Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Exposition aux perturbateurs endocriniens'
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Albouy-Llaty, Marion. "Exposition prénatale hydrique aux perturbateurs endocriniens et issues de grossesse." Thesis, Poitiers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POIT1401/document.
Full textDrinking-water as a source of exposure to endocrine disruptors, particularly in pregnant women whose water-use habits change during pregnancy, has seldom been studied. Our objectives were i) to study the possible relationship between prenatal exposure to endocrine disruptors in drinking water, socioeconomic factors and prevalence of neonates born small-for-gestational-age (SGA) or preterm birth ; ii) to estimate for the first time in France the water-use habits of pregnant women throughout pregnancy.Three epidemiologic studies from a retrospective cohort were carried out on 13,654 pregnant women who gave birth in Deux-Sèvres (France) between 2005 and 2010. An exposure to moderate dose of nitrates in drinking-water increased SGM risk, particularly for women living in less deprived areas. No relationship between prenatal exposure to 2-hydroxyatrazin in drinking-water and preterm birth risk was found.Water-use habits during pregnancy were assessed with a questionnaire on 132 women from the EDDS prospective cohort. Water ingestion was stable during pregnancy and tap water predominated over bottled water. In order to reconstitute the dose of pollutant intake from water, the results of this estimation by questionnaire will need to be merged with analytical dosages in waters and biological matrices.Our study confirms the interest of an interdisciplinary approach to environmental health and the key importance of education in that field
Gharieb, Katia. "Exposition précoce aux toxiques et déséquilibres nutritionnels : l’inflammation et les lésions précancéreuses de la prostate." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4125/document.
Full textNon-communicable diseases (NCDs) including cardiovascular diseases, cancers, respiratory diseases and diabetes kill 38 million people worldwide every year, 16 million of them before the age of 70. Until the 1990s, the origin of these pathologies was associated with the lifestyle of the individual: consumption of tobacco, alcohol, physical inactivity and an unbalanced diet. Since the development of the concept of DOHaD, identifying the developmental origins of health and disease, number of evidence showed that NCDs have, in part, an early origin during the peri-conception period (in utero, first years of life). Exposure during this period to food imbalances, toxic chemicals, synthetic chemicals disrupting endogenous hormones (endocrine disruptors, EDCs) may impact the developing body through epigenetic changes imprinted by the environmental factors to which individuals are exposed. However, the phenotypes and mechanisms involved are still far from being decrypted. During this thesis, we focused on developmental effects on the prostate. In fact, prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer and the fifth leading cause of death by cancer in the world. Data from the literature shows that dietary imbalances (High Fat Diet, HFD) and estrogen-like EDCs are risk factors for this cancer. We developed an experimental model of rats (young adults, 90 days postnatal) exposed during pregnancy until weaning to HFD (60% fat), or estrogen (estradiol benzoate, EB) during the neonatal period, or a combination of both, to explore the effects on the prostate (ventral lobe). Peri-natal exposure to EB or EB + HFD reduces the weight of the adult prostate. This abnormality is associated with low (HFD), moderate (EB) or massive (EB + HFD) prostate inflammation. The infiltrate is composed mainly of macrophages and T lymphocytes. This inflammation is associated with an increase in the prostate of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFa, CCL2 / MCP1 (EB) but also IL-6 (EB + HFD) as well as a deregulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. NLRP3 is chronically activated since its substrates IL1b and IL-18 were over expressed. In conclusion, we show that peri-conception exposure to an estrogen or HFD + EB combination programs prostatic lesions in adult animals. In men, it is suggested that chronic inflammatory lesions (proliferative inflammatory atrophy) would, as for other organs, be a first step towards the onset of carcinogenesis. Thus, our experimental model is relevant for the study of the early stages of prostatic tumorigenesis
Nakiwala, Dorothy. "Exposition prénatale aux phénols et aux phtalates, développement neurologique de l'enfant et rôle des hormones thyroïdiennes." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALS003.
Full textContext: The increase in the prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders warrants identification of the possible underlying modifiable risk factors. Pregnant women are constantly exposed to several phenols and phthalates that are endocrine disrupting chemicals and have been linked to various adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in toxicological studies. One of the suggested mechanisms of neurotoxicity of these compounds is by disruption of the thyroid hormone pathway.Aims: 1) To document if the use of personal care products (PCP) could influence phenols biomarkers concentrations during pregnancy; 2) to assess associations between prenatal exposure to phenols and phthalates and child neurodevelopment; and 3) to assess associations between prenatal exposure to phenols and phthalates on the thyroid hormone levels of pregnant women and their newborns.Methods: We relied on three complementary cohorts; the SEPAGES-feasibility study with multiple urine samples and detailed, time-resolved information on PCP use, the EDEN cohort with maternal urinary concentrations of phenols, phthalates and information on child neurodevelopment and the SEPAGES cohort with information on gestational exposure to phenols and phthalates (assessed in 2 pools of 21 urine sample per participant) and levels of thyroid hormones levels during pregnancy and at birth.Results: The total number of PCP applications (without distinction) was positively associated with the parabens’ and bisphenol S urinary concentrations during pregnancy but not with other phenols assessed (benzophenone-3, triclosan and bisphenol A).No phenol or phthalate metabolite pregnancy concentration was negatively associated with IQ of boys at 5 years. Some associations with child behavior were observed at 3 and 5 years: Bisphenol A was positively associated with the relationship problems subscale at 3 years and the hyperactivity–inattention subscale scores at 5 years. Mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) was positively associated with internalizing behavior, relationship problems, and emotional symptom scores at 3 years. Monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP) was positively associated with internalizing behavior and relationship problems scores at 3 years. After dichotomizing behavioral scores, triclosan tended to be positively associated with emotional symptom subscales at both 3 and 5 years.Regarding the associations with maternal hormones, bisphenol A was negatively associated with the Ln (TSH) z-score; MBzP, a metabolite of benzylbutyl phthalate (BBP), was positively associated with the TT4 z-score and triclosan was negatively associated with the TT3/TT4 ratio z-score. When biomarker concentrations were categorized in tertiles, we observed non-monotonic associations between TSH and triclosan (U-shape) and MnBP, a metabolite of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) (inverse U-shape). In newborns, only sex-specific effects were observed: bisphenol A was positively associated with the TT4 z-score in male newborns while triclosan was negatively associated with the TT4 z-score in females.Conclusion: Findings in this study concur with previous literature that PCPs use may contribute to exposure to parabens. Our study was the first to report associations between PCP use and bisphenol S, a substitute of bisphenol A. In line with previous studies, bisphenol A and various phthalates, including DBP and BBP exposure during pregnancy, were associated adverse behavioral symptoms among boys. Our study was the first to report adverse neurobehavioral effects in relation to triclosan exposure. The four compounds associated with adverse behavioral effects in EDEN were also associated with one or more thyroid hormone levels of mothers or newborns in the SEPAGES cohort, suggesting possible disruption of thyroid hormones homeostasis
Chamard-Jovenin, Clémence. "Impact d’une surexpression d’ERα36 et/ou d’une exposition aux alkylphénols sur la physiopathologie de la glande mammaire." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0232/document.
