always, positively correlated with species richness. Cessation of extensive grazing has both negative and positive effects on ES indicators but the relationships between species richness and ES indicators are often different in extensively managed and abandoned semi-natural grasslands. The relationships between species richness and ES indicators are less pronounced in the extensively managed semi-natural grassland than for the abandoned. One possible reason for this outcome is high functional redundancy in the extensively managed semi-natural grasslands.
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Goosey, Hayes B., Patrick G. Hatfield, Sue L. Blodgett, and S. Dennis Cash. "Evaluation of Alfalfa Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Densities and Regrowth Characteristics of Alfalfa Grazed by Sheep in Winter and Spring." Journal of Entomological Science 39, no. 4 (October 1, 2004): 598–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-39.4.598.
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Fall regrowth of alfalfa, Medicago sativa (L.), serves as a major source of winter pasture for Montana sheep producers. In years of drought, alfalfa fields are extensively winter/spring grazed; however, the impact on crop health is unknown. Alfalfa paddocks were continuously grazed for 95 d in 2002 and 98 d in 2003 during winter and spring to determine the impact on spring and summer alfalfa regrowth, nutrient quality characteristics, and alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica Gyllenhal, densities. Grazed and non-grazed forage yield, crude protein (%), and acid and neutral detergent fibers (%) did not differ at harvest (P> 0.17) during either study year. Acid and neutral detergent fibers (kg/ha) were greater (P < 0.05) in non-grazed compared to grazed plots during 2002–2003. Alfalfa weevil densities were lower in grazed than non-grazed plots (P< 0.03) over four sampling dates during both study years. Winter/spring sheep grazing appears to offer potential for alfalfa weevil management without compromising yield or nutritive factors of subsequent alfalfa production.
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Liddell, Caroline, Eric R. Morgan, Katie Bull, and Christos C. Ioannou. "Response to resources and parasites depends on health status in extensively grazed sheep." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1920 (February 5, 2020): 20192905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2905.
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A fundamental question in animal ecology is how an individual's internal state and the external environment together shape species distributions across habitats. The increasing availability of biologgers is driving a revolution in answering this question in a wide range of species. In this study, the position of sheep ( Ovis aries ) from Global Positioning System collars was integrated with remote sensing data, field sampling of parasite distributions, and parasite load and health measures for each tagged individual. This allowed inter-individual variation in habitat use to be examined. Once controlling for a positive relationship between vegetation productivity and tick abundance, healthier individuals spent more of their time at sites with higher vegetation productivity, while less healthy individuals showed a stronger (negative) response to tick abundance. These trends are likely to represent a trade-off in foraging decisions that vary between individuals based on their health status. Given the rarity of studies that explore how animal distributions are affected by health and external factors, we demonstrate the value of integrating biologging technology with remote sensing data, traditional ecological sampling and individual measures of animal health. Our study, using extensively grazed sheep as a model system, opens new possibilities to study free-living grazing systems.
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Skiba, U., S. K. Jones, J. Drewer, C. Helfter, M. Anderson, K. Dinsmore, R. McKenzie, E. Nemitz, and M. A. Sutton. "Comparison of soil greenhouse gas fluxes from extensive and intensive grazing in a temperate maritime climate." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 8 (August 2, 2012): 10057–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-10057-2012.
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Abstract. Greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes from a seminatural, extensively sheep grazed drained moorland and intensively sheep grazed fertilised grassland in SE Scotland were compared over 4 yr (2007–2010). Nitrous oxide and CH4 fluxes were measured by static chambers, respiration from soil including ground vegetation by a flow through chamber and the net ecosystem exchange of CO2 by eddy covariance. All GHG fluxes displayed high temporal and interannual variability. Temperature, radiation, water table height and precipitation could explain a significant percentage of seasonal and interannual variations. Greenhouse gas fluxes were dominated by the net ecosystem exchange of CO2, emissions of N2O from the grazed grassland (384 g CO2eq m−2 yr−1) and emissions of CH4 from ruminant fermentation (147 g CO2eq m−2 yr−1). Methane emissions from the moorland were small (6.7 g CO2eq m−2 yr−1). Net ecosystem exchange of CO2 and respiration were much larger on the productive fertilised grassland (−1624 and +7157 g CO2eq m−2 yr−1, respectively) than the seminatural moorland (−338 and +2554 g CO2eq m−2 yr−1, respectively). Large CH4 and N2O losses from the grazed grassland counteracted the CO2 uptake by 35%, whereas the small N2O and CH4 emissions from the moorland did only impact the NEE by 2%.The 4 yr average GHG budget for the grazed grassland was 1006 g CO2eq m−2 yr−1 and 331 g CO2eq m−2 yr−1 for the moorland.
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CZOBEL, Szilard, Orsolya SZIRMAI, Zoltan NEMETH, Csaba GYURICZA, Judit GAZI, Andrea TOTH, Judit SCHELLENBERGER, Laszlo VASA, and Karoly PENKSZA. "Short-term Effects of Grazing Exclusion on Net Ecosystem CO2 Exchange and Net Primary Production in a Pannonian Sandy Grassland." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 40, no. 2 (November 5, 2012): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha4028300.
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Using portable, non-destructive own developed chambers (d=60 cm) and infrared gas analyses, the in situ field investigation was performed to study the seasonal and inter-annual dynamics of the stand level CO2-flux and production of sandy grassland that has been extensively grazed for decades. Furthermore, NEE measurements and biomass samples were used to identify the initial effects of grazing exclusion on CO2 exchange, aboveground phytomass and potential plant productivity in years of significantly different precipitation levels. A considerable inter-annual variation in all of the studied parameters was found both in the non-grazed and grazed stands. As a result of the grazing exclusion the CO2 uptake potential of the non-grazed stand increased by 13% compared to the grazed stand. It was more significant in the extreme dry year (220%), however, in wet year slightly lower average carbon sequestration was detected at the non-grazed stand (-13%), than that of the grazed area. Significant carbon sequestration potential was only detected during wet periods in both stands. The rate of CO2 uptake was found to be nearly six times higher in the non-grazed stand in the wet year than in the previous extremely dry year. The drought in 2003 significantly reduced the CO2 uptake of both stands, leading to lower annual net primary production and potential plant productivity. The annual net primary production dropped by almost 40% in the extremely dry year but then it rose by nearly two and a half times in the subsequent year with adequate rainfall.
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Trevisan, Dominique, Jean Marcel Dorioz, Jérome Poulenard, Philippe Quetin, Claire Prigent Combaret, and Philippe Merot. "Mapping of critical source areas for diffuse fecal bacterial pollution in extensively grazed watersheds." Water Research 44, no. 13 (July 2010): 3847–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.04.039.
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Hill, BD, RG Holroyd, and M. Sullivan. "Clinical and pathological findings associated with congenital hypovitaminosis A in extensively grazed beef cattle." Australian Veterinary Journal 87, no. 3 (March 2009): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2009.00398.x.
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Skiba, U., S. K. Jones, J. Drewer, C. Helfter, M. Anderson, K. Dinsmore, R. McKenzie, E. Nemitz, and M. A. Sutton. "Comparison of soil greenhouse gas fluxes from extensive and intensive grazing in a temperate maritime climate." Biogeosciences 10, no. 2 (February 26, 2013): 1231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1231-2013.
