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1
Ernst, Richard. Dictionary of engineering and technology: With extensive treatment of the most modern techniques and processes. 5th ed. Wiesbaden: Brandstetter, 1989.
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Ernst, Richard. Comprehensive dictionary of engineering and technology: With extensive treatment of the most modern techniques and processes. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
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Ernst, Richard. Comprehensive dictionary of engineering and technology: With extensive treatment of the most modern techniques and processes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
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Igor', Alekseevich, Alekseevna Mariya, Viktorovna Elena, and Aleksandrovna Vera. Social transformations in the Russian labor market: informal employment. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1209845.
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This monograph is devoted to the problems of social transformations in modern Russian society, which cover the labor market, forming an extensive socio-professional group of self-employed people with physical and mental labor. The self-employed in the shadow market transform the social structure, forming a specific class, which is characterized by its own original class culture, class norms of behavior, values, and lifestyle. The class character of this professional group marks archaic trends in stratification in the modern Russian Federation and can serve as the basis for the revival of the old traditional urban class — philistinism — in Russia.
It is intended for bachelors, masters, postgraduates studying in the areas of "Management", "Sociology", "Economics", "State and Municipal Management", "Personnel Management", as well as for a wide range of readers interested in social transformations in the modern world, social processes of archaization, the formation of class structures and social processes in informal employment markets.
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Young-woo, Han. A Unique Banchado. GB Folkestone: Amsterdam University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9781898823490.
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Fully illustrated in colour, here is the first introduction in English to one of Korea’s outstanding cultural assets – the banchado (‘painting of the order of guests at a royal event’) – relating to all those taking part (1800 people) in the eight-day royal procession to Hwaseong (Gyeonggi Province) organized by King Jeongjo in 1795 for the dual purpose of visiting his father’s tomb and celebrating his mother’s sixtieth birthday. The banchado is a fine example of the meticulous record-keeping of the period (known as uigwe – the subject-matter of this book being known as the Wonhaeng eulmyo jeongni uigwe) and the skills of the court artists at that time. In addition to the banchado illustrations, the Wonhaeng eulmyo jeongni uigwe contains extensive lists of all the participants in the procession, details of the workers and technicians involved, including their duties and wages. It even includes the different foods offered at meal-times, the quantity of ingredients and the costs. The author provides a full analysis of the context, planning, execution and significance of the event.
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Sherwood, Dennis, and Paul Dalby. Ideal gas processes – and two ideal gas case studies too. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782957.003.0007.
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This chapter brings together, and builds on, the results from previous chapters to provide a succinct, and comprehensive, summary of all key relationships relating to ideal gases, including the heat and work associated with isothermal, adiabatic, isochoric and isobaric changes, and the properties of an ideal gas’s heat capacities at constant volume and constant pressure. The chapter also has two ‘case studies’ which use the ideal gas equations in broader, and more real, contexts, so showing how the equations can be used to tackle, successfully, more extensive systems. The first ‘case study’ is the Carnot cycle, and so covers all the fundamentals required for the proof of the existence of entropy as a state function; the second ‘case study’ is the ‘thermodynamic pendulum’ – a system in which a piston in an enclosed cylinder oscillates to and fro like a pendulum under gravity, in both the absence, and presence, of friction.
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Nugroho, Kharisma, Fred Carden, and Hans Antlov. Local Knowledge Matters. Policy Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447348078.001.0001.
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Available Open Access under CC-BY-NC licence. This book explores the critical role that local knowledge plays in public policy processes as well as its role in the co-production of policy relevant knowledge with the scientific and professional communities. The authors consider the mechanisms used by local organisations and the constraints and opportunities they face, exploring what the knowledge-to-policy process means, who is involved and how different communities can engage in the policy process. Ten diverse case studies are used from around Indonesia, addressing issues such as forest management, water resources, maritime resource management and financial services. By making extensive use of quotes from the field, the book allows the reader to ‘hear’ the perspectives and beliefs of community members around local knowledge and its effects on individual and community life.
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Coolen, A. C. C., A. Annibale, and E. S. Roberts. Network growth algorithms. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198709893.003.0008.
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Growth processes are a fundamentally different approach compared to probability-driven exponential models covered in earlier chapters. This chapter studies how growth rules can be designed to mimic processes observed in the real world, and how the process can be mathematically analyzed in order to obtain information about the likely topological properties of the resulting networks. The configuration (stub joining) model is described, including a careful discussion of how bias can be introduced if backtracking is used instead of restarting if stubs join to form a self or double link. The second class of models looked at is preferential attachment. The simplest variants of this are analyzed with a master equation approach, in order to introduce this technique as a way of obtaining analytical information about the expected properties of the generated graphs. Extensive references are provided to the numerous variants and extensions of both of these models.
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Stahl, Ann Brower. Material Histories. Edited by Dan Hicks and Mary C. Beaudry. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199218714.013.0005.
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The term ‘material culture’ is often used by archaeologists as a non-specific way to refer to the artifacts or other concrete things left by past cultures. An archaeologist thus can be described as a person who studies the material culture of a past society. This article focuses on the idea of material histories. This idea as explored in this article has a dual sense. First, it underscores the ways in which material culture was bound up in how history as socio-historical process was lived, thus revealing how its study can provide insights into past practices and processes. Secondly, it reminds us that historical accounts — our insights into socio-historical processes — are material to the present, thus underscoring the need to consider how those accounts are shaped by and simultaneously shape contemporary perceptions and practices. An extensive analysis of material moments and material histories in the present time winds up this article.