Full textThis work was dedicated to study how a variant of estrogen receptor α, ERα36, acts in initiation and progression of breast cancer. In the laboratory, his expression in testicular cancer was shown to stimulate cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo after environmental pollutant exposure. The compounds studied, the alkylphenols, are endocrine disruptors, interfering with normal estrogen signaling. Gene interaction network modelling from retrospective analysis of breast cancer samples showed that ERα36 expression was correlated with the expression of cell migration markers, typical of tumor progression. In vitro ERα36 overexpression and in a unique mouse Knocked In model, expressing ERα36 in the mammary gland, showed that ERα36 is sufficient to alter epithelial phenotype of normal breast cells. Alkylphenols exposure, that stimulated ERα36 endogenous expression, increased cellular alterations and contributed to transgenerational acquisition of properties related to neoplastic transformation. Analysis of this multidisciplinary project were based on biological expertise, mathematics and bioinformatic tools. These results enabled to highlight for the first time the potential role of ERα36 in tumor initiation and confirmed his involvement in breast cancer progression. Finally, we showed that exposure to environmental doses of alkylphenols during the perinatal period can lead to transgenerational modification of mammary gland differentiation under ERα36 control and eventually may increase breast cancer risk
Laborie, Stéphanie. "Exposition humaine aux perturbateurs endocriniens par inhalation : caractérisation de la contamination de l’air intérieur par analyses chimiques et biologiques in vitro." Thesis, Paris, EPHE, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EPHE3059/document.
Full textThe objective of this project was to develop a bio-analytical approach leading to the assessment of the inherent hazard of the indoor air multi-contamination. Chromatographic methods combined with mass spectrometry were developed and validated for 62 target molecules known or suspected as endocrine-disrupting (ED) compounds. The ED potential was assessed by cellular bioassays measuring perturbations of transcriptional activity. The data showed that the predominant families of compounds in indoor air were in the following descendant order: phthalates > musks > alkylphenols > parabens. The ED contaminants were mainly present in gaseous phase, and the most contaminated locations were the day nursery and the house. An estrogenic, thyroid and anti-androgenic potential was attributed to indoor air. In agreement with its contamination profile, the biological activity of the latter was concentrated predominantly in the gaseous phase, and tended to be higher in the day nursery and the house. An effect-directed analysis (EDA) was carried out to identify the target chemicals responsible for the ED effects of indoor air. The following chemicals were identified as being potentially responsible for the observed ED effects: phthalates, methyl-paraben, alkylphenols, cypermethrin and synthetic musks. This work provides both knowledge about the inherent hazard of the indoor air multi-contamination and exposure data useful in health risk assessment
Philippat, Claire. "Utilisation des biomarqueurs d'exposition en épidémiologie environnementale : application à l'étude des effets des expositions intra-utérines aux phénols et au phtalates sur la croissance pré-et post-natale." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENS014/document.
Full textBackground: Phthalates and phenols belong to the family of short half-life endocrine disruptors. Data regarding their effects on fetal and early post-natal growth in Human are sparse and suggest a sex-specific effect of some phenols on birth weight. One of the limitations of these studies is exposure assessment usually based on the measurement of their concentrations in a small number of maternal urine samples collected during pregnancy. Because of their low persistence in the organisms and the likely episodic nature of the exposures, urinary concentrations of these chemicals are likely to vary. Chemical concentrations measured in alternative matrix, such as amniotic fluid, might be a relevant dosimeter of fetal exposure.Objectives: Objectives of the thesis were: to study the potential effects of prenatal exposures to phenols and phthalates on pre- and early post-natal growth; to characterize variability in maternal urine concentrations of phenols throughout pregnancy and to compare phenol concentrations in amniotic fluid to those measured in maternal urine collected same day; to characterize the impact of increasing the number of measurements to estimate exposure on bias and statistical power of epidemiological studies.Methods: Associations between phenols, phthalates and growth were studied among a subsample of pregnant women of the French EDEN cohort delivered boys (n =520). We measured fetal growth with ultrasound (three times during pregnancy) and birth measurements. We used standardized measures acquired between birth and 3 years of age to model postnatal growth. We measured biomarkers of phthalates and phenols in maternal urines collected once during pregnancy: 191 women were assessed in 2008 and 410 other women in 2012 (ntot = 601). Variability in phenol urine concentrations and relationship between concentrations measured in amniotic fluid and maternal urine collected on the same day were studied among 71 pregnant women presenting for an amniocentesis at the Mount Sinai Medical Center (NY, USA). Maternal urine was collected at the time of the amniocentesis appointment, and on two subsequent occasions. Urine and amniotic fluid were analyzed for nine phenols.The study aiming at characterizing bias was based on simulated data. Results: Among the subsample of 191 pregnant women from the EDEN cohort, we observed a negative association between dichlorophenols and birth weight and a positive association between benzophenone-3 and birth weight. The associations with dichlorophenols were not replicated in the larger subsample of the EDEN cohort (n = 520). Triclosan concentration was negatively associated with all of the growth parameters measured at the third ultrasound examination (p ≤ 0.16) and with head circumference measured at birth (β = - 1.4 mm, 95% CI; -2.8; 0.0). All of the parabens were positively associated with weight at birth (p < 0.05). These associations remained in childhood for methyl- and propyl-parabens. Regarding the variability in phenol urinary concentrations during pregnancy, the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) ranged between 0.48 and 0.62 for all phenols except bisphenol A (ICC = 0.11). Only benzophenone-3 and propylparaben were detectable in at least half of the amniotic fluid samples; for these phenols, concentrations in maternal urine and amniotic fluid were positively associated. In a simulation study, we estimated that 5 samples will be needed to correctly estimate exposure to chemicals with ICC of 0.6, while for chemicals with ICC of 0.15 around 25 samples would be needed.Conclusion: We only had spot urine sample to assess exposure in the EDEN cohort and findings may be affected by exposure misclassification, especially for bisphenol A for which we observed high variability in urine concentrations. Nevertheless, our study lends support to a potential effect of prenatal exposure to some phenols on pre- and early post-natal growth
Gharieb, Katia. "Exposition précoce aux toxiques et déséquilibres nutritionnels : l’inflammation et les lésions précancéreuses de la prostate." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4125.
Full textNon-communicable diseases (NCDs) including cardiovascular diseases, cancers, respiratory diseases and diabetes kill 38 million people worldwide every year, 16 million of them before the age of 70. Until the 1990s, the origin of these pathologies was associated with the lifestyle of the individual: consumption of tobacco, alcohol, physical inactivity and an unbalanced diet. Since the development of the concept of DOHaD, identifying the developmental origins of health and disease, number of evidence showed that NCDs have, in part, an early origin during the peri-conception period (in utero, first years of life). Exposure during this period to food imbalances, toxic chemicals, synthetic chemicals disrupting endogenous hormones (endocrine disruptors, EDCs) may impact the developing body through epigenetic changes imprinted by the environmental factors to which individuals are exposed. However, the phenotypes and mechanisms involved are still far from being decrypted. During this thesis, we focused on developmental effects on the prostate. In fact, prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer and the fifth leading cause of death by cancer in the world. Data from the literature shows that dietary imbalances (High Fat Diet, HFD) and estrogen-like EDCs are risk factors for this cancer. We developed an experimental model of rats (young adults, 90 days postnatal) exposed during pregnancy until weaning to HFD (60% fat), or estrogen (estradiol benzoate, EB) during the neonatal period, or a combination of both, to explore the effects on the prostate (ventral lobe). Peri-natal exposure to EB or EB + HFD reduces the weight of the adult prostate. This abnormality is associated with low (HFD), moderate (EB) or massive (EB + HFD) prostate inflammation. The infiltrate is composed mainly of macrophages and T lymphocytes. This inflammation is associated with an increase in the prostate of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFa, CCL2 / MCP1 (EB) but also IL-6 (EB + HFD) as well as a deregulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. NLRP3 is chronically activated since its substrates IL1b and IL-18 were over expressed. In conclusion, we show that peri-conception exposure to an estrogen or HFD + EB combination programs prostatic lesions in adult animals. In men, it is suggested that chronic inflammatory lesions (proliferative inflammatory atrophy) would, as for other organs, be a first step towards the onset of carcinogenesis. Thus, our experimental model is relevant for the study of the early stages of prostatic tumorigenesis
Rivas, Johanna. "Impact de la mixture du Bisphénol A et Di(2-éthylhexyle) phtalate, deux potentiels Perturbateurs Endocriniens, sur un invertébré terrestre : la noctuelle du coton Spodoptera littoralis." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASB026.
