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1
Lemmers, Oscar, and Khee Fung Wong. "Distinguishing Between Imports for Domestic Use and for Re-Exports: A Novel Method Illustrated for the Netherlands." National Institute Economic Review 249 (August 2019): R59—R67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795011924900115.
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Global trade in the 21st century is characterised by complex value chains. Successful exporters usually rely on quality imports, and exported goods cross borders many times before reaching their final consumer. This poses challenges to economic measurement as well as policymaking because it becomes difficult to characterise the true interdependencies between countries. Currently, estimates of the share of imports from a trade partner destined for re-exports, and the share used in the domestic economy, are crude at best. We develop a novel approach to estimate these shares. Instead of assigning imports for re-exports proportionally across all source countries, we consider the origin of imports for each trader who re-exports goods. The method is illustrated for the Netherlands, a major re-exporter. We find that non-European member states export 10 billion euros of commodities to the Netherlands that are destined for re-export to the United Kingdom. We also find that the goods trade deficit between the Netherlands and the United States is drastically reduced when taking re-export flows into account.
2
Darman, Darman. "Perdagangan Luar Negeri Indonesia-Amerika Serikat." Binus Business Review 4, no. 2 (November 29, 2013): 742–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/bbr.v4i2.1390.
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This study aims to identify and analyze: how international trade relations are between Indonesia and the United States, especially in the export-import of goods, particularly non-oil exports; how the value is obtained from the export-import of goods between Indonesia-United States, whether Indonesian exports to the United States greater than Indonesian import from the United States; who gets the surplus of trade between the two countries; and how big the export-import growth rate is, whether Indonesia tends to become exporter or importer. Data used in this study were a time series of the year 2008-2012. The analytical method used was the growth formula and Trade Specialization Index. Based on the trade balance, the value of Indonesian exports, both oil and non-oil, the United States has a surplus and vice versa. In other words, the United States includes a country of Indonesia's main export, in addition to Japan and China. Value of Trade Specialization Index for both oil and non-oil exports is positive above 0 to 1, then the oil and non-oil commodities have strong competitiveness. Indonesia is likely as a means exporter of the commodity. However, based on 10 major Indonesian export commodities to the United States, as the largest foreign exchange earner for textile examples and textile products, footwear industries, electronic products, furniture, as well as horticultural commodities, is threatened lethargic, because shutdown policy decisions on the government services were feared to reduce consumption of the American people’s imported products.
3
Rochdiani, Dini, and Eliana Wulandari. "Competitiveness Analysis and Factors Affecting Indonesian Cinnamon Exports." Economies 11, no. 2 (February 6, 2023): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies11020055.
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Cinnamon is one of the plantation spice commodities that contributes to the Indonesian economy. Indonesia is the largest exporter country in the world regarding the total export volume of cinnamon, but regarding the total value of exports, Indonesia comes in second after Sri Lanka. This study aims to analyze the comparative competitiveness of Indonesian cinnamon among major competitors in the United States’ market and to analyze the factors that influence the competitiveness of Indonesian cinnamon exports in the United States. The data used in this study comprise secondary data from 2007 to 2021 obtained from various data sources. The revealed comparative advantage method was used in a comparative competitiveness analysis. Moreover, the factors that affect the competitiveness of Indonesian cinnamon exports in the United States were analyzed using the ordinary least squares method. The results of the analysis show that Indonesian cinnamon is competitive in the United States’ market, but Sri Lanka’s cinnamon exports have stronger competitiveness than Indonesia’s in the United States’ market. The results of the ordinary least squares method show that the exchange rate of the IDR (rupiah) against the USD, the volume of Indonesian cinnamon exports, the GDP per capita of the USA and the value of cinnamon exports to the USA have a significant effect on the competitiveness of Indonesian cinnamon exports to the United States.
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Oh, Dae-Hyuck. "An Empirical Study on the Effects of the US-China Trade Disputes on Korean Business Performance." Institute of Management and Economy Research 13, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32599/apjb.13.2.202206.183.
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Purpose - The study attempted to analyze how the U.S.-China trade dispute affects a highly trade-dependent South Korea. Currently, major domestic and international institutions have issued a number of conflicting predictions that the trade dispute between China and the United States will have a positive and negative impact on South Korea. Accordingly, the present study attempted to analyze using actual data. Design/methodology/approach - The analysis was conducted using actual import and export data from the United States and China and actual import and export data from the United States and China from South Korea. The analysis measured the number and amount of imports and exports by year and month, and the rate of increase and decrease. We also looked at trade dispute days, import and export outcomes and what the impact was. In addition, as a result of the US-China trade dispute, the amount of change in Korea's imports and exports was analyzed. Findings - Empirical analysis shows that South Korea's exports to the United States and China have increased. The analysis results are as follows. First, exports to the United States increased by 5.65% in 2018 and 6.45% in 2019 compared to 2017. Second, exports to China surged 12.34% in 2018 compared to 2017. This increase in South Korea's exports to the United States and its mass exports to the United States shows that South Korea has benefited from the trade dispute between the United States and China. Research implications or Originality - South Korea, which is highly trade-dependent, has been heavily affected by the U.S.-China trade dispute. Various predictions are made about this. The analysis showed that South Korea's export volume has increased. In the end, the effect of the trade transition to the 3rd country did not occur. Rather, the U.S.-China trade dispute appears to have helped South Korea.