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Lee, Maggy, Mark Johnson, and Michael McCahill. Race, Gender, and Surveillance of Migrant Domestic Workers in Asia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814887.003.0002.
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This chapter provides a transnational analysis of the ways in which migrant workers are placed at the sharp end of migration control based on gendered and racialized notions of domestic labour. Migrant women from the Philippines to Hong Kong and Saudi Arabia are routinely subjected to an extensive and diffuse process of surveillance and social sorting beyond the geographic border and criminal justice system. In their country of origin, women’s mobilities are conditioned by their willingness to produce a documented identity as good women and disciplined workers. In their countries of destination, they are subjected to a range of state and non-state monitoring processes that seek to racially assign and keep different sorts of migrant women in their place as foreign residents and disposable workers. Ultimately, differential inclusion remains underpinned by a criminal justice system that can bear down heavily on migrants through the threat of criminalization, detention, and deportation.
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Bonet, Rocio, and Monika Hamori. Talent Intermediaries in Talent Acquisition. Edited by David G. Collings, Kamel Mellahi, and Wayne F. Cascio. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198758273.013.4.
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Talent intermediaries are entities that stand between the individual worker and the organization that needs work done. They include online intermediaries such as job boards or social networking sites, and search and placement firms such as executive search firms and temporary-help service firms. Talent intermediaries have an increasingly important role in the contemporary employment landscape: they influence not only how and which individuals are matched to organizations but also how tasks are performed or conflicts are resolved once talent is hired by the organization. This chapter reviews the already extensive literature on talent intermediaries, focusing on their role in the identification, assessment, and hiring of talent. The chapter shows the advantages that talent intermediaries present to the talent-acquisition process compared with hiring organizations and the ways in which their intermediation changes traditional talent-acquisition processes that involved only two parties: the job seeker and the hiring organization.
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Price, Chane, Zahid Huq, Eellan Sivanesan, and Constantine Sarantopoulos. Pain Pathways and Pain Physiology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457006.003.0001.
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Pain is a multidimensional sensory experience that is mediated by complex peripheral and central neuroanatomical pathways and mechanisms. Typically, noxious stimuli activate specific peripheral nerve terminals onto Aδ and C nerve fibers that convey pain and generate signals that are relayed and processed in the spinal cord and then conveyed via the spinothalamic tracts to the contralateral thalamus and from there to the brain. Acute pain is self-limited and resolves with the healing process, but conditions of extensive injury or inflammation sensitize the pain pathways and generate aberrant, augmented responses. Peripheral and central sensitization of neurons (as a result of spatially and temporally excessive inflammation or intense afferent signal traffic) may result in hyperexcitability and chronicity of pain, with spontaneous pain and abnormal evoked responses to stimuli (allodynia, hyperalgesia). Finally, neuropathic pain follows injury or disease to nerves as a result of hyperexcitability augmented by various sensitizing mechanisms.
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Gallagher, Shaun. Enactivist Interventions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794325.001.0001.
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Enactivist Interventions explores central issues in the contemporary debates about embodied cognition, addressing interdisciplinary questions about intentionality, representation, affordances, the role of affect, and the problems of perception and cognitive penetration, action and free will, higher-order cognition, and intersubjectivity. It argues for a rethinking of the concept of mind, drawing on pragmatism, phenomenology, and cognitive science. It interprets enactivism as a philosophy of nature that has significant methodological and theoretical implications for the scientific investigation of the mind. Enactivist Interventions argues that, like the basic phenomena of perception and action, sophisticated cognitive phenomena like reflection, imagining, and mathematical reasoning are best explained in terms of an affordance-based skilled coping. It thus argues for a continuity that runs between basic action, affectivity, and a rationality that in every case remains embodied. It also discusses recent predictive models of brain function and outlines an alternative, enactivist interpretation that emphasizes the close coupling of brain, body, and environment rather than a strong boundary that isolates the brain in its internal processes. The extensive relational dynamics that integrates the brain with the extra-neural body opens into an environment that is physical, social, and cultural and that recycles back into the enactive process. Cognitive processes are in the world, situated in affordance spaces defined across evolutionary, developmental, and individual histories, and are constrained by affective processes and normative dimensions of social and cultural practices.
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Bruno, Michael A. Error and Uncertainty in Diagnostic Radiology. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190665395.001.0001.
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Diagnostic radiology is a medical specialty that is primarily devoted to the diagnostic process, centered on the interpretation of medical images. This book reviews the high level of uncertainty inherent to radiological interpretation and the overlap that exists between the uncertainty of the process and what might be considered “error.” There is also a great deal of variability inherent in the physical and technological aspects of the imaging process itself. The information in diagnostic images is subtly encoded, with a broad range of “normal” that usually overlaps the even broader range of “abnormal.” Image interpretation thus blends technology, medical science, and human intuition. To develop their skillset, radiologists train intensively for years, and most develop a remarkable level of expertise. But radiology itself remains a fallible human endeavor, one involving complex neurophysiological and cognitive processes employed under a range of conditions and generally performed under time pressure. This book highlights the human experience of error. A taxonomy of error is presented, along with a theoretical classification of error types based on the underlying causes and an extensive discussion of potential error-reduction strategies. The relevant perceptual science, cognitive science, and imaging science are reviewed. A chapter addresses the issue of accountability for error, including peer review, regulatory oversight/accreditation, and malpractice litigation. The potential impact of artificial intelligence, including the use of machine learning and deep-learning algorithms, to reduce human error and improve radiologists’ efficiency is also explored.