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Abstract. Greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes from a seminatural, extensively sheep-grazed drained moorland and intensively sheep-grazed fertilised grassland in South East (SE) Scotland were compared over 4 yr (2007–2010). Nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) fluxes were measured by static chambers, respiration from soil plus ground vegetation by a flow-through chamber, and the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of carbon dioxide (CO2) by eddy-covariance. All GHG fluxes displayed high temporal and interannual variability. Temperature, radiation, water table height and precipitation could explain a significant percentage of seasonal and interannual variations. Greenhouse gas fluxes were dominated by the net ecosystem exchange of CO2 at both sites. Net ecosystem exchange of CO2 and respiration was much larger on the productive fertilised grassland (−1567 and 7157 g CO2eq m−2 yr−1, respectively) than on the seminatural moorland (−267 and 2554 g CO2eq m−2 yr−1, respectively). Large ruminant CH4 (147 g CO2eq m−2 yr−1) and soil N2O (384 g CO2eq m−2 yr−1) losses from the grazed grassland counteracted the CO2 uptake by 34%, whereas the small N2O (0.8 g CO2eq m−2 yr−1) and CH4 (7 g CO2eq m−2 yr−1) emissions from the moorland only impacted the NEE flux by 3%. The 4-yr average GHG budget for the grazed grassland was −1034 g CO2eq m−2 yr−1 and −260 g CO2eq m−2 yr−1 for the moorland.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Extensively grazed"
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Thomas, Craig W. "Current practices and future possibilities of performance recording extensively-grazed commercial beef herds in New Zealand." Diss., Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/844.
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There is little evidence that the productivity of New Zealand beef herds has improved over time. Data from the NZ Meat and Wool Board’s Economic Service (2006) suggest that the average national calving percentage has declined over the last two decades. During the same period cattle carcass weights have increased but so too has the average cow live-weight which has resulted in increased maintenance costs of the cow herds. It is unclear whether production efficiency in the industry has improved or declined over time. The aim of this research was to develop means of improving productivity in commercial beef herds through practical methods of performance recording. The objectives were firstly to establish current management practices in commercial herds and secondly to develop an objective system for cow selection and culling which would have practical application in commercial herds. Beef management survey Ninety two commercial beef producers with more than 100 breeding cows from the greater Canterbury region of New Zealand were surveyed. Pasture control was the main reason given for owning a beef herd. Size and conformation were the main selection criteria for choosing replacement heifers and bulls. Over 80% of herds retained their own heifers as replacements and >60% mated yearling heifers to first calve at two years of age. Fertility was poor in the surveyed herds. In-calf rates at pregnancy testing averaged 88% for maiden heifers, 92% for rising second calvers and 93% for mixed age (m.a.) cows. There was no significant difference between in-calf rates of maiden heifers mated to first calve at two or three years of age; nor was there any significant difference between the re-breeding success of the two groups. Heifers mated at least one week earlier than m.a. cows, achieved a re-breeding success 4.7% greater (P<.01) than those mated at the same time. Reasons for cows not weaning a calf included wet dry (9.3% of pregnant cows wintered), pregnancy tested not-in-calf (7.4%) and dam death (2.6%). Only 87.9% of pregnant females wintered weaned a calf (89.4% of m.a. cows and 84.9% of heifers). Reasons why cows exited the herds included diagnosed empty (37.2% of all exits), involuntary culls (25.4%), sold wet dry (16.2%), deaths (13.1%) and poor calf production (5.1%). Vaccination was infrequent with clostridial vaccines the most common in m.a. cows (15.2%) and in calves (40.7%); vaccination against Leptospirosis was much less common. Very few of the surveyed farms used any system of performance recording; as a result there was very little performance-based selection or culling practiced. Evaluation of alternative measures of cow productivity Data from four performance recording beef herds were used to compare alternative measures of cow productivity with the industry standard which is calf weaning weight adjusted for sex (SOC) and age of calf and age of dam (AOD), i.e. the “200 day weight.” None of the alternative measures evaluated required knowledge of calving date and all were relatively easily obtainable in extensively managed beef herds. The assessment of cows was based not on their estimated breeding values but instead on their most probable producing ability which, as the sum of all of the permanent, repeatable aspects of the calf-rearing ability of the cow, explains considerably more of the variance of weaning weight than does breeding value alone. SOC and AOD-adjusted marking weight, weaning weight and average daily gain (ADG) between marking and weaning were the traits mostly highly correlated with the 200d wt of calves (r = 0.68, 0.90 and 0.74. respectively). An Extensively- Grazed-Cow-Weaning-Index of these three indicator traits was found to be more highly correlated than any of the individual traits on their own (r = 0.94). Index weights for the three indicator traits were calculated within each herd and then those within-herd index weights were regressed on readily obtainable herd descriptive variables to obtain a regression equation that could predict index weights for any herd. When the model was applied to data from two additional herd years not included in the original model, the EGCW Index was highly correlated with the 200d weights (r>0.90). Performance-based culling of previously unselected commercial beef herds based on the EGCW Index will result in improved productivity due to the moderately high repeatability of calf weaning weight. Objective data from extensively grazed commercial herds will also make possible the use of commercial herd data in genetic evaluations of herd sires.
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Nakanishi, Takayuki. "A Meta-Analysis of Extensive Reading Research." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2014. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/245857.
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CITE/Language ArtsEd.D.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the overall effectiveness of extensive reading, and whether learners' ages impact learning from extensive reading differently. The second purpose is to investigate whether the length of time that second language learners engaged in extensive reading influenced outcome measures, and if an effect is found, identify effective periods of time for learners to engage in extensive reading. Meta-analysis was used to investigate the trends shown by past empirical research, chart future research directions, and provide a means to create alternative hypotheses for future research. Two types of empirical studies were conducted: group contrasts of studies that included control groups and pre-post contrasts of studies that only include experimental groups. This meta-analysis included 34 studies that provided 43 unique effect sizes (22 effect sizes for group contrasts and 21 effect sizes for pre-post contrasts) and a total sample size of 3,942 participants. Students who received extensive reading instruction outperformed those who did not. The effect size was small for group contrasts (d = .46) and medium for pre-post contrasts (d = .71). Moderator variables for each contrast were examined to assess the impact of learners' ages and the length of instruction; however, all groups substantially overlapped with each other in terms of their confidence intervals, indicating no statistically significant difference among the groups. There was a small effect size for university students for the group contrast (d = .48), a medium effect for high school students (d = .61), a large effect for university students (d = 1.12), and a large effect for adults (d = 1.48) for pre-post contrasts. In terms of the length of instruction, both one semester of instruction (d = .36) and one year of instruction (d = .52) produced a small effect for group contrasts, while one year of instruction produced a medium effect (d = .74) for pre-post contrasts. In sum, the available extensive reading research to date suggests that extensive reading improves students' reading proficiency and should therefore be a part of foreign language reading curricula.
Temple University--Theses
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Buren, Jurriaan van. "Investigations of the muon component of extensive air showers measured by KASCADE Grande." Karlsruhe Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, 2007. http://d-nb.info/985063556/34.