Full textIn the plastic era, the massive production along with the inadequate management of these polymers led to their accumulation in numerous ecosystems. Plastics are composed of a large diversity of additives which are not chemically bound to the plastic polymer, leading to their release into the environment.In this work, we focused on Bisphenol A (BPA) and Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). These compounds have accumulated in various environmental compartments and agroecosystems, and were also reported from living organisms.BPA and DEHP are proven Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) in humans and vertebrates. Surprisingly, few studies examined the effects of these potential EDCs on terrestrial invertebrates, despite their ecological significance. Some works reported the effects of EDCs on the endocrine system, physiology, and development of invertebrates. Yet, few articles investigated the impacts at environmental doses on invertebrates, or explored the impacts of the BPA and DEHP mixture on invertebrates. Moreover, much of the knowledge is focused on aquatic invertebrates and there is little information on the effects of EDC on terrestrial invertebrates, notably in agroecosystems.In this context, this PhD thesis focused on the impact of environmental doses of BPA and DEHP, alone or in mixture, on the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis, a crop pest known in agriculture.First, we developed a chemical method to extract and quantify BPA, DEHP, and its metabolite, Mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), from the leaves of tomato plants. Our first results showed that DEHP was ubiquitous, unlike BPA and MEHP. Additionally, MEHP levels were lower in plants exposed to BPA and DEHP.Next, S. littoralis larvae were experimentally exposed to EDCs, either by being provided tomato leaves from plants contaminated by root watering with BPA and/or DEHP, or by being provided contaminated laboratory food with BPA and/or DEHP. Post-embryonic development and metabolic profiling were studied for both exposure types. The impacts on the endocrine system and glycolysis of S. littoralis were investigated for individuals fed with laboratory food.Our results showed differences of alterations depending on the ingestion mode, and differences between mono-exposures and mixture with complex interactions, sometimes antagonistic or additive.Finally, we demonstrated that the impact of BPA and/or DEHP could be sex-specific, regardless of the exposure mode and life stage of the insect. We recommend to include this parameter in future studies on EDCs in invertebrates, particularly for the study of potential transgenerational effects
Lesné, Laurianne. "Antiépileptiques et antalgiques pendant la grossesse et homéostasie du testicule foetal humain." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Rennes (2023-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023URENB075.
Full textFetal development is a period that is particularly vulnerable to imbalances in the environment in which it takes place. The fetal testis plays a crucial role in the masculinization of the reproductive organs via its endocrine function, and any alteration can give rise to a range of malformations that can have an impact on a man's future fertility. During development, the embryo and then the fetus are exposed to a complex chemical environment known as the maternal exposome. Among the families of substances that make up the exposome are the medicines that pregnant women take to treat a chronic pathology or acutely to treat a pregnancy-related symptom. We are interested in two classes of drugs: anti-epileptics (AEs) on the one hand, and analgesics on the other, because epidemiological studies have reported an increased risk of hypospadias in newborns exposed in utero to valproic acid, an AE, and of malformations of the reproductive system in those exposed to paracetamol and ibuprofen in particular. The occurrence of these alterations could be linked to disturbances in hormonal balance. We used an organotypic culture model of human fetal testicular explants to compare the disruption profiles generated by a short exposure - 3 days - to analgesics and a short and long exposure - 28 days - to AEs. To do this, we adapted and optimized our model to approximate the chronicity of treatment in vivo. These studies, using organotypic cultures of human fetal testes, showed that three AEs could, over a more or less long period, induce an alteration in the endocrine function of this organ, leaving open the possibility that with chronic treatment, the androgenic impregnation of the fetus could be affected, and that this could have consequences for the target organs. Although the NSAID analgesics studied appear to have less spectacular effects on the endocrine function of the developing human fetal testis, their use during pregnancy continues to present a risk for other organs whose development is sensitive to or dependent on prostaglandins
Coudon, Thomas. "Développement et application de méthodologies d'évaluation des expositions atmosphériques chroniques aux dioxines et au cadmium dans le cadre d'études épidémiologiques." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1093/document.
Full textA number of studies have examined the link between breast cancer and exposure to air pollution, including dioxins and cadmium. However, the results of these studies are inconclusive and present a number of methodological limitations. The main objective of this thesis was to develop a spatial indicator to assess chronic atmospheric exposure to dioxins and cadmium of women from the E3N cohort in France between 1990 and 2008. We first performed an inventory and created a database of 2620 dioxins and 2700 cadmium emitting sources in France between 1990 and 2008 and estimated and geolocated their annual emissions. The location of the sources and their estimated emissions were used as the basis for the construction of the indicator. Combination of additional spatial parameters, allowed us to obtain a "substantial" agreement between the dioxin and cadmium exposure classifications of the E3N subjects geolocalised at their residential address, using the estimated bythe indicator and exposures estimates derived from the Gaussian model. We also evaluated the spatial-temporal variability of dioxin and cadmium concentrations over nearly two decades in the Lyon metropolitan area, taking into account a wide variety of source types. This is the first study comparing concentrations predicted by a dispersion model to dioxin concentrations measured in ambient air. The exposure indicator was used in a case-control study within the E3N cohort to estimate the risk of breast cancer associated with atmospheric exposure to dioxins. It is currently being used in another study on cadmium exposure and breast cancer risk and may be applied in future studies on other pollutants or pathologies
Pillon, Arnaud. "Ligands environnementaux des récepteurs aux oestrogènes : développement d'outils de biosurveillance." Montpellier 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON13514.
Full textBoudalia, Sofiane. "Exposition continue aux xéno-hormones à faibles doses chez le rat : effets multi-générationnels de mélanges sur les préférences gustatives, le comportement maternel et le développement." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00866983.
Full textCheron, Marion. "Effets sublétaux de contaminants environnementaux sur le développement d’un amphibien (Bufo spinosus) : une approche expérimentale." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LAROS027.