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Robert F, Williams. Part V State Constitutional Amendment and Revision, 14 Judicial Involvement in State Constitutional Amendment and Revision. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195343083.003.0014.
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This chapter discusses the extensive judicial involvement in litigation considering the substance and procedure of state constitutional amendment and revision. Some processes of state constitutional change can only be utilized, for example, to amend the state constitution but not to revise it. This is generally true for the initiative. Litigation therefore arises over whether an initiated change is a valid amendment or an invalid revision. Also, state constitutions contain a number of procedural requirements and limitations on the processes for their change, such as single-subject and separate-vote requirements. These procedural restrictions are enforced by the courts through litigation. This level of judicial involvement in the processes of state constitutional change is unlike that at the federal level, for change does not occur very often and challenges to the federal processes of change are generally viewed as non-justiciable political questions.
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Graham, Helen, and Jo Vergunst, eds. Heritage as Community Research. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447345299.001.0001.
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This book explores the nature of contemporary heritage research involving university and community partners. Putting forward a new view of heritage as a process of research and involvement with the past, undertaken with or by the communities for whom it is relevant, the book uses a diverse range of case studies, with many chapters co-written between academics and community partners. Through this extensive work, the book shows that the process of research itself can be an empowering force by which communities stake a claim in the places they live.
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Jordahl, Henrik, and Mårten Blix. Privatizing Welfare Services. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867210.001.0001.
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The Swedish welfare state is known for providing extensive services to its citizens. Much less well known is that a fair amount of the services are delivered by private for-profit firms. The first steps of privatization were taken in the mid-1980s for childcare services at the municipal level, and the government often found itself scrambling to introduce regulation afterwards. Other sectors were subsequently privatized, most notably through an extensive voucher scheme to provide choice in compulsory and upper-secondary education. A key question throughout this process has been how to maintain the Swedish egalitarian ethos while undergoing extensive privatization. How has the country managed to reap the benefits from market forces without endangering equitable outcomes? The Swedish system is no middle road between socialism and capitalism. Instead, it is more akin to a large-scale laboratory for institutional design with lessons that should be of broad relevance to other countries aiming to get high-quality welfare services while containing costs. Focusing on what others can learn from Sweden, the book makes accessible original research on schools, health care, and elderly care. The privatization of service production has occurred despite major political controversy between two competing visions for the welfare state. Successful experiments have spread organically to neighbouring municipalities. What was done well in this process and what were the mistakes? The book addresses the fundamental economic challenges, the trends of the future, and the implications for institutional design
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Thurner, Stefan, Rudolf Hanel, and Peter Klimekl. Statistical Mechanics and Information Theory for Complex Systems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821939.003.0006.
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Most complex systems are statistical systems. Statsitical mechanics and information theory usually do not apply to complex systems because the latter break the assumptions of ergodicity, independence, and multinomial statistics. We show that it is possible to generalize the frameworks of statistical mechanics and information theory in a meaningful way, such that they become useful for understanding the statistics of complex systems.We clarify that the notion of entropy for complex systems is strongly dependent on the context where it is used, and differs if it is used as an extensive quantity, a measure of information, or as a tool for statistical inference. We show this explicitly for simple path-dependent complex processes such as Polya urn processes, and sample space reducing processes.We also show it is possible to generalize the maximum entropy principle to path-dependent processes and how this can be used to compute timedependent distribution functions of history dependent processes.
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Isa, Muhammad. Vulkanologi. Syiah Kuala University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.52574/syiahkualauniversitypress.194.
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This book discusses about volcanoes. It provides extensive information on the formation process, magma activity, and type of volcanoes. It also presents the impact of volcanic eruption and its mitigation effort. Then it describes the process of a volcanic eruption, which are before, during, and after it occurs. It is hoped that readers will be able to explore the knowledge inside the book in order to reduce the impact of volcanic activity. This book may become one of references on a disaster course. This book is written well as such it is very easy to understand.
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Bettinger, Torsten, and Allegra Waddell, eds. Domain Name Law And Practice. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199663163.001.0001.
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An established authority in the field, this work provides comprehensive analysis of the law and practice relating to internet domain names at an international level, combined with a detailed survey of the 36 most important domain name jurisdictions worldwide, including the US, UK, Germany, France, Italy, Netherlands, Japan, China, Singapore, Russia, Canada, and Australia, and new chapters on Israel, Mexico, South Korea, Brazil, Colombia, Portugal, and South Africa. The survey includes extensive country-by-country analysis of how domain names relate to existing trade mark law, and upon the developing case law in the field, as well as the alternative dispute resolution procedures. In its second edition, this work analyses, in depth, key developments in the field including ICANN's new gTLD program. The program, introducing more than 700 new top-level domains, will have far-reaching consequences for brand name industries worldwide and for usage of the internet. The complicated application process is considered in detail as well as filing and review procedures, the delegation process, the role and function of the Trademark Clearing House and the Sunrise and Trademark Claims Services, dispute resolution, and new rights protection mechanisms. Other developments covered include new registration processes such as the use of privacy and proxy services, as well as the expansion of the scope of internationalized domain names, including the addition of a number of generic top-level domains such as “.tel” and “.travel”. Also considered are developments relating to the Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP) in terms of the nature of cases seen under the Policy and the number of cases filed, as well as the recent paperless e-UDRP initiative. The Uniform Rapid Suspension System, working alongside the UDRP in the new gTLD space, is also discussed in a new chapter on this process. Giving detailed information about the registration of domain names at national, regional and international levels, analysis of the dispute resolution processes at each of those levels, and strategic guidance on how to manage domain names as part of an overall brand strategy, this leading work in international domain name law is essential reading for practitioners in the field.