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Irma Lang, Irma Lang. "Retrospective analysis of exports and imports between Georgia and the United States." New Economist 17, no. 02 (January 6, 2023): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/nec17022022-53.
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The article analyzes exports and imports between Georgia and the United States during the period from 2015 to 2020. This period is used to calculate the specific weight of the United States trade with Georgia, both in exports and imports. In addition, the article analyzes the advantages of GSP (Generalized System of Preferences) trading regime in Georgian exports, the export-import balance and the relevant conclusions are made based on the obtained results; The commodity structure of Georgia's exports and imports to the United States is also studied. The article shows that a recent Free Trade Agreement is needed to move Georgia and the United States into a new phase in trade relations. Keywords: Georgia; USA; GSP; Export; Import; Balance; Commodity structure; FTA.
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Sanny, Lim, Darma Kusuma, and Martinus Evan Willyanto. "Competitiveness of Indonesian Shrimp Export to the United States." Binus Business Review 12, no. 2 (July 7, 2021): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/bbr.v12i2.6144.
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Agricultural sector in Indonesia contributes greatly to employment, foreign exchange earners, and economic growth. In the export sector, shrimp commodities have the largest portion and become Indonesia's leading commodities. However, Indonesia still cannot become a leader in the world's largest shrimp exporter and only occupies the fourth position of the world's shrimp exporter. There were two goals in the research. First, it was to determine the position of the competitiveness of Indonesian shrimp commodity exports compared to other exporting countries in the United States market. Second, it determined the factors that affected the competitiveness of shrimp exports commodity and made business strategy recommendations for Indonesian shrimp commodities. The research used panel data with a cross-section of seven countries and time series from 2001 to 2017. The result shows that Indonesia has a competitive advantage in the United States market. However, Indonesia must be wary of Ecuador with a higher Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) Value and India, the lead exporter in the United States Market. The factors that affect the competitiveness of shrimp exports are Gross Domestic Product (GDP), population, economic distance, and exchange rate of shrimp exporting countries against the US Dollar. Last, the right business strategy for Indonesia is to perform market penetration, market development, and product development strategies.
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Asrini, Yulmi Nur, Siti Hodijah, and Nurhayani Nurhayani. "Analisis ekspor kayu manis Indonesia ke Amerika Serikat." e-Journal Perdagangan Industri dan Moneter 9, no. 2 (October 18, 2021): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/pim.v9i2.6647.
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This study analyzes Indonesian cinnamon export volume to the United States, export cinnamon prices, exchange rates, and domestic cinnamon production. In addition, to investigate the effect of export cinnamon prices, exchange rates, and domestic cinnamon production on Indonesian cinnamon exports to the United States in 2000-2017. The data used was obtained from the official website of the Indonesian Central Statistics Agency, United Nations Commodity Trade (COMTRADE), and the Plantation Service. The data analysis method used in this research is descriptive and quantitative analysis method with multiple linear regression analysis. Based on the multiple linear regression analysis results, it can be concluded that simultaneously export cinnamon prices, exchange rates, and domestic cinnamon production have a significant effect on Indonesian cinnamon exports to the United States. The exchange rate and domestic cinnamon production have a considerable impact, but the price of export cinnamon had no significant effect on Indonesia's cinnamon exports to the United States.
Keywords: Export cinnamon, Price, Exchange rate, Production.
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Arana-Nicanor, Romina Andrea, Victor Hugo Llacuachaqui-Tovar, and Wagner Enoc Vicente-Ramos. "INTERNAL FACTORS THAT DETERMINE THE SUCCESS OF PERUVIAN EXPORTS OF GINGER TO THE UNITED STATES IN THE PERIOD 2006 – 2020." Acta logistica 8, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 415–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22306/al.v8i4.247.
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This study analyzed the internal determining factors in ginger exports to the United States, being a controversial issue at the international level, due to the demand for exports of multiple products; to describe the internal factors that influence the success of ginger exports and making known the relationship with each of these, concerning the exported quantity, whether the result is favorable or not. The focus of this study is quantitative; it was based on the multiple linear regression model applied to our sample, which is the United States. Numerical data of ginger exports, export price, production volume, Investment in technology and innovation in trade, and exported value of Trademap during the period 2006 - 2020 were obtained. Through the econometric model, it was obtain that there is a direct relationship significant between the export price and the exported quantity (p < 0.05), that is; the greater the quantity of ginger exported, the lower the export price, and the higher the production volume, the greater the quantity of ginger exported (p < 0.05), the greater the investment in technology and innovation in trade, the greater the quantity exported (p < 0.05). These results provide accurate information for medium and large exporting companies of agricultural products, farmers, producers; the results show the key factors that lead to the success of Peruvian ginger exports.
9
Annisa Innayatuhibbah, Gesti, Endang Siti Rahayu, and Minar Ferichani. "Export competitiveness of Indonesian coffee in the United States market." Scientific Horizons 27, no. 2 (January 8, 2024): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.48077/scihor2.2024.125.
