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Agier, Lydiane, Xavier Basagaña, Carles Hernandez-Ferrer, Léa Maitre, Ibon Tamayo Uria, Jose Urquiza, Sandra Andrusaityte, et al. "Association between the pregnancy exposome and fetal growth." International Journal of Epidemiology 49, no. 2 (March 13, 2020): 572–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyaa017.
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Abstract Background Several environmental contaminants were shown to possibly influence fetal growth, generally from single exposure family studies, which are prone to publication bias and confounding by co-exposures. The exposome paradigm offers perspectives to avoid selective reporting of findings and to control for confounding by co-exposures. We aimed to characterize associations of fetal growth with the pregnancy chemical and external exposomes. Methods Within the Human Early-Life Exposome project, 131 prenatal exposures were assessed using biomarkers and environmental models in 1287 mother–child pairs from six European cohorts. We investigated their associations with fetal growth using a deletion-substitution-addition (DSA) algorithm considering all exposures simultaneously, and an exposome-wide association study (ExWAS) considering each exposure independently. We corrected for exposure measurement error and tested for exposure–exposure and sex–exposure interactions. Results The DSA model identified lead blood level, which was associated with a 97 g birth weight decrease for each doubling in lead concentration. No exposure passed the multiple testing-corrected significance threshold of ExWAS; without multiple testing correction, this model was in favour of negative associations of lead, fine particulate matter concentration and absorbance with birth weight, and of a positive sex-specific association of parabens with birth weight in boys. No two-way interaction between exposure variables was identified. Conclusions This first large-scale exposome study of fetal growth simultaneously considered >100 environmental exposures. Compared with single exposure studies, our approach allowed making all tests (usually reported in successive publications) explicit. Lead exposure is still a health concern in Europe and parabens health effects warrant further investigation.
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Turner, Michelle C., Mark Nieuwenhuijsen, Kim Anderson, David Balshaw, Yuxia Cui, Genevieve Dunton, Jane A. Hoppin, Petros Koutrakis, and Michael Jerrett. "Assessing the Exposome with External Measures: Commentary on the State of the Science and Research Recommendations." Annual Review of Public Health 38, no. 1 (March 20, 2017): 215–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-082516-012802.
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The exposome comprises all environmental exposures that a person experiences from conception throughout the life course. Here we review the state of the science for assessing external exposures within the exposome. This article reviews (a) categories of exposures that can be assessed externally, (b) the current state of the science in external exposure assessment, (c) current tools available for external exposure assessment, and (d) priority research needs. We describe major scientific and technological advances that inform external assessment of the exposome, including geographic information systems; remote sensing; global positioning system and geolocation technologies; portable and personal sensing, including smartphone-based sensors and assessments; and self-reported questionnaire assessments, which increasingly rely on Internet-based platforms. We also discuss priority research needs related to methodological and technological improvement, data analysis and interpretation, data sharing, and other practical considerations, including improved assessment of exposure variability as well as exposure in multiple, critical life stages.
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Lyon-Caen, Sarah, Valérie Siroux, Johanna Lepeule, Philippe Lorimier, Pierre Hainaut, Pascal Mossuz, Joane Quentin, et al. "Deciphering the Impact of Early-Life Exposures to Highly Variable Environmental Factors on Foetal and Child Health: Design of SEPAGES Couple-Child Cohort." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 20 (October 14, 2019): 3888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203888.
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In humans, studies based on Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) concept and targeting short half-lived chemicals, including many endocrine disruptors, generally assessed exposures from spot biospecimens. Effects of early-life exposure to atmospheric pollutants were reported, based on outdoor air pollution levels. For both exposure families, exposure misclassification is expected from these designs: for non-persistent chemicals, because a spot biospecimen is unlikely to capture exposure over windows longer than a few days; for air pollutants, because indoor levels are ignored. We developed a couple-child cohort relying on deep phenotyping and extended personal exposure assessment aiming to better characterize the effects of components of the exposome, including air pollutants and non-persistent endocrine disruptors, on child health and development. Pregnant women were included in SEPAGES couple-child cohort (Grenoble area) from 2014 to 2017. Maternal and children exposure to air pollutants was repeatedly assessed by personal monitors. DNA, RNA, serum, plasma, placenta, cord blood, meconium, child and mother stools, living cells, milk, hair and repeated urine samples were collected. A total of 484 pregnant women were recruited, with excellent compliance to the repeated urine sampling protocol (median, 43 urine samples per woman during pregnancy). The main health outcomes are child respiratory health using early objective measures, growth and neurodevelopment. Compared to former studies, the accuracy of assessment of non-persistent exposures is expected to be strongly improved in this new type of birth cohort tailored for the exposome concept, with deep phenotyping and extended exposure characterization. By targeting weaknesses in exposure assessment of the current approaches of cohorts on effects of early life environmental exposures with strong temporal variations, and relying on a rich biobank to provide insight on the underlying biological pathways whereby exposures affect health, this design is expected to provide deeper understanding of the interplay between the Exposome and child development and health.
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López-Cervantes, Juan Pablo, Marianne Lønnebotn, Nils Oskar Jogi, Lucia Calciano, Ingrid Nordeide Kuiper, Matthew G. Darby, Shyamali C. Dharmage, et al. "The Exposome Approach in Allergies and Lung Diseases: Is It Time to Define a Preconception Exposome?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 23 (December 1, 2021): 12684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312684.
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Emerging research suggests environmental exposures before conception may adversely affect allergies and lung diseases in future generations. Most studies are limited as they have focused on single exposures, not considering that these diseases have a multifactorial origin in which environmental and lifestyle factors are likely to interact. Traditional exposure assessment methods fail to capture the interactions among environmental exposures and their impact on fundamental biological processes, as well as individual and temporal factors. A valid estimation of exposure preconception is difficult since the human reproductive cycle spans decades and the access to germ cells is limited. The exposome is defined as the cumulative measure of external exposures on an organism (external exposome), and the associated biological responses (endogenous exposome) throughout the lifespan, from conception and onwards. An exposome approach implies a targeted or agnostic analysis of the concurrent and temporal multiple exposures, and may, together with recent technological advances, improve the assessment of the environmental contributors to health and disease. This review describes the current knowledge on preconception environmental exposures as related to respiratory health outcomes in offspring. We discuss the usefulness and feasibility of using an exposome approach in this research, advocating for the preconception exposure window to become included in the exposome concept.
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Stingone, Jeanette A., Germaine M. Buck Louis, Shoji F. Nakayama, Roel C. H. Vermeulen, Richard K. Kwok, Yuxia Cui, David M. Balshaw, and Susan L. Teitelbaum. "Toward Greater Implementation of the Exposome Research Paradigm within Environmental Epidemiology." Annual Review of Public Health 38, no. 1 (March 20, 2017): 315–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-082516-012750.
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Investigating a single environmental exposure in isolation does not reflect the actual human exposure circumstance nor does it capture the multifactorial etiology of health and disease. The exposome, defined as the totality of environmental exposures from conception onward, may advance our understanding of environmental contributors to disease by more fully assessing the multitude of human exposures across the life course. Implementation into studies of human health has been limited, in part owing to theoretical and practical challenges including a lack of infrastructure to support comprehensive exposure assessment, difficulty in differentiating physiologic variation from environmentally induced changes, and the need for study designs and analytic methods that accommodate specific aspects of the exposome, such as high-dimensional exposure data and multiple windows of susceptibility. Recommendations for greater data sharing and coordination, methods development, and acknowledgment and minimization of multiple types of measurement error are offered to encourage researchers to embark on exposome research to promote the environmental health and well-being of all populations.