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Buren, Jurriaan van [Verfasser]. "Investigations of the muon component of extensive air showers measured by KASCADE Grande / Jurriaan van Buren." Karlsruhe : Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, 2007. http://d-nb.info/985063556/34.
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Öhqvist, Åsa. "Comparison of Authentic and Simplified Texts : A case study of Wuthering Heights." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Engelska, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-22478.
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The aim of this essay is to explore in what way Graded Readers are different from authentic texts against the background of English as a Second Language (ESL) and the use of authentic and simplified text in ESL teaching. The material used for this purpose is the authentic text of Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë and two upper-intermediate Graded Readers from two different publishers. The study uses the software readability-score and manual analysis to examine the texts with regards to lexical choice, language structure and story. The study showed that the Graded Readers are simplified in all aspects studied. Moreover, the Graded Readers differ from each other as well, most notably in the style of the text due to sentence structure and story simplification. This could imply that different authors of Graded Readers adopt different styles when simplifying text and that the grading levels are not comparable between different publishers.Engelska
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Wommer, Michael [Verfasser], and J. [Akademischer Betreuer] Blümer. "Cross Calibration of the Measurements of the Electron Component of Extensive Air Showers of KASCADE-Grande and HEAT / Michael Wommer. Betreuer: J. Blümer." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1019790067/34.
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El, Bachawati Makram. "Study of environmental and energy performance of vegetative roofs and assessment of their impacts in terms of rainwater management." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LAROS007/document.
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Les toitures végétalisées (TTV) existent en deux types : extensive (EGR) et intensive (IGR). Ils diffèrent principalement par le type de végétation et la profondeur du substrat. Ces travaux de recherche visent à atteindre les objectifs suivants : 1. Déterminer et comparer les impacts environnementaux d’un toit de gravier ballasté traditionnel (TGBR), d’une toiture réfléchissante (WRR), EGR, et IGR ; 2. Quantifier la performance énergétique d’un TGBR et d’une EGR ; 3. Évaluer le potentiel de gestion d’eau et la dynamique de ruissellement d’un TGBR et d’une EGR. Le 1er objectif a été atteint suite à une Analyse comparative de Cycle de Vie (ACV) d’une EGR réelle de 834 m2 et de trois toits fictifs : TGBR, WRR, et IGR. Les résultats indiquent qu’une EGR présente les impacts environnementaux les plus bas pour les 15 catégories d'impacts considérées. Les aspects thermiques et hydriques des TTV ont été testés suite à l’installation d'une maquette TGBR et de deux maquettes EGR sur le toit du département de génie chimique à l'Université de Balamand, Liban. EGR8 et EGR16 sont des maquettes EGR qui diffèrent par la pente ainsi que la profondeur et la composition du substrat. Les profils de température indiquent la réduction des fluctuations de température, l'effet de stockage de chaleur, et l'effet de refroidissement passif. L'étude économique montre que EGR pourrait économiser jusqu'à 45USD/200m2/mois par rapport à TGBR. D’autre part, les profils de la teneur en eau ont démontré que la composition du sol d’EGR8 est plus efficace que celle d’EGR16. En revanche, EGR agit comme un système filtrant surtout pour le cadmium, le fer, le calcium et l'ammoniumVegetative roofs (VRs) can be classified into two types : Extensive (EGR) and Intensive (IGR). The main differences between the two are the type of vegetation, the depth of the substrate. This research aims to achieve the following objectives : 1. Determine and compare the potential environmental impacts of traditional gravel ballasted roofs (TGBRs), white reflective roofs (WRRs), EGRs, and IGRs ; 2. Evaluate and compare the energy performance and the heating/cooling demand of TGBRs and EGRs ; 3. Determine and compare the water management potential and the runoff dynamics of TGBRs and EGRs. The first objective was covered by performing a comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) on a real EGR of 834m2 and on three fictitious roofs of the sane area : of TGBRs, WRRs, and IGRs. Results indicated that the EGR had the least potential environmental impacts for the 15 impact categories considered. The second and third objectives were achieved by first installing one TGBR mockup and two EGR mockups on the rooftop of the Chemical Engineering Department at the University of Balamand, Lebanon. EGR8 and EGR16 are EGR mockups differed in the roof slope, the depth and the composition of their substrate. Temperature profiles at different substrate depths clearly indicated the reduction of the temperature fluctuations under the substrate layer, the heat storage effect, and the passive cooling effect. The economic study showed that EGR could save up to 45USD/200m2/month compared to TGBR. The water management performance of EGRs illustrated that the soil composition of EGR8 was more efficient than that of EGR16. In contrast, EGR acted as a sink especially for cadmium, iron, calcium, and ammonium
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Tisserant, Sylvain. "Etude des groupes de muons souterrains observes dans l'experience du frejus (4800 metres d'equivalent-eau) : un moyen d'etude de la composition des rayons cosmiques primaires au-dela de 1000 tev." Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA077167.
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Analyse d'environ 6250 groupes de muons enregistres par le detecteur du frejus situe a une profondeur equivalente a 4800 m d'eau. La comparaison de la distribution de la multiplicite observee avec une loi de puissance a permis de constater une deviation au-dela de m=11. Etude de la distribution laterale des muons. En supposant une dependance exponentielle par rapport a la distance a l'axe de la gerbe, on analyse l'evolution de la distance caracteristique par rapport a la multiplicite vraie n a la profondeur du laboratoire. L'interpretation des resultats en termes de composition chimique du rayonnement cosmique primaire dans la region du pev est en faveur d'une composition relativement legere: loga=0,8
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Nai-Hua, Kuo. "Graded Readers and Young Adult Literature in an Extensive Reading Classroom." 2006. http://www.cetd.com.tw/ec/thesisdetail.aspx?etdun=U0016-1303200709255852.
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Kuo, Nai-Hua, and 郭乃華. "Graded Readers and Young Adult Literature in an Extensive Reading Classroom." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/88202925558658149382.
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碩士國立清華大學
外國語文學系
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In extensive reading (ER) programs conducted in L2 language-learning classrooms in the past two decades, graded readers (GR) have been the most frequently adopted outside-reading materials. Another less known genre which can be utilized in an extensive reading program is young adult literature (YAL)—literature written especially for native-speaking young adults (Bushman & Bushman, 1997). Its most prominent advantages are the naturalness and authenticity of language and its use of themes that are more familiar to readers of similar ages. Since it is not until recent years that YAL has gradually aroused widespread interests, discussion of how well different genres such as GR and YAL impact on students’ learning achievement remains exceedingly rare (Sheu, 2003). The current study, therefore, aimed to probe the differences between applying GR and YAL respectively to an extensive reading program embedded in a junior high school English curriculum in Taiwan. The key point is to see whether simplified texts represented by GR or authentic texts like YAL benefit students more in gaining a significant improvement in the breadth of vocabulary knowledge, the depth of vocabulary knowledge, reading comprehension ability, and grammatical knowledge. Tests used include Vocabulary Levels Test, Word Associates Test, the reading portion of the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills, and structure sections from The Basic Competence Test for Junior High School Students. The participants were two classes of junior three students in a renowned private secondary school in Ming-Shiung, Chia-Yi. They received the same amount of normal English instruction and each also had one extensive reading class on a regular two-week basis. Whilst one group used GR in the extensive reading sessions, the other group had YAL. The result of all the test measures indicated that in general, GR and YAL brought similar advantages to secondary-school EFL learners in the acquisition of English but there was a tendency for GR to be more helpful in the tests of basic grammar, frequent vocabulary, and reading comprehension whilst YAL was more advantageous in tests of less frequent vocabulary and word usages. The main pedagogical implication is that as long as students devote time to extra readings for a sufficient time-span, their overall language ability in various aspects will be promoted, regardless of the type of text—GR or YAL—that is used. Second, students’ knowledge in selecting suitable reading materials is crucial to their attitudes toward the reading program and the success of English learning. Therefore, an orientation before the reading program is essential. Last, the observed tendency for GR to be more effective for lower level knowledge and YAL for higher level knowledge can tentatively serve as a guideline for teachers’ and students’ selections of different types of reading materials.
