Relevant bibliographies by topics / Exposure

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Exposure'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Exposure"

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Agier, Lydiane, Xavier Basagaña, Carles Hernandez-Ferrer, Léa Maitre, Ibon Tamayo Uria, Jose Urquiza, Sandra Andrusaityte, et al. "Association between the pregnancy exposome and fetal growth." International Journal of Epidemiology 49, no. 2 (March 13, 2020): 572–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyaa017.

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Abstract Background Several environmental contaminants were shown to possibly influence fetal growth, generally from single exposure family studies, which are prone to publication bias and confounding by co-exposures. The exposome paradigm offers perspectives to avoid selective reporting of findings and to control for confounding by co-exposures. We aimed to characterize associations of fetal growth with the pregnancy chemical and external exposomes. Methods Within the Human Early-Life Exposome project, 131 prenatal exposures were assessed using biomarkers and environmental models in 1287 mother–child pairs from six European cohorts. We investigated their associations with fetal growth using a deletion-substitution-addition (DSA) algorithm considering all exposures simultaneously, and an exposome-wide association study (ExWAS) considering each exposure independently. We corrected for exposure measurement error and tested for exposure–exposure and sex–exposure interactions. Results The DSA model identified lead blood level, which was associated with a 97 g birth weight decrease for each doubling in lead concentration. No exposure passed the multiple testing-corrected significance threshold of ExWAS; without multiple testing correction, this model was in favour of negative associations of lead, fine particulate matter concentration and absorbance with birth weight, and of a positive sex-specific association of parabens with birth weight in boys. No two-way interaction between exposure variables was identified. Conclusions This first large-scale exposome study of fetal growth simultaneously considered >100 environmental exposures. Compared with single exposure studies, our approach allowed making all tests (usually reported in successive publications) explicit. Lead exposure is still a health concern in Europe and parabens health effects warrant further investigation.
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Turner, Michelle C., Mark Nieuwenhuijsen, Kim Anderson, David Balshaw, Yuxia Cui, Genevieve Dunton, Jane A. Hoppin, Petros Koutrakis, and Michael Jerrett. "Assessing the Exposome with External Measures: Commentary on the State of the Science and Research Recommendations." Annual Review of Public Health 38, no. 1 (March 20, 2017): 215–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-082516-012802.

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The exposome comprises all environmental exposures that a person experiences from conception throughout the life course. Here we review the state of the science for assessing external exposures within the exposome. This article reviews (a) categories of exposures that can be assessed externally, (b) the current state of the science in external exposure assessment, (c) current tools available for external exposure assessment, and (d) priority research needs. We describe major scientific and technological advances that inform external assessment of the exposome, including geographic information systems; remote sensing; global positioning system and geolocation technologies; portable and personal sensing, including smartphone-based sensors and assessments; and self-reported questionnaire assessments, which increasingly rely on Internet-based platforms. We also discuss priority research needs related to methodological and technological improvement, data analysis and interpretation, data sharing, and other practical considerations, including improved assessment of exposure variability as well as exposure in multiple, critical life stages.
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Lyon-Caen, Sarah, Valérie Siroux, Johanna Lepeule, Philippe Lorimier, Pierre Hainaut, Pascal Mossuz, Joane Quentin, et al. "Deciphering the Impact of Early-Life Exposures to Highly Variable Environmental Factors on Foetal and Child Health: Design of SEPAGES Couple-Child Cohort." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 20 (October 14, 2019): 3888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203888.

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In humans, studies based on Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) concept and targeting short half-lived chemicals, including many endocrine disruptors, generally assessed exposures from spot biospecimens. Effects of early-life exposure to atmospheric pollutants were reported, based on outdoor air pollution levels. For both exposure families, exposure misclassification is expected from these designs: for non-persistent chemicals, because a spot biospecimen is unlikely to capture exposure over windows longer than a few days; for air pollutants, because indoor levels are ignored. We developed a couple-child cohort relying on deep phenotyping and extended personal exposure assessment aiming to better characterize the effects of components of the exposome, including air pollutants and non-persistent endocrine disruptors, on child health and development. Pregnant women were included in SEPAGES couple-child cohort (Grenoble area) from 2014 to 2017. Maternal and children exposure to air pollutants was repeatedly assessed by personal monitors. DNA, RNA, serum, plasma, placenta, cord blood, meconium, child and mother stools, living cells, milk, hair and repeated urine samples were collected. A total of 484 pregnant women were recruited, with excellent compliance to the repeated urine sampling protocol (median, 43 urine samples per woman during pregnancy). The main health outcomes are child respiratory health using early objective measures, growth and neurodevelopment. Compared to former studies, the accuracy of assessment of non-persistent exposures is expected to be strongly improved in this new type of birth cohort tailored for the exposome concept, with deep phenotyping and extended exposure characterization. By targeting weaknesses in exposure assessment of the current approaches of cohorts on effects of early life environmental exposures with strong temporal variations, and relying on a rich biobank to provide insight on the underlying biological pathways whereby exposures affect health, this design is expected to provide deeper understanding of the interplay between the Exposome and child development and health.
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López-Cervantes, Juan Pablo, Marianne Lønnebotn, Nils Oskar Jogi, Lucia Calciano, Ingrid Nordeide Kuiper, Matthew G. Darby, Shyamali C. Dharmage, et al. "The Exposome Approach in Allergies and Lung Diseases: Is It Time to Define a Preconception Exposome?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 23 (December 1, 2021): 12684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312684.