Full textIntensive agriculture homogenizes landscape and reduces the proportion of natural habitats, thus altering wildlife ecology. In addition to landscape fragmentation, intensive agriculture is responsible for the release of chemicals into non-target environments, such as aquatic environments, which are particularly affected by this contamination. The transfer of these molecules to aquatic environments occurs though runoff or soil erosion. Pesticides can accumulate in large quantities in slow-flux habitats such as ponds and vernal-pools, potentially creating ecological traps for the species that inhabit them. Amphibians are sentinel species of their ecosystems and are particularly sensitive to agricultural chemicals, especially because of their particularly permeable skin. In addition, part of their complex (biphasic) life cycle takes place in lentic environments, which are likely to be highly contaminated. During my thesis, I studied the effects of agricultural activities on an amphibian species that is widespread in agricultural and forest environments, the spined toad (Bufo spinosus). To understand the consequences of agricultural activities on the ecology and physiology of this species, I studied the effects of habitat characteristics (structure and contamination) on different developmental stages (embryos, larvae, adults). To achieve these objectives, I used two methodological approaches: (i) a field approach to measure morphological and physiological differences of adult male populations in contrasting habitats; and, (ii) an experimental approach under controlled conditions to distinguish the effects of exposure period and concentration of different contaminants on key developmental phases of this species. The results indicate that male adult populations show different allometric relationships depending on the habitat (agricultural, intermediate or forest) and that these differences probably result from evolutionary mechanisms related to phenotypic plasticity. Indeed, preliminary population genetic analyses do not detect genetic divergence among the populations studied, suggesting that physical or chemical habitat characteristics result in different response norms among populations. The observed allometric relationships could be the result, at least in part, of developmental plasticity due to environmental contamination within breeding sites. Studies of exposure to two herbicides (a legacy contaminant metabolite and an emerging contaminant) over ontogeny in this species showed us that contamination results in variability in morphological (size and body proportion), physiological (oxidative stress) and behavioral responses that suggest that there may be endocrine disruption mechanisms operating at very low concentrations. In addition, contamination negatively influences fitness proxies in exposed individuals (size and mass at metamorphosis, survival) which could ultimately alter recruitment, reproduction and population sustainability of spined toads
Grignon, Claire. "Toxicocinétique en santé environnementale : application à la mesure de l'exposition aux perturbateurs endocriniens." Thesis, Poitiers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016POIT1405/document.
Full textBisphenol A (BPA), a well-known endocrine disruptor (ED), is ubiquitously found in the environment. The high reactivity of BPA with chlorine results in the formation of chlorinated derivatives of BPA (ClxBPA), having a higher endocrine disrupting activity than BPA. In the field of environmental health sciences, human risk assessment implies, in particular, to perform biomonitoring and toxicokinetic studies requiring the analysis of environmental micropollutants in biological matrices. To estimate population exposure to BPA and ClxBPA, a LC-MS/MS method to assay BPA and ClxBPA was validated in urine. This method was then modified to improve the speed and sensitivity of the assay, and was applied to the measurement of ED exposure in a cohort of pregnant women.Toxicokinetic studies of BPA report the formation of conjugates, excreted in urine. Conventionally, for the measurement of conjugated derivatives, indirect methods using enzymatic deconjugation are proposed. In this context, we have developed an original method for validating the deconjugation efficiency.If the indirect measurement of metabolites after deconjugation appears easier, it is more rationale to assay directly the metabolite. Therefore, after synthesis of analytical standards, we were able to develop, for the first time, a method for assaying glucuronides and sulfates BPA and Cl2BPA derivatives in urine.This work offers, especially through the development of analytical methods, reliable tools for assessing human exposure to ED
Courant, Frédérique. "Caractérisation de l'exposition de l'enfant prépubère aux hormones stéroïdes gonadiques." Nantes, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NANT2056.
Full textGlobal concerns have been raised in recent years over the potential adverse effects that may result from exposure to chemicals that have the capacity to interfere with the endocrine system. Our main purpose was to investigate in what extent food intake of steroid hormones can represent a risk for prepubertal children. At first, a new analytical strategy for the measurement of steroid hormones at ultra-trace level in food and complex biological matrices was developed. Subsequently, steroid measurements in various food products (milk, egg and meat) were performed in order to evaluate the food intake in steroid hormones for this population. Then, the quantification of the main androgens and estrogens in more than 120 serum samples of children aged from 6 to 16 years gave access to the steroid plasmatic hormonal rates and consequently to the daily endogenous production of this population. A first interpretation of these data in term of risk assessment is also provided, in connection with existing CODEX, JECFA and FDA recommendations regarding maximal acceptable daily intake for estradiol
Derouiche, Lyes. "Exposition développementale à l'éthinylestradiol et fonction de reproduction chez la souris : effets neuroendocrines et comportementaux." Thesis, Tours, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUR4002/document.
Full textNeuroendocrine networks controlling reproductive function are established during development by the action of endogenous sex steroids. Any disturbance in the hormone balance during these critical phases may cause several disorders in reproductive function in adulthood. This work aims at identifing the consequences of a developmental exposure to the synthetic pharmaceutical estrogen ethinylestradiol (EE2) on the neuroendocrine and behavioral outcomes of the reproductive function in adult individuals and their offspring. Our findings showed that EE2 induced disturbances of sexual behaviors in males and females and modified the GnRH and the calbindin hypothalamic networks of exposed animals. We also showed that some effects of EE2 were transmitted up to the fourth generation, pointing out the transgenerational character of certain effects. All these results highlight the sensitivity of neuroendocrine networks to endocrine disruptors and the need to consider these parameters in assessing their effects on health and reproduction
Vernet, Céline. "Exposition à des perturbateurs endocriniens non-persistants pendant la grossesse : Variabilité intra-individuelle et effets sur la santé respiratoire de l'enfant." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAS012/document.
Full textPhenols and phthalates include chemicals widely used in daily-life products, resulting in ubiquitous exposure of the general population. There is growing concern regarding the effects on human health of these compounds, suspected to be endocrine disruptors, particularly during early life. Epidemiological research on the health effects of phenols and phthalates in offspring generally rely on a few biospecimens to assess exposure. These studies are limited by the possibly strong within-subject variability, which may result in exposure misclassification. The within-subject variability in the context of pregnancy and its possible impact on dose-response functions are poorly characterized.The aim of this thesis was to study the exposure to several phenols and phthalates during pregnancy by: 1) investigating the possible associations between this exposure and respiratory outcomes in childhood; 2) characterizing the temporal within-subject variability of these compounds during pregnancy; and finally 3) studying the efficiency of a within-subject pooling approach using a small number of daily biospecimens for exposure assessment.Associations between exposure to phenols and phthalates and respiratory health relied on n = 587 mother-child pairs from the French EDEN prospective cohort. Developments about the assessment of exposure during pregnancy relied on n = 16 pregnant participants of the SEPAGES-feasibility study who had collected all their urine samples for three weeks.This work quantified the within-subject variability of phenol and phthalate biomarker concentrations during pregnancy over various time scales (day to months), and confirmed empirically that this variability is likely to strongly bias the doseresponse functions in human-based epidemiological studies exploring the effects of gestational exposure to these chemicals.This thesis adds to the emerging literature on respiratory health impacts of early-life exposure to several phenols and phthalates. However, as for most studies on the human health effects of phenol and phthalate exposure, it is potentially challenged by this exposure assessment issue. Thus, this work emphasizes the relevance of more elaborate sampling strategies for exposure biomarkers in future epidemiological studies. These results have relevance for studies outside the context of pregnancy, and also for other nonpersistent compounds. New designs, such as the within-subject pooling of biospecimens validated in this study, are needed so as to efficiently characterize the health impact of nonpersistent chemicals
Brulez, Catherine. "Sensibilité de la fonction de reproduction aux atteintes des perturbateurs endocriniens : utilisation du modèle souris aromatase knockout (ArKO)." Dijon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006DIJOS048.