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Mason, Lisa H., Jordan P. Harp, and Dong Y. Han. "Pb Neurotoxicity: Neuropsychological Effects of Lead Toxicity." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/840547.
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Neurotoxicity is a term used to describe neurophysiological changes caused by exposure to toxic agents. Such exposure can result in neurocognitive symptoms and/or psychiatric disturbances. Common toxic agents include heavy metals, drugs, organophosphates, bacterial, and animal neurotoxins. Among heavy metal exposures, lead exposure is one of the most common exposures that can lead to significant neuropsychological and functional decline in humans. In this review, neurotoxic lead exposure's pathophysiology, etiology, and epidemiology are explored. In addition, commonly associated neuropsychological difficulties in intelligence, memory, executive functioning, attention, processing speed, language, visuospatial skills, motor skills, and affect/mood are explored.
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Siroux, Valérie, Lydiane Agier, and Rémy Slama. "The exposome concept: a challenge and a potential driver for environmental health research." European Respiratory Review 25, no. 140 (May 31, 2016): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0034-2016.
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The exposome concept was defined in 2005 as encompassing all environmental exposures from conception onwards, as a new strategy to evidence environmental disease risk factors. Although very appealing, the exposome concept is challenging in many respects. In terms of assessment, several hundreds of time-varying exposures need to be considered, but increasing the number of exposures assessed should not be done at the cost of increased exposure misclassification. Accurately assessing the exposome currently requires numerous measurements, which rely on different technologies; resulting in an expensive set of protocols. In the future, high-throughput ‘omics technologies may be a promising technique to integrate a wide range of exposures from a small numbers of biological matrices. Assessing the association between many exposures and health raises statistical challenges. Due to the correlation structure of the exposome, existing statistical methods cannot fully and efficiently untangle the exposures truly affecting the health outcome from correlated exposures. Other statistical challenges relate to accounting for exposure misclassification or identifying synergistic effects between exposures. On-going exposome projects are trying to overcome technical and statistical challenges. From a public health perspective, a better understanding of the environmental risk factors should open the way to improved prevention strategies.
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HS, Ravish. "Assessment of Post-exposure Prophylaxis Services for Animal Exposures in Healthcare Facilities of a Municipal Corporation." APCRI Journal 25, no. 1 (June 19, 2023): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/0973.5038.202302.
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Mehta, Maharshi. "74 Leveraging on exposure profiles for efficient exposure monitoring outcome." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 68, Supplement_1 (June 1, 2024): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxae035.030.
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Abstract Occupational hygiene service providers and companies worldwide have been collecting thousands of exposure monitoring samples and not leveraging the lessons learned from exposure monitoring results. The exposure monitoring results are often not representative of actual exposures. Precious resources are wasted in collecting exposure monitoring samples when not needed based on, for example, previous exposure monitoring results and chemical properties. For example, inhalation of phosphoric acid exposure is rarely a concern as phosphoric acid vapor pressure is low (0.03 mmHg (20 °C). Exposure monitoring is also unnecessary when a unit operation’s statistically analyzed exposure monitoring results confirm exposures above the exposure limits unless required by local regulation. For example, the exposure monitoring results indicate that hexavalent chromium exposure will likely exceed its exposure limit when stainless steel welding is done without an efficient Local Exhaust Ventilation. Then why not implement exposure controls rather than waiting for hexavalent chromium exposure monitoring results from stainless steel welding? 5000+ exposure monitoring results of pharmaceutical and general industry unit operations were statistically analyzed, and exposure profiles were developed. The pharmaceutical unit operations consisted of weighing, dispensing, and charging. General industry unit operations included welding (metal profile and Manganese exposures), soldering, acids handling, and spray painting (isocyanates). The statistically analyzed sampling results identified the unit operations where exposure monitoring is not needed either because the results were significantly below or above the exposure limits. Occupational hygiene communities could leverage the exposure profiles and focus on reducing exposure monitoring and implementing exposure controls. A consortium of occupational hygienists could enhance and share exposure profiles.
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Antonini, James M., Vamsi Kodali, Mohammad Shoeb, Michael Kashon, Katherine A. Roach, Gregory Boyce, Terence Meighan, et al. "Effect of a High-Fat Diet and Occupational Exposure in Different Rat Strains on Lung and Systemic Responses: Examination of the Exposome in an Animal Model." Toxicological Sciences 174, no. 1 (December 26, 2019): 100–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfz247.
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Abstract The exposome is the measure of all exposures of an individual in a lifetime and how those exposures relate to health. The goal was to examine an experimental model integrating multiple aspects of the exposome by collecting biological samples during critical life stages of an exposed animal that are applicable to worker populations. Genetic contributions were assessed using strains of male rats with different genetic backgrounds (Fischer-344, Sprague Dawley, and Brown-Norway) maintained on a regular or high-fat diet for 24 weeks. At week 7 during diet maintenance, groups of rats from each strain were exposed to stainless steel welding fume (WF; 20 mg/m3 × 3 h/d × 4 days/week × 5 weeks) or air until week 12, at which time some animals were euthanized. A separate set of rats from each strain were allowed to recover from WF exposure until the end of the 24-week period. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum were collected at 7, 12, and 24 weeks to assess general health indices. Depending on animal strain, WF exposure and high-fat diet together worsened kidney toxicity as well as altered different serum enzymes and proteins. Diet had minimal interaction with WF exposure for pulmonary toxicity endpoints. Experimental factors of diet, exposure, and strain were all important, depending on the health outcome measured. Exposure had the most significant influence related to pulmonary responses. Strain was the most significant contributor regarding the other health indices examined, indicating that genetic differences possibly drive the exposome effect in each strain.
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Guillien, Alicia, Solène Cadiou, Rémy Slama, and Valérie Siroux. "The Exposome Approach to Decipher the Role of Multiple Environmental and Lifestyle Determinants in Asthma." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 1138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031138.
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Asthma is a widespread respiratory disease caused by complex contribution from genetic, environmental and behavioral factors. For several decades, its sensitivity to environmental factors has been investigated in single exposure (or single family of exposures) studies, which might be a narrow approach to tackle the etiology of such a complex multifactorial disease. The emergence of the exposome concept, introduced by C. Wild (2005), offers an alternative to address exposure–health associations. After presenting an overview of the exposome concept, we discuss different statistical approaches used to study the exposome–health associations and review recent studies linking multiple families of exposures to asthma-related outcomes. The few studies published so far on the association between the exposome and asthma-related outcomes showed differences in terms of study design, population, exposome definition and statistical methods used, making their results difficult to compare. Regarding statistical methods, most studies applied successively univariate (Exposome-Wide Association Study (ExWAS)) and multivariate (adjusted for co-exposures) (e.g., Deletion–Substitution–Addition (DSA) algorithm) regression-based models. This latest approach makes it possible to assess associations between a large set of exposures and asthma outcomes. However, it cannot address complex interactions (i.e., of order ≥3) or mixture effects. Other approaches like cluster-based analyses, that lead to the identification of specific profiles of exposure at risk for the studied health-outcome, or mediation analyses, that allow the integration of information from intermediate biological layers, could offer a new avenue in the understanding of the environment–asthma association. European projects focusing on the exposome research have recently been launched and should provide new results to help fill the gap that currently exists in our understanding of the effect of environment on respiratory health.
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Bartram, Söhnke M., and Gordon M. Bodnar. "The exchange rate exposure puzzle." Managerial Finance 33, no. 9 (August 7, 2007): 642–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03074350710776226.