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Emerging research suggests environmental exposures before conception may adversely affect allergies and lung diseases in future generations. Most studies are limited as they have focused on single exposures, not considering that these diseases have a multifactorial origin in which environmental and lifestyle factors are likely to interact. Traditional exposure assessment methods fail to capture the interactions among environmental exposures and their impact on fundamental biological processes, as well as individual and temporal factors. A valid estimation of exposure preconception is difficult since the human reproductive cycle spans decades and the access to germ cells is limited. The exposome is defined as the cumulative measure of external exposures on an organism (external exposome), and the associated biological responses (endogenous exposome) throughout the lifespan, from conception and onwards. An exposome approach implies a targeted or agnostic analysis of the concurrent and temporal multiple exposures, and may, together with recent technological advances, improve the assessment of the environmental contributors to health and disease. This review describes the current knowledge on preconception environmental exposures as related to respiratory health outcomes in offspring. We discuss the usefulness and feasibility of using an exposome approach in this research, advocating for the preconception exposure window to become included in the exposome concept.
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Stingone, Jeanette A., Germaine M. Buck Louis, Shoji F. Nakayama, Roel C. H. Vermeulen, Richard K. Kwok, Yuxia Cui, David M. Balshaw, and Susan L. Teitelbaum. "Toward Greater Implementation of the Exposome Research Paradigm within Environmental Epidemiology." Annual Review of Public Health 38, no. 1 (March 20, 2017): 315–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-082516-012750.

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Investigating a single environmental exposure in isolation does not reflect the actual human exposure circumstance nor does it capture the multifactorial etiology of health and disease. The exposome, defined as the totality of environmental exposures from conception onward, may advance our understanding of environmental contributors to disease by more fully assessing the multitude of human exposures across the life course. Implementation into studies of human health has been limited, in part owing to theoretical and practical challenges including a lack of infrastructure to support comprehensive exposure assessment, difficulty in differentiating physiologic variation from environmentally induced changes, and the need for study designs and analytic methods that accommodate specific aspects of the exposome, such as high-dimensional exposure data and multiple windows of susceptibility. Recommendations for greater data sharing and coordination, methods development, and acknowledgment and minimization of multiple types of measurement error are offered to encourage researchers to embark on exposome research to promote the environmental health and well-being of all populations.
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Mason, Lisa H., Jordan P. Harp, and Dong Y. Han. "Pb Neurotoxicity: Neuropsychological Effects of Lead Toxicity." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/840547.

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Neurotoxicity is a term used to describe neurophysiological changes caused by exposure to toxic agents. Such exposure can result in neurocognitive symptoms and/or psychiatric disturbances. Common toxic agents include heavy metals, drugs, organophosphates, bacterial, and animal neurotoxins. Among heavy metal exposures, lead exposure is one of the most common exposures that can lead to significant neuropsychological and functional decline in humans. In this review, neurotoxic lead exposure's pathophysiology, etiology, and epidemiology are explored. In addition, commonly associated neuropsychological difficulties in intelligence, memory, executive functioning, attention, processing speed, language, visuospatial skills, motor skills, and affect/mood are explored.
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Siroux, Valérie, Lydiane Agier, and Rémy Slama. "The exposome concept: a challenge and a potential driver for environmental health research." European Respiratory Review 25, no. 140 (May 31, 2016): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0034-2016.

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The exposome concept was defined in 2005 as encompassing all environmental exposures from conception onwards, as a new strategy to evidence environmental disease risk factors. Although very appealing, the exposome concept is challenging in many respects. In terms of assessment, several hundreds of time-varying exposures need to be considered, but increasing the number of exposures assessed should not be done at the cost of increased exposure misclassification. Accurately assessing the exposome currently requires numerous measurements, which rely on different technologies; resulting in an expensive set of protocols. In the future, high-throughput ‘omics technologies may be a promising technique to integrate a wide range of exposures from a small numbers of biological matrices. Assessing the association between many exposures and health raises statistical challenges. Due to the correlation structure of the exposome, existing statistical methods cannot fully and efficiently untangle the exposures truly affecting the health outcome from correlated exposures. Other statistical challenges relate to accounting for exposure misclassification or identifying synergistic effects between exposures. On-going exposome projects are trying to overcome technical and statistical challenges. From a public health perspective, a better understanding of the environmental risk factors should open the way to improved prevention strategies.
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HS, Ravish. "Assessment of Post-exposure Prophylaxis Services for Animal Exposures in Healthcare Facilities of a Municipal Corporation." APCRI Journal 25, no. 1 (June 19, 2023): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/0973.5038.202302.

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Mehta, Maharshi. "74 Leveraging on exposure profiles for efficient exposure monitoring outcome." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 68, Supplement_1 (June 1, 2024): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxae035.030.