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Indonesia’s economic growth has slowed down during the pandemic. Coffee is a foreign exchange-producing agricultural commodity for Indonesia and has become a pillar of the national economy because of its contribution to the gross domestic product. The purpose of this study was to analyse the competitiveness of Indonesian coffee exports in the United States market. The methods employed included the Revealed Comparative Advantage, which can measure export competitiveness comparatively, and the Export Product Dynamic method to analyse and map the position of export competitiveness. The analysis results were also measured to compare the export competitiveness of Vietnamese coffee. The findings showed that Indonesian coffee and Vietnamese coffee in the United States market have a value above 1, proving that both have export competitiveness advantages. The average Revealed Comparative Advantage value of Indonesian coffee is higher than that of Vietnamese coffee, meaning that Indonesian coffee exports are superior to Vietnamese coffee exports to the United States. Meanwhile, the results of the Export Product Dynamic analysis showed that the competitiveness of Indonesian coffee exports is in the position of Lost Opportunity, where the position has shifted from the pre-pandemic position, namely Retreat. Meanwhile, the competitiveness of Vietnamese coffee exports was in the Rising Star position, which shifted from the previous position of Lost Opportunity. Lost Opportunity of Indonesian coffee shows that the strength of Indonesia’s coffee commodity business is weak, but commodity exports are still competitive. The analysis results indicated that even though Indonesia’s coffee has export competitiveness, it is not competitive enough in the United States. This study provided an overview of the export competitiveness of Indonesian coffee in the United States, which can be used as a basis for determining strategic steps in an effort to dominate the market to obtain trade benefits
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Fajgelbaum, Pablo, Pinelopi Goldberg, Patrick Kennedy, Amit Khandelwal, and Daria Taglioni. "The US-China Trade War and Global Reallocations." American Economic Review: Insights 6, no. 2 (June 1, 2024): 295–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aeri.20230094.
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The US-China trade war created net export opportunities rather than simply shifting trade across destinations. Many “bystander” countries grew their exports of taxed products into the rest of the world (excluding the United States and China). Country-specific components of tariff elasticities, rather than specialization patterns, drove large cross-country variation in export growth of tariff-exposed products. The elasticities of exports to US-Chinese tariffs identify whether a country’s exports complement or substitute the United States or China and its supply curve’s slope. Countries that operate along downward-sloping supplies whose exports substitute (complement) the United States and China are among the larger (smaller) beneficiaries of the trade war. (JEL F13, F14, O19, P33)
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Anggraini, Desi, Syapsan Syapsan, and Darmayuda Darmayuda. "Daya Saing Ekspor Lada Indonesia ke Amerika Serikat." Convergence: The Journal of Economic Development 3, no. 2 (July 19, 2022): 90–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/convergence-jep.v3i2.17875.
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iThis study aims to determine the competitiveness of Indonesian pepper to the United States, namely to analyze the level of competitiveness, competitiveness position, market concentration of Indonesian pepper exports to the United States. The research used is descriptive quantitative. The research data is the export value and total exports of Indonesian pepper to the United States in 2010-2019. The data used was obtained from the official website of the Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nation Commodity Trade Statistics, the Central Bureau of Statistics, the Directorate General of Plantations and the Ministry of Trade. The results indicate that the RCA for the competitiveness of pepper exports in 2010-2019 has an average value of 30.54 per year, means that Indonesia has a comparative competitiveness of >1. For competitive competitiveness or ECI has experienced a decline in competitive competitiveness because it has an average of 0.94 per year <1. In terms of competitiveness, Indonesia is an exporter country because the ISP value shows an average value of 0.99 per year in the maturation stage. Indonesia has a low dependence on its own trading partner countries, this is indicated by Indonesia's low IKP value of 0.018 with a value of trade intensity (0-1).Keywords : Indonesian Pepper Exports 1, Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA)2, Export Competitiveness Index (ECI)3, Trade Specialization Index (ISP) 4, Market Concentration Index (IKP) 5
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Sulistiyowati, Liliek Nur, and Sandhika Vistaylen Pratama. "Indonesia’s macroeconomic conditions during United States-China trade war." Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis 26, no. 2 (December 22, 2023): 509–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24914/jeb.v26i2.6252.
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The trade war between the United States and China can affect the Indonesian economy. It is because the United States and China are Indonesia's main trading partners in International trading. Indonesia's macroeconomic indicators affected by the trade war are exports, imports, interest rates, and inflation. This research examines the trade war's partial and simultaneous effect on Indonesia's macroeconomic conditions, such as exports, imports, interest rates, and inflation. The data used in this study is secondary data from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) and Bank Indonesia (BI) in 2017 – 2020. The data analysis technique used is MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis of Variance). The empirical results showed that trade war simultaneously affects exports, imports, interest rates, and inflation. Meanwhile, the trade war partially affects exports, imports, and interest rates but not inflation. Our research concluded that trade conflicts between Indonesia's two main trading partners, namely the United States and China, affect Indonesia's macroeconomic conditions, especially on exports, imports, interest rates, and inflation. Indonesia must take strategic steps to anticipate the impact of the trade war, especially on export, import, and interest rate policies.