Books on the topic "Extensively grazed"
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Gilbert, Mark R., and Roberta Rudà. Ependymal tumours. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199651870.003.0005.
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Ependymomas are uncommon central nervous system cancers that can arise in the supratentorial, infratentorial, or spinal cord region. Recently, there have been several seminal findings regarding the molecular profiles of ependymomas that have led to marked changes in the classification of this disease. In addition to the World Health Organization grading system that designates ependymomas based on histological appearance into grade I, II, or III, a new molecular classification with distinct entities within the three anatomical regions provides additional subtyping that has prognostic significance and may ultimately provide therapeutic targets. Ependymomas are typically treated with maximum safe tumour resection. Grade III tumours always require radiation treatment even with extensive resection. Radiation is also often administered to patients with grade II ependymomas. Grade I tumours typically receive radiation if there is extensive residual disease, but complete resection may be curative. Local radiation is optimal unless there is imaging or cytological evidence of dissemination in the cerebrospinal fluid. Chemotherapy is less well established although recent molecular findings may lead to subtype specific treatments.
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Yust, Jason. Tonal-Formal Disjunction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190696481.003.0013.
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This chapter classifies possible types of tonal–formal disjunction in sonata forms and gives a historical account of each technique in the works of Beethoven and Schubert, illustrated with a number of large-scale analyses of exceptional works. The techniques are: non-standard subordinate keys, pioneered by Beethoven; off-tonic recapitulations, also favored by Beethoven; and modulating subordinate themes, explored extensively by Schubert. Pieces analyzed include first movements of Beethoven’s op. 70/2 Piano Trio, Schubert’s Grande Sonate, D. 617, and “Lebenstürme” D. 947, and the second movement of Beethoven’s op. 59/2 String Quartet.
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Graf, William L. Plutonium and the Rio Grande. Oxford University Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195089332.001.0001.
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The first atomic bombs were constructed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, where lab workers disposed of waste plutonium in nearby canyons leading to the Rio Grande. Today, the environmental consequences are just beginning to be understood as scientists examine the effects created by past mishandling of one of the most toxic chemical wastes known. Written in an engaging, accessible style, Plutonium and the Rio Grande is the first book to offer a complete exploration of this environmental history. It includes an explanation of what plutonium is, how much of it was released by the Los Alamos workers, and how much entered the river system directly from waste disposal and indirectly, as a result of atomic bomb fallout. The book includes extensive appendices, maps, diagrams, and photographs. Environmental managers, ecologists, hydrologists and other river specialists, as well as concerned general readers will find the book readable and informative.
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Hambrick-Stowe, Charles E. Language of the Heart. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190249496.003.0005.
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Charles E. Hambrick-Stowe gives us a window into Jonthan Edwards’ spiritual practices and how the Bible colored them. With his typological imagination, Edwards relished nature, but even there, his imaginative reflections connected what he perceived in nature with what he read in Scripture. The Bible also helped him sift through the thorny question of how one best understands experiential religion, straddling the means of grace and the free work of the Holy Spirit. His various notebooks reveal how extensively Scripture shaped Edwards’ spiritual and intellectual life. In practice, the Bible became the language of Edwards’ prayer and song, and it also guarded against misguided Enlightenment-era notions about experiencing God. To the end of his life, Scripture was a constant source of solace in Edwards’ spiritual journey.
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O’Neill, Brian P., Jeffrey Allen, Mitchell S. Berger, and Rolf-Dieter Kortmann. Astrocytic tumours: pilocytic astrocytoma, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, and subependymal giant cell astrocytoma. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199651870.003.0002.
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Pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) (World Health Organization (WHO) grade I). A relatively circumscribed, slow-growing, often cystic astrocytoma occurring in children and young adults, histologically characterized by a biphasic pattern with varying proportions of compacted bipolar cells associated with Rosenthal fibres and loose-textured multipolar cells associated with microcysts and eosinophilic granular bodies. Most PAs are localized, macrocystic, and only marginally infiltrative. However some PAs, such as those arising in the optic pathways, are rarely cystic and may have an extensive infiltrative pattern but within a neuroanatomic pathway. Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) (WHO grade II). An astrocytic neoplasm with a relatively favourable prognosis, typically encountered in children and young adults, with superficial location in the cerebral hemispheres and involvement of the meninges; characteristic histological features include pleomorphic and lipidized cells expressing glial fibrillary acidic protein and often surrounded by a reticulin network as well as eosinophilic granular bodies. Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA) (WHO grade I). A benign, slow-growing tumour typically arising in the wall of the lateral ventricles and composed of large ganglioid astrocytes. It is the most common CNS neoplasm in patients with tuberous sclerosis.
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Zan, Luca, and Daniel Shoup. Heritage and Management, Professional Utopianism, Administrative Naiveté, and Organizational Uncertainty at the Shipwrecks of Pisa. Edited by Angela M. Labrador and Neil Asher Silberman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190676315.013.5.
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In 1998, archaeologists discovered the first of sixteen Roman shipwrecks at San Rossore, Pisa, 500 m from the leaning tower. Shortly afterward a grand vision for a “museum with three vertices” was articulated: a public excavation area plus a conservation laboratory and museum of Mediterranean navigation, to be constructed in an under-used sixteenth-century barracks nearby. The grand vision of three interconnected institutions became an obstacle in itself: in the absence of an administrative culture that was able to bring projects “down to earth,” the universalist and utopian tendencies of professional discourse fostered a tendency to choose the “best” project over the most feasible one, adding costs, risks, and uncertainty to an already challenging project. Based on extensive archival research, this chapter reconstructs the fifteen-year history of the project and explores the emergent management issues at this unique site, including the role of professional optimism, bureaucratic myopia, urban planning, and uncertainty.
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Mathews, Jud. Germany’s Postwar Constitution. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190682910.003.0002.
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The German Federal Constitutional Court granted extensive horizontal effect to the rights in Germany’s constitution, the Basic Law, starting in the late 1950s. This chapter lays out the institutional and normative context against which these moves played out and in light of which they made sense. The new Court spent its first decade fending off attempts to marginalize it, not only from the executive branch but also from Germany’s other, more established, high courts. At the same time, the new Basic Law furnished the Court with interpretive authority over an expansive set of new rights, while the private law establishment was slow to satisfy the normative demands of a liberalizing postwar Germany.