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PurposeBased on basic financial models and reports in the business press, exchange rate movements are generally believed to affect the value of nonfinancial firms. In contrast, the empirical research on nonfinancial firms typically produces fewer significant exposures estimates than researchers expect, independent of the sample studied and the methodology used, giving rise to a situation known as “the exposure puzzle”. To this end, this paper aims to systematically analyze the existing empirical evidence of the exposure phenomenon and to attempt to understand the possible source of the exposure puzzle.Design/methodology/approachThe paper provides a survey of the existing research on the exposure phenomenon for nonfinancial firms. A simple model of exposure elasticity is also used to demonstrate the substantial impact of operational hedging on exposure elasticities. Furthermore, the evidence on the nature of firms’ financial derivative usage is considered.FindingsIt is suggested that the exposure puzzle may not be a problem of empirical methodology or sample selection as previous research has suggested, but is simply the result of the endogeneity of operative and financial hedging at the firm level. Given that empirical tests estimate exchange exposures net of corporate hedging, both firms with low gross exposures that do not need to hedge and firms with large gross exposures that employ one or several forms of hedging, may exhibit only weak exchange rate exposures net of hedging. Consequently, empirical tests yield only small percentages of firms with significant stock price exposures in almost any sample.Originality/valueIf firms react rationally to their exposures, most firms will either have no exposure to start with, or reduce their exposure to levels that may be too small to detect empirically. Consequently, the exposure puzzle may not be a problem with methodology or theory, but mainly the result of endogeneity of operative and financial hedging at the firm level.
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Greenland, Sander, and Charles Poole. "INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENTIAL EXPOSURE VARIABILITY AND ZERO-EXPOSURE CATEGORIES FOR CONTINUOUS EXPOSURES." Epidemiology 6, no. 3 (May 1995): 326–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001648-199505000-00024.
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Robertson, Chris, Peter Boyle, Chung-cheng Hsieh, Gary J. Macfarlane, and Patrick Maisonneuve. "INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENTIAL EXPOSURE VARIABILITY AND ZERO-EXPOSURE CATEGORIES FOR CONTINUOUS EXPOSURES." Epidemiology 6, no. 3 (May 1995): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001648-199505000-00027.
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Oltramare, Christelle, Zakia Mediouni, Yara Shoman, Nancy B. Hopf, Halshka Graczyk, and Aurélie Berthet. "Determinants of Pesticide Exposure in Occupational Studies: A Meta-Analysis." Toxics 11, no. 7 (July 18, 2023): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11070623.
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Few epidemiological studies use exposure determinants specifically tailored to assess pesticide or plant protection product (PPP) exposures when assessing presumed association between occupational exposure and health outcomes among agricultural workers. This lack of exposure specificity could lead to results that fail to detect an association. It could be related to the lack of consensus on exposure assessment methods and the choice of exposure determinants. We conducted a meta-analysis following the PRISMA checklist to identify PPP exposure determinants used in occupational studies and identified exposure determinants that best characterized agricultural exposures to PPPs. Out of 1436 studies identified, 71 were included. The exposure determinants identified were active ingredients, chemical classes, types of PPP, crops, tasks, frequencies, duration, lifetime exposure days, and intensity-weighted exposure days. Only six over 17 associations between exposure determinants and health outcomes were found with moderate quality of evidence. Overall, epidemiological studies had difficulty defining relevant determinants to characterize PPP exposures for agricultural workers. We recommend that a standardized list of determinants for PPP exposures in occupational exposure studies should include information on formulations, intensity, duration, and frequency of PPP exposure. Harmonized data collection on exposure and health outcomes are required as well as standard units for each exposure determinant.
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Post, WK, D. Heederik, H. Kromhout, and D. Kromhout. "Occupational exposures estimated by a population specific job exposure matrix and 25 year incidence rate of chronic nonspecific lung disease (CNSLD): the Zutphen Study." European Respiratory Journal 7, no. 6 (June 1, 1994): 1048–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.94.07061048.
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The influence of occupational exposures on total mortality and respiratory mortality and morbidity was examined, employing a population specific Job Exposure Matrix (JEM). Moreover, the relationship between time-related variables of exposure to dust and chronic nonspecific lung disease (CNSLD) incidence was analysed, using time since first exposure and duration of exposure. Occupational exposures in the Zutphen cohort were assessed by application of a JEM, arbitrarily considering jobs as exposed when at least 10% of men who had held the job of interest reported an exposure to one or more from a list of 27 chemical agents. None of the exposures was related to mortality due to CNSLD, although results were influenced by the healthy-worker effect and low mortality rates. Exposure to wood dust and a high probability of exposure to dust were associated with total mortality. Exposures to dust and solvents were statistically significantly related to CNSLD incidence. An exposure-response relationship was found for the probability of exposure to dust with CNSLD incidence. Time-related estimates of exposure to dust based on work history were negatively related to CNSLD incidence. The results suggest the presence of a healthy-worker effect, in a general population study, resulting in an underestimation of the relationship between occupational exposures and respiratory diseases based on the evidence published so far. The use of the full work history to determine exposure to dust leads to stronger relationships with CNSLD incidence, compared to conventional analyses using exposure at the start of follow-up.
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Fan, Jung-wei, Jianrong Li, and Yves A. Lussier. "Semantic Modeling for Exposomics with Exploratory Evaluation in Clinical Context." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3818302.
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Exposome is a critical dimension in the precision medicine paradigm. Effective representation of exposomics knowledge is instrumental to melding nongenetic factors into data analytics for clinical research. There is still limited work in (1) modeling exposome entities and relations with proper integration to mainstream ontologies and (2) systematically studying their presence in clinical context. Through selected ontological relations, we developed a template-driven approach to identifying exposome concepts from the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS). The derived concepts were evaluated in terms of literature coverage and the ability to assist in annotating clinical text. The generated semantic model represents rich domain knowledge about exposure events (454 pairs of relations between exposure and outcome). Additionally, a list of 5667 disorder concepts with microbial etiology was created for inferred pathogen exposures. The model consistently covered about 90% of PubMed literature on exposure-induced iatrogenic diseases over 10 years (2001–2010). The model contributed to the efficiency of exposome annotation in clinical text by filtering out 78% of irrelevant machine annotations. Analysis into 50 annotated discharge summaries helped advance our understanding of the exposome information in clinical text. This pilot study demonstrated feasibility of semiautomatically developing a useful semantic resource for exposomics.
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Crump, Kenny S. "The Effect of Random Error in Exposure Measurement upon the Shape of the Exposure Response." Dose-Response 3, no. 4 (October 1, 2005): dose—response.0. http://dx.doi.org/10.2203/dose-response.003.04.002.
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Although statistical analyses of epidemiological data usually treat the exposure variable as being known without error, estimated exposures in epidemiological studies often involve considerable uncertainty. This paper investigates the theoretical effect of random errors in exposure measurement upon the observed shape of the exposure response. The model utilized assumes that true exposures are log-normally distributed, and multiplicative measurement errors are also log-normally distributed and independent of the true exposures. Under these conditions it is shown that whenever the true exposure response is proportional to exposure to a power r, the observed exposure response is proportional to exposure to a power K, where K < r. This implies that the observed exposure response exaggerates risk, and by arbitrarily large amounts, at sufficiently small exposures. It also follows that a truly linear exposure response will appear to be supra-linear—i.e., a linear function of exposure raised to the K-th power, where K is less than 1.0. These conclusions hold generally under the stated log-normal assumptions whenever there is any amount of measurement error, including, in particular, when the measurement error is unbiased either in the natural or log scales. Equations are provided that express the observed exposure response in terms of the parameters of the underlying log-normal distribution. A limited investigation suggests that these conclusions do not depend upon the log-normal assumptions, but hold more widely. Because of this problem, in addition to other problems in exposure measurement, shapes of exposure responses derived empirically from epidemiological data should be treated very cautiously. In particular, one should be cautious in concluding that the true exposure response is supra-linear on the basis of an observed supra-linear form.