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Nikmatika, Anida, Achmad Zaenuddin, and Azizah Azizah. "The Influence of Export Price and United States Gross Domestic Product (GDP) toward Export Volume of Central Java Plywood to United States." JOBS (Jurnal Of Business Studies) 7, no. 1 (June 2, 2022): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32497/jobs.v7i1.3636.
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<em>The volume of Central Java plywood exports to the United States fluctuated with the highest decline occurring in 2016 of 46,999,336 kg. The state of fluctuating export volume is not balanced with the United States' GDP which increases every year. There are several factors that affect the amount of plywood exports, namely the GDP of the destination country and the export price. The aim of this research is to analyze the influence of export price and United States GDP toward central java plywood export to United States both simultaneously and partially. This research is an explanatory research with quantitative approach. Multiple Linear Regression Analysis method is used in this research equipped with the Descriptive Statistics Test, Classic Assumption Test, Multiple Linear Regression, Coefficient of Determination, F-Test and t-Test. Data used in this study are secondary data which are obtained by doing a documentary study. The result of t-Test shows that Export Price there is no significant and positive influence on Central Java plywood Export Volume to United States, meanwhile United States GDP have significant and positive influence on Central Java plywood Export Volume to United States. The result of F-Test shows that Export Price and United States GDP simultaneously influence on Central Java plywood Export Volume to United States. Based on determination coefficient, export price and US GDP have an influence on Central Java plywood Export Volume to United States by 30.8%. Meanwhile, the remaining 69.2% was explained by another variable that was not examined in this study</em>
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Buongiorno, Joseph, and Jussi Uusivuori. "The Law of One Price in the Trade of Forest Products: Co-Integration Tests for U.S. Exports of Pulp and Paper." Forest Science 38, no. 3 (August 1, 1992): 539–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/38.3.539.
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Abstract According to the law of one price, the export price of a well-defined commodity should be the same, regardless of destination, and the import price should be independent of the country of origin. This law has been used as a maintained hypothesis in several models of the international trade of forest products. Here, the law was tested with data on United States exports of pulp and paper, which represented 54% of the value of all forest product exports in 1988. The test was done with co-integration methods and with data from January 1978 to December 1988, for six European countries and Japan. The law of one price could not be rejected in 52 of the 56 pairs of price series analyzed. Thus, markets for United States pulp and paper exports were generally competitive, so that prices tended to converge in the long run. Consequently, spatial equilibrium models that do not distinguish between exports to different countries could be used in this context. Furthermore, the 1992 European unification should not affect markedly the prices obtained by United States exporters in different countries. Finally, the incomplete pass-through of exchange rates to export prices found in previous studies is likely to be due to demand and supply shifts induced by exchange rate realignments, and not to monopolistic forces. For. Sci. 38(3):539-553.
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Yeniwati, Yeniwati. "FAKTOR PENDORONG EKSPOR PRODUK TEKSTIL INDONESIA KE AMERIKA." Ecosains: Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 2, no. 1 (May 1, 2013): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/ecosains.347157.00.
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This study aims to analyze effect of export prices and United States income on export textile Indonesia to The United State. Types of data used are secondary data from 1982 until 2011. Analysis of the data used the OLS Method. The results are export prices and United States income significant effect on exports of textiles Indonesia to the United States. It can be seen from positive coefficient value and significant.
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Light, Ivan, Min Zhou, and Rebecca Kim. "Transnationalism and American Exports in an English-Speaking World." International Migration Review 36, no. 3 (September 2002): 702–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2002.tb00101.x.
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Investigating the relationship between immigration, middleman minority status, transnationalism, and U.S. foreign trade, the authors assembled a census-based data file that contains aggregate-level variables for 88 foreign-born groups by national origin between 1980 and 1990. They regressed immigrant characteristics and immigration volume upon time-lagged import/export statistics from the same 88 nations between 1985 and 1995. Results show the independent influence on exports of immigrant entrepreneurship, transnationalism, and middleman minority status. But these variables, exhaustively derived from the existing literature, had no effect on U.S. imports; they only affected exports. The authors propose that the discrepancy between imports and exports arises because of the dominance of English as a world business language. In this situation, foreigners need no help from immigrants when they export to the United States; but native-born, monolingual Americans need the help of bicultural immigrants when they export. The empirical results suggest that immigrant entrepreneurs enhance the United States' exports and thus reduce the United States' balance of payments deficit.
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Kartika Fatha, Rima. "Analisis Permintaan Ekspor Kopi Indonesia ke Amerika Serikat." Economics Development Analysis Journal 6, no. 1 (March 14, 2018): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/edaj.v6i1.22204.
