Academic literature on the topic 'Extension planning'

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Journal articles on the topic "Extension planning"

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MITCHELL, R. F., and B. S. WEAVIN. "PLANNING THE JUBILEE LINE EXTENSION." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Civil Engineering 132, no. 6 (November 1999): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/icien.1999.132.6.4.

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BALDUCCINI, MARCELLO, DANIELE MAGAZZENI, MARCO MARATEA, and EMILY C. LEBLANC. "CASP solutions for planning in hybrid domains." Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 17, no. 4 (July 2017): 591–633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068417000187.

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AbstractConstraint answer set programming (CASP) is an extension of answer set programming that allows for numerical constraints to be added in the rules. PDDL+ is an extension of the PDDL standard language of automated planning for modeling mixed discrete-continuous dynamics. In this paper, we present CASP solutions for dealing with PDDL+ problems, i.e., encoding from PDDL+ to CASP, and extensions to the algorithm of the ezcsp CASP solver in order to solve CASP programs arising from PDDL+ domains. An experimental analysis, performed on well-known linear and non-linear variants of PDDL+ domains, involving various configurations of the ezcsp solver, other CASP solvers, and PDDL+ planners, shows the viability of our solution.
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Sundling, Rikard. "A development process for extending buildings vertically – based on a case study of four extended buildings." Construction Innovation 19, no. 3 (July 7, 2019): 367–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ci-05-2018-0040.

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Purpose The purpose of the study, upon which this paper is based, was to contribute an improved understanding of the vertical extension of buildings, by presenting a development process for its implementation in which the key aspects to consider when planning such extensions are highlighted. Design/methodology/approach The approach is based on linking the diffusion of innovation together with case study research to stimulate further development in vertically extending buildings. Four cases of vertically extended buildings in Sweden were selected for the study. Findings The development process highlights seven key areas for decisions when planning a vertical extension. These areas are: opportunities for vertical extension; strategies for implementation; detailed planning process; concept development; evaluation; building permit; and procurement. The development processes and lessons learnt from each case are presented, covering both success and failure. Research limitations/implications The research is based on four cases of vertically extended buildings. The findings offer valuable insights into the development process which should provide the research community with an improved understanding of the challenges faced. Practical implications The findings will help planners, housing owners, housing developers and facility managers better understand the conditions that favour successful implementation of vertical extensions. Originality/value The paper provides the reader with an understanding of the challenges faced in the vertical extension of a building and the means of overcoming them to create a simplified development process.
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Reese, Luke, Cynthia Straus, and Joseph Murray. "Michigan State University Extension Portal Planning and Implementation." Journal of Agricultural & Food Information 6, no. 4 (July 8, 2004): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j108v06n04_07.

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Llewellyn, R. S., D. J. Pannell, R. K. Lindner, and S. B. Powles. "Targeting key perceptions when planning and evaluating extension." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 12 (2005): 1627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea04102.

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Early identification of farmer perceptions influencing particular farm management decisions provides the opportunity to more effectively focus investment in research and extension. A survey-based study examining the adoption of integrated weed management by Western Australian grain growers was used to demonstrate how identification of key farmer perceptions can help to guide research and extension priorities. It was found that the adoption of integrated weed management practices was influenced by grower perceptions of herbicide resistance-related factors and of the efficacy and economic value of integrated weed management practices in the farming system. However, there were generally no significant differences between the perceptions of practice efficacy held by users and non-users of the integrated weed management practices. As initial perceptions of efficacy were generally consistent with local field experience, it was expected that extension would not have a major influence on this variable. Consistent with this, participation by growers in a workshop based on the bio-economic farming systems model, resistance integrated management (RIM), did not result in changes in perceptions of practice efficacy. However, changes in the perceived short-term economic value of some weed management practices did occur where the broader value of practices to the farming system, not necessarily relating to weed control, could be demonstrated. This also led to more growers deciding to adopt those practices. For example, intended wheat seeding rates were shown to increase by 5 kg/ha as a result of participation in the extension activity. Determining the perceptions influencing adoption, and then identifying the major learning opportunities can be valuable in focusing research and extension. Measures of perceptions also allow learning to be evaluated. In the case study of adoption of the integrated weed management practices in WA, it seems that emphasis on developing and extending the farming-systems impacts beyond just weed and resistance management is likely to be more effective than focusing on the efficacy of the practices for controlling major weeds.
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Maruish, Mark E. "Treatment Monitoring as an Extension of Treatment Planning." Contemporary Psychology 49, no. 6 (December 2004): 703–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/004848.