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Herrington, William G., Aron Chakera, and Christopher A. O’Callaghan. Interstitial renal disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0160.
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Tubulointerstitial renal diseases affect the renal tubules and/or the supporting interstitial tissue around them. The glomeruli are typically spared in early disease. Acute interstitial nephritis is characterized by an inflammatory infiltrate (often containing eosinophils). Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) is characterized by extensive tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis. The processes are clinically distinct but a prolonged acute interstitial nephritis will develop into chronic disease. This chapter looks at the etiology of interstitial renal disease, as well as its symptoms and clinical features, demographics, complications, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Shaffer, Gregory, Manfred Elsig, and Sergio Puig. The World Trade Organization’s Dispute Settlement Body. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795582.003.0013.
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This chapter discusses how the authority of the Appellate Body (AB) of the World Trade Organization (WTO) rapidly became extensive. It nonetheless remains fragile given geopolitical shifts that have helped catalyze the rise of neo-nationalist trade politics in the United States. The establishment of extensive AB authority represented a legalization leap in which international dispute settlement moved from limited narrow authority under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) to significantly more expansive authority. However, the WTO is an interstate dispute settlement system, so private parties have no direct access to the AB. The AB thus confronts state pressure and at times shapes its decisions to facilitate WTO Member compliance with them. The AB’s authority appears threatened by the US refusal to approve the launching of the selection process to replace retiring AB members. The United States is reacting, in particular, to AB rulings against US import relief practices.
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Ludwig, J., D. Tongway, K. Hodgkinson, D. Freudenberger, and J. Noble. Landscape Ecology, Function and Management. CSIRO Publishing, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643101159.
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This book encapsulates the extensive knowledge developed by CSIRO's National Rangelands Program on how rangeland landscapes function and the implications for management. It looks at the ecology of rangeland landscape processes and deals with what happens when things go wrong, when a landscape loses its ability to efficiently capture and store water and nutrients - a state the authors call dysfunctional.Ways of managing rangelands in response to understanding landscape function are also considered. The concluding Section looks to the future providing some scenarios for the way rangeland landscapes may be used in 2020.
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Mokal, Riz, Ronald Davis, Alberto Mazzoni, Irit Mevorach, Madam Justice Barbara Romaine, Janis Sarra, Ignacio Tirado, and Stephan Madaus. Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprise Insolvency. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799931.001.0001.
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This volume examines the current resolution process for distressed micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), and proposes a different, more appropriate, ‘modular’ approach to the treatment of such entities when faced with insolvency proceedings. MSMEs play a vital role in virtually all global economies. They are a primary means of employment and the vehicle by which entrepreneurs bring new business propositions to the market and deliver a range of products and services to local economies. MSMEs tend to be more reliant than larger businesses on favourable legal and regulatory climates in order to survive and thrive. Yet in assuming an extensive insolvency estate of significant worth, the presence of creditors and other concerned stakeholders to participate in and oversee the process, and the extensive involvement of courts and insolvency and legal professionals, insolvency regimes are often more tailored to the circumstances of larger businesses. These assumptions and features generally sit incongruously with the reality of MSMEs, whose estates characteristically have modest value and many of whose stakeholders tend to be disinterested in the MSME’s insolvency process. The Modular Approach developed in this text addresses the imbalances, inconsistencies, and lack of supervision which are often apparent in the treatment of insolvent MSMEs. The volume provides an overview of existing approaches to MSME insolvency, the place of MSMEs in the global economy, and the particular needs of MSMEs in financial distress. It then sets out the procedural framework, policy objectives, and key components of the Modular Approach, detailing how a choice of modules enables national policymakers a more flexible process for resolution. The volume outlines the roles, positions, and obligations of key stakeholder groups, and explains the managerial, administrative, and judicial functions of this approach. Finally, it explains how elements of the broader legal system should be aligned with, and supportive of, the optimal functioning of the Modular Approach.
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Givón, Tom. Is Polysynthesis a Valid Theoretical Notion? Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.22.
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While Ute (Numic, Uto-Aztecan) currently has “free” word-order, most of its morphology conforms to a historical OV syntax, with postpositions pronouns, pre-nominal genitive modifiers, and predominantly suffixal verbal morphology,with most exceptions to the latter easily attributed to pre-verbal incorporation of object, instrument, adjective, or adverb stems. Ute also displays an extensive array of complex verbal stems, most commonly two-verb combinations. Of the two combined verbal stems, the second usually loses its original valence, exhibits semantic bleaching, and otherwise bears the traditional marks of grammaticalization. While the process of complex-verb creation is extensive, long-standing, and still ongoing, its diachrony is far from clear. This chapter describes Ute complex verbs, then reviews the potential candidates for the diachronic source-constructions that gave rise to these complex lexemes. While an unambiguous identification of “the” source-construction is not yet possible, the phenomenon as a whole represents a clear trend from syntax to lexis.