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Abstract Occupational hygiene service providers and companies worldwide have been collecting thousands of exposure monitoring samples and not leveraging the lessons learned from exposure monitoring results. The exposure monitoring results are often not representative of actual exposures. Precious resources are wasted in collecting exposure monitoring samples when not needed based on, for example, previous exposure monitoring results and chemical properties. For example, inhalation of phosphoric acid exposure is rarely a concern as phosphoric acid vapor pressure is low (0.03 mmHg (20 °C). Exposure monitoring is also unnecessary when a unit operation’s statistically analyzed exposure monitoring results confirm exposures above the exposure limits unless required by local regulation. For example, the exposure monitoring results indicate that hexavalent chromium exposure will likely exceed its exposure limit when stainless steel welding is done without an efficient Local Exhaust Ventilation. Then why not implement exposure controls rather than waiting for hexavalent chromium exposure monitoring results from stainless steel welding? 5000+ exposure monitoring results of pharmaceutical and general industry unit operations were statistically analyzed, and exposure profiles were developed. The pharmaceutical unit operations consisted of weighing, dispensing, and charging. General industry unit operations included welding (metal profile and Manganese exposures), soldering, acids handling, and spray painting (isocyanates). The statistically analyzed sampling results identified the unit operations where exposure monitoring is not needed either because the results were significantly below or above the exposure limits. Occupational hygiene communities could leverage the exposure profiles and focus on reducing exposure monitoring and implementing exposure controls. A consortium of occupational hygienists could enhance and share exposure profiles.
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Antonini, James M., Vamsi Kodali, Mohammad Shoeb, Michael Kashon, Katherine A. Roach, Gregory Boyce, Terence Meighan, et al. "Effect of a High-Fat Diet and Occupational Exposure in Different Rat Strains on Lung and Systemic Responses: Examination of the Exposome in an Animal Model." Toxicological Sciences 174, no. 1 (December 26, 2019): 100–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfz247.

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Abstract The exposome is the measure of all exposures of an individual in a lifetime and how those exposures relate to health. The goal was to examine an experimental model integrating multiple aspects of the exposome by collecting biological samples during critical life stages of an exposed animal that are applicable to worker populations. Genetic contributions were assessed using strains of male rats with different genetic backgrounds (Fischer-344, Sprague Dawley, and Brown-Norway) maintained on a regular or high-fat diet for 24 weeks. At week 7 during diet maintenance, groups of rats from each strain were exposed to stainless steel welding fume (WF; 20 mg/m3 × 3 h/d × 4 days/week × 5 weeks) or air until week 12, at which time some animals were euthanized. A separate set of rats from each strain were allowed to recover from WF exposure until the end of the 24-week period. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum were collected at 7, 12, and 24 weeks to assess general health indices. Depending on animal strain, WF exposure and high-fat diet together worsened kidney toxicity as well as altered different serum enzymes and proteins. Diet had minimal interaction with WF exposure for pulmonary toxicity endpoints. Experimental factors of diet, exposure, and strain were all important, depending on the health outcome measured. Exposure had the most significant influence related to pulmonary responses. Strain was the most significant contributor regarding the other health indices examined, indicating that genetic differences possibly drive the exposome effect in each strain.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Exposure"

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Danjou, Aurélie. "Dioxin exposure and breast cancer risk in the E3N cohort : multi-source exposures and timing of exposure." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1308/document.

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Le cancer du sein est le cancer le plus fréquent chez la femme et son incidence a doublé ces 30 dernières années. Les facteurs environnementaux à effet perturbateur endocrinien, tels que les dioxines émises par les activités de combustion industrielle, sont suspectés d'augmenter le risque de cancer du sein. L'alimentation et l'inhalation sont les deux voies majeures d'exposition aux dioxines chez l'Homme. Les données épidémiologiques sur le sujet sont non concluantes, et il existe des limites méthodologiques. Ce travail doctoral avait pour objectif d'étudier l'impact de l'exposition aux dioxines sur le risque de cancer du sein dans la cohorte E3N, en répondant aux limites des études existantes.Nous avons évalué l'exposition alimentaire aux dioxines puis estimé le risque de cancer du sein associé parmi les femmes de la cohorte E3N. Nous avons ensuite développé un score d'exposition basé sur un système d'information géographique, associant la distance à la source, la durée d'exposition et la fréquence de vent dominant, afin d'évaluer l'exposition environnementale aux dioxines à chaque adresse des femmes entre 1990 et 2008. Le risque de cancer du sein associé au score d'exposition cumulé a été estimé dans une étude cas-témoins nichée dans la cohorte E3N, parmi les femmes ayant résidé en Rhône-Alpes. Aucune association n'a été observée, à l'exception d'une diminution du risque de cancer du sein hormono-indépendant, retrouvée de façon significative dans l'étude alimentaire. Cette dernière observation est cohérente avec des données expérimentales. Dû à un manque de puissance statistique pour l'exposition aérienne, nos résultats demandent confirmation au niveau national
Breast cancer (BC) is the first malignancy among women. Its incidence has doubled over the past 30 years. Environmental factors with endocrine disruptive properties, such as dioxins emitted from industrial combustion processes, are suspected to affect BC risk. Ingestion of contaminated food and inhalation are the major exposure routes in humans. Epidemiological evidence on the association between dioxin exposure and BC risk remains inconclusive due to methodological limitations. The aim of the thesis was to investigate the association between dioxin exposure and BC risk in the E3N prospective cohort, filling current methodological gaps.First, we assessed the association between estimated dietary dioxin exposure and BC risk among women from the E3N cohort. Second, we developed a geographic information system (GIS)-based metric to assess airborne dioxin exposure at the individual address level, including proximity to and technical characteristics of industrial sources, exposure duration and prevailing wind frequency. The metric was then applied to each E3N women’s addresses from 1990 to 2008, and airborne dioxin exposure was estimated for cases and matched controls from a cohort sub-population (the Rhône-Alpes region). Third, we estimated BC risk associated with cumulative airborne dioxin exposure. Overall, no statistically significant association was observed, except for a decrease in hormone-independent BC risk. The latter was significant for dietary dioxin exposure. For airborne exposure, we might have lacked statistical power and confirmation at the national level is required. The inverse association with ER-negative BC risk is consistent with experimental evidence
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Semple, Sean. "Exposure modelling : estimating dermal and inhalation exposures for epidemiological research." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.395143.