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Marchand, Robert C., Nipun Sodhi, Manoshi Bhowmik-Stoker, Laura Scholl, Caitlin Condrey, Anton Khlopas, Assem A. Sultan, Jared M. Newman, and Michael A. Mont. "Does the Robotic Arm and Preoperative CT Planning Help with 3D Intraoperative Total Knee Arthroplasty Planning?" Journal of Knee Surgery 32, no. 08 (August 15, 2018): 742–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1668122.

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Although several studies highlight the advantages of robotic arm-assisted total knee arthroplasty (RA-TKA), few investigate its intraoperative outcome. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the RA-TKA's ability to assist with intraoperative correction of: (1) flexion and (2) extension gaps, as well as its ability to (3) accurately predict implant sizes. Additionally, in this RA-TKA cohort, length of stay, complications, and readmissions were assessed. A total of 335 patients who underwent RA-TKA were included. The robotic software virtually measured the intraoperative prebone cut extension and flexion gaps. Differences in medial versus lateral prebone cut extension and flexion gaps were calculated. A total of 155 patients (46%) had an extension gap difference of between –2 and 2 mm (mean, –0.3 mm), while 119 patients (36%) had a flexion gap difference of between –2 and 2 mm (mean, –0.6 mm). Postbone cut differences in medial versus lateral flexion and extension gaps were measured. Balanced knees were considered to have a medial and lateral flexion gap difference within 2 mm. The robot-predicted implant size was also compared with the final implant size. Additionally, lengths of stay, complications, and readmissions were assessed. All patients achieved a postbone cut extension gap difference between –1 and 1 mm (mean, –0.1 mm). A total of 332 patients (99%) achieved a postbone cut flexion gap difference of between –2 and 2 mm (mean, 0 mm). For 98% of prostheses, the robotic software predicted within 1 implant size the actual tibial or femoral implant size used.The mean length of stay was found to be 2 days. No patients suffered from superficial skin infection, pin site infections or fractures, soft tissue damage, and no robotic cases were converted to manual TKA due to intraoperative complications. A total of 8 patients (2.2%) were readmitted; however, none were directly related to robotic use. The robotic software and use of a preoperative computed tomography (CT) substantially helped with intraoperative planning and accurate prediction of implant sizes. Therefore, based on the results of this study, the RA-TKA device does, in fact, provide considerable intraoperative assistance.
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Wang, Qing, Jun Guo, Zengfu Wang, Elias Tahchi, Xinyu Wang, Bill Moran, and Moshe Zukerman. "Cost-Effective Path Planning for Submarine Cable Network Extension." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 61883–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2915125.

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Elbanna, Said. "Determinants of strategic planning effectiveness: extension of earlier work." Journal of Strategy and Management 2, no. 2 (May 15, 2009): 175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17554250910965326.

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Kim, Sung-Min, Yosoon Choi, Jangwon Suh, Sungchan Oh, Hyeong-Dong Park, Suk-Ho Yoon, and Wa-Ra Go. "ArcMine: A GIS extension to support mine reclamation planning." Computers & Geosciences 46 (September 2012): 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2012.04.007.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Extension planning"

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Walker, Derek. "A text planning extension to VINCI." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ31266.pdf.

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Cook, Alison H., and n/a. "Extension planning : the Canberra Y-Plan controversy." University of Canberra. Environmental Design, 1987. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060712.091116.

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Hui, Chik-shek Enesco. "Peak Tram Station : extension /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25950319.