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Jenset, Gard B., and Barbara McGillivray. (Re)using resources for historical languages. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198718178.003.0005.
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Chapter 5 covers the topic of language resources in historical linguistics. It explains the relationship between historical corpora and language resources in a data-driven framework, and refers to valency lexicons as an example. The chapter also points to resources external to the linguistics community, and shows how these can enrich the research process in historical linguistics. We explain the basic concepts of linked data, and argue for a more extensive linking of linguistic resources with other types of resources, including gazetteers and prosopographical data. We provide a worked example from the LexInfo ontology.
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Castillo, Daniel. Creating a Market Bureaucracy: The Case of a Railway Market. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815761.003.0003.
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The EU expects European governments to abolish their old state railway monopolies and establish a market, with private companies competing for customers. We analyse the long process through which the Swedish state constructed a market for railway traffic in Sweden, by shaping such market elements as market actors; supply and demand; and the process of exchange, competition, and products. We identify extensive attempts at constructing and shaping market actors and organizing markets connected to the train transport market, such as the markets for maintenance and vehicles. The resulting market is similar to an elaborate bureaucracy, with a great number of organizational elements in the form of rules, hierarchy, membership, monitoring, and sanctions, in which the degree of organization is probably greater than in the former state monopoly firm.
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Potts, Charlotte R. Religious Architecture in Latium and Etruria, c. 900-500 BC. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198722076.001.0001.
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Religious Architecture in Latium and Etruria, c. 900-500 BC presents the first comprehensive treatment of cult buildings in western central Italy from the Iron Age to the Archaic Period. By analysing the archaeological evidence for the form of early religious buildings and their role in ancient communities, it reconstructs a detailed history of early Latial and Etruscan religious architecture that brings together the buildings and the people who used them. The first part of the study examines the processes by which religious buildings changed from huts and shrines to monumental temples, and explores apparent differences between these processes in Latium and Etruria. The second part analyses the broader architectural, religious, and topographical contexts of the first Etrusco-Italic temples alongside possible rationales for their introduction. The result is a new and extensive account of when, where, and why monumental cult buildings became features of early central Italic society.
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Schembri, Adam, and Trevor Johnston. Sociolinguistic Variation and Change in Sign Languages. Edited by Robert Bayley, Richard Cameron, and Ceil Lucas. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199744084.013.0025.
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This chapter describes sociolinguistic variation and change in sign languages, the natural language of deaf communities. Factors that drive sociolinguistic variation and change in both spoken- and signed-language communities are broadly similar. Social factors include, for example, a signer’s age group, region of origin, gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Linguistic factors include phonological processes such as assimilation and reduction, and grammaticalization. Deaf signing communities are invariably minority communities embedded within larger majority communities whose languages are in another entirely different modality, and which may have written systems and extensive written literatures, unlike sign languages. The chapter exemplifies sociolinguistic variation in signed languages at the levels of phonology, lexicon, and grammar.
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Hämeenniemi, Eero. ‘Every town our home town’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199352227.003.0010.
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I am a Finnish classically trained composer who has extensive experience of working with musicians from diverse backgrounds. In this chapter I examine some of the possibilities and challenges that arise in this kind of work. The discussion focuses on composing for a symphony orchestra and incorporating musical ideas from my exploration of Carnatic classical music. The discussion is illustrated with reference to the compositional processes for a specific musical project: Yaadum uuree (‘Every town our home town’). This work featured the singer Bombay Jayashri Ramnath, one of the leading Carnatic performers, and it was premiered in a concert given by the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra in 2013.
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Senay, Banu. Musical Ethics and Islam. University of Illinois Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043024.001.0001.
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At the heart of this study is a musical practice that occupies a significant place in the contemporary public soundscape of Turkey: the art of playing the ney. Intimately connected with Sufism in both the Ottoman Empire and, for better or worse, in modern secular Turkey, the ney has been a popular instrument throughout the Middle East and North Africa. After enduring a checkered social life during the Turkish Republic’s modernizing reforms, today in a more Islam-friendly socio-political environment the ney is flourishing. Based on extensive field research in Istanbul and an apprentice-style method of inquiry, the book documents the lifetime of preparation required to become an expert player of the ney (neyzen). It examines in particular the transformative power of this Islamic art pedagogy to cultivate new artistic and ethical perceptions in learners. Crafting oneself as a neyzen transcends ‘mere’ musical technique in profound ways, as it also involves developing a certain way of living. Exploring firsthand the practical process of musical teaching and learning, together with their ethical scaffolding, the book has theoretical implications for scholars studying many other forms of apprentice-style learning. It also helps redress the underdeveloped understandings and often-polemical claims made in both the media and by Islamophobic discourse concerning processes by which Muslims develop a religious and moral sense.
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Marinari, Angela. Restorative Justice for Survivors of Sexual Abuse. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447357933.001.0001.