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Wang, Zhizheng. Systematic Government Access to Private-Sector Data in China. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190685515.003.0011.
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This chapter focuses on China’s systematic government access to private-sector data. In accordance with facilitating Chinese e-government construction, many laws made for the purpose of state security, public security, censorship, and taxation have granted the Chinese government extensive power of access to private-sector data generated in such businesses as information, finance, trade, travel, entertainment, and so on, operated in China. There are no laws or practices related to governmental systematic access currently found in China. However, this kind of systematic data access will certainly find itself anytime in the future enforcement and ensuing legislation once the Chinese government realizes it is necessary with the evolution of e-government strategy.
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Song, Sarah. The Rights of Noncitizens in the Territory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190909222.003.0011.
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Chapter 10 considers what is owed to noncitizens already present in the territory of democratic countries. It focuses on three groups of noncitizens: those admitted on a temporary basis, those who have been granted permanent residence, and those who have overstayed their temporary visas or entered the territory without authorization. What legal rights are these different groups of noncitizens morally entitled to? How should their claims be weighed against the right of states to control immigration? The chapter argues that the longer one lives in the territory, the stronger one’s moral claim to a more extensive set of rights, including the right to remain. The time spent living in a place serves as a proxy for the social ties migrants have developed (social membership principle) and for their contributions to collective life (fair-play principle).
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Moller, David Wendell. The Whites. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199760145.003.0005.
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The story of Annie declares the dignity and grace of the human spirit in the midst of extensive suffering. It shows how social support heals throughout the illness experience. Her narrative is an example of the healing power of spirituality throughout dying. From her end-of-life experience, we learn that dying is far less about matters of the body than it is about matters of the person. We also discern that when a person is well attended throughout the dying process—her emotional, social, and spiritual needs being fulfilled—her suffering is eased and she is deeply comforted. Exploration of the dimensions of quality of life (QOL) help us to plan care which addresses all dimensions of QOL.
Book chapters on the topic "Extensively grazed"
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Nation, I. S. P., and Rob Waring. "What Are Graded Readers?" In Teaching Extensive Reading in Another Language, 17–35. New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. |Series: ESL & applied linguistics professional series |Includes bibliographical references and index.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367809256-2.
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Nation, I. S. P., and Rob Waring. "What Makes a Good Graded Reading Scheme?" In Teaching Extensive Reading in Another Language, 155–71. New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. |Series: ESL & applied linguistics professional series |Includes bibliographical references and index.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367809256-12.
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Wang, Chi-Yuen, and Michael Manga. "Liquefaction." In Lecture Notes in Earth System Sciences, 301–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64308-9_11.
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AbstractLiquefaction of the ground during earthquakes has long been documented and has drawn much attention from earthquake engineers because of its devastation to engineered structures. In this chapter we review a few of the best studied field cases and summarize insights from extensive experimental data critical for understanding the interaction between earthquakes and liquefaction. Despite the progress made in the last few decades, several outstanding problems remain unanswered. One is the mechanism for liquefaction beyond the near field, which has been abundantly documented in the field. This is not well understood because, according to laboratory data, liquefaction should occur only in the near field where the seismic energy density is great enough to cause undrained consolidation leading up to liquefaction. Another outstanding question is the dependence of liquefaction on the frequency of the seismic waves, where the current results from the field and laboratory studies are in conflict. Finally, while in most cases the liquefied sediments are sand or silty sand, well-graded gravel has increasingly been witnessed to liquefy during earthquakes and is not simply the result of entrainment by liquified sand. It is challenging to explain how pore pressure could build up in gravely soils and be maintained at a level high enough to cause liquefaction.
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Rinehart, Eric J., Allan R. Sanford, and Roger M. Ward. "Geographic Extent and Shape of an Extensive Magma Body at Mid-Crustal Depths in the Rio Grande Rift Near Socorro, New Mexico." In Rio Grande Rift: Tectonics and Magmatism, 237–52. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/sp014p0237.
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Gao, Wen, Xuanming Zhang, Weixin Huang, and Shaohang Shi. "Command2Vec: Feature Learning of 3D Modeling Behavior Sequence—A Case Study on “Spiral-stair”." In Proceedings of the 2021 DigitalFUTURES, 45–54. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5983-6_5.
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AbstractIn this study, we applied machine learning to mine the event logs generated in modeling process for behavior sequence clustering. The motivation for the study is to develop cognitively intelligent 3D tools through process mining which has been a hot area in recent years. In this study, we develop a novel classification method Command2Vec to perceive, learn and classify different design behavior during 3D-modeling aided design process. The method is applied in a case study of 112 participate students on a ‘Spiral-stair’ modeling task. By extracting the event logs generated in each participate student’s modeling process into a new data structures: ‘command graph’, we classified participants’ behavior sequences from final 99 valid event logs into certain groups using our novel Command2Vec. To verify the effectiveness of our classification, we invited five experts with extensive modeling experience to grade the classification results. The final grading shows that our algorithm performs well in certain grouping of classification with significant features.
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Ahlén, Anton, and Joakim Palme. "Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Sweden." In IMISCOE Research Series, 421–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51241-5_28.
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Abstract While the Swedish welfare state has undergone an intensified market orientation and a number of cutbacks since 1990, it has maintained many of its universal characteristics. It still provides all residents with a rather extensive system of benefits from the cradle to the grave. This chapter contributes to a systematic and detailed analysis of eligibility criteria and conditions for accessing social benefits in five core policy areas of the Swedish social security system. As universalism continues to be a cornerstone of the Swedish welfare state, nationality or the immigration status of a person does not condition his/her entitlement to social security benefits. More recently, however, a political debate has emerged regarding immigration and the welfare system, both in terms of the benefit system being a magnet that attracts migrants and concerning the capacity of the system to cope with large-scale immigration. By discussing the main features of the Swedish welfare regime and key patterns and policy developments in the field of migration, the chapter seeks to account for recent developments, trends and directions in the access to social protection for residents, non-national residents and non-resident nationals.
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Morris, Gareth, Mark Browne, Kirsti Murahidy, and Mike Jacka. "Christchurch Town Hall Complex: Post-Earthquake Ground Improvement, Structural Repair, and Seismic Retrofit." In Case Studies on Conservation and Seismic Strengthening/Retrofitting of Existing Structures, 145–72. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/cs002.145.