Full textThe gonads are a sensitive target to endocrine disrupters. The goal of this study was thus to identify, in vivo, the key markers of both male and female reproductive function, during either sexual differentiation and determination, or at adult stage, in wildtype mouse model (WT) and deleted for the aromatase gene (ArKO), after treatment to either vinclozolin (VCZ) or methoxychlor (MXC). Our results showed an alteration of the regulation pathway of the sexual differentiation at the level of the phenotypic sex following the inhibition of both aromatase enzyme and AMH after VCZ treatment while MXC treatment makes it possible to highlight the protective role of endogenous estrogens in young WT animals, results confirmed in adult animals. These works also allowed to make it possible to propose the interest of the progesterone receptor as a maker of estrogenic effect and to propose the hypothesis of an additional way of estrogens synthesis
Regnault, Christophe. "Désordres métaboliques et conséquences multigénérationnelles liés à l’exposition aux perturbateurs endocriniens chez un modèle d’amphibien : (Xenopus tropicalis)." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAS030/document.
Full textIn wetlands, dramatic decline in amphibian populations have been described worldwide since the 80s. Despite numerous studies suggesting that amphibians are highly sensitive to cumulative anthropogenic stresses, the role played by endocrine disruptors in the decline of amphibian populations remains unclear. Among the endocrine disruptors contaminating wetlands, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and triclosan (TCS) are recurrently found. In this work, we studied the physiological response of Xenopus tropicalis exposed to environmentally realistic concentrations of BaP and TCS during a short-term (24 hours) and long-term (from tadpole to mature adult) period. By combining a high throughput transcriptomic approach and a characterization of cellular and physiological modifications, we showed that BaP, TCS and their mixture disrupt overall liver physiology highlighted by insulin resistance-like and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)-like phenotypes together with hepatotoxicity due to the impairment of lipid metabolism. Additionally to direct metabolic impact observed on exposed individuals, the studied endocrine disruptors affected their fitness and their progeny development. Altogether, our observations bring new insights into the role plays by chronic contamination of wetlands on amphibian population decline
Cariou, Ronan. "Évaluation de l'exposition du foetus et du nouveau-né aux perturbateurs endocriniens de type retardateurs de flamme bromés." Nantes, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NANT2007.
Full textBrominated flame retardants are mainly used today for the reduction of fire risks. However, they are, for the most part, persistent environmental pollutants showing endocrine disrupting activities. Their bioaccumulation properties make mankind a particularly exposed species, especially via feeding and inhalation. The need to evaluate exposure levels, particularly in France, has been clearly identified. A multi-residue (polybromodiphenyl ethers, tetrabromobisphenol A and hexabromocyclododecane) and multi-matrices (animal origins) analytical method based on LC-MS/MS and GC-HRMS couplings, was developed, with special attention paid to analytical contamination management. Then, more than 170 samples, collected in Toulouse during caesarian deliveries, were analyzed and gave access to information relative to the evaluation of mothers and newborns exposure
Matta, Komodo. "Study of the associations between exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals and endometriosis : an integrative approach." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nantes, Ecole nationale vétérinaire, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021ONIR155F.
Full textHumans are exposed daily to complex mixtures of chemical pollutants, some of which have the potential to disrupt our bodies’ natural endocrine functions, and contribute to reproductive diseases like endometriosis. Endometriosis is a little understood disease which impacts an estimated 5-15% of individuals who menstruate. It is characterised by the presence of endometrial tissues outside of the uterus, and may have severe and costly symptoms. Despite growing epidemiological evidence thatsupports the association between some endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and endometriosis, the exact pathogenic mechanisms by which chemical exposures contribute to the onset or aggravation of the disease remain largely unknown. Mechanistic evidence to identify potential perturbed pathways to support the biological plausibility of the impact of environmental factors on endometriosis. Furthermore, high resolution analyses of biomarkers of exposure and effect are needed to explore the disrupted metabolomics profile of endometrosis patients. Integration of exposure data with metabolic biomarkersmay be the key to elucidating the underlying molecular pathways by which chemical exposures may contribute to endometriosis. The statistical tools currently used in environmental epidemiology fall short of being able to realistically represent the effects of complex exposure mixtures on health effects, and to manage high dimensional, collinear biomarkers data. A robust statistical framework is needed to integrate high dimensional multipollutant and metabolic data in a multiblock analysis. In this context, this thesis aims to characterise the link between exposure to environmental pollutants and endometriosis by uncovering the underlying mechanismsof action that mediate the relationship through a synthesis of mechanistic evidence and a high resolution metabolomics analysis, developing a robust statistical framework to address the limitations of traditionally used models, and finally integrating biomarkers of exposure and effect in an applied multiblock statistical analysis of acase-control study
Chevalier, Nicolas. "GPR30/GPER, récepteur aux estrogènes couplé aux protéines G : un nouvel acteur dans la carcinogenèse germinale testiculaire, impliqué dans l'action des perturbateurs endocriniens environnementaux ?" Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE4103.
Full textTesticular germ cell tumours (TGCT) are the most frequent cancer of young men with an increasing incidence all over the world since fifty years. Pathogenesis remains unknown but fetal or perinatal exposure to environmental endocrine disruptor compounds (EDC) with estrogenic affinity, together with genetic susceptibility, have been suggested. Using the JKT-1 cell line, which is derived from a human testicular seminoma, the lab has previously shown that estrogens are involved in human seminoma cell proliferation in vitro through two signalling pathways: the one through nuclear and mitochondrial ER beta, which acts as a tumoural suppressor; the other one through a membrane G protein coupled receptor (GPCR), with a proliferative effect. Using selective antagonist and siRNA, we identified this GPCR as GPR30/GPER, a widely conserved orphan GPCR, which is located at the cell membrane in JKT-1 cells. Bisphenol A, an estrogenic EDC, induces JKT-1 cells proliferation in vitro through GPR30/GPER. GPR30/GPER is expressed both in normal adult and tumoural human germ cells, and selectively overexpressed in seminoma tumours. We demonstrated that this overexpression is associated with two polymorphisms, which are located in the 5’ regulatory region of GPR30/GPER gene. Thus, overexpression of GPR30/GPER due to genetic polymorphisms is involved in testicular carcinogenesis and could be a genetic susceptibility factor of TGCT, which might be screened in high-risk TGCT patients. Both overexpression of GPR30/GPER by genetic polymorphisms (and/or epigenetic modifications) and silencing of ER beta by hypermethylation could also participate in the effects of EDC during the control of malignant germ cell proliferation and/or testicular carcinogenesis
Bendridi, Nadia. "Interaction de la protéine de transport plasmatique humaine des hormones stéroïdiennes sexuelles (Sex Steroid Hormone-Binding Globulin) (SHBG) avec un xéno-oestrogène, le Bisphénol A." Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO1T093.
Full textLardy-Fontan, Sophie. "Les substances émergentes dans les écosystèmes aquatiques français : une application aux alkylphénol-polyéthoxylés et aux substances pharmaceutiques." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR13702/document.