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This study reviews available methods of exposure assessment, examines the effects of exposure misclassification on the ability to identify an association, and focuses on recent progress in subjective exposure modelling. Subjective exposure modelling utilises a framework of parameters identified as likely to control personal exposure levels together with detailed guidance and expert judgement in order to estimate exposure concentrations. As part of a case-control study, the Neurotoxicity of Paint Solvents (NPS) study, the process of evaluating subjects' lifetime exposure to solvents was reviewed. A training program and detailed guidance material was produced and the ability of assessors to reconstruct inhalation exposures from textual data was tested. In the training study, assessors were shown to estimate exposures that were well correlated with measured levels (correlation coefficients for log estimate compared to log measured values ranging from 0.73 to 0.85). The assessors tended to overestimate levels with the estimates ranging from 1.6 to 3.5 times the measured results. A series of painting simulation exercises was carried out to validate the use of certain guidance values for the model parameters. Using different paint application methods and different paint types, the influence of these variables on exposure levels was assessed. The results agreed closely with the guidance produced for the inhalation exposure model. Analysis of the solvent exposure histories of the NPS study group suggested that dermal exposure and uptake of solvents was important. To this end a novel dermal exposure model was developed for spray painting tasks. Using a conceptual model of the process, a method to describe both the likely dermal solvent exposure and solvent uptake through the skin was created. Mechanisms for combining exposures from the dermal and inhalation exposure pathways are described. Using occupational history information together with workplace monitoring records and data from paint manufacturers, both inhalation and dermal exposure to solvents was estimated for the one-hundred and twenty NPS study subjects. Two solvent exposure metrics were calculated. Cumulative exposure was the product of exposure level and time, while average annual intensity was the cumulative exposure figure divided by the number of years in solvent using employment.
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Shamsul, Ramesh Zakir bin. "Video exposure monitoring as a tool in workplace exposure assessment." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2010. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/738.

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Video exposure monitoring (VEM) consists of taking video recording of a worker performing a task at the same time while personal monitoring is performed using a direct-reading instrument. The video and the exposure data are then merged and synchronized and analyzed together. The industrial hygienist conducting the VEM is able to identify any high level of exposure and note the time when the excessive level happened. The corresponding task of the worker is then identified based from the video shot taken at the same time as the exposure data. The objective of this thesis was to study the implementation of a low cost means of conducting VEM in workplaces with hazardous chemicals in use, by utilizing commercially-available direct reading instruments, a digital video camera, and either off-the-shelf software or freeware downloadable from the internet. It was intended that VEM done by such means would still have the same ability of conveying workplace exposure results and, at the same time, capable of pinpointing work areas where controls could be initiated to reduce excessive levels of contaminants.
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Dodis, Yevgeniy 1976. "Exposure-resilient cryptography." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/86613.

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Cabana, Teri. "The Total Picture: Multiple Chemical Exposures to Pregnant Women in the US – An NHANES Study of Data from 2003 through 2010." VCU Scholars Compass, 2014. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3504.

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INTRODUCTION: Chemical exposures to US pregnant women have been shown to have adverse health impacts on both mother and fetus. A prior paper revealed that US pregnant women in 2003-2004 had widespread exposure to multiple chemicals. The goal of this research is to examine how environmental chemical exposures to US pregnant women have changed from 2003 to 2010 and to look further at the extent of simultaneous exposure to multiple chemicals in US pregnant women using biomonitoring data available through NHANES (the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey). METHODS: Using available NHANES data from the following cycles (2003-2004, 2005-2006, 2007-2008, 2009-2010), we analyzed how environmental chemical exposures changed over time. Covariates were used and data was weighted to reflect the population of pregnant US women. Each cycle was then compared to the 2003-2004 cycle in order to assess how exposures have changed over time. We then looked at the data in an entirely different fashion. We examined the total number of chemicals detected in a given pregnant woman by chemical group. Finally, we looked at the total number of detects across various chemical groups and used the Fisher Exact Test to study how the distribution of detections changed in 2009-2010 compared to 2003-2004. RESULTS: While at least one-third of the chemicals analyzed showed one cycle that differed, exposure rates of individual chemicals were generally not increasing from 2003-2010. Median number of detections over chemical groups also did not show much difference over time. However, analysis of the change in frequency distributions revealed that, for some chemical groups, the frequency of detects in US pregnant woman significantly increased in 2010 compared to 2003. CONCLUSIONS: Widespread chemical exposures were seen in US pregnant women from 2003 through 2010. The number of chemical analytes detected in US pregnant women’s bodies is rising. Many chemicals studied had similar mechanisms of action and/or similar adverse health outcomes upon exposure which is known to result in a cumulative health effect. This research suggests that we need to focus not only on exposure rates of individual chemicals but also on the overall number of chemicals detected when assessing the overall picture of environmental chemical exposures to pregnant women in the US.
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McQueen, Heather L. "Estimation of prenatal exposure to glyphosate using maternal exposure assessment techniques." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2010. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/371.