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<p>The Christchurch Town Hall (CTH) complex contains six reinforced concrete buildings constructed circa 1970 in Christchurch, New Zealand (NZ). The complex is used for performing arts and entertainment, with an Auditorium that is internationally recognized for its acoustics. It is listed as a Grade-1 heritage building due to its cultural and historical significance. Unfortunately, the CTH foundation system was not originally designed to accommodate liquefaction-induced differential settlement and lateral spreading effects, as highlighted by the 2010–2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence. Although the most extreme ground motions exceeded the NZS 1170.5 code-defined 1/2500 year earthquake loads, the CTH structures performed remarkably well for a design that pre-dated modern seismic codes. Most of the observed structural damage was a result of the differential ground deformations, rather than in response to inertial forces. The post-earthquake observations and signs of distress are presented herein. The primary focus of this paper is to describe two major features of the seismic retrofit project (initiated in 2013) which were required to upgrade the CTH complex to meet 100% of current NZS 1170.5 seismic loadings. Firstly, the upgrade required extensive ground improvement and a new reinforce concrete mat slab to mitigate the impacts future ground deformations. Soil stabilization was provided by a cellular arrangement of jet-grout columns, a relatively new technique to NZ at the time. The new mat slab (typically 600-900 mm) was constructed over the stabilized soils. Secondly, upgrading the superstructure had many constraints that were overcome via a performance-based design approach, using non-linear time-history analysis. Recognizing the heritage significance, the superstructure “resurrection” as a modern building was hidden within the original skin minimized disruption of heritage fabric. Retrofit solutions were targeted, which also minimized the overall works. The 2015–2019 construction phase is briefly discussed within, including jet-grout procedures and sequencing considerations.</p>
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Ünaldı, İhsan. "Graded readers and extensive reading practice in the language classroom." In literature and language teaching a course book, 135–60. Ankara:Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.14527/9786053645870.07.
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Thompson, Andrew, and Saori Tsuji. "L2 Extensive reading: online graded readers or ‘old school’ paperbacks?" In CALL for widening participation: short papers from EUROCALL 2020, 327–33. Research-publishing.net, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14705/rpnet.2020.48.1209.
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The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate (1) students’ interest in reading English books, (2) students’ interest in using an online Virtual Library (VL), and (3) students’ experiences and preferences relating to the implementation of an online VL within an Academic English Program (AEP). First-year students (N=136) from a public university in southwest Japan participated in this study. The preliminary results provide a deeper understanding of student interest, experiences, and preferences relating to the implementation of a VL within an AEP.
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Hampton, Stephen. "John Davenant and the English Appropriation of the Synod of Dort." In Grace and Conformity, 68–109. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190084332.003.0003.
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Chapter 2 builds on the previous chapter’s emphasis on the breadth and pastoral orientation of the Reformed Conformist approach to grace, with an examination of the Collegiate Suffrage of the British delegates at the Synod of Dort (1618–19). It underlines that the Suffrage was drawn up to make room for Davenant and Ward’s distinctive reading of the death of Christ, a reading shared by influential clerics at home. The chapter then shows how the positions adopted in the Suffrage were echoed but also given a different inflection in the lectures that Davenant delivered in Cambridge when he returned from the Synod. Davenant’s lectures on predestination and the death of Christ show how he adapted the teaching of Dort to suit his own reading of the Church of England’s confessional position, whilst offering extensive advice on its pastoral application both in the pulpit and in the spiritual lives of the faithful.
Conference papers on the topic "Extensively grazed"
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McMillan, John D., and David K. Vollert. "High Temperature Ultrasonic Examination and Sizing of Thermal Fatigue Cracking in Reactor Effluent Piping." In ASME 2005 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2005-71779.
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Thermal fatigue cracking is a phenomenon found in many of the refining and petrochemical industry processes. It may occur in any grade of steel including carbon and stainless grades where extensive cycling of hot and cool processes mixed. Damage occurs over time and has the potential to cause failures, which may be considered catastrophic due to the process and temperatures used.
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Pirón, Javier, and Olivier Hamart. "Modified 9Cr Steel: Coke Resistant Tubes/Pipes Developed by Vallourec for Refinery Furnaces." In ASME 2020 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2020-21484.
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Abstract A new modified 9 wt% Cr steel has been developed in order to improve the resistance against coke deposition on the internal surface of refinery tube furnaces, in comparison to widely used grades, such as Grade 5 (5 wt% Cr) or Grade 9 (9 wt% Cr). The new grade has an improved composition, based on Cr and Si and further additions of Cu and Ni. This optimal chemical analysis has been specified after extensive laboratory testing on different laboratory and industrial heats. Thermogravimetric analyses have been performed to benchmark various materials (ferritic and austenitic grades) in terms of coking rate. Specimens of these alloys have been exposed to this coking atmosphere in a wide temperature range. The new modified 9Cr steel exhibits an almost 10 times lower coking rates than typical Grade 9 steel. The new 9Cr steel shows allowable stress levels up to 90% higher than Grade 9 at temperatures below 500°C (time independent regime) and up to 7% higher stress levels at temperatures above 500°C (creep regime). The industrial feasibility of production of elbows has been successfully implemented and a welding solution using a commercially available filler material has been established.
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Fett, Daniel, Pedram Hosseyni, and Ralf Kusters. "An Extensive Formal Security Analysis of the OpenID Financial-Grade API." In 2019 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sp.2019.00067.
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Abrate, Serge. "Vibrations of Functionally Graded Shells." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-42256.
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The behavior of functionally graded structures has received a great deal of attention in recent years. Usually, these structures are made out of a composite material with a modulus of elasticity, a Poisson’s ratio, and a density that vary through the thickness. The non-uniformity through the thickness introduces coupling between the transverse deformations and the deformations of the mid-surface. Previous publications have shown how to account for these added complexities and have presented extensive results in tabular form. In this article, available results are used to show that the behavior of functionally graded shells is similar to that of homogeneous isotropic shells. It is well known that for isotropic shells, results can be presented in non-dimensional form so that, once results are obtained for one material, they can be simply scaled to obtain the corresponding results for shells made out of another material. The same can then be done for functionally graded shells. In addition, if functionally graded shells behave like homogeneous shells, no new method of analysis is required. The second part of the paper examines why this is true.
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Sham Bala Krishnan, Ashanti, and Robin Miralles. "243 Twelve year review of grade 4 IVH (extensive and localised) with outcomes." In RCPCH Conference Singapore. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2021-rcpch.135.
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Chandra, Anuj, S. Ahmad, M. Chakraborty, S. R. Dugad, U. D. Goswami, S. K. Gupta, B. Hariharan, et al. "An extensive study for correcting the nonlinear particle density measured by GRAPES-3 scintillator detectors." In 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.395.0396.
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Pillot, Sylvain, Zhao Zhao, Ste´phanie Corre, Ce´dric Chauvy, Lionel Coudreuse, and Patrick Toussaint. "Thick Plates in Grade 91 for Fourth Generation Nuclear Reactors." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25628.
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To face the future challenge of global energy supply, taking into account the depletion of fossil fuels and global warming issues, the main nuclear energy users are strongly involved in a research program to fourth-generation reactor technology. This new generation will work at high temperatures between about 450 °C and 550 °C. Extensive studies have been launched worldwide to assess steel grades able to meet these new operating conditions. One of the candidates is Vanadium enhanced 9% Chromium steel grade (EN 10028-2 X11CrMoVNb 9-1 – ASTM A387 grade 91 class 2 – ASME SA387 grade 91 class 2). To meet the future needs in nuclear energy, Industeel improved its conventional 9Cr1MoVNb steel devoted to the fabrication of steam lines in thermal power plants. Preliminary studies revealed the feasibility of thick plates in this enhanced grade. Thick plates, 140 and 210 mm thick, have been hot rolled from a 82 metric tons ingot. Welded joints have then been prepared. Tests performed on both base metal and welded zones proved the excellent mechanical properties of the grade, especially regarding toughness property. This work demonstrated the industrial feasibility of very thick plates made of grade 91 for nuclear applications. This contribution is a review of the work done as well as the results obtained on the plates.