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Fucic, Alekandra, Alberto Mantovani, and Gavin W. ten Tusscher. "Immuno-Hormonal, Genetic and Metabolic Profiling of Newborns as a Basis for the Life-Long OneHealth Medical Record: A Scoping Review." Medicina 57, no. 4 (April 15, 2021): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina57040382.
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Holistic and life-long medical surveillance is the core of personalised medicine and supports an optimal implementation of both preventive and curative healthcare. Personal medical records are only partially unified by hospital or general practitioner informatics systems, but only for citizens with long-term permanent residence. Otherwise, insight into the medical history of patients greatly depends on their medical archive and memory. Additionally, occupational exposure records are not combined with clinical or general practitioner records. Environmental exposure starts preconceptionally and continues during pregnancy by transplacental exposure. Antenatal exposure is partially dependent on parental lifestyle, residence and occupation. Newborn screening (NBS) is currently being performed in developed countries and includes testing for rare genetic, hormone-related, and metabolic conditions. Transplacental exposure to substances such as endocrine disruptors, air pollutants and drugs may have life-long health consequences. However, despite the recognised impact of transplacental exposure on the increased risk of metabolic syndrome, neurobehavioral disorders as well as immunodisturbances including allergy and infertility, not a single test within NBS is geared toward detecting biomarkers of exposure (xenobiotics or their metabolites, nutrients) or effect such as oestradiol, testosterone and cytokines, known for being associated with various health risks and disturbed by transplacental xenobiotic exposures. The outcomes of ongoing exposome projects might be exploited to this purpose. Developing and using a OneHealth Medical Record (OneHealthMR) may allow the incorporated chip to harvest information from different sources, with high integration added value for health prevention and care: environmental exposures, occupational health records as well as diagnostics of chronic diseases, allergies and medication usages, from birth and throughout life. Such a concept may present legal and ethical issues pertaining to personal data protection, requiring no significant investments and exploits available technologies and algorithms, putting emphasis on the prevention and integration of environmental exposure and health data.
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Simcox, Nancy J., Arlene Stebbins, Steven Guffey, Raja Atallah, Richard Hibbard, and Janice Camp. "Hard Metal Exposures. Part 2: Prospective Exposure Assessment." Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 15, no. 4 (January 2000): 342–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/104732200301467.
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Haghdoost, Navid R., Lois M. Newman, and E. Marshall Johnson. "Multiple chemical exposures: Synergism vs. individual exposure levels." Reproductive Toxicology 11, no. 1 (January 1997): 9–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0890-6238(96)00156-6.
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Ryan, Timothy J., G. Edward Burroughs, Katy Taylor, and Ronald J. Kovein. "Video Exposure Assessments Demonstrate Excessive Laboratory Formaldehyde Exposures." Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 18, no. 6 (June 2003): 450–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10473220301424.
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Jomichen, Jasmine, Sonia El-Zaemey, Jane S. Heyworth, Renee N. Carey, Ellie Darcey, Alison Reid, Deborah C. Glass, et al. "Australian work exposures studies: occupational exposure to pesticides." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 74, no. 1 (September 8, 2016): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2016-103723.
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Trigger, Sarah, Moronke Akinso Johnson, Anh Nguyen Zarndt, and Danielle K. Hill. "Tweets About Acute Nicotine Toxicity Due to e-Liquid Exposure." Tobacco Regulatory Science 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 46–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18001/trs.7.1.4.
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Objectives: Intentional and unintentional exposures to electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) e-liquids can cause illness and death. In this study, we describe acute nicotine toxicity due to e-liquid exposure (ANTEE) information found on Twitter and contextualize ANTEE experiences to clarify conditions associated with exposure. Methods: We obtained 20,180 ANTEE- relevant tweets from 2013-2018. We excluded retweets, suspected bots, non-English tweets, tweets not originating in the US, and advertisements. We coded relevant tweets qualitatively using domains for e-liquid exposure tweets and e-liquid-related non-exposure tweets (ie, posts reflecting hypothetical exposure, information about e-liquids). Results: Content analyses were based on 1656 e-liquid exposure tweets and 1210 non-exposure tweets. More than half of exposure tweets (61.3%) were classified as accidental exposures; subjects were predominately young people, assumed to be under age 18 (40.5%), and self (27.7%). The most common exposure route was ingestion (61.1%). Of exposure tweets, 13.9% described health effects and 12.7% described seeking assistance. Most non-exposure tweets were classified as likely or hypothetical exposure (49.9%) or presentation of advice, information, or warnings (40.5%). Conclusions: Tweets can serve as a novel and complementary data source for learning more about e-liquid exposures.
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Adams, Kevin, K. Scott Weber, and Steven M. Johnson. "Exposome and Immunity Training: How Pathogen Exposure Order Influences Innate Immune Cell Lineage Commitment and Function." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 22 (November 11, 2020): 8462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228462.
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Immune memory is a defining characteristic of adaptive immunity, but recent work has shown that the activation of innate immunity can also improve responsiveness in subsequent exposures. This has been coined “trained immunity” and diverges with the perception that the innate immune system is primitive, non-specific, and reacts to novel and recurrent antigen exposures similarly. The “exposome” is the cumulative exposures (diet, exercise, environmental exposure, vaccination, genetics, etc.) an individual has experienced and provides a mechanism for the establishment of immune training or immunotolerance. It is becoming increasingly clear that trained immunity constitutes a delicate balance between the dose, duration, and order of exposures. Upon innate stimuli, trained immunity or tolerance is shaped by epigenetic and metabolic changes that alter hematopoietic stem cell lineage commitment and responses to infection. Due to the immunomodulatory role of the exposome, understanding innate immune training is critical for understanding why some individuals exhibit protective phenotypes while closely related individuals may experience immunotolerant effects (e.g., the order of exposure can result in completely divergent immune responses). Research on the exposome and trained immunity may be leveraged to identify key factors for improving vaccination development, altering inflammatory disease development, and introducing potential new prophylactic treatments, especially for diseases such as COVID-19, which is currently a major health issue for the world. Furthermore, continued exposome research may prevent many deleterious effects caused by immunotolerance that frequently result in host morbidity or mortality.
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Neitzel, Richard. "Total Non-Occupational Noise Exposure of Construction Workers." Noise & Vibration Worldwide 36, no. 5 (May 2005): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0957456054530296.
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Total non-occupational noise exposure levels were estimated for a group of 266 construction apprentices participating in a longitudinal study of noise and hearing loss. Subjects were interviewed regarding their exposure to “episodic” activities (e.g., concert attendance), and noise levels for these activities were obtained from a literature review. “Routine” activities were assessed using a combination of self-reported activity logs and non-occupational noise dosimetry measurements. Routine and episodic activity exposures were combined into estimated annual Leq exposure levels for the 6760 nominal non-occupational hours in a year (LAeq6760h). The LAeq6760h levels were then transformed into equivalent levels for a 2000 hour exposure period (LA2000hn), which allowed direct comparison to occupational risk criteria. The median LAeq6760h was 73 dBA, and the median LA2000hn was 78 dBA. Nineteen percent of LA2000hn non-occupational exposures exceeded 85 dBA, the generally recommended occupational limit. Firearms use could not be incorporated into the total noise exposure estimates. However, firearms users reported more exposure to other noisy non-occupational activities than did non-shooters, and had higher estimated exposure levels even without including their firearms exposure. Non-occupational noise exposures among most construction workers present little additional exposure when compared to their occupational exposures. However, they may contribute significantly to overall exposure in the subset of workers who frequently participate in selected noisy activities.