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Glyphosate is a leaf-absorbed, systemic herbicide against a wide range of problem annual and perennial weeds that is widely used in crop production, general land management and home gardens. Though glyphosate is the most heavily used herbicide in Australia, its use is not monitored (ATSE, 2002). Controlled residue studies show that residues of glyphosate persist in food crops, creating the potential for a large number of people to be exposed (FAO/WHO, 1986; 2006b; U.S. EPA, 1993). Regulatory studies show that glyphosate per se is practically harmless to humans, wildlife and the environment; however, recent research indicates other ingredients in the formulation increase the toxicity and availability of glyphosate in animal cells, tissues and organs, raising concern for the safety of glyphosate on human health. While dietary exposure of the general population to glyphosate has been predicted, it has not been measured in regional surveillance or national total diet studies; neither has an exposure assessment been conducted in the residential setting (FSANZ, 2003; personal communication Cook (FSANZ), 2007; U.S. EPA, 1993; WHO, 1994).
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Johnstone, Kelly Rose. "Organophosphate exposure in Australian agricultural workers : human exposure and risk assessment." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2006. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16345/1/Kelly_Johnstone_Thesis.pdf.

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Organophosphate (OP) pesticides, as a group, are the most widely used insecticides in Australia. Approximately 5 000 tonnes of active ingredient are used annually (Radcliffe, 2002). The OP pesticide group consists of around 30 identifiably distinct chemicals that are synthesised and added to approximately 700 products (Radcliffe, 2002). OP pesticides are used on fruit, vegetable, grain, pasture seed, ornamental, cotton, and viticultural crops, on livestock and domestic animals, as well as for building pest control. OP pesticides all act by inhibiting the nervous system enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and as such are termed anticholinesterase insecticides. The phosphorylation of AChE and the resultant accumulation of acetylcholine are responsible for the typical symptoms of acute poisoning with OP compounds. In addition to acute health effects, OP compound exposure can result in chronic, long-term neurological effects. The traditional method of health surveillance for OP pesticide exposure is blood cholinesterase analysis, which is actually biological effect monitoring. However, there are several drawbacks associated with the use of the blood cholinesterase test, including its invasive nature, the need for baseline levels and a substantial exposure to OP pesticide before a drop in cholinesterase activity can be detected. OP pesticides are metabolised fairly rapidly by the liver to form alkyl phosphates (DAPs). Approximately 70% of OP pesticides in use in Australia will metabolise into one or more of six common DAPs. During the last 30 years, scientists have developed a urine test that detects these six degradation products. However, unlike the blood cholinesterase test, there is currently no Biological Exposure Index (BEI) for the urine DAP metabolite test. Workers in the agricultural industry - particularly those involved with mixing, loading and application tasks - are at risk of exposure to OP pesticides. It is therefore important that these workers are able to assess their risk of health effects from exposure to OP pesticides. However, currently in Queensland, workplace health and safety legislation exempts the agricultural industry from hazardous substance legislation that incorporates the requirement to perform risk assessments and health surveillance (blood cholinesterase testing) for OP pesticide exposure. The specific aim of this research was to characterise OP pesticide exposure and to assess the feasibility of using urine DAP metabolite testing as a risk assessment tool for agricultural and related industry workers exposed to OP pesticides. An additional aim among farmers was to conduct an in-depth evaluation of their knowledge, attitudes and behaviours related to handling OP pesticides and how they assess the risks associated with their use of OPs. A cross-sectional study design was used to assess exposure to OP pesticides and related issues among four groups: fruit and vegetable farmers, pilots and mixer/loaders, formulator plant staff and a control group. The study involved 51 farmers in the interviewer-administered questionnaire and 32 in urine sample provision. Eighteen pilots and mixer/loaders provided urine samples and 9 exposed formulation plant staff provided urine and blood samples. Community controls from Toowoomba Rotary clubs provided 44 urine samples and 11 non-exposed formulation plant staff provided blood and urine samples; all groups also provided responses to a self-administered questionnaire. Participant farmers were drawn from the main cropping areas in south-east Queensland - Laidley/Lowood, Gatton, and Stanthorpe. The farmer group was characterised by small owner-operators who often had primary responsibility for OP pesticide mixing and application. Farmers had good knowledge of pesticide-related safety practices; however, despite this knowledge, use of personal protective equipment (PPE) was low. More than half of the farmers did not often wear a mask/respirator (56%), gloves (54%) or overalls (65%). Material Safety Data Sheets were never or rarely read and 88.2% of farmers never or rarely read OP pesticide labels before application. There were also problems with chemical suppliers providing farmers with MSDSs. The majority of farmers (90.2%) reported that they had never had any health surveillance performed and three-quarters had never read about or been shown how to perform a formal risk assessment. The main inhibitors to the use of PPE in the farmers' group included the uncomfortable and cumbersome nature of PPE, especially in hot weather conditions, and the fear of PPE use triggering neighbours' complaints to Government authorities. Factors associated with better PPE use included having positive attitudes and beliefs toward PPE use, higher knowledge scores and low risk perception. Farmers' use of OP pesticides was infrequent, of short duration and involved application via a boom on a tractor, a lower risk application method. Consequently, urine DAP metabolite levels in this group were generally low, with 36 out of 96 samples (37.5%) containing detectable levels. Detectable results ranged from 9.00-116.00 mol/mol creatinine. Formulators exposed to OP pesticides were found to have the highest urine DAP metabolite levels (detectable levels 13.20-550.00 mol/mol creatinine), followed by pilots and mixer/loaders (detectable levels 8.40-304.00 mol/mol creatinine) and then farmers. Despite this, pilots and mixer/loaders (particularly mixer/loaders) had the greatest number of samples containing detectable levels (94.4% of samples). The DAP metabolite most frequently detected across all groups was DMTP, which was the only metabolite found in control samples. Levels found in this study are similar to those reported in international research (Takamiya, 1994, Stephens et al., 1996, Simcox et al., 1999, Mills, 2001, Cocker et al., 2002). The observed DAP levels were not associated with a drop in cholinesterase activity among the formulation plant workers, as expected from the literature. Such exposure also is unlikely to be associated with acute health effects. In contrast, there is insufficient scientific knowledge to know whether levels recorded in this study and elsewhere may be associated with long-term, chronic health effects. Notably, DMTP levels also were observed among the presumably 'unexposed' comparison groups. Environmental background level exposures to OPs producing the DAP metabolite DMTP are therefore of potential significance and may be related, at least in part, to consumption of contaminated fruit and vegetables. There is also emerging evidence to suggest that exposure to DAP metabolites themselves through diet and other sources may contribute to the concentration of DAPs, including DMTP in urine, potentially complicating assessment of occupational exposures. Nevertheless, the urine DAP metabolite test was a useful, sensitive indicator of occupational OP pesticide exposure among agricultural workers and may be of use to the industry as part of the risk assessment process. Future research should aim to establish a BEI for the urine DAP test.
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Johnstone, Kelly Rose. "Organophosphate exposure in Australian agricultural workers : human exposure and risk assessment." Queensland University of Technology, 2006. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16345/.