Full textAlkylphenol-polyethoxylates and pharmaceutical substances belong to the class of the emerging contaminants which have been recently studied in natural environments. These compounds of very widespread use (in terms of applications as well as in terms of quantity) are introduced into the aquatic environment, via the wastewater treatment plants, mainly, and are likely to generate toxic effects on the living organisms in these systems. The first part of this work consisted in the development and validation of various methodologies of sampling (grab sampling and integrative sampling (POCIS)), of various protocols of extraction (SPE, microwaves assisted extraction) and of analysis (LC/MS, LC/MS/MS), necessary for a reliable quantification of alkylphenol-polyethoxylates and pharmaceutical substances in the various compartments of aquatic systems (phases dissolved, particulate and sedimentary, biological organisms). Then, an assessment of the contamination of numerous aquatic systems (the catchment area of the Seine estuary, the Garonne and the Gironde, the bay of Vilaine, the bay of Authie, the Adour, the Mediterranean coast of Marseilles) was undertaken. A generalized contamination by these compounds was highlighted for all the studied sites. The measured concentrations appear to be extremely variable according to the class of molecule considered, the sites and time with concentrations ranging from the ng.l-1 to tens of µg.l-1 for the dissolved phases and from tens of ng.g-1 to tens of µg.g-1 for the solid phases (several hundreds of µg.g-1 in the clarification sludge). These studies also made it possible to document the presence and the fate of these molecules in the French wastewater treatment plant and made it possible to evaluate their effectiveness to remove the studied compounds. Lastly, this work also made it possible to highlight phenomena of partition between the dissolved phases and the solid phases as well as phenomena of transfers through the biological organisms
Maurice, Clotilde. "Une exposition prénatale paternelle au mélange d'organochlorés de l'Arctique altère la fertilité et la santé des fils dans un modèle de rat." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25497.
Full textElevated levels of organochlorine, including pesticides and industrial compounds, some of which are known endocrine disruptors, have been reported in human and wildlife populations in Arctic. We hypothesized that early life exposure to Arctic organochlorine mixture, which contaminates Inuits, affects the reproductive development and function of subsequent generations in a paternally mediated manner on a rat model. Sprague-Dawley females (F0) were gavaged with Arctic concentrations of an organochlorine mixture (500 µg PCB/kg body weight/ 3X weekly) or corn oil (control) before mating with untreated males and until parturition of the F1 litters. After weaning, all F1 male pups were fed commercial chow and never directly exposed to organochlorine. At 90 days of age, F1 males (n = 15) were mated to 2 untreated females each to generate F2 fetuses (at 19.5 days of gestation) and pups. Males were similarly mated to produce the F3 and F2 generation. Prenatally-exposed F1 males and their sons F2 had abnormal reproductive organs, residual nipples, alteration of puberty onset, lower spermatid production per testis and less sperm in epididymis and were sub-fertile in compare with control males. All F3 and F4 males were identical to control males from the same generation. Despite this abnormality was not present in F1 generation, F2, F3 and F4 in organochlorine lineage were significantly more reached by situs inversus thoracalis than all control generations. From birth until adulthood, F2 from prenatally exposed F1 fathers have shown a growth delay compared to F2 control due to their smaller placenta. Prenatal organochlorine exposure alters F1 sperm DNA methylation and would involved in embryo development and might partly explain the developmental phenotype of F2 sons sired by prenatally-treated F1 organochlorine. Our results suggest that a prenatal exposure to Arctic concentrations of organochlorine of male ancestor resulted in a reproductive dysfunction but also developmental pathologies, which are transgenerational paternally mediated. These observations represent one of the first models of paternally mediated ecotoxicological effects on offspring health.
Rebourcet, Diane. "Caractérisation des effets d'une exposition in utéro à la dioxine sur le système reproducteur du rat : identification de gènes cibles testiculaires : implication du récepteur AHR dans la physiologie testiculaire de la souris." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10077.
Full textMankind and wildlife are exposed chronically and at low doses to a cocktail of substances. Studies of these molecules are of major concern, as some have shown ability to interact and disrupt endocrine system. Dioxins are undesired by-products of combustion processes originating from industrial activity. Its impact on development and male reproduction has been documented in many studies. However its mechanism of action is still not clearly understood. Data described in this manuscript highlights the effect of an in utero exposure to TCDD on male reproductive function. Dioxin induced a decrease of spermatic reserve in the young adult. This defect was transitory as adult showed normal reserve. Next, we identified sensitive dioxin genes differentially expressed in testes. Beside few genes differentially expressed, we identified 2 chemokines : Ccl5, down-regulated and Cxcl4, up-regulated. Ccl5 is expressed in Leydig cells whereas Cxcl4 is found in both Leydig and Sertoli cells. This result is confirmed by an in vitro study. Dioxin impact on female reproductive function was also studied (S. Magre). As dioxin is an endocrine disruptor, we initiated the identification of common or sex-specific gene in ovaries and testis exposed in utero. To do so, we compared transcriptomic profile of these 2 tissues focusing on chemokine and cytochrome gene expression pattern. Herein is also presented the results concerning the reproductive phenotype of male knocked-out (KO) for AhR. Testicular physiology and spermatic reserve were examined and two transcriptomic analyses were achieved
Li, Ling. "Effects of endocrine disruptors and traditional Chine medicine on the development of zebrafish." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENSL0920.
Full textDevelopment problems induced by endocrine disruptors (EDCs) are currently understudied. However, early exposure to EDCs may lead to deleterious and permanent problems in later lifetime. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) transgenic lines with tissue-specific expression of GFP are useful tools to identify the organs affected by a given compound. We have used 7 transgenic lines to visualize in vivo whether 6 known EDCs and 3 other pharmaceuticals can alter organogenesis during development of zebrafish. This screen revealed that 4 chemicals have effects on 4 different organs. The EDC tetrabromobisphenol-A, as well as the tested medicines (diclofenac, trichostatin A and valproic acid) disrupt vascular system development in zebrafish embryo. Moreover, HDAC inhibitors trichostatin A and valproic acid inhibit both endocrine and exocrine pancreas development. Developmental delays were also induced by trichostatin A and valproic acid in the liver and in the pharyngeal teeth. Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) are important components of modern medicine. However we know little about the biological activities of TCMs compounds during development. We used zebrafish embryos to study the effects of 3 plants and 5 of their major compounds on the development. We observed that zebrafish embryogenesis was delayed by water extracts from Astragalus membranaceus and Akebia quinata. We also found that the vascular development was affected at different levels by Salvia miltiorrhiza water extracts and by its 3 major components either used alone or mixed together.Our results show that EDCs and TCMs can cause problems during zebrafish embryogenesis. They also show that zebrafish is a powerful tool for rapid in vivo screening of small molecules and their effects on development. This work also enables us to draw a parallel between EDC and some TCMS, which may act on similar targets, such as nuclear receptors
Lemel, Laura. "Développement de la technologie des récepteurs couplés à un canal ionique pour la caractérisation fonctionnelle des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAV062.
Full textG protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are membrane proteins involved in communication between cells via circulatingmessengers (hormones, neurotransmitters) as well as in the perception of the environment (vision, smell, taste). Theyare essential for many physiological functions (cardiac, respiratory...) and behavioral (social and emotional responses)and therefore represent interesting therapeutic targets.Within the Channels team, at the Institute of Structural Biology, an original biosensor was created, based onthe fusion of a GPCR to an ion channel (Kir6.2), called an Ion Channel-Coupled Receptor (ICCR). Conformationalchanges of the receptor induced by its activity (ligand binding, activation of G proteins) are directly transmitted to theion channel and allow the generation of an electrical signal easily detectable by electrophysiological techniques. Thesenew biosensors are powerful tools to study GPCR activity in real time.The main focus of the thesis was the study of the oxytocin receptor (OXTR), involved in childbirth,breastfeeding and social bonding. ICCR technology has been used for three projects during the thesis. The first aimedat studying the molecular mechanisms of cholesterol dependency of the oxytocin receptor and allowed theidentification of a new allosteric regulation mechanism between cholesterol and the ligand binding. A second projectfocused on the use of this biosensor to identify new types of ligands, selective to certain intracellular pathways, calledbiased ligands. Finally, a third project highlighted the effect of certain compounds, known as endocrine disruptors, onGPCRs. Endocrine disruptors are environmental pollutants which have potentially harmful effects on human health.Finally, a parallel project was dedicated to the study of pore formation by GPCR-dependent bacterial toxins.These proteins are called pore-forming toxins (PFTs), from the gamma hemolysin family and are produced by one ofthe most virulent human pathogens Staphylococcus aureus. Some of these toxins are able to bind very specifically tocertain GPCRs, members of the chemokine receptor family. They therefore play a vital role in numerous viralinfections and in some cancerous pathologies. New information concerning the mechanism of membrane insertion ofthese toxins during pore formation was discovered during this work
Inoubli, Lilia. "Effet d'une exposition fœtale à de faibles doses de perturbateur endocrinien à activité anti-androgénique, le flutamide, sur le testicule de rat adulte." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS197/document.