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Rappaport, Stephen M. "Implications of the exposome for exposure science." Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology 21, no. 1 (November 17, 2010): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jes.2010.50.
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Sarigiannis, D. "Unravelling the Exposome through integrated exposure biology." Toxicology Letters 238, no. 2 (October 2015): S229—S230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.08.680.
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Brunekreef, Bert. "Exposure science, the exposome, and public health." Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 54, no. 7 (February 26, 2013): 596–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/em.21767.
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BRUNELL, PHILIP A. "Varicella Exposure Time." Pediatrics 82, no. 5 (November 1, 1988): 810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.82.5.810a.
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To the Editor.— The statement by Johnson et al1 that varicella was "protective against 96% of exposures" is misleading. Protection implies that disease was prevented. A continuing household exposure, eg, to a sibling, would be expected to produce an attack rate approaching 100%.2 Only four vaccinees had this type of exposure; 49 had other less intense types of exposure. The outcomes of other types of exposure are far less predictable but normally are not nearly as likely to result in varicella.3
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Ottenbros, Ilse, Tiina Santonen, José Tarazona, David Vernez, Calvin Ge, Clément Blassiau, Amélie Crépet, and Wouter Fransman. "219 Gaps in current aggregated occupational and non-occupational exposure assessment approaches." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 68, Supplement_1 (June 1, 2024): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxae035.083.
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Abstract Humans are exposed to multiple stressors via various exposure routes and sources, among which occupational settings. While traditional exposure assessments focus on single chemicals or routes, combined exposures are increasingly being considered focusing on more than one source or route. An aggregated exposure assessment approach is necessary to encompass all the different sources and routes through which a single chemical may originate, from both the occupational and non-occupational environments. Currently, there is a lack of a standardized methodology or guidance for conducting aggregated exposure assessment at a population level which consists of occupational and non-occupational exposures. It can be challenging to integrate the current occupational exposure assessment approaches with the general life exposures. Occupational aggregated exposure assessment can be conducted quantitatively based on specific work scenarios or tasks, to ensure compliance with safety regulations. Additionally, population level assessments of occupational aggregated exposures, often qualitative in nature, can be conducted to explore exposure-disease relationships in epidemiological studies. In order to incorporate occupational with non-occupational aggregated exposures, a combination the two occupational approaches (scenario-based with population-based) into a semi-quantitative population level assessment reflecting the same scale will enable an aggregated exposure assessment for the entire working population. This combination of occupational approaches is illustrated by three different case studies performed under the PARC initiative. Aggregated occupational exposure is modelled for PFAS, pyrethroids and metals (cadmium and chromium), and plasticizers.
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Dale, Ann Marie, Christine C. Ekenga, Skye Buckner-Petty, Linda Merlino, Matthew S. Thiese, Stephen Bao, Alysha Rose Meyers, et al. "Incident CTS in a large pooled cohort study: associations obtained by a Job Exposure Matrix versus associations obtained from observed exposures." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 75, no. 7 (March 29, 2018): 501–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2017-104744.
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BackgroundThere is growing use of a job exposure matrix (JEM) to provide exposure estimates in studies of work-related musculoskeletal disorders; few studies have examined the validity of such estimates, nor did compare associations obtained with a JEM with those obtained using other exposures.ObjectiveThis study estimated upper extremity exposures using a JEM derived from a publicly available data set (Occupational Network, O*NET), and compared exposure-disease associations for incident carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) with those obtained using observed physical exposure measures in a large prospective study.Methods2393 workers from several industries were followed for up to 2.8 years (5.5 person-years). Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) codes were assigned to the job at enrolment. SOC codes linked to physical exposures for forceful hand exertion and repetitive activities were extracted from O*NET. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models to describe exposure-disease associations for incident CTS for individually observed physical exposures and JEM exposures from O*NET.ResultsBoth exposure methods found associations between incident CTS and exposures of force and repetition, with evidence of dose–response. Observed associations were similar across the two methods, with somewhat wider CIs for HRs calculated using the JEM method.ConclusionExposures estimated using a JEM provided similar exposure-disease associations for CTS when compared with associations obtained using the ‘gold standard’ method of individual observation. While JEMs have a number of limitations, in some studies they can provide useful exposure estimates in the absence of individual-level observed exposures.
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Merchant, Roland C., Jeremy B. Katzen, Kenneth H. Mayer, and Bruce M. Becker. "Emergency Department Evaluations of Non-Percutaneous Blood or Body Fluid Exposures during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 22, no. 4 (August 2007): 330–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00004969.
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AbstractIntroduction:The demography of healthcare workers (HCWs) and non- HCWs seeking medical care at emergency departments after a non-percutaneous potential exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) duringcardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), the types and body locations of their exposures, the time elapsed from exposure to emergency department presentation, and usage of HIV-post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for these exposures are described.Methods:A retrospective study of emergency department patients who were exposed to blood or body fluids during CPR in Rhode Island from January 1995–June 2001 was performed.The demography, characteristics of the exposure, and HIV-PEP usage for these patients were compared, and the elapsed time from exposure to evaluation inthe emergency department was calculated.Results:Of the 39 patients exposed to non-percutaneous blood or body fluid during CPR, 22 were healthcareworkers (HCWs) and 17 were non-HCWs. Thirty-four patients sustained mucous membrane exposures. Most of the patients (69.2%) were exposed to saliva or sputum (p <0.001), experienced a mouth exposure (71.8%; p <0.0001) and presented to the emergency department within one day of their exposure (84.4%; p <0.0001).Three HCWs and no non-HCWs were offered HIV-PEP for their CPR exposure. Of the three HCWs offered PEP, two actually received it.Conclusions:Nearly half of the patients who presented with non-percutaneous exposures acquired during CPR were not HCWs. Most of the exposures were to saliva or sputum and occurred on their mucous membranes. Continuing education programs on maintaining universal precautions to prevent blood or body fluid exposures and appreciating the benign nature of most non-percutaneous exposures possible during CPR are needed.
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Poole, Jill A., Todd A. Wyatt, Peter J. Oldenburg, Margaret K. Elliott, William W. West, Joseph H. Sisson, Susanna G. Von Essen, and Debra J. Romberger. "Intranasal organic dust exposure-induced airway adaptation response marked by persistent lung inflammation and pathology in mice." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 296, no. 6 (June 2009): L1085—L1095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.90622.2008.
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Organic dust exposure in agricultural environments results in an inflammatory response that attenuates over time, but repetitive exposures can result in chronic respiratory disease. Animal models to study these mechanisms are limited. This study investigated the effects of single vs. repetitive dust-induced airway inflammation in mice by intranasal exposure method. Mice were exposed to swine facility dust extract (DE) or saline once and once daily for 1 and 2 wk. Dust exposure resulted in increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid neutrophils and macrophages after single and repetitive exposures. Lavage fluid TNFα, IL-6, keratinocyte chemoattractant, and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 were significantly increased after single and repetitive dust exposures, but were dampened in 2-wk dust-exposed mice compared with single exposure. Dust exposure induced PKCα and -ε activation in isolated tracheal epithelial cells but were dampened with repetitive exposures. Ex vivo stimulation of alveolar macrophages from 2-wk animals demonstrated reduced cytokine responsiveness and phagocytic ability. Significant lung pathology occurred with development of mixed mononuclear cellular aggregates (T and B lymphocytes, phagocytes) after repetitive dust exposure, a novel observation. Airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine occurred after single dust exposure but resolved after 2 wk. Collectively, intranasal exposure to DE results in significant lung inflammatory and pathological responses marked by a modulated innate immune response to single and repetitive dust exposures that is associated with PKC activity.