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Organophosphate (OP) pesticides, as a group, are the most widely used insecticides in Australia. Approximately 5 000 tonnes of active ingredient are used annually (Radcliffe, 2002). The OP pesticide group consists of around 30 identifiably distinct chemicals that are synthesised and added to approximately 700 products (Radcliffe, 2002). OP pesticides are used on fruit, vegetable, grain, pasture seed, ornamental, cotton, and viticultural crops, on livestock and domestic animals, as well as for building pest control. OP pesticides all act by inhibiting the nervous system enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and as such are termed anticholinesterase insecticides. The phosphorylation of AChE and the resultant accumulation of acetylcholine are responsible for the typical symptoms of acute poisoning with OP compounds. In addition to acute health effects, OP compound exposure can result in chronic, long-term neurological effects. The traditional method of health surveillance for OP pesticide exposure is blood cholinesterase analysis, which is actually biological effect monitoring. However, there are several drawbacks associated with the use of the blood cholinesterase test, including its invasive nature, the need for baseline levels and a substantial exposure to OP pesticide before a drop in cholinesterase activity can be detected. OP pesticides are metabolised fairly rapidly by the liver to form alkyl phosphates (DAPs). Approximately 70% of OP pesticides in use in Australia will metabolise into one or more of six common DAPs. During the last 30 years, scientists have developed a urine test that detects these six degradation products. However, unlike the blood cholinesterase test, there is currently no Biological Exposure Index (BEI) for the urine DAP metabolite test. Workers in the agricultural industry - particularly those involved with mixing, loading and application tasks - are at risk of exposure to OP pesticides. It is therefore important that these workers are able to assess their risk of health effects from exposure to OP pesticides. However, currently in Queensland, workplace health and safety legislation exempts the agricultural industry from hazardous substance legislation that incorporates the requirement to perform risk assessments and health surveillance (blood cholinesterase testing) for OP pesticide exposure. The specific aim of this research was to characterise OP pesticide exposure and to assess the feasibility of using urine DAP metabolite testing as a risk assessment tool for agricultural and related industry workers exposed to OP pesticides. An additional aim among farmers was to conduct an in-depth evaluation of their knowledge, attitudes and behaviours related to handling OP pesticides and how they assess the risks associated with their use of OPs. A cross-sectional study design was used to assess exposure to OP pesticides and related issues among four groups: fruit and vegetable farmers, pilots and mixer/loaders, formulator plant staff and a control group. The study involved 51 farmers in the interviewer-administered questionnaire and 32 in urine sample provision. Eighteen pilots and mixer/loaders provided urine samples and 9 exposed formulation plant staff provided urine and blood samples. Community controls from Toowoomba Rotary clubs provided 44 urine samples and 11 non-exposed formulation plant staff provided blood and urine samples; all groups also provided responses to a self-administered questionnaire. Participant farmers were drawn from the main cropping areas in south-east Queensland - Laidley/Lowood, Gatton, and Stanthorpe. The farmer group was characterised by small owner-operators who often had primary responsibility for OP pesticide mixing and application. Farmers had good knowledge of pesticide-related safety practices; however, despite this knowledge, use of personal protective equipment (PPE) was low. More than half of the farmers did not often wear a mask/respirator (56%), gloves (54%) or overalls (65%). Material Safety Data Sheets were never or rarely read and 88.2% of farmers never or rarely read OP pesticide labels before application. There were also problems with chemical suppliers providing farmers with MSDSs. The majority of farmers (90.2%) reported that they had never had any health surveillance performed and three-quarters had never read about or been shown how to perform a formal risk assessment. The main inhibitors to the use of PPE in the farmers' group included the uncomfortable and cumbersome nature of PPE, especially in hot weather conditions, and the fear of PPE use triggering neighbours' complaints to Government authorities. Factors associated with better PPE use included having positive attitudes and beliefs toward PPE use, higher knowledge scores and low risk perception. Farmers' use of OP pesticides was infrequent, of short duration and involved application via a boom on a tractor, a lower risk application method. Consequently, urine DAP metabolite levels in this group were generally low, with 36 out of 96 samples (37.5%) containing detectable levels. Detectable results ranged from 9.00-116.00 mol/mol creatinine. Formulators exposed to OP pesticides were found to have the highest urine DAP metabolite levels (detectable levels 13.20-550.00 mol/mol creatinine), followed by pilots and mixer/loaders (detectable levels 8.40-304.00 mol/mol creatinine) and then farmers. Despite this, pilots and mixer/loaders (particularly mixer/loaders) had the greatest number of samples containing detectable levels (94.4% of samples). The DAP metabolite most frequently detected across all groups was DMTP, which was the only metabolite found in control samples. Levels found in this study are similar to those reported in international research (Takamiya, 1994, Stephens et al., 1996, Simcox et al., 1999, Mills, 2001, Cocker et al., 2002). The observed DAP levels were not associated with a drop in cholinesterase activity among the formulation plant workers, as expected from the literature. Such exposure also is unlikely to be associated with acute health effects. In contrast, there is insufficient scientific knowledge to know whether levels recorded in this study and elsewhere may be associated with long-term, chronic health effects. Notably, DMTP levels also were observed among the presumably 'unexposed' comparison groups. Environmental background level exposures to OPs producing the DAP metabolite DMTP are therefore of potential significance and may be related, at least in part, to consumption of contaminated fruit and vegetables. There is also emerging evidence to suggest that exposure to DAP metabolites themselves through diet and other sources may contribute to the concentration of DAPs, including DMTP in urine, potentially complicating assessment of occupational exposures. Nevertheless, the urine DAP metabolite test was a useful, sensitive indicator of occupational OP pesticide exposure among agricultural workers and may be of use to the industry as part of the risk assessment process. Future research should aim to establish a BEI for the urine DAP test.
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Mascelloni, Massimiliano. "Biomonitoring of exposure to air pollutants : early biomarkers of exposure and effect." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6099/.