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Giri, Shveta, Swati Shah, Rupinder Sekhon, and Sudhir Rawal. "Clinical outcomes of cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC in advanced and recurrent epithelial ovarian cancers with peritoneal carcinomatosis." In 16th Annual International Conference RGCON. Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Ltd., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1685311.
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Introduction: The role of surgery for Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) has slowly evolved from palliation to potential curative intent. Attempting to remove all visible tumor deposits, “surgical cytoreduction” (CRS) was reported in 1930s for ovarian cancer and eventually became an accepted therapy with proven survival benefit. The new approach of combining CRS and Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) to treat peritoneal metastasis offer hope for long term survival in this group of patients. The risk and benefit of this approach continued to be debated. A prospective study was conducted to understand the perioperative outcomes of CRS & HIPEC. Aim: To evaluate the perioperative outcomes associated with CRS & HIPEC in Advanced and Recurrent Epithelial Ovarian Cancer with PC. Methods: Prospective analysis of patients undergoing CRS & HIPEC from November 2014 to July 2015 was done. Inclusion criteria included localized disease in peritoneal cavity, no distant metastasis and PS <2. Grade 3/4 complications from day of surgery until 30 days postoperatively were recorded. Results: We performed CRS & HIPEC in 20 patients from Nov 2014 to June 2015. HIPEC Plus regimens included Cisplatin (50 mg/m2) and Lipodox (15 mg/m2) intraperitoneally and Ifosphamide (1300 mg/m2) & Mesna (260 mg/m2) Infusion time was 90 minutes with a temperature range of 41-43 °C. Out of 20 patients 6 (30%) underwent primary debulking surgery and 14(70%) underwent secondary debulking surgery. PCI score ranged from 2-26 (mean 13.65). Mean operating time was 6.42 hrs and average blood loss was 1046 ml. Average hospital stay was 8 days and SICU stay was 4.9 days (range 3-14 days). Total 26 adverse events were observed of which grade 1 were 11 (42%), grade 2 were 8 (30%), grade were 3 (11.5%) and grade4 were 2 (8%). Most common complication was hematological (8) followed by respiratory (6), sepsis (4) renal (2), GI (2). 4 patients (5 events) developed grade3 or 4 complications in the form of septicaemia, pulmonary embolism, GI fistula of which 2 patients expited and remaining recovered although required prolonged hospitalization. Increased morbidity were observed in cases with symptomatic relapse, higher PCI score and CA 125 level higher than 250 U/ml. Most of the adverse events were grade 1 and 2 and were managed by observation only or GCSF support, transfusions and other minor interventions. The combined grade 3-4 morbidity was 20% (4out of 20) which consisted of neutropenia, infection and respiratory complications. One patient required relaparotomy and two patients expired attributed to pulmonary embolism and septicaemia respectively. Conclusion: Enthusiasm associated with improvement in survival is often dampened by increased perioperative mortality and morbidity figures and therefore CRS & HIPEC has not yet been considered standard of care by many centres. HIPEC after extensive cytoreductive surgery for ovarian cancer is a procedure whth acceptable morbidity that patients can tolerate. More follow up is needed to determinr the effect of HIPEC on survival. Till such time more data are obtained by way of larger randomised trials, this approach remains investigational.
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Osman, Sameer, Khaled Ahmed, and Mahmoud Ahmed. "Performance of Two-Dimensional Functionally Graded Anode Supported Solid-Oxide Fuel Cells." In ASME 2021 15th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2021 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2021-63582.
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Abstract High-temperature ceramic materials used in solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are subject to high thermal stresses during operation due to the unequal thermal expansion between different layers. As a result, solid oxide fuel cells are prone to mechanical failure at elevated temperatures, limiting the maximum operating temperature and, therefore, limiting the maximum power density obtained from the fuel cell. Fuel cells with graded electrodes in the thickness direction have been used and extensively investigated to reduce the effect of non-uniform thermal expansion. In this study, two dimensional functionally graded electrodes are proposed for the first time. Thus, a comprehensive theoretical model is developed for a high-temperature SOFCs that includes the charge, species, energy, and momentum transport equations. Also, the bilinear elastoplastic material model is used to calculate thermal stresses and failure in solid materials. The model is used to study two-dimensional functionally graded electrodes introduced to investigate their effect on thermal stresses. The material grading will be implemented in two directions for each layer; thickness and length. Results indicate that using the two-dimensional grading reduced thermal stresses by over 40 % for a specific grading scheme compared to the conventional case. Grading the electrodes also positively affects the electrochemical performance, as the cell’s maximum power density was increased by over 60 %. These results prove that two-dimensional graded SOFCs can achieve much higher operating temperatures with safe thermal stresses, creating a potential for compact, high-temperature SOFCs designed for high power density applications.
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Haque, Aman, and Taher Saif. "Is There a Critical Size in Nano Grained Metals for Ductile to Brittle Transition?" In ASME 2004 3rd Integrated Nanosystems Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nano2004-46097.
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Nanoscale metal films and electrodes are extensively used in today’s micro and nano electronics as well as nano mechanical systems. These metal structures are usually polycrystalline in nature with nano scale grains connected to each other by grain boundaries. The small size offers large grain boundary to volume ratio that is likely to affect the metal properties significantly. Here, we discuss the role of grain size and boundaries in determining the mechanical behavior of metals, such as elasticity and yielding.
Reports on the topic "Extensively grazed"
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Wadman, Heidi, and Jesse McNinch. Spatial distribution and thickness of fine-grained sediment along the United States portion of the upper Niagara River, New York. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41666.
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Over 220 linear miles of geophysical data, including sidescan sonar and chirp sub-bottom profiles, were collected in 2016 and 2017 by the US Army Corps of Engineers and the US Fish and Wildlife Service in the upper Niagara River. In addition, 36 sediment grab samples were collected to groundtruth the geophysical data. These data were used to map the spatial distribution of fine-grained sediment, including volume data in certain locations, along the shallow shorelines of the upper Niagara River. Overall, the most extensive deposits were spatially associated with either small tributaries or with man-made structures that modified the natural flow of the system. Extensive beds of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) were also mapped. Although always associated with a fine-grained matrix, the SAV beds were patchy in distribution, which might reflect subtle differences in the grain size of the sediment matrix or could simply be a function of variations in species or growth. The maps generated from this effort can be used to guide sampling plans for future studies of contamination in fine-grained sediment regions.
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Karlstrom, Karl, Laura Crossey, Allyson Matthis, and Carl Bowman. Telling time at Grand Canyon National Park: 2020 update. National Park Service, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2285173.