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This book explores survivors’ experiences of sexual abuse, and their reflections on the sense of justice they feel, in order to inform the design of a programme of restorative justice services. By asking – does it have to be with the abuser? - this empirical research examines whether survivors of sexual abuse may wish to have a restorative justice process with those who cause them harm, other than their abusers – that is, with those who enable their abuse or the impact of it. This is an interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA), and extensive quotes from survivors are presented within the text. Three theoretical insights are reported: the complex, triangulated relationships of sexual abuse; the need for the act and the impact of abuse to be recognised and validated by others; and the role of narrative in survivors’ journey towards justice and healing, and how these are strengthened or challenged through the cycle of narrative development. Through an analytical commentary, these insights show how restorative justice processes with enablers of abuse may benefit survivors, as well as providing general information about sexual abuse, and combine to present the pyramid programme of restorative justice for survivors of sexual abuse. Best practice guidelines for the implementation of the programme are included. The book concludes by exploring what these radical propositions may mean for survivors, practitioners, and academics.
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Tandy, David. In Hesiod’s World. Edited by Alexander C. Loney and Stephen Scully. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190209032.013.34.
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A close analysis of Hesiod’s scheme of production indicates that he is pursuing “extensive surplus-generating agriculture.” Thus, Hesiod is indistinguishable on a rhythmic agricultural basis from the basilēes of the Homeric epics and of his own poems. Hesiod manages the labor of slaves and other dependent workers, and his interests are in opposition to those who provide labor and value to the production process. A second divide is discernible between the polis and its basilēes on the one side and on the other all those out in Ascra who are subject to both a market disadvantage and a judicial process that is being expanded by the urban basilēes. These simultaneous divisions contribute to the ambiguous picture of Hesiod as both large landowner/exploiter and peasant/exploited. Sympotic adaptations of Works and Days meant that ancient reception of the poem seems to have been restricted to the first picture only.
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Russell, Meg, and Daniel Gover. The Role of Outside Pressure Groups. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753827.003.0007.
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This chapter explores the role of outside pressure groups in the Westminster legislative process. Pressure groups include charities, NGOs, companies, professional organizations, and various other groups which seek to influence policy. It is often assumed that such groups focus their attention primarily on the government, not parliament, but this chapter finds their role in the legislative process to be extensive and more important than some previous literature suggests. The chapter considers the various ways in which pressure groups can use Westminster to exert influence, including through relatively new routes such as select committees, public bill committees, and a more assertive House of Lords. It reviews the contributions of pressure groups to the forms of influence explored in other chapters, including informing debate, promoting amendments, and ‘anticipated reactions’. It also emphasizes that parliament can be important for ‘counteractive lobbying’, to protect gains made by groups at earlier stages.
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Eagle, Antony. Probability and Randomness. Edited by Alan Hájek and Christopher Hitchcock. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199607617.013.22.
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Early work on the frequency theory of probability made extensive use of the notion of randomness, conceived of as a property possessed by disorderly collections of outcomes. Growing out of this work, a rich mathematical literature on algorithmic randomness and Kolmogorov complexity developed through the twentieth century, but largely lost contact with the philosophical literature on physical probability. The present chapter begins with a clarification of the notions of randomness and probability, conceiving of the former as a property of a sequence of outcomes, and the latter as a property of the process generating those outcomes. A discussion follows of the nature and limits of the relationship between the two notions, with largely negative verdicts on the prospects for any reduction of one to the other, although the existence of an apparently random sequence of outcomes is good evidence for the involvement of a genuinely chancy process.
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Reilly, Jamie, and Nadine Martin. Semantic Processing in Transcortical Sensory Aphasia. Edited by Anastasia M. Raymer and Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199772391.013.6.
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Transcortical sensory aphasia (TCSA) has historically been regarded as a disconnection syndrome characterized by impaired access between words and otherwise intact core object knowledge. Yet, an extensive body of research has also demonstrated a range of associated nonverbal semantic deficits in TCSA, suggestive of a multimodal semantic impairment that transcends representational modality (i.e., language). Here we delineate the semantic impairment incurred in TCSA within a neurologically constrained model of semantic memory premised upon dynamic interactivity between stored knowledge (e.g., semantic features) and integrative processes that serve to bind this knowledge into cohesive object representations. We discuss practical implications for clinical aphasiology and outline considerations for the broader fields of cognitive neuropsychology and neurolinguistics.
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Pearce, Ruth. Understanding Trans Health. Policy Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447342335.001.0001.
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What does it mean for someone to be ‘trans’? What are the implications of this for healthcare provision? Drawing on the findings of an extensive research project, this book addresses urgent challenges and debates in trans health. It interweaves patient voices with social theory and autobiography, offering an innovative look at how shifting language, patient mistrust, waiting lists and professional power shape clinical encounters, and exploring what a better future might look like for trans patients. These book aims to uncover how trans identities and experiences, along with conceptualisations of trans health, are understood in multiple contexts. The purpose is to grasp the social processes at play in encounters where trans patients feel marginalised, misunderstood, and/or discriminated against.
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Shaibani, Aziz. Gait Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199898152.003.0001.