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Indoor microenvironments can have a relevant contribution towards the total exposure to pollutants. The biomarkers of exposure and effect were analysed in general population, to evaluate the impact of VOCs, PAHs and tobacco smoke exposure in everyday life. We designed a model for toxicological studies, as proof of concept for future studies. We analysed airborne personal exposure to air pollutants, the urinary and oxidative stress biomarkers of three exposure level groups in a non-smoking population from Birmingham, UK, a subset with high exposures to tobacco smoke, and a subset of schoolchildren in Saudi Arabia, living in high pollution areas. A significant correlation was observed between low concentration urinary cotinine and urinary VOCs. Urinary VOCs were found suitable for exposure assessment of general population, although the correlations with oxidative stress biomarkers were weak. No significant correlation between urinary PAHs and oxidative stress was observed in schoolchildren from Saudi Arabia, although certain areas showed a significant increase in urinary PAHs and oxidative stress biomarker. The cell exposure system was designed and tested so it could be applied in future toxicological studies. The observed ROS generation and DNA damage in the cells after exposure, proved the validity of the model for benzene exposure.
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Lam, Yat-wai. "Traffic safety and exposure." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B43785633.

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Books on the topic "Exposure"

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Stürchler, Dieter A. Exposure. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555817510.

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Collins, Brandilyn. Exposure. Waterville, Me: Thorndike Press, 2009.

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Harrison, Kathryn. Exposure. London: Fourth Estate, 1994.

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Murdoch, Patricia. Exposure. Custer, WA: Orca Book Publishers, 2006.

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Evelyn, Anthony. Exposure. New York, NY: HarperCollins, 1994.

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author, Locklear Jennifer, ed. Exposure. Los Angeles, CA: Omnific Publishing, 2014.

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Peet, Mal. Exposure. London: Walker, 2012.

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Peet, Mal. Exposure. London: Walker Books, 2016.

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1947-, Reed Christine, ed. Exposure. New York, N.Y: Soho Press, 1987.

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Evelyn, Anthony. Exposure. Thorndike, Me: G.K. Hall, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Exposure"

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Mizuno, Tomohiro, and Hirokuni Arai. "Exposure." In Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass, 71–74. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54986-4_9.

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Roberts, Gordon. "Exposure." In Mastering Photography, 76–87. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13506-6_5.

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Weik, Martin H. "exposure." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 554. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_6598.

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Lloyd, Catherine M. "Exposure." In Encyclopedia of Systems Biology, 723–24. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9863-7_1528.

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Brown, Blain. "exposure." In motion picture and video lighting, 195–220. Third edition. | New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429461422-8.

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De León, Jason. "Exposure." In Solarities, 105–15. Earth, Milky Way: punctum books, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53288/0404.1.09.