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Budak, Dilek. "Program planning and adult education : extension professionals' attitudes and practice at Ohio State University extension /." The Ohio State University, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487948807588904.

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Kopp, Thomas J. "Planning a theological education program in a cross-cultural setting." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1988. http://www.tren.com.

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Mambo, Isaac Moya Cosby. "Supporting agricultural innovation : an analysis of farmer-to-farmer extension in Mbawa and Kaluluma extension planning areas, Malawi." Thesis, University of Reading, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.629093.

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Using the agricultural innovation systems (AIS) framework, this study analysed farmer-to-farmer (F-2-F) extension to understand how it is supporting and contributing to agricultural innovation, i.e., the generation, dissemination, and utilisation of innovations, among smallholder farmers in Mbawa and Kaluluma Extension Planning Areas, Malawi. The study investigated the extent and how farmer extensionists (FEs) are supporting and contributing to agricultural innovation; identified FEs' work performance assessment criteria; assessed effectiveness of FEs in reaching different groups of farmers; and the impact of F -2-F extension on smallholder farmers' livelihoods. Data were collected using questionnaire surveys from 774 and 179 randomly sampled farmers and FEs, respectively. Focus group discussions, key informant interviews, document analysis, and innovation histories were also used. Empirical findings show that FEs were largely supporting and contributing to dissemination of externally generated innovations; and generation and dissemination of locally generated innovations was limited. Using principal components analysis (PCA) to delineate better-off and poor farmers, findings show that, through group contact method, FEs were mostly working with wealthier follower farmers. Further analysis showed that, through individual contact method, FEs were accessible to all farmers regardless of their wealth, household headship, sex, and education status as they were able to consult FEs at their convenient time. Findings suggest that provision of non-monetary incentives to FEs, and addressing the constraints that FEs face in the course of their work can be key in incentivising FEs work. FEs were wealthier farmers than fellow farmers and largely selected by the community. Also, the present evidence suggest that F-2-F extension has contributed to improving smallholder farmers ' livelihoods by enhancing human, physical, financial, and social capital. The findings of this study offer guidance on the design and implementation of F-2-F extension approaches in Malawi and other developing country contexts. Lastly, the current findings point to the need for a government policy to harmonise the implementation modalities of F-2-F extension in Malawi.
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Joshi, Laxman. "Incorporating farmers' knowledge in the planning of interdisciplinary research and extension." Thesis, Bangor University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364125.

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Hu, Zhongyuan, and 胡中原. "Extension landfill planning : food waste, composting plant design, garbage separation, Shenzhen." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/207157.

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Shenzhen is a fast growing modern city. In 1980, Shezhen was just a fishing village. With the urbanization, it extended land inside. In 2000, Shenzhen land use has already exploited 80%. With the urbanization, there are many migrant workers go to work and settle down in Shenzhen. The population grow up from 314,100to 10,357,938 in these thirty years. With the population growth, the problem is the garbage production volume increase more and more. Now, Shenzhen garbage production is 13,100t/d and the annual growth rate is 8%. There are 8 districts in Shenzhen, which is Nanshan, Futian, Baoan, Luohu, Yantian, Longgang, Guangming and Pingshan district. Nanshan, Futian and Luohu district are downtown of Shenzhen. The other districts are still in developing process. In Shenzhen, there are 9 existing landfills and 7 existing incineration plants and 23 small informal landfills. With the urbanization, the relationship between landfills and city are changing. At the beginning, landfills were set far away the city. Their distance become closer and closer when both of them extended. Until now, some of landfills has connected and existed in the middle of city. For the land use situation of shenzhen. There are 80% land use has already been exploited which means there is no more land for landfill in the future. However, the garbage volume increasing more and more and landfill is still the main way to treat garbage. It is a very serious issue need to face and solve. The garbage structure of shenzhen is, construction waste occupied 78% and 22% belongs to domestic waste. In this 22% domestic waste, food waste occupied 65%. Food waste is the biggest problem of pollution. However, the existing domestic waste treatment is still dumping the mix garbage to landfill. When food waste mix with the other domestic waste together, they will decompose and the produce a lot of biogas and dioxin and so on. It will produce serious air pollution, soil pollution and produce germs. That is why the existing landfill produce so serious pollution to the city. In other aspect, food waste is a good energy if we use it correctly. It could change to energy and fertilizer by biogas collecting, composting and chang to diesels. In Shenzhen, the government has already pay attention to garbage separation. Some communities has already implement garbage separation action. These are 3 large landfill of Shenzhen. The first one is Xiaping landfill of Luohu, the second one is Laohukeng landfill of Baoan and the yahoo landfill of Pingshan district. Base on the location situation, Yahoo landfill will be a best choice to make it as an experimental plot to plan. In Yahoo landfill, the existing landfill has already influenced thirty thousand surrounding people’s life. In future, the extension landfill will connect to the the residents area and polluted more seriously. So how to maximum reduce the pollutions is a urgent problem need to solve. The strategy is separating two part to solve garbage in this landfill. One for dumping, the other one is food waste composting. When the food waste composted to fertilizer, it will be transported to the surround farm lands to use.
published_or_final_version
Architecture
Master
Master of Landscape Architecture
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Mandefrot, Kefyalew. "Program planning in the Ethiopian extension service : its evolution and structure." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26007.