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Tenga, Albert Z., Beverley Hale, and Douglas P. Ormrod. "Growth responses of young cuttings of Populus deltoides × nigra to ozone in controlled environments." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 5 (May 1, 1993): 854–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-111.
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Controlled-environment facilities were used to determine the growth response of hybrid poplar using concentrations and exposure frequencies of ozone (O3) that mimic ambient patterns. Young cuttings of Populusdeltoides × nigra were exposed to daily bell-shaped concentration profiles of O3 with four peak concentrations and two exposures per week for 1 to 4 weeks. Exposure to O3 initially stimulated height growth rate, but repeated exposure resulted in decreases in height growth rate. Stem diameter growth rate decreased with increasing O3 concentration. Leaf greenness decreased with repeated exposure. The rate of leaf production declined with increasing O3 concentration. Many leaves abscised in the higher O3 treatments, resulting ultimately in stimulation of bud break. Leaf area, leaf dry weight, and root dry weight at harvest decreased with increasing total O3 exposure regardless of number of exposures. Stem dry weight was greater after limited initial O3 exposure but was less after repeated O3 exposures. Repeated exposures to O3 were uniformly detrimental to poplar growth parameters.
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Kennedy, Robert S., Kay M. Stanney, and William P. Dunlap. "Duration and Exposure to Virtual Environments: Sickness Curves During and Across Sessions." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 9, no. 5 (October 2000): 463–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/105474600566952.
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Although simulator sickness is known to increase with protracted exposure and to diminish with repeated sessions, limited systematic research has been performed in these areas. This study reviewed the few studies with sufficient information available to determine the effect that exposure duration and repeated exposure have on motion sickness. This evaluation confirmed that longer exposures produce more symptoms and that total sickness subsides over repeated exposures. Additional evaluation was performed to investigate the precise form of this relationship and to determine whether the same form was generalizable across varied simulator environments. The results indicated that exposure duration and repeated exposures are significantly linearly related to sickness outcomes (duration being positively related and repetition negatively related to total sickness). This was true over diverse systems and large subject pools. This result verified the generalizability of the relationships among sickness, exposure duration, and repeated exposures. Additional research is indicated to determine the optimal length of a single exposure and the optimal intersession interval to facilitate adaptation.
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Amrock, Levana G., Mathew L. Starner, Kathy L. Murphy, and Mark G. Baxter. "Long-term Effects of Single or Multiple Neonatal Sevoflurane Exposures on Rat Hippocampal Ultrastructure." Anesthesiology 122, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000000477.
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Abstract Background: Neonatal exposure to general anesthetics may pose significant neurocognitive risk. Human epidemiological studies demonstrate higher rates of learning disability among children with multiple, but not single, exposures to anesthesia. The authors employ a rat model to provide a histological correlate for these population-based observations. The authors examined long-term differences in hippocampal synaptic density, mitochondrial density, and dendritic spine morphology. Methods: Twenty male rat pups (n = 5/condition) were exposed to 2.5% sevoflurane under one of four conditions: single 2-h exposure on postnatal day 7 (P7); single 6-h exposure on P7; repeated 2-h exposures on P7, P10, and P13 for a cumulative 6 h of general anesthetics; or control exposure to 30% oxygen on P7, P10, and P13. Results: Repeated exposure to general anesthetics resulted in greater synaptic loss relative to a single 2-h exposure (P < 0.001). The magnitude of synaptic loss induced by three 2-h exposures (1.977 ± 0.040 μm3 [mean ± SEM]) was more profound than that of a single 6-h exposure (2.280 ± 0.045 μm3, P = 0.022). Repeated exposures did not alter the distribution of postsynaptic density length, indicating a uniform pattern of loss across spine types. In contrast, mitochondrial toxicity was best predicted by the cumulative duration of exposure. Relative to control (0.595 ± 0.017), both repeated 2-h exposures (0.479 ± 0.015) and a single 6-h exposure (0.488 ± 0.013) were associated with equivalent reductions in the fraction of presynaptic terminals containing mitochondria (P < 0.001). Conclusion: This suggests a “threshold effect” for general anesthetic–induced neurotoxicity, whereby even brief exposures induce long-lasting alterations in neuronal circuitry and sensitize surviving synapses to subsequent loss.
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Drummond, D. Colin. "Is cue exposure cure exposure?" Addiction 97, no. 3 (March 2002): 357–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.0055b.x.
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Jones, Rebecca M. "Exposure therapy with no exposure." Science Translational Medicine 10, no. 434 (March 28, 2018): eaat3883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aat3883.
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Hansson Mild, Kjell, Mats-Olof Mattsson, Peter Jeschke, Michel Israel, Mihaela Ivanova, and Tsvetelina Shalamanova. "Occupational Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields—Different from General Public Exposure and Laboratory Studies." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 16 (August 9, 2023): 6552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20166552.
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The designs of in vivo, in vitro and in silico studies do not adequately reflect the characteristics of long-term occupational EMF exposure; the higher exposure levels permitted for employees are nevertheless extrapolated on this basis. Epidemiological studies consider occupational exposure only in a very general way, if at all. There is a lack of detailed descriptive data on long-term occupational exposure over the duration of the working life. Most studies reflect exposure characteristics of the general population, exposures which are long-term, but at a comparably low level. Occupational exposure is often intermittent with high peak power followed by periods with no exposure. Furthermore, the EU EMF-Directive 2013/35/EU states a demand for occupational health surveillance, the outcome of which would be of great help to epidemiologists studying the health effects of EMF exposure. This paper thus aims to outline and specify differences between public and occupational exposure and to increase the understanding of specific aspects of occupational exposure which are important for long-term health considerations. This could lead to a future protection concept against possible hazards based on adequate descriptions of long-term exposures and also include supplementary descriptive features such as a “reset time” of biological systems and accurate dose quantities.
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Tognola, Gabriella, Emma Chiaramello, Marta Bonato, Isabelle Magne, Martine Souques, Serena Fiocchi, Marta Parazzini, and Paolo Ravazzani. "Cluster Analysis of Residential Personal Exposure to ELF Magnetic Field in Children: Effect of Environmental Variables." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 22 (November 8, 2019): 4363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224363.
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Personal exposure to Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Fields (ELF MF) in children is a very timely topic. We applied cluster analysis to 24 h indoor personal exposures of 884 children in France to identify possible common patterns of exposures. We investigated how electric networks near child home and other variables potentially affecting residential exposure, such as indoor sources of ELF MF, the age and type of the residence and family size, characterized the magnetic field exposure patterns. We identified three indoor personal exposure patterns: children living near overhead lines of high (63–150 kV), extra-high (225 kV) and ultra-high voltage (400 kV) were characterized by the highest exposures; children living near underground networks of low (400 V) and mid voltage (20 kV) and substations (20 kV/400 V) were characterized by mid exposures; children living far from electric networks had the lowest level of exposure. The harmonic component was not relevant in discriminating the exposure patterns, unlike the 50 Hz or broadband (40–800 Hz) component. Children using electric heating appliances, or living in big buildings or in larger families had generally a higher level of personal indoor exposure. Instead, the age of the residence was not relevant in differentiating the exposure patterns.