Full textExposure during perinatal life to anti-androgenic endocrine disruptors (ED) induces sustained alterations of the male reproductive system. Although their action has been objectified in humans and animals, the question of the threshold of toxicity remains unchanged, as environmental exposure corresponds to low doses. Here, we exposed male rats, in utero, to low doses of flutamide: 10 mg/kg/d; 1; 3 low doses as defined by WHO 0.1; 0.01; 0.001 and 0. Fetal exposure induced in adults (1) morphological alterations at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day (decrease in the weight of organs of the genital tract and a decrease in the sperm count); (2) cellular alterations from 1mg (increase in germ cell apoptosis) and (3) molecular alterations at all doses tested for MCL1, BCL2, XIAP, HSPA2,LAVL1 and MOV10L1. These alterations are integrated in the deregulation of 2 signaling pathways explaining the apoptosis of the germ cellsWhen exposure occurs at adult age under the same conditions, morphological and cellular effects are observed only at 10mg, molecular effects only at doses 10 and 1 mg. These effects are no longer observed 2 months after discontinuation of exposure. In conclusion: We have (i) identified signaling pathways involved in the phenotype of infertility induced by exposure to low doses of antiandrogen; (ii) showed that these pathways were active at the lowest doses tested predisposing to programmed male infertility in utero
Marie, Cécile. "Evaluation, prévention et perception des risques en santé environnementale - Réflexions à propos de l'exposition des femmes enceintes aux phtalates et substituts." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAS019.
Full textIn utero exposure to chemicals, especially endocrine disruptors, is increasingly documented in the scientific literature. This thesis is illustrated through the example of phthalates and substitutes. Phthalates, commonly used as plasticizers to soften polyvinyl chloride (PVC), are present in many consumer products (food packaging, toys, floor and wall coverings, clothing, etc.). They are also used in cosmetics, household products, DIY and gardening. In utero exposure to certain phthalates has been associated with some effects (fetal hormonal alteration, malformations of the male reproductive system, prematurity) [Article 1]. This toxicity has led manufacturers to use alternative plasticizers. However, these substitutes are still little investigated in terms of exposure and toxicity. Part 1 of this thesis is part of the health risk assessment process. It concerned the use of PVC medical tubing, source of exposure to plasticizers little studied for pregnant women. The objectives were to identify and quantify the plasticizers (phthalates and substitutes) present in the medical devices used for hospitalized pregnant women and to describe the use of these medical devices (number, duration of use and medicines in contact) [Article 2]. These data combined with migration studies (to quantify plasticizers migrating from the tubing to the drug solution) can be used to estimate the theoretical exposure of pregnant women from the use of medical tubing. Part 2 focuses on environmental health prevention and promotion. Several international organizations have recently issued recommendations for health professionals and recognize their essential role in the prevention of pregnant women. The objectives were to assess the risk perception and preventive measures in environmental health, including exposure to phthalates, recommended by perinatal health professionals [Articles 3 and 4], and adopted by pregnant women [Article 5]. These data allowed to identify the levers and obstacles to the prevention of exposure to chemical substances in France. Keywords: , ,
Omichessan, Hanane. "utilisation des signatures génomiques et épigenomiques dans le but d’identifier des marqueurs d’expositions exogènes et d’évaluer leur rôle dans l’étiologie du cancer." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS558.
Full textContext and aim: Several risks factors have been identified for cancer, and it has been estimated that more than 40% of cases in developed countries are preventable through the modulation of known modifiable risk factors. The overall objective of this thesis was to demonstrate that the analysis of genomic and epigenomic data integrated with well-characterised exposure and lifestyle data may be used to identify markers of environmental exposures and lifestyle and may contribute to increase our understanding of cancer aetiology.Results: We first describe how genomic and epigenomic signatures can be used to identify markers of exposure and decipher the aetiology of cancer. Then, we adopt the mutational signatures framework to contribute to the debate about the “bad luck” hypothesis for cancer and demonstrate that tobacco-related mutations are more strongly correlated with cancer risk than random mutations. We introduce a probabilistic model for the simulation of mutational signature data and compare the performance of the available methods for the identification of mutational signatures using both simulated and real data. Additionally, we introduce a new method for the identification of such signatures. Finally, we use methylation array data in an epidemiological study within the E3N cohort to investigate the association between exposure to Brominated Flame Retardants and Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, two organic pollutants that are known endocrine disrupting chemicals, and methylation in DNA from blood. Overall, our study does not provide evidence of methylation alterations at the level of the whole genome, in regions or in single CpGs. Suggestive evidence of alterations in the methylation of genes within plausible biological pathways (e.g. androgen response) warrants further investigations. Conclusion: Our work on the methodological aspects of mutational signature research introduces an original framework for measuring the performance of tools for the identification of mutational signatures that may serve as reference for future methodological or applied research. Our applications of both mutational signature and methylome research demonstrate the usefulness of such tools to assess exposures and elucidate their role in cancer aetiology
Warembourg, Charline. "Perturbation endocrinienne pendant la grossesse et anomalies précoces du système reproducteur : analyses à partir de cohortes mère-enfant." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1B042/document.
Full textFrom last decades, researchers had increased interest about the impact of environmental exposure on reproductive impairments. The fetal life is a crucial period of development and exposure to chemical during gestation may lead to adverse health outcomes at birth or later in life. Several toxicological studies have reported that some chemicals are reproductive and developmental toxicants and that some of them are able to interact with the endocrine system. In humans, evidence about the endocrine effects of these molecules is limited. The aim of this thesis is to study the effect of prenatal exposure to chemicals on two endocrine-sensitive endpoints at birth: sex hormone levels and congenital anomalies of the genitalia. This work is based on data collected in two French mother-child cohorts that included pregnant women during pregnancy and collected biological samples to perform exposure assessment. Two chemicals classes are studies including persistent organic pollutants (polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers) and glycol ethers, a class of oxygenated solvent. The studies conducted show effects of prenatal exposure to both classes of chemicals on endocrine-sensitive endpoints related to reproductive health. Modifications of sex hormone levels are observed in association with exposure to various persistent organic pollutants. Prenatal exposure to some glycol ethers is associated with an increased risk of hypospadias and with modifications of sex hormone levels. These results highlight the effect of prenatal exposure to ubiquitous chemicals, on the endocrine system of the fetus
Guignard, Davy. "Impacts d'une exposition prénatale au bisphénol A sur la fonction thyroïdienne et le métabolome du système nerveux central fœtal." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30284/document.