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Gait is a complicated process that is initiated and maintained by different mechanisms, neurological including neuromuscular, and non-neurological including musculoskeletal. Neuromuscular clinics receive referrals about patients who may have non-neuromuscular disorders such as Parkinsondisease, focal foot dystonia, and multiple sclerosis. It is important for a neuromuscular specialist to be aware of other gait disorders. Important neuromuscular disorders of gait include neuropathies (foot drop, sensory ataxia), myopathies, muscle stiffness and spasms, myotonia, and motor neuron disease. Functional gait disorder comprises a significant entity that may lead to extensive non-necessary investigations that can be saved if the specialist is aware of these symptoms.
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McAleavey, Andrew A., Henry Xiao, Samantha L. Bernecker, Hannah Brunet, Nicholas R. Morrison, Mickey Stein, Soo Jeong Youn, Louis G. Castonguay, Michael J. Constantino, and Larry E. Beutler. An Updated List of Principles of Change That Work. Edited by Louis G. Castonguay, Michael J. Constantino, and Larry E. Beutler. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780199324729.003.0002.
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This chapter presents a list of empirically based principles of therapeutic change that was revised from the one published in this book’s previous volume. The chapter describes the ways in which the original list was modified, and how an extensive review of scientific literature led to the identification of 38 principles clustered into 5 categories: client prognostic principles, treatment/provider moderating principles, client process principles, therapy relationship principles, and therapist intervention principles. This chapter concludes with two appendices. The first is a glossary of terms featured in the list of principles. The second is a list of references that provided empirical support for each principle retained in the list.
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Shaibani, Aziz. Gait Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190661304.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Gait is a complicated process that is initiated and maintained by different mechanisms, both neurological (including neuromuscular) and nonneurological (including musculoskeletal). Neuromuscular clinics receive referrals about patients who may have nonneuromuscular disorders such as Parkinson disease, focal foot dystonia, and multiple sclerosis (MS). It is important for neuromuscular specialists to be aware of other gait disorders as well. Important neuromuscular disorders of gait include neuropathies (foot drop, sensory ataxia), myopathies, muscle stiffness and spasms, myotonia, and motor neuron disease. Functional gait disorder comprises a significant entity that may lead to extensive, unnecessary investigations that can be saved if the specialist is aware of the characteristic features of these symptoms.
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Goldin, Ian. Development: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198736257.001.0001.
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What do we mean by development? How can citizens, governments, and the international community foster development? The process by which nations escape poverty and achieve economic and social progress has been the subject of extensive examination for hundreds of years. The notion of development itself has evolved from an original preoccupation with incomes and economic growth to a much broader understanding of development. Development: A Very Short Introduction considers the contributions that education, health, gender, equity, and other dimensions of human well-being make to development, and discusses why it is also necessary to include the role of institutions and the rule of law as well as sustainability and environmental concerns.
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Storrs, Christopher. Military Engineers, Maps and the Survival of the Savoyard State (1559–1798). Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781845861209.003.0004.
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The Savoyard state was an extreme example of the importance of military engineers and map making in the process of state formation because of the composite multi-lingual nature of the state and its vulnerable position between the power of France and the domains of the Austrian Habsburgs. The Dukes of Savoy attained royal status by often duplicitous policies and endless participation in wars on east and west which require extensive fortification. Their capital Turin survived a great siege in 1706. Latterly military cartography of high quality was produced in Savoy by its prestigious military engineers who inevitably bore responsibility when its expensive, ineffective defences collapsed before French Revolutionary armies.
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Mathieu, Eric, and Robert Truswell, eds. Micro-change and Macro-change in Diachronic Syntax. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747840.001.0001.
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This volume contains sixteen chapters addressing the process of syntactic change at different granularities. The language-particular component of a grammar is now usually assumed to be nothing more than the specification of the grammatical properties of a set of lexical items. Accordingly, grammar change must reduce to lexical change. And yet these micro-changes can cumulatively alter the typological character of a language (a macro-change). A central puzzle in diachronic syntax is how to relate macro-changes to micro-changes. Several chapters in this volume describe specific micro-changes: changes in the syntactic properties of a particular lexical item or class of lexical items. Other chapters explore links between micro-change and macro-change, using devices such as grammar competition at the individual and population level, recurring diachronic pathways, and links between acquisition biases and diachronic processes. This book is therefore a great companion to the recent literature on micro- versus macro-approaches to parameters in synchronic syntax. One of its important contributions is the demonstration that we can learn a great deal about synchronic linguistics through the way languages change: the case studies included provide diachronic insight into many syntactic constructions that have been the target of extensive recent synchronic research, including tense, aspect, relative clauses, stylistic fronting, verb second, demonstratives, and negation. Languages discussed include several archaic and contemporary Romance and Germanic varieties, as well as Greek, Hungarian, and Chinese, among many others.
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Hughes, Alis, and Lesley Jones. Pathogenic Mechanisms. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199929146.003.0013.
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Huntington’s disease (HD) pathogenesis is complex. In the two decades since the gene and its mutation were discovered, there has been extensive exploration of how the expanded CAG repeat in HTT leads to neurodegeneration in HD. This chapter focuses on the mechanisms that potentially contribute to the dysfunction and death of cells in HD. These include repeat instability and RNA toxicity and the production, processing, modification, and degradation of mutant huntingtin. The effects of mutant HTT on cellular processes such as transcription, transport, neurotransmission, and protein clearance are also described. The interdependence and individual importance of these mechanisms in disease etiology remains to be clarified; however, consideration of each could be important for the development of therapeutic interventions in HD.