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Kopi merupakan salah satu komoditas ekspor pertanian yang memiliki nilai ekonomis yang tinggi. Indonesia termasuk dalam lima besar negara dengan ekspor kopi terbesar di dunia. Amerika Serikat merupakan negara tujuan utama ekspor kopi Indonesia. Harga kopi Indonesia yang tinggi tidak menurunkan volume ekspor kopi dari Indonesia ke Amerika Serikat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis faktor-faktor permintaan ekspor kopi Indonesia ke Amerika Serikat. Metode analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah dengan menggunakan ekonometrika dinamis melalui pendekatan Ordinary Least Square (OLS). OLS digunakan untuk melihat hubungan antara dua variabel. Variabel yang digunakan adalah harga riil ekspor kopi Indonesia ke Amerika Serikat, Penanaman Modal Asing (PMA) di Indonesia, GDP perkapita riil Amerika Serikat, dan volume ekspor kopi Indonesia ke Amerika Serikat.
Berdasarkan hasil olah data yang dilakukan diketahui bahwa bahwa harga kopi Indonesia ke Amerika Serikat dan GDP perkapita Amerika Serikat memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap volume ekspor kopi Indonesia ke Amerika Serikat. Sedangkan variabel Penanaman Modal Asing di Indonesia memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan dan bernilai negatif terhadap permintaan ekspor kopi Indonesia ke Amerika Serikat.
Coffee is one agricultural export commodities which have high economic value. Indonesia is one of the top five countries with the largest coffee export. United States is the main export destination for Indonesian coffee. Indonesia's high coffee prices do not decrease the volume of coffee exports from Indonesia to the United States. The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the demand factors Indonesian coffee exports to the United States. Methods of data analysis used in this research is to use dynamic econometric approach Ordinary Least Square (OLS). OLS is used to see the relationship between the two variables. The variables used were the real price of Indonesia's coffee exports to the United States, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Indonesia, US real per capita GDP, and the volume of Indonesia's coffee exports to the United States. Based on the results of data if it is found that that the price of coffee in Indonesia to the United States and the GDP per capita in the United States has a positive and significant impact on the volume of Indonesian coffee exports to the United States. While variable Foreign Investment in Indonesia has significant influence and a negative value to the request of Indonesia's coffee exports to the United States.
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Emilia, Emilia, Adi Bhakti, and Candra Mustika. "Analsis determinan yang mempengaruhi perdagangan luar negeri Indonesa terhadap dua negara yang terlibat perang dagang Amerika Serikat VS China." Jurnal Paradigma Ekonomika 16, no. 3 (August 7, 2021): 471–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/jpe.v16i3.14342.
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The purpose of this study is to analyze how Indonesia's exports and imports compared to the United States and China and to investigate how the exchange rate, labor force, and population influence Indonesia's imports from China and the United States. The results show that Indonesia's exports to the United States and Indonesia's exports to China are 2.02, while the average comparison of Indonesian imports from the United States and Indonesia's imports from China is 1.31. the average is more significant when compared to Indonesia's exports and imports with China. Based on the regression results, the exchange rate variable has a significant negative effect on Indonesia's exports and imports with the United States and China. The labor variable has a significant positive impact on Indonesia's exports and imports to the United States and China. In contrast, the population variable significantly affects Indonesia's exports to the United States. It does not substantially affect Indonesian imports from the United States and does not dramatically affect Indonesia's exports and imports with China.
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Clark, Don P., W. Charles Sawyer, and Richard L. Sprinkle. "Revealed Comparative Advantage Indexes for Regions of the United States." Global Economy Journal 5, no. 1 (January 2005): 1850027. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1033.
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This study identifies the pattern of comparative advantage for U.S. regions from actual trade performance as indicated by the industry composition of exports. Revealed comparative advantage patterns are also determined using production data. Dynamic changes in comparative advantage patterns are identified using a methodology developed by Kreinin and Plummer (1994a). Comparative advantage patterns and the degree of structural change in exports vary considerably across regions. Results will assist U.S. regions and states in formulating effective export promotion strategies.
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Nasution, S. P., R. P. Wibowo, T. Supriana, and Iskandarini. "Analysis of Indonesia coffee exports competitiveness in the United States and Japan to promote sustainable market." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1302, no. 1 (February 1, 2024): 012137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1302/1/012137.
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Abstract Coffee is one of the main export commodity in Indonesia which has contributed to the foreign exchange. Indonesia is the fourth largest coffee producer in the world after Brazil, Vietnam and Colombia. The aim of this research was to analyze the level of competitiveness of Indonesian coffee exports to the United States and Japan markets. Data sources were obtained from the Indonesian Central Statistics Agency (BPS), UN Comtrade and Trade MAP. The data used is secondary time series data over a period of 5 years (2018-2022). The research method used Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) to calculate the level of competitiveness of Indonesian coffee exports to the United States and Japan markets. The research results showed that Indonesian coffee has a stronger competitiveness in the United States market compared to the Japanese market. However, when compared with Colombia, Brazil and Guantemala, the value of Indonesian RCA in the United States and Japanese markets is still far behind. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the production for sustainable coffee exports in the United States and Japan markets.
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Hidayati, Siti Ainia, and Ekaria. "Competitiveness and Factors Influencing Indonesian Clove Exports to Eight Export Destination Countries from 2005-2020." Proceedings of The International Conference on Data Science and Official Statistics 2023, no. 1 (December 29, 2023): 446–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.34123/icdsos.v2023i1.299.