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Karagiannaki, Klelia, Christian Ritz, Louise Grønhøj Hørbye Jensen, Ellen Hyldgaard Tørsleff, Per Møller, Helene Hausner, and Annemarie Olsen. "Optimising Repeated Exposure: Determining Optimal Exposure Frequency for Introducing a Novel Vegetable among Children." Foods 10, no. 5 (April 21, 2021): 913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10050913.
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Fruit and vegetables are important components of a healthy diet, but unfortunately many children are not consuming enough to meet the recommendations. Therefore, it is crucial to develop strategies towards increasing the acceptance of this food group. This study aims to investigate the effect of different repeated exposure frequencies on fruit and vegetable acceptance using a novel vegetable, daikon, among 3–6-year-old children. One hundred and fifty-nine children participated in this study. Eight kindergarten teams were assigned to one of the following groups: Three different intervention groups with varying exposure frequencies, but all receiving seven exposures: Twice a week (n = 47), once a week (n = 32) and once every second week (n = 30), and a control group (n = 50). Liking and familiarity of daikon and other vegetables (cucumber, celery, celeriac, broccoli, cauliflower and beetroot) were assessed at baseline, post-intervention and two follow up sessions (3 and 6 months) to test for potential generalisation effects and observe the longevity of the obtained effects. Intake of daikon was measured at all exposures and test sessions. Results showed significant increases (p ≤ 0.05) in liking and intake of daikon for all three frequencies and the control group. Over the exposures, intake of daikon increased until the 4th exposure for all the groups, where a plateau was reached. No systematic generalisation effects were found. Repeated exposure was a successful approach to increase liking and intake of a novel vegetable with all exposure frequencies to be effective, and no particular exposure frequency can be recommended. Even the few exposures the control group received were found to be sufficient to improve intake and liking over 6 months (p ≤ 0.05), indicating that exposures to low quantities of an unfamiliar vegetable may be sufficient.
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Jain, Pooja, Paolo Vineis, Benoît Liquet, Jelle Vlaanderen, Barbara Bodinier, Karin van Veldhoven, Manolis Kogevinas, et al. "A multivariate approach to investigate the combined biological effects of multiple exposures." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 72, no. 7 (March 21, 2018): 564–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2017-210061.
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Epidemiological studies provide evidence that environmental exposures may affect health through complex mixtures. Formal investigation of the effect of exposure mixtures is usually achieved by modelling interactions, which relies on strong assumptions relating to the identity and the number of the exposures involved in such interactions, and on the order and parametric form of these interactions. These hypotheses become difficult to formulate and justify in an exposome context, where influential exposures are numerous and heterogeneous. To capture both the complexity of the exposome and its possibly pleiotropic effects, models handling multivariate predictors and responses, such as partial least squares (PLS) algorithms, can prove useful. As an illustrative example, we applied PLS models to data from a study investigating the inflammatory response (blood concentration of 13 immune markers) to the exposure to four disinfection by-products (one brominated and three chlorinated compounds), while swimming in a pool. To accommodate the multiple observations per participant (n=60; before and after the swim), we adopted a multilevel extension of PLS algorithms, including sparse PLS models shrinking loadings coefficients of unimportant predictors (exposures) and/or responses (protein levels). Despite the strong correlation among co-occurring exposures, our approach identified a subset of exposures (n=3/4) affecting the exhaled levels of 8 (out of 13) immune markers. PLS algorithms can easily scale to high-dimensional exposures and responses, and prove useful for exposome research to identify sparse sets of exposures jointly affecting a set of (selected) biological markers. Our descriptive work may guide these extensions for higher dimensional data.
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von Guttenberg, Yvonne, and Jeff Spickett. "A Survey of Occupational Exposure to Blood and Body Fluids in Physiotherapists in Western Australia." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 21, no. 4 (September 25, 2009): 508–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1010539509344608.
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The aim of this pilot project was to investigate the occurrence of occupational exposure to blood and body fluids in registered physiotherapists in Western Australia. Surveys were sent to physiotherapists with questions regarding personal background, exposure characteristics, and contributing factors included. Descriptive statistical methods were used to identify the area of practice posing the highest risk of exposure to physiotherapists. The authors found that 56.1% of surveyed physiotherapists recorded one or more exposures within the past 5 years. Work in hospitals was found to carry the highest rate of exposure for the physiotherapy profession. Other areas of practice, including community work, private practice, nursing homes/hostels, and work at sporting events carry comparable but lower risks of exposure. In private practice, 50% of exposures were associated with acupuncture. In nursing homes, 60% of exposures were brought on by exposure to contaminated materials, whereas in the community setting most exposures (64%) were attributed to unpredictable/uncontrollable situations. At sporting events, 90% of all exposures were associated with already existing sources of blood and body fluids (wounds). Within the hospital setting, the 3 dominant immediate causes reported were unpredictable situations (33.3%), existing sources (28.4%), and procedural causes (22.2%). The use of personal protective equipment for prevention of exposure is investigated and discussed. Data collected for this survey were not enough to draw conclusive assumptions regarding hazard management. A repeat of this study on a larger scale may provide physiotherapists with the tools and knowledge to minimize the likelihood of exposure and harm arising from exposure.
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Koenig, Jane Q., David S. Covert, Timothy V. Larson, and William E. Pierson. "The Effect of Duration of Exposure on Sulfuric Acid-Induced Pulmonary Function Changes in Asthmatic Adolescent Subjects: A Dose-Response Study." Toxicology and Industrial Health 8, no. 5 (September 1992): 285–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074823379200800506.
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To evaluate the pulmonary effects of varying doses of sulfuric acid, adolescent subjects with asthma were exposed to 35 or 70 μg/m3 sulfuric acid for 45 or 90 min. Exposure was carried out during intermittent moderate exercise. The pulmonary functions measured before and after exposure were FEV1, FVC, and total respiratory resistance. The 45 min exposures were associated with larger decreases in FEV1 (-6% or -3%) than the 90 min exposures (-1% or +2%). Analysis of variance of the change in FEV1 among the exposures revealed that the 45 min exposure to 35 μg/m3 was significant (p = 0.03). The p value for 45 min exposure to 70 μg/m3 was not significant (p = 0.08). Using analysis of variance, neither of the 90 min exposures was associated with a significant decrease in FEV1 compared to air exposure. Also, none of the changes in FVC or RT was significant. When baseline to post-exposure changes were compared for each of the five test atmospheres using paired t tests, both of the 45 min exposures were associated with statistical significance (p < 0.001 for 35 μg/m3 and p < 0.005 for 70 μg/m3). This baseline to post exposure change was not statistically significant for the 90 min exposures. The reason for the lesser effect on pulmonary function at increased exposure duration is not known; it may be due to changes in either varying deposition patterns or changes in buffering capacity of the cells lining the airways. With respect to individual sensitivities to H2SO4, the data showed a significant consistency across test atmospheres.
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Thakur, Indu Shekhar, and Deodutta Roy. "Environmental DNA and RNA as Records of Human Exposome, Including Biotic/Abiotic Exposures and Its Implications in the Assessment of the Role of Environment in Chronic Diseases." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 14 (July 10, 2020): 4879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21144879.