Full textBisphenol A (BPA) is able to disturb the thyroid function. Given the key role of thyroid function in the development of the central nervous system (CNS), gestational exposure to BPA is a matter of particular concern. Our goal was to evaluate the consequences of a BPA gestational exposure on the developing CNS jointly to its effects on the thyroid function within a context of a well-documented internal exposure compared to BPA human exposure. BPA exposure of pregnant ewes disrupted the maternal thyroid homeostasis and modulated the metabolome of specific fetal brain regions. The different modulations we observed suggested that BPA might alter neurogenesis, neuronal plasticity, membrane structure and energy metabolism. Interestingly, the BPA dose inducing maternal thyroid disruption and fetal CNS modulations led to BPA serum concentrations similar to those described in human biomonitoring studies
Geller, Sarah. "Caractérisation des cellules gliales olfactives associées aux neurones à GnRH-I : rôle dans le développement de ces neurones." Thesis, Tours, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUR4011/document.
Full textGnRH-I cells control reproduction functions in mammals. These cells are extra cerebral since they come from the nasal pit and migrate to the forebrain during embryonic development. Numerous studies have described the influence of different molecules on the migration of GnRH-1 neurons, however, the role of microenvironment cells remains poorly understood. Considering the role of glial cells in the forebrain’s neuronal migration, we had hypothesized that extra-cerebral GnRH-I neurons possess a glial environment necessary for their migration from the nose to the brain. Our results demonstrated that 1) GnRH-I neurons are associated with glial cells during their migration in the nasal septum and forebrain 2) These glial cells are progenitors of olfactory ensheathing cells, and differentiated within the rostral regions during neuronal migration. 3) These cells express genes encoding factors involved in GnRH-I neurons migration 4) Glial cells transcriptome are disrupted with estrogen-mimicking endocrine disruptor, and affects gene families involved in cell adhesion molecules necessary for migration and activity regulation of GnRH-I neurons
Songue, Same Olivier. "Dynamique des usages des récipients plastiques et étude du transfert des bisphénols et phtalates vers les matrices alimentaires." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILS010.
Full textPlastic containers are either food or non-food grade. The food grade containers are used under the well-regulated conditions by various developed countries, to ensure that the pollutants cannot diffuse into food. In Africa and Cameroon in particular, this regulation does not exist. In addition, it is an area of great smuggling, and the use of non-food grade containers in the preservation of food is practiced. Plastics are made up of long polycarbon chains called polymers whose good mechanical, electrical and thermal properties come from the addition of additives during their formulation. Among these additives, bisphenols and phthalates are used respectively as antioxidants and plasticizers. These molecules have been recognized as dangerous for human health because they are endocrine disruptors and are involved in many cancers. The main route of entry of these molecules into humans is food. Their migration from plastic containers to food is facilitated by storage conditions, processing methods and the nature of food. The objective of this work is to study the transfer of bisphenols and phthalates from plastic containers to food matrices. It was a question of identifying the risks of human contamination by plastic containers through a survey of households and industries. Then, the evaluation of the exposure of the population went through the development of a method based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to quantify these molecules in food matrices. Finally, the study of the transfer of phthalates from paint buckets to food was carried out via experimental design and the kinetic study. This work showed that 36.5% of households used old paint buckets in food, and this use did not depend on social class. Derivatization methods followed by liquid chromatography analysis have proven to be precise and rapid for the quantification of bisphenols (A, B and F) and total phthalates in foods. The estimated dietary daily intake of bisphenols and phthalates through foods remains low in Cameroon. The kinetic study revealed that the migration of phthalates is best described by the pseudo-second-order model and depends mainly on temperature, contact time, and pH. These parameters present significant interactions
Nedellec, Vincent. "Méthodes quantitatives pour évaluer les risques non mutagènes des substances chimiques : Application au cas du chlordécone." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CNAM0997/document.
Full textRisk assessment of chemicals uses for non-mutagenic effects a threshold dose without effect. The aim is to develop a risk assessment framework that allows quantification of non-mutagenic risks. It is inspired by the approach used for genotoxic carcinogens. The added value for safety decision making is shown on the case of chlordecone exposure in Guadeloupe. The official assessment is 1 to 3% of the population are exposed above the threshold (kidney damage). No one has quantified the risks when the threshold is exceeded. However, several million euros (M€) are invested annually for the prevention of exposure to chlordecone in Guadeloupe.The study is based only on published data available in 2013. The analysis of modes of action will identify the possible effects of chlordecone at chronicle low doses. Multidoses experimental studies or epidemiological studies provide data to derive exposure-response functions (ERF). The internal exposure data (blood chlordecone concentration) are available for Guadeloupe before and after the introduction in 2003 of preventive actions. The external exposure data are available only after 2003. Risks, estimated with exposures and ERF, are converted into impacts through the number of people exposed. The impacts are monetized via DALYs and VOLY.Four effects of chlordecone can occur at chronic low dose: prostate and liver cancers, kidney damages and cognitive development impairments. Without threshold and with internal exposure data, the estimated numbers of deaths from liver cancer are respectively before and after 2003: 5.4 /year and 2.0 /year. That is 3.4 deaths avoided per year by reducing exposure. For prostate cancer there are respectively 2.8 and 1.0 /yr (gain: 1.8 /yr) and for kidney damages 0.10 and 0.04 /yr (gain: 0.06 /yr). Loss of IQ points are 1 173/yr and 1 003 /yr (gain = 168 pt./yr). Before 2003, the total annual cost of these impacts is 31.8 million €2006 [10.6 to 64.3]. Impacts on cognitive development account for 62% of the total, liver cancer 27%, prostate cancer 11% and kidney damage 0.6%. After 2003, the cost of impacts is 21.3 M€/yr [5.8 to 42.8]. The benefits due to the reduction of exposures (avoided impacts) are 10.5 M€/yr [4.8 to 21.5]. Compared to annual spending estimated at 3.25 M€/yr, the annual benefit is three times higher. Including a threshold dose in the model do not significantly change the results. Use of the external exposure data, dramatically decreased the costs of impacts down to 4% of the costs estimated with internal exposures data. A sensitivity analysis with Monte Carlo simulation show that the "exposure" variable is the one that most influences the results.This work is the first to consider a quantitative assessment of health risks scenario without threshold, which is more and more often recommended for endocrine disrupters. It is also the first to monetize health impacts of chlordecone in Guadeloupe. This approach proves fruitful of useful information for decision making. It enables to compare basic options such as whether or not a threshold should be used in the model, taking into account any external or internal exposures. It also allows a comparison of the cost of preventive actions with the health benefits they generate. The results obtained facilitate the prioritization of actions for health safety. This quantitative approach is recommended for environmental factors to which are already exposed populations. Actions for reducing exposure to chlordecone in Guadeloupe are justified and efficient in terms of social cost. Epidemiological surveys to study the role of chlordecone in diseases that could not been taken into account for lack of knowledge (adult neurotoxicity, autoimmune diseases, and other developmental effects) would be needed. It would be useful to provide mechanistic studies before epidemiological studies implementation. Extend follow-up of the TIMOUN cohort could reduce uncertainty about cognitive development
Bachelet, Delphine. "Biomarqueurs d'exposition aux composés organochlorés et risque de cancer du sein : analyse de l'étude cas-témoins en population générale CECILE basée sur l'utilisation de modèles pharmacocinétiques." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00807245.
Full textPellerin, Plourde Stéphanie. "Perturbation du métabolisme osseux chez le goéland à bec cerclé fortement exposé aux retardateurs de flamme halogénés." Mémoire, 2013. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5446/1/M12758.pdf.
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