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Indonesia is the largest clove producer and exporter in the world, but from 2005 to 2020 the average clove export was dominated by Madagascar. As the largest clove producer, Indonesia should be able to dominate the export market, especially cloves. Therefore, this study aims to determine the competitiveness position of Indonesian cloves and analyze the economic factors that affect Indonesian cloves exports. In this study, the analysis method use Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Export Product Dynamics (EPD), and a Fixed Effect Model (FEM) for panel data of eight export destination countries from 2005-2020. The results show that the competitiveness of Indonesian cloves is above the world average. The competitive position of Indonesia's clove exports in the Netherlands, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, United States, and Vietnam is a rising star. At the same time, the other two markets (India and Singapore) are falling stars. In addition, the export prices have a significant effect on the volume of Indonesian clove exports. Indonesian clove production and destination countries' GDP per capita have a positive effect, while economic distance has a negative effect on the volume of Indonesian clove exports.
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Sun, Changyou, Jean M. Daniels, and Kate C. Marcille. "Common integrating factor in softwood log exports from the United States." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 50, no. 5 (May 2020): 447–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2019-0321.
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Softwood logs comprise a large portion of forest product exports from the United States. Most of these exports have occurred between the Pacific Northwest region of the United States and several Asian countries. In this study, the extent and degree of market integration of softwood log exports from 1996 to 2018 are examined by co-integration analyses and permanent–transitory decomposition. Softwood log exports to Japan and South Korea appear to be in the same economic market and show a high degree of integration, while trade between the United States and China has evolved more independently. A detailed analysis is conducted on five prices related to Japan and South Korea with full-time coverage, and one common integrating factor is found and estimated. The price of export from the Columbia-Snake Customs District to Japan is identified as the driving force. Price responses to market shocks usually occur within four months. These findings have implications for government agencies and participants in the market of softwood log trade.
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Achmadin, Wahyu Nur, Dwi Agustin Retnowardani, Dewi Mashitasari, and Fita Fatimah. "Forecasting Coffee Exports to the United States Using the Holt-Winters Exponential Method." EIGEN MATHEMATICS JOURNAL 7, no. 1 (May 11, 2024): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/emj.v7i1.202.
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A study was conducted to estimate coffee exports to the United States using the Holt-Winters Exponential method. The aim of this research is to project coffee export activity over the next four periods. Data on coffee exports to the United States from 2000 to 2022 was obtained from the Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics and used as a research object. The range of values used in this study is between 0.1 and 0.5 for α, between 0.1 and 0.5 for β, and between 0.1 and 0.9 for ϒ. The results of this research state that it is estimated that in 2023, Indonesia will export coffee to the United States amounting to 61,332.60 tons, in 2024 amounting to 60,661.50 tons, in 2025 amounting to 61,563.27 tons, and in 2026 amounting to 60,196.50 tons
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McCurdy, Dwight R., and Fan H. Kung. "The United States Hardwood Log Export Market." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 2, no. 3 (September 1, 1985): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/2.3.84.
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Abstract The volume and value of hardwood logs exported from the United States from 1978 through 1983 are described. In addition, the countries importing the greatest volume and the U.S. custom districts containing the most active ports of exit are discussed for each of the major hardwood log species. Finally, trends in hardwood log exports are analyzed. North J. Appl. For. 2:84-87, Sept 1985.
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Luppold, William G. "The Canadian Connection in the North American Hardwood Lumber Export Market." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 9, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): 91–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/9.3.91.
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Abstract Canada has consistently been the largest international market for U.S. hardwood lumber in both value and volume terms. Although much of the lumber shipped to Canada is used by Canadian industries, a significant amount is re-exported to Europe by Canadian brokers and wholesalers. In addition, 10 to 20% of U S. hardwood lumber exports to Europe are transshipped through Canadian ports. Most exports to Canada and transshipments through Canada exit the United States at inland points in the Northeast. This paper provides an alternative look at exports of lumber from the United States to Canada and examines the connection between Canada and U.S. exports to Europe. However, the volume of U.S. lumber and logs reprocessed in Canada and then exported is not known. North. J. Appl. For. 9(3):91-93.
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Liu, Jinghui, Tingting Geng, Xingwei Wang, and Guojin Qin. "Determinants of Oil Footprints Embodied in Sino-US Trade: A Perspective from the Globalizing World." Energies 13, no. 15 (July 23, 2020): 3786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13153786.
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Oil plays an important role in global resource allocation. With the continuous development of the global supply chain, trade has brought a great impact on oil consumption. However, few studies have been focused on the oil consumption embodied in trade, that is, the oil footprints. Therefore, based on the multi-regional input-output model and structural decomposition model, this paper investigates the evolution and driving factors of the oil footprint between the two countries with the largest oil consumption in the world (China and the United States). By measuring the flow of oil footprint in bilateral trade, their trade transactions are analyzed at the national and industry levels. The results show that in Sino-US trade, China is a net exporter of virtual oil and the trade surplus is huge. The United States is the main destination of China’s virtual oil consumption exports. In 2004, China’s embodied oil net exports flowing into the US even exceeded its total net exports. Low value-added, high-consumption manufacturing is the main channel for China’s virtual oil to flow to the United States, which reflects that China is still at the bottom of the value chain. The most important factor in promoting exports’ growth is the scale effect of demand, followed by the input structure effect of intermediate products. The technical effect is an important force to curb the growth of oil footprints. This requires China and the United States to accelerate technological progress and reduce energy consumption intensity. At the same time, China should continue to optimize its trade structure, encourage the export of high-value-added products, and strive to climb the global value chain.