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This study examined the program planning mechanism and structure in Ethiopian agricultural extension. Agricultural extension was seen by most policy makers and funding agencies as one of the alternatives to rural development. Extension was defined as an out-of-school educational process of working with rural people utilizing particular teaching techniques and certain supporting services with a distinctive spirit of cooperation and mutual respect. The goal was to enable people to acquire and use skills, knowledge and information to improve their lives. In order to achieve the objective of the study, the history of agricultural extension in Ethiopia from 1952 to 1980 was reviewed and the origin, trends and problems in extension program planning in Ethiopia were discussed. Following the historical analysis, a review of program planning models relevant to agricultural extension was provided. The study, after presenting an examination of the program planning mechanism in Ethiopia, conducted a critical analysis of major problems. The major problems identified are related to the basic program planning mechanism, coordination and training. An alternative mechanism was identified based on Sork's basic planning model. A summary was given. Major conclusions of the study were discussed in terms of program planning, particularly with respect to analysis of the planning context and client system, administrative planning, coordination and training programs required for effective extension education. The study revealed several important weaknesses in the extension program planning mechanism used in Ethiopia. It was suggested that if these weaknesses are eliminated, Ethiopian agricultural production — and the quality of life of those dependent on the agricultural sector — could be improved. Increasing collaboration between agencies, joint planning of programs, altering the programming sequence, and better timing of educational activities were suggested as means of improving agricultural extension services in Ethiopia.
Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
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許哲碩 and Chik-shek Enesco Hui. "Peak Tram Station: extension." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31985749.

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Books on the topic "Extension planning"

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Blue Circle Waste Management (Firm). Landfill Division. Planning application for Northfleet landfill extension. London: Travers Morgan, 1990.

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Holding, Christine. Local level planning exercise. [Nairobi] Kenya: FINNIDA in cooperation with the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, Forest Dept., 1993.

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Tengnäs, Bo. Guidelines on agroforestry extension planning in Kenya. Nairobi: Regional Soil Conservation Unit, Swedish International Development Authority, 1993.

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Planning, Western Australia Ministry for. North-East Corridor extension strategy: August 2000. Perth, W.A: Western Australian Planning Commission, 2000.

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Feldberg, Heinz G. Extension of walk-up apartments. [Edmonton, Alta.]: Alberta Municipal Affairs, 1991.

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Frew, Thomas Leslie. An extension of quality control in radiotherapy treatment planning. [S.l: The Author], 1987.

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Transportation, Massachusetts Department of. Green Line Extension Project: Notice of Project Change : Green Line Extension Project (GLX) : EEA # 13886. Boston, MA: Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority, Massachusetts Department of Transportation, 2017.