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Grand Canyon National Park is all about time and timescales. Time is the currency of our daily life, of history, and of biological evolution. Grand Canyon’s beauty has inspired explorers, artists, and poets. Behind it all, Grand Canyon’s geology and sense of timelessness are among its most prominent and important resources. Grand Canyon has an exceptionally complete and well-exposed rock record of Earth’s history. It is an ideal place to gain a sense of geologic (or deep) time. A visit to the South or North rims, a hike into the canyon of any length, or a trip through the 277-mile (446-km) length of Grand Canyon are awe-inspiring experiences for many reasons, and they often motivate us to look deeper to understand how our human timescales of hundreds and thousands of years overlap with Earth’s many timescales reaching back millions and billions of years. This report summarizes how geologists tell time at Grand Canyon, and the resultant “best” numeric ages for the canyon’s strata based on recent scientific research. By best, we mean the most accurate and precise ages available, given the dating techniques used, geologic constraints, the availability of datable material, and the fossil record of Grand Canyon rock units. This paper updates a previously-published compilation of best numeric ages (Mathis and Bowman 2005a; 2005b; 2007) to incorporate recent revisions in the canyon’s stratigraphic nomenclature and additional numeric age determinations published in the scientific literature. From bottom to top, Grand Canyon’s rocks can be ordered into three “sets” (or primary packages), each with an overarching story. The Vishnu Basement Rocks were once tens of miles deep as North America’s crust formed via collisions of volcanic island chains with the pre-existing continent between 1,840 and 1,375 million years ago. The Grand Canyon Supergroup contains evidence for early single-celled life and represents basins that record the assembly and breakup of an early supercontinent between 729 and 1,255 million years ago. The Layered Paleozoic Rocks encode stories, layer by layer, of dramatic geologic changes and the evolution of animal life during the Paleozoic Era (period of ancient life) between 270 and 530 million years ago. In addition to characterizing the ages and geology of the three sets of rocks, we provide numeric ages for all the groups and formations within each set. Nine tables list the best ages along with information on each unit’s tectonic or depositional environment, and specific information explaining why revisions were made to previously published numeric ages. Photographs, line drawings, and diagrams of the different rock formations are included, as well as an extensive glossary of geologic terms to help define important scientific concepts. The three sets of rocks are separated by rock contacts called unconformities formed during long periods of erosion. This report unravels the Great Unconformity, named by John Wesley Powell 150 years ago, and shows that it is made up of several distinct erosion surfaces. The Great Nonconformity is between the Vishnu Basement Rocks and the Grand Canyon Supergroup. The Great Angular Unconformity is between the Grand Canyon Supergroup and the Layered Paleozoic Rocks. Powell’s term, the Great Unconformity, is used for contacts where the Vishnu Basement Rocks are directly overlain by the Layered Paleozoic Rocks. The time missing at these and other unconformities within the sets is also summarized in this paper—a topic that can be as interesting as the time recorded. Our goal is to provide a single up-to-date reference that summarizes the main facets of when the rocks exposed in the canyon’s walls were formed and their geologic history. This authoritative and readable summary of the age of Grand Canyon rocks will hopefully be helpful to National Park Service staff including resource managers and park interpreters at many levels of geologic understandings...
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de Caritat, Patrice, Brent McInnes, and Stephen Rowins. Towards a heavy mineral map of the Australian continent: a feasibility study. Geoscience Australia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.11636/record.2020.031.
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Heavy minerals (HMs) are minerals with a specific gravity greater than 2.9 g/cm3. They are commonly highly resistant to physical and chemical weathering, and therefore persist in sediments as lasting indicators of the (former) presence of the rocks they formed in. The presence/absence of certain HMs, their associations with other HMs, their concentration levels, and the geochemical patterns they form in maps or 3D models can be indicative of geological processes that contributed to their formation. Furthermore trace element and isotopic analyses of HMs have been used to vector to mineralisation or constrain timing of geological processes. The positive role of HMs in mineral exploration is well established in other countries, but comparatively little understood in Australia. Here we present the results of a pilot project that was designed to establish, test and assess a workflow to produce a HM map (or atlas of maps) and dataset for Australia. This would represent a critical step in the ability to detect anomalous HM patterns as it would establish the background HM characteristics (i.e., unrelated to mineralisation). Further the extremely rich dataset produced would be a valuable input into any future machine learning/big data-based prospectivity analysis. The pilot project consisted in selecting ten sites from the National Geochemical Survey of Australia (NGSA) and separating and analysing the HM contents from the 75-430 µm grain-size fraction of the top (0-10 cm depth) sediment samples. A workflow was established and tested based on the density separation of the HM-rich phase by combining a shake table and the use of dense liquids. The automated mineralogy quantification was performed on a TESCAN® Integrated Mineral Analyser (TIMA) that identified and mapped thousands of grains in a matter of minutes for each sample. The results indicated that: (1) the NGSA samples are appropriate for HM analysis; (2) over 40 HMs were effectively identified and quantified using TIMA automated quantitative mineralogy; (3) the resultant HMs’ mineralogy is consistent with the samples’ bulk geochemistry and regional geological setting; and (4) the HM makeup of the NGSA samples varied across the country, as shown by the mineral mounts and preliminary maps. Based on these observations, HM mapping of the continent using NGSA samples will likely result in coherent and interpretable geological patterns relating to bedrock lithology, metamorphic grade, degree of alteration and mineralisation. It could assist in geological investigations especially where outcrop is minimal, challenging to correctly attribute due to extensive weathering, or simply difficult to access. It is believed that a continental-scale HM atlas for Australia could assist in derisking mineral exploration and lead to investment, e.g., via tenement uptake, exploration, discovery and ultimately exploitation. As some HMs are hosts for technology critical elements such as rare earth elements, their systematic and internally consistent quantification and mapping could lead to resource discovery essential for a more sustainable, lower-carbon economy.
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NUMERICAL STUDY ON SHEAR BEHAVIOUR OF ENHANCED C-CHANNELS IN STEEL-UHPC-STEEL SANDWICH STRUCTURES. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/ijasc.2021.17.3.4.
Full textAbstract:
This paper firstly developed a three-dimensional (3D) finite element model (FEM) for enhanced C-channels (ECs) in steel-UHPC-steel sandwich structures (SUSSSs). The FEM was validated by 12 push-out tests on ECs with UHPC. With the validated FEM, this paper performed in-depth parametric studies on shear behaviours of ECs with ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC). These investigated parameters included bolt-hole gap (a), grade (M) and diameter (d) of bolt, core strength (fc), length of C-channel (Lc), and prestressing force ratio on bolt (ρ) in ECs. Under shear forces, the ECs in UHPC exhibited successive fractures of bolts and C-channels. Increasing the bolt-hole gap within 0-2 mm has no harm on the ultimate shear resistance, but greatly improves the slip capacity of ECs. Increasing grade and diameter of bolts improves the shear resistance and ductility of ECs through increasing the PB/PC (shear strength of bolt to that of C-channel) ratio. Increasing the core strength increased the shear resistance, but reduced the ductility of ECs due to the reduced PB/PC ratio. The ECs with Lc value of 50 mm offer the best ductility. Prestressing force acting on the bolts reduced the shear strength and ductility of ECs with UHPC. Analytical models were proposed to estimate the ultimate shear resistance and shear-slip behaviours of ECs with UHPC. The extensive validations of these models against 12 tests and 31 FEM analysis cases proved their reasonable evaluations on shear behaviours of ECs with UHPC.