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Most of environment-related diseases often result from multiple exposures of abiotic and/or biotic stressors across various life stages. The application of environmental DNA/RNA (eDNA/eRNA) to advance ecological understanding has been very successfully used. However, the eminent extension of eDNA/eRNA-based approaches to estimate human exposure to biotic and/or abiotic environmental stressors to understand the environmental causes of chronic diseases has yet to start. Here, we introduce the potential of eDNA/eRNA for bio-monitoring of human exposome and health effects in the real environmental or occupational settings. This review is the first of its kind to discuss how eDNA/eRNA-based approaches can be applied for assessing the human exposome. eDNA-based exposome assessment is expected to rely on our ability to capture the genome- and epigenome-wide signatures left behind by individuals in the indoor and outdoor physical spaces through shedding, excreting, etc. Records of eDNA/eRNA exposome may reflect the early appearance, persistence, and presence of biotic and/or abiotic-exposure-mediated modifications in these nucleic acid molecules. Functional genome- and epigenome-wide mapping of eDNA offer great promise to help elucidate the human exposome. Assessment of longitudinal exposure to physical, biological, and chemical agents present in the environment through eDNA/eRNA may enable the building of an integrative causal dynamic stochastic model to estimate environmental causes of human health deficits. This model is expected to incorporate key biological pathways and gene networks linking individuals, their geographic locations, and random multi-hits of environmental factors. Development and validation of monitoring of eDNA/eRNA exposome should seriously be considered to introduce into safety and risk assessment and as surrogates of chronic exposure to environmental stressors. Here we highlight that eDNA/eRNA reflecting longitudinal exposure of both biotic and abiotic environmental stressors may serve as records of human exposome and discuss its application as molecular tools for understanding the toxicogenomics basis of environment-related health deficits.
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Tomasek, Ladislav. "LUNG CANCER LIFETIME RISKS IN COHORT STUDIES OF URANIUM MINERS." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 191, no. 2 (September 2020): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncaa143.
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Abstract The article summarizes the most recent results from the cohorts of uranium miners, particularly the risks at low exposures and the risk models with modifying effects of exposure rate, age and time since exposure, which are used for the calculation of lifetime risks (LRs). The excess relative risks per unit exposure (ERR/WLM) arising from low exposures were found up to 10 times higher than the crude risk coefficients. For studies that reported models with modifying effect of age, time since exposure and exposure rate, LRs were calculated using the BEIR VI projection. These LRs were also calculated for a model with effect modification on the annual exposure rate. The results were prepared for the UNSCEAR report on ‘Lung cancer from exposure to radon.’(1)
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Lee, Seokwon, Sangjun Choi, and Kyoungho Lee. "Evaluation of Stoffenmanager and a New Exposure Model for Estimating Occupational Exposure to Styrene in the Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics Lamination Process." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12 (June 22, 2020): 4486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124486.
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This study aims to evaluate occupational exposure models by comparing model estimations of Stoffenmanager, version 8.2, and exposure scores calculated using a new exposure model with personal exposure measurements for styrene used in the fiberglass-reinforced plastic (FRP) lamination processes in Korea. Using the collected exposure measurements (n = 160) with detailed contextual information about the type of process, working conditions, local exhaust ventilation, respiratory protections, and task descriptions, we developed a new model algorithm to estimate the score for occupational exposures on situation level. We assumed that the source of exposure originates from the near field only (within the breathing zone of workers). The new model is designed as a simple formula of multiplying scores for job classification, exposure potential, engineering controls, chemical hazard, and exposure probability and then dividing the score for workplace size. The final score is log-transformed, ranging from 1 to 14, and the exposure category is divided into four ratings: no exposure (1), low (2), medium (3), and high (4) exposures. Using the contextual information, all the parameters and modifying factors are similarly entered into the two models through direct translation and coding processes with expert judgement, and the exposure estimations and scores using the two models are calculated for each situation. Overall bias and precision for Stoffenmanager are −1.00 ± 2.07 (50th) and −0.32 ± 2.32 (90th) for all situations (n = 36), indicating that Stoffenmanager slightly underestimated styrene exposures. Pearson’s correlation coefficients are significantly high for Stoffenmanager (r = 0.87) and the new model (r = 0.88), and the correlation between the two models is significantly high (r = 0.93) (p < 0.01). Therefore, the model estimations using Stoffenmanager and the new model are significantly correlated with the styrene exposures in the FRP lamination process. Further studies are needed to validate and calibrate the models using a larger number of exposure measurements for various substances in the future.
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Olaleye, Abiola O., Olorunfemi A. Ogundele, Babatunde I. Awokola, Oladele S. Olatunya, Omolara A. Olaleye, Titilope Adeyanju, and Akinlolu G. Omisore. "Occupational exposure to HIV and use of post-exposure prophylaxis in a general hospital in North Central, Nigeria." International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health 3, no. 1 (October 31, 2013): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijosh.v3i1.6635.
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Occupational exposures to blood borne pathogens including HIV have been well studied. However, limited studies exist about the utilization of post exposure prophylaxis and follow-up in Nigeria. The objectives of the study were to describe the characteristics of occupational exposure to HIV, the utilization of post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) among health workers, and the proportion of exposed health workers reporting for follow-up three months after exposure. A cross sectional descriptive study involving ninety three health workers was carried out at a general hospital located in an urban area in North Central zone of Nigeria. A simple random sampling technique was used. The prevalence of occupational exposure, utilization of post exposure prophylaxis and follow-up rate were assessed using self administered questionnaire. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 16 and descriptive analysis was carried out. It was reported that, 73.1% of respondents at least one or more occupational exposures to HIV and other blood borne pathogens through accidental needle injury/prick, blood splash on a fresh wound or conjunctiva exposure in the last one year. Needle stick injury occurred in 83.8% of all respondents who had occupational exposures. 8.8% of exposed respondents commenced post exposure prophylaxis with two-thirds completing the post exposure prophylaxis regimen. Only one (25%) of those who completed the regimen reported for follow-up. Occupational exposures to HIV are common among health workers. The rates of utilization of post exposure prophylaxis and follow-up were low. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijosh.v3i1.6635 International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, Vol 3 No 1 (2013) 11-17
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Evanoff, Bradley, Marcus Yung, Skye Buckner-Petty, Matthew Baca, Johan Hviid Andersen, Yves Roquelaure, Alexis Descatha, and Ann Marie Dale. "Cross-national comparison of two general population job exposure matrices for physical work exposures." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, no. 8 (March 20, 2019): 567–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2018-105408.
Full textAbstract:
ObjectivesJob exposure matrices (JEMs) are increasingly used to estimate physical workplace exposures. We conducted a cross-national comparison of exposure estimates from two general population JEMs to aid the interpretation of exposure–outcome associations across countries and to explore the feasibility of cross-national application of JEMs to provide workplace physical exposure estimates.MethodsWe compared physical exposure estimates from two general population JEMs created from the FrenchCohorte des consultants des Centres d’examens de santé study (27 exposure variables) and the American Occupational Information Network database (21 exposure variables). These exposure variables were related to physical demands or ergonomic risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders. We used a crosswalk to match French Profession et Catégorie Sociale job codes with American Standard Occupational Classification job codes and calculated Spearman’s correlations and Cohen’s kappa values for exposure variable pairs between these French and American JEMs. We defined a priori 50 matched French and American JEM variable pairs that measured similar exposures.ResultsAll variable pairs measuring similar physical exposures demonstrated positive correlations. Among the 50 matched pairs, 33 showed high correlation (ρ≥0.70) and 46 showed at least moderate agreement (κ≥0.41). Exposures expected to be mutually exclusive (manual work vs office work) showed strongly negative correlations.ConclusionsFrench and American general population physical exposure JEMs were related, sharing moderate to high association and moderate to substantial agreement between the majority of variable pairs measuring similar exposures. These findings will inform cross-national comparisons of study results and support some uses of general population JEMs outside their countries of origin.