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Malviya, Aditi, Milan Vala, and Archana Mankad. "RECENT FLORICULTURE IN INDIA." International Association of Biologicals and Computational Digest 1, no. 1 (May 16, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.56588/iabcd.v1i1.8.
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This report finishes a research of the floriculture sector's recent advancements in India, notably in terms of key cut flower producing states, industry growth, and export potential. The primary focus is on commercially farmed cut and loose flowers. Documentation was carried out throughout the previous two decades. The purpose of this study is to look at the export performance, the composition of exports, the means of transportation for floriculture exports, and the share of floriculture exports. India produces roughly 19 lakh Tonnes of loose flowers and 8.90 lakh Tonnes of cut flowers per year on 3.40 lakh hectares of land, bringing in considerable revenue to the exchequer through domestic & global commerce. India is ranked 18th in the world, with a 0.6 % of the worldwide floriculture trade. Exports grew at a CAGR of 4 % during the previous decade. In 2010-11, India was the greatest exporter to the United States, with US $ 12.72 million, US $ 16.06 million in 2014-15, and US $ 19.49 million in 2019-20. Exports through air are on the rise, rising from 27 % in 2010-11 to 40.21 percent in 2019-20, with a compound annual rate of 0.06 percent.
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Irvansyah, Faizal, Hermanto Siregar, and Tanti Novianti. "The Determinants of Indonesian Textile’s and Clothing Export to the Five Countries of Export Destination." ETIKONOMI 19, no. 1 (March 22, 2020): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/etk.v19i1.14845.
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Indonesian textile and clothing products (TPT) is the second-largest export product after oil palm product. There are five biggest export destination countries, that is the United States, Japan, South Korea, and Turkey. This study aims to analyze the factors that affect TPT exports to the five biggest export destination countries. The factors that affect TPT exports examined by using time series and panel data analysis. Using panel data analysis finds that GDP per capita of the destination country, the exchange rate of the Rupiah, the price of textiles in the destination country, and import tariffs stipulate in the destination country affect TPT exports. Then, using time series analysis finds that GDP per capita and import tariffs affected TPT export to the United States, China, and Turkey. Meanwhile, the factors influencing Indonesian textile exports to Japan and South Korea are textile prices, rupiah exchange rates, and import tariffs.JEL Classification: F14, F43How to Cite:Irvansyah, F., Siregar, H., & Novianti, T. (2020). The Determinants of Indonesian Textile’s and Clothing Export to the Five Countries of Export Destination. Etikonomi: Jurnal Ekonomi, 19(1), 19 – 30. https://doi.org/10.15408/etk.v19i1.14845.
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Paul I., Ojeaga, Oshadare Segun A., Akinbola Olufemi A., and Ajayi J, A. "Trade Imbalance and Entrepreneurial Activity: A Quantitative Panel Data Analysis." Scholedge International Journal of Business Policy & Governance ISSN 2394-3351 4, no. 11 (February 28, 2018): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.19085/journal.sijbpg041101.
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Shale Oil export from the United States overseas today depicts the need for the United States to reduce its negative trade balance sheet and Nigeria’s wish to improve agricultural exports reflects its willingness to reduce its problem of oil dependence. Net Savings accruing from exporting capabilities have strong consequences for trade and specifically for balance of payment and country specific trade account. Its positive effect on net trade is often affected by strong domestic consumption of foreign imports leading to trade imbalances, and capital flight. This study investigates the relationship between savings, exports and net trade using quantitative techniques by considering panel data for Nigeria and the United States, It was found that net savings from trade and exports promote net trade positively, and that imports affects net trade negatively since business were probably not importing to promote further production activities causing trade deficit and negative imbalance.
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Yean Tham, Siew, Andrew Kam Jia Yi, and Tee Beng Ann. "U.S.–China Trade War: Potential Trade and Investment Spillovers into Malaysia." Asian Economic Papers 18, no. 3 (December 2019): 117–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00729.
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This study examines the potential impact of the current trade war between the United States and China on Malaysia's trade and investment. For solar exports, the immediate impact from 2017 to 2018 shows that gross and domestic exports to the United States have fallen but re-exports have increased, and Malaysia's exports and re-exports to China have increased. Excluding solar, the increase in gross exports to the United States is borne by re-exports. The possibility of increased investment, as firms relocate from China, is high given the growing presence of China's investment in Malaysia since the announcement of the Belt and Road Initiative.
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Wang, Xueyan, Weidong Meng, Chunyang Wang, Bo Huang, and Yuyu Li. "Export trade structure transformation and countermeasures in the context of reverse globalization." PLOS ONE 17, no. 6 (June 24, 2022): e0270390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270390.