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Mačák, Kubo. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198819868.003.0011.
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This chapter presents the conclusions of the book. It summarizes the argument of the book and makes some general observations about the process and effects of internationalization of armed conflicts in international law. Specifically, the chapter builds on the preceding analysis to argue that the study stands for a specific understanding of the notion of internationalized armed conflicts, one that is subject to an extensive application of the law of armed conflict. It further highlights some of the gaps in the legal regulation that result from the particular features of internationalized conflicts. The chapter closes by sketching potential directions in which the law and practice may develop in order to address those lacunae.
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Moslener, Ulf, Matthias Thiemann, and Peter Volberding. National Development Banks as Active Financiers. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827948.003.0003.
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This chapter argues that Germany’s national development bank, KfW, derives its legitimacy as an important policy actor through three characteristics: (i) it acts on the financial market with the government’s backing to pursue economic—rather than purely commercial—objectives; (ii) as a government agency, it has privileged access to officials and regulators; and (iii) it has extensive in-house technical and engineering expertise. As such, KfW can profoundly impact how these policies are implemented at five stages of the policy process: agenda setting, negotiation, implementation, monitoring, and enforcement. This conceptualization is applied to two illustrative case studies: facilitating Germany’s shift towards a green economy (the Energiewende) and coping with challenges of the 2008 global financial crisis.
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Moore, Imogen, and Craig Newbery-Jones. The Successful Law Student: An Insider's Guide to Studying Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198757085.001.0001.
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The Successful Law Student provides insights, advice, and perspectives on the student experience in the field of law. The focus is on the things that will make a big difference to the student experience, including making a smooth transition to university level study, getting the most out of lectures and feedback from tutors, advice on how to approach law exams, and finding a rewarding career. Complemented by a variety of insider voices, which add valuable context and real-life insight, the text includes extensive experience from the perspective of law teachers to explore the learning process and look beyond it to consider the wider definition of success and to provide help against the pressures of legal study.
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Moller, David Wendell. The Whites. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199760145.003.0005.
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The story of Annie declares the dignity and grace of the human spirit in the midst of extensive suffering. It shows how social support heals throughout the illness experience. Her narrative is an example of the healing power of spirituality throughout dying. From her end-of-life experience, we learn that dying is far less about matters of the body than it is about matters of the person. We also discern that when a person is well attended throughout the dying process—her emotional, social, and spiritual needs being fulfilled—her suffering is eased and she is deeply comforted. Exploration of the dimensions of quality of life (QOL) help us to plan care which addresses all dimensions of QOL.
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Southgate, Emily W. B. Russell. People and the Land through Time. Yale University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300225808.001.0001.
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This extensive revision of the first edition of People and the Land Through Time incorporates research over the last two decades to bring the field of historical ecology from an ecological perspective up to date. It emphasizes the use of new sources of data and interdisciplinary data analysis to interpret ecological processes in the past. It describes a diversity of past ecosystems, and how they affect current ecosystem structure and function as well as offering insight into current structure and process, and assisting in predicting the future. This historical perspective highlights the varied and complex roles of indigenous people in historic ecosystems and as well as the importance of past and present climatic fluctuations. The book begins with an introduction to the importance of history for ecological studies, and then has three chapters which explain methods and approaches to reconstructing the past, using both traditional and novel sources of data and analysis. The following five chapters discuss ways people have influenced natural systems, starting with the most primitive, manipulating fire, and proceeding through altering species ranges, hunting and gathering, agriculture and finally structuring landscapes through land surveys, trade and urbanization. Two chapters then deal with diversity, extinction and sustainability in a changing world. The final chapter integrates the rest of the book especially in terms of the importance of history in basic ecological studies, global change and understanding conservation. Throughout, the emphasis is on the potential for evidence-based research in historical ecology, and the new frontiers in this exciting field.
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Cheyne, Peter, ed. Coleridge and Contemplation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799511.001.0001.
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In his philosophical writings, Coleridge increasingly developed his thinking about imagination, a symbolizing precursor to contemplation, to a theory of contemplation itself, which for him occurs in its purest form as a manifestation of ‘Reason’. Coleridge is a particularly challenging figure because he was a thinker in process, and something of an omnimath, a Renaissance man of the Romantic era. The dynamic quality of his thinking, the ‘dark fluxion’ pursued but ultimately ‘unfixable by thought’, and his extensive range of interests make essential an approach that is philosophical yet also multi-disciplinary. This is the first collection of essays to be written mainly by philosophers and intellectual historians on a wide range of Coleridge’s philosophical writings. With a foreword by Baroness Mary Warnock, and original essays on Coleridge and Contemplation by prominent philosophers such as Sir Roger Scruton, David E. Cooper, Michael McGhee, and Andy Hamilton, this volume provides a stimulating collection of insights and explorations into what Britain’s foremost philosopher-poet had to say about the contemplation that he considered to be the highest of the human mental powers. The essays by philosophers are supported by new developments in philosophically minded criticism from Coleridge scholars in English departments, including Jim Mays, Kathleen Wheeler, and James Engell. They approach Coleridge as an energetic yet contemplative thinker concerned with the intuition of ideas and the processes of cultivation in self and society. Other essays, from intellectual historians and theologians, clarify the historical background, and ‘religious musings’, of Coleridge’s thought regarding contemplation.