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GOVERNMENT, US. Surface Transportation Extension Act of 1997. [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1997.

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Regional Project Planning Workshop (12th 1998 Shinyanga, Tanzania, and Tabora, Tanzania). Proceedings of the 12th Regional Project Planning Workshop: 13-20 July 1998, Shinyanga/Tabora, Tanzania. Nairobi, Kenya: International Centre for Research in Agroforestry, 1999.

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Kuttner, William S. Extension of the northeast corridor via Logan Airport: An evaluation. [Boston, Mass.]: Central Transportation Planning Staff, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Extension planning"

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Leimbach, Judy, Kathy Leimbach, and Mary Lou Johnson. "Planning a Picnic." In Math Extension Units, 10. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003236481-6.

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Leimbach, Judy, Kathy Leimbach, and Mary Lou Johnson. "Planning a Trip." In Math Extension Units, 8. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003236481-4.

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Arens, Yigal. "Multimedia presentation planning as an extension of text planning." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 277–80. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-55399-1_19.

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Rodrigues, Daniel S., Léa C. L. Souza, and José F. G. Mendes. "Enhancing 3DSkyView Extension Performance." In Recent Advances in Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning, 325–40. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2409-6_21.

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Baioletti, Marco, Stefano Marcugini, and Alfredo Milani. "An extension of SATPLAN for planning with constraints." In Artificial Intelligence: Methodology, Systems, and Applications, 39–49. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0057433.

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Schweiger, Jonas. "Gas Network Extension Planning for Multiple Demand Scenarios." In Operations Research Proceedings, 539–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28697-6_75.

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Reilly, James. "The New Jersey (USA) Growth Allocation Model: Development, Evaluation and Extension." In Planning Support Systems in Practice, 373–89. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24795-1_20.

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Geddes, Patrick, and Ray Bromley. "Planning of Extension of Cotton Mill Area, as New Industrial Town (Naya Indore)." In Town Planning towards City Development, 32–39. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2017. | Series: Studies in: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315761961-6.

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Coutts, A. W. P., and H. R. Davies. "Planning and design of tunnels for the Jubilee Line extension, London." In Tunnelling’ 94, 53–67. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2646-9_4.

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Bauch, Enrico, and Christof Lempp. "Rock Splitting in the Surrounds of Underground Openings: An Experimental Approach Using Triaxial Extension Tests." In Engineering Geology for Infrastructure Planning in Europe, 244–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-39918-6_29.

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Conference papers on the topic "Extension planning"

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"MORE EXPRESSIVE PLANNING GRAPH EXTENSION." In 4th International Conference on Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics. SciTePress - Science and and Technology Publications, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0001618704240427.

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Gruber, I., and Hui Li. "A novel ad hoc routing algorithm for cellular coverage extension." In 11th International Telecommunications Network Strategy and Planning Symposium. IEEE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/netwks.2004.240849.

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Gonçalves, G. A., J. O. Portugal, and T. L. Farias. "CUTE Hydrogen Bus Project: Findings and Extension to Hyfleet." In Transportation Land Use, Planning, and Air Quality Congress 2007. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40960(320)16.

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Gibbs, Jason D., and William E. Higgins. "3D path planning and extension for endoscopic guidance." In Medical Imaging, edited by Kevin R. Cleary and Michael I. Miga. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.708513.

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Cugini, F., N. Andriolli, and P. Castoldi. "A novel OSPF extension including node architectural constraints for GMPLS networks." In 11th International Telecommunications Network Strategy and Planning Symposium. IEEE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/netwks.2004.241026.

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Kobayashi, Yuichi, and Shigeyuki Hosoe. "Planning-space shift learning: Variable-space motion planning toward flexible extension of body schema." In 2009 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iros.2009.5354266.

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Yamada, T. "Mobile multimedia metropolitan area network; an office LAN extension to the 4G mobile network." In 11th International Telecommunications Network Strategy and Planning Symposium. IEEE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/netwks.2004.240802.