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"Exposure" examines the complicated relationship between the realities of clandestine migration and the use of photoethnography as a form of social science research. Through the concept of photography's "exposure triangle" (ISO, shutter speed, and lens aperture) I explore how the decisions regarding photographic practice, in particular the capturing of light, are linked in various ways to the difficult issues surrounding the representation of the violent experiences of migration along the U.S./Mexico border and beyond.
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Wenzel, Amy. "Exposure." In Strategic decision making in cognitive behavioral therapy., 169–86. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/14188-009.

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Kemp, Jonathan. "Exposure." In Film on Video, 25–36. London ; New York : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429468872-3.

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Yar, Majid. "Exposure." In Crime, Deviance and Doping, 60–68. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137403759_6.

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Brown, Blain. "Exposure." In Cinematography, 137–62. 4th ed. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429353239-8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Exposure"

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Quiceno, Esteban, Vin Shen Ban, and Peter Nakaji. "Surgical Exposure with Minimally Invasive Cranial Exposures." In 32nd Annual Meeting North American Skull Base Society. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1762291.

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Pourreza-Shahri, Reza, and Nasser Kehtarnavaz. "Exposure bracketing via automatic exposure selection." In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icip.2015.7350812.

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Keese, William A. "Exposure Matching Of Polychromatic Exposure Systems." In Microlithography Conference, edited by Harry L. Stover. SPIE, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.967047.

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Ryan, T., K. Taylor, and G. Burroughs. "147. Video Exposure Assessments Detect Peak Laboratory Formaldehyde Exposures." In AIHce 2003. AIHA, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2757816.

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Huang, Jie, Man Zhou, Yajing Liu, Mingde Yao, Feng Zhao, and Zhiwei Xiong. "Exposure-Consistency Representation Learning for Exposure Correction." In MM '22: The 30th ACM International Conference on Multimedia. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3503161.3547829.

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Mertens, Tom, Jan Kautz, and Frank Van Reeth. "Exposure Fusion." In Pacific Graphics '07. 15th Pacific Conference on Computer Graphics and Applications. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pg.2007.17.

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Reiley, David H., Sai-Ming Li, and Randall A. Lewis. "Northern exposure." In the 11th ACM conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1807342.1807390.

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Kinoshita, Yuman, Sayaka Shiota, Hitoshi Kiya, and Taichi Yoshida. "Multi-Exposure Image Fusion Based on Exposure Compensation." In ICASSP 2018 - 2018 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2018.8461604.

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Huang, Jie, Yajing Liu, Xueyang Fu, Man Zhou, Yang Wang, Feng Zhao, and Zhiwei Xiong. "Exposure Normalization and Compensation for Multiple-Exposure Correction." In 2022 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvpr52688.2022.00595.

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Kinoshita, Yuma, Sayaka Shiota, and Hitoshi Kiya. "Automatic Exposure Compensation for Multi-Exposure Image Fusion." In 2018 25th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icip.2018.8451401.

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Reports on the topic "Exposure"

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Smith, Richard L. EXPOSURE:. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.4373.

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Dominguez, Kathryn M. E., and Linda Tesar. Trade and Exposure. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w8129.

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Dominguez, Kathryn M. E., and Linda Tesar. Exchange Rate Exposure. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w8453.

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simpson, Andrew, Helen Beattie, Chrysanthi Lekka, Susan Hambling, Emma Tan, Tim Yates, and Chris Keen. Wood dust exposures in manufacturing industries. HSE, August 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69730/hse.23rr1211.

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Updated evidence on achievable exposure standards when good control practice measures are used in woodworking manufacturing. It consisted of two elements: site visits to companies to assess exposures and telephone interviews to better understand how to influence companies in improving exposure control
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NA. Americans' Average Radiation Exposure. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/840668.

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Bloomquist, Jeffrey R., and Bradley G. Klein. Insecticide Exposure in Parkinsonism. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada423195.

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Lawson, J. Randall, J. Randall Lawson, and Nora H. Jason. Firefighter thermal exposure workshop. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.911.

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Duan, Mengjie, Li Liu, Guillaume Da, and Evelyne Géhin. ASSESSING THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF MUCOSAL EXPOSURE AND INHALATION EXPOSURE TO AIRBORNE PARTICLES. Department of the Built Environment, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/aau541653952.

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Particles deposited on mucosa or penetrating into lower airway are two exposure routes. Quantifying administered dose of these two routes gives us idea for future advanced individual protection. Here, we report an in-vitro method to assess the administered doses of eyes, lips, and lower airway. A CT scanning and 3D-printing based human replica is developed, and exposed in front of the 0.6-5μm monodispersed fluorescent particles. At small size particles (<2.5 μm), the administered dose intensity of penetrating into lower airway inhalation (~59.41×10-2 g/g, 0.6μm) is higher than that of eyes and lips (~5.97×10-2 g/g, 0.6μm). Conversely, the administered dose intensity of lower airway inhalation (~9.39×10-2 g/g) becomes higher than that of eyes and lips (~6.24×10-2 ) g/g at 5.0μm particles. This work provides us an effective and economical way to assess exposure risks of particulate contaminants.
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Publicering, NMR. Exposure Evaluation Guidance for REACH. Nordisk Ministerråd, October 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/na2014-919.

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Moilanen, Marianne, ed. Checklist – Exposure Scenarios in REACH. Nordic Council of Ministers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/na2017-906.

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