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Bellone, Mauro, and Jafar Qutteineh. "Extension of trajectory planning in parameterized spaces to articulated vehicles." In 2017 22nd IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/etfa.2017.8247633.

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Ji, Shanshan, and Lianhe Yang. "An Extension of Dynamic Programming Algorithm in Robotic Path Planning." In 2012 International Conference on Computer Science and Service System (CSSS). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csss.2012.427.

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Funabiki, Nobuo, Yukiko Matsushima, Toru Nakanishi, and Kan Watanabe. "An extension of menu planning algorithm for two-phase homemade cooking." In 2013 IEEE 2nd Global Conference on Consumer Electronics (GCCE). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gcce.2013.6664853.

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Reports on the topic "Extension planning"

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Aston, T. R. C., P. Cain, G. A. Haslett, and A. W. Stokes. CBCRL response to Lingan Colliery extension planning by Montan consulting GmbH, Thyssen International Mining Engineers INC., Stone & Webster Canada Limited. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/304928.

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Reinhardt, Elizabeth. Fuels planning: science synthesis and integration; environmental consequences fact sheet 09: Fire and Fuels Extension to the Forest Vegetation Simulator (FFE-FVS). Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-rn-23-v9.

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Temple, Dorota S., Jason S. Polly, Meghan Hegarty-Craver, James I. Rineer, Daniel Lapidus, Kemen Austin, Katherine P. Woodward, and Robert H. Beach III. The View From Above: Satellites Inform Decision-Making for Food Security. RTI Press, August 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2019.rb.0021.1908.

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Despite notable progress in reducing global poverty and hunger in recent decades, about one out of nine people in the world suffers from hunger and malnutrition. Stakeholders charged with making decisions pertaining to agricultural production, development priorities, and policies at a region-to-country scale require quantitative and up-to-date information on the types of crops being cultivated, the acreage under cultivation, and crop yields. However, many low- and middle-income countries lack the infrastructure and resources for frequent and extensive agricultural field surveys to obtain this information. Technology supports a change of paradigm. Traditional methods of obtaining agricultural information through field surveys are increasingly being augmented by images of the Earth acquired through sensors placed on satellites. The continued improvement in the resolution of satellite images, the establishment of open-access infrastructure for processing of the images, and the recent revolutionary progress in artificial intelligence make it feasible to obtain the information at low cost and in near-to-real time. In this brief, we discuss the use of satellite images to provide information about agricultural production in low-income countries, and we comment on research challenges and opportunities. We highlight the near-term potential of the methodology in the context of Rwanda, a country in sub-Saharan Africa whose government has recognized early the value of information technology in its strategic planning for food security and sustainability.
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Idris, Iffat. Increasing Birth Registration for Children of Marginalised Groups in Pakistan. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.102.

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This review looks at approaches to promote birth registration among marginalised groups, in order to inform programming in Pakistan. It draws on a mixture of academic and grey literature, in particular reports by international development organizations. While there is extensive literature on rates of birth registration and the barriers to this, and consensus on approaches to promote registration, the review found less evidence of measures specifically aimed at marginalised groups. Gender issues are addressed to some extent, particularly in understanding barriers to registration, but the literature was largely disability-blind. The literature notes that birth registration is considered as a fundamental human right, allowing access to services such as healthcare and education; it is the basis for obtaining other identity documents, e.g. driving licenses and passports; it protects children, e.g. from child marriage; and it enables production of vital statistics to support government planning and resource allocation. Registration rates are generally lower than average for vulnerable children, e.g. from minority groups, migrants, refugees, children with disabilities. Discriminatory policies against minorities, restrictions on movement, lack of resources, and lack of trust in government are among the ‘additional’ barriers affecting the most marginalised. Women, especially unmarried women, also face greater challenges in getting births registered. General approaches to promoting birth registration include legal and policy reform, awareness-raising activities, capacity building of registration offices, integration of birth registration with health services/education/social safety nets, and the use of digital technology to increase efficiency and accessibility.
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