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With the development of economic globalization, the problem of unequal distribution of globalization dividends among and within countries has become increasingly serious, and reverse globalization has a great impact on the national economy and export trade. This paper uses the KOF Globalization Index and the world input-output tables in World Input-Output Database (WIOD), and empirically studies the transformation of a country’s export trade and export structure in the context of reverse globalization from the perspectives of world, country, industry, subdivided manufacturing and service industry. The results show that reverse globalization has a significant non-linear negative effect on economic development and export trade. Compared with developed and European Union (EU) countries, the exports of developing and non-EU countries are more affected by reverse globalization shocks. Reverse globalization has the greatest inhibition on the secondary industry exports, followed by the tertiary industry. The suppressive effects on the exports of 12 subdivided manufacturing and 14 subdivided service in China are significantly greater than that of the United States, but most of sub-industry exports in the United States are more sensitive. Besides, China’s exports of high-product-complexity industry such as metal products, medicinal chemicals, electrical and optical products and mechanical equipments are greatly affected by reverse globalization, while the exports of water transportation, construction, land transportation are relatively less restrained.
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Datau, Noufaldo Rahmatullah, and Ignatia Martha Hendrati. "Export Performance Analysis on Indonesian Yellowfin Thunas (HS 030342) in the United States Market." Jambura Equilibrium Journal 6, no. 2 (July 3, 2024): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.37479/jej.v6i2.24192.
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Tuna is a major fish commodity that has high economic value that dominates the export market of Indonesian fishery industry products. This study was carried out to analyze competitiveness, comparative advantage, trading patterns and trends of Indonesian tuna exports in the United States market from 2013-2022 using the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA), and Constant Market Share (CMS). The results showed that Indonesia's RCA value is above one (>1) during the 2013-2022 period, meaning that Indonesian tuna has competitiveness, the RSCA value is also above one (>0), meaning that Indonesian tuna has a comparative advantage. According to the CMS analysis, Indonesia’s growth of standard exports to the United States is still lower than the growth of world standard exports to the United States so that Indonesia's export performance is still relatively low. The distribution effect of the Indonesian tuna market shows a positive value which means that Indonesia has succeeded in showing good product distribution performance to the market. The effect of commodity composition and the effect of competitiveness of Indonesian tuna shows a negative value so that Indonesia is considered to have not met the market and is less competitive.
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Lofquist, William S. "United States statistics on exports and imports." Publishing Research Quarterly 8, no. 3 (September 1992): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02678613.
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Devadoss, Stephen. "Is There an End to U.S.–Canadian Softwood Lumber Disputes?" Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 38, no. 1 (April 2006): 137–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800022124.
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I develop a two-country theoretical trade model to show that Canadian subsidies increase lumber supplies and exports to the United States, and the U.S. retaliatory tariff raises U.S. prices and safeguards producers, but hurts consumers. These results underscore the shortsightedness of policy decisions in a bilateral trade dispute, as empirical results from the multiregional spatial equilibrium trade model highlight that both countries pursue myopic policies without taking into account the reactions of other exporters and importers. For instance, after the imposition of U.S. tariffs, other exporters grab the market share lost by Canada in the United States, while Canada augments its exports to other importers.
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Bollino, Carlo Andrea, and Philipp Galkin. "Energy Security and Portfolio Diversification: Conventional and Novel Perspectives." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 14, 2021): 4257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144257.
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Despite the recent expansion of the scope, the main pillars of energy security remain physical supply and price components. This paper highlights the novel developments of this notion, including the exporters’ perspective, relevant challenges, indicators, and policies. Furthermore, we apply the portfolio theory approach to five Gulf Cooperation Council countries to construct portfolios representing the trade-offs between maximizing returns (oil export growth or export prices) and minimizing risks (standard deviation of return variables). We assess portfolios’ resilience to external demand and logistical shocks by running several disruptive scenarios. We find that oil exporters adopt a balanced approach to the risks associated with export volume growth and pricing, which is different from some major oil importers that prioritize either the physical supply or price stability. Simulation scenarios of increasing oil exports to China would have a significant impact mainly on Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), but not on the others, while scenarios of reduced oil exports to the United States would impact mainly Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. A blockade of the Malacca Strait would reduce export volumes and increase portfolio risks for all five economies, with Kuwait and Oman most affected.
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Dastagiri, Madiga B. "Analysis of economic trends in overseas markets for Indian tea and coffee." Outlook on Agriculture 46, no. 1 (January 24, 2017): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030727016689736.
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Since world market economies are dynamic, the responsiveness of export quantities to changes in international prices is of direct relevance in international economics. India has 12% share of world tea exports and is the seventh largest coffee producer in the world (2013–2014). This study analyses the exports and price growth rates, elasticity, instability and major global markets for Indian tea and coffee. The study was based on 24 years agricultural time-series data from 1990–1991 to 2012–2013. The study found that elasticity for coffee and tea was 61.4 and 13.5%, respectively. The destinations which account for the major share of exports for Indian tea are developed countries including Australia (18.7%), Russia (17.3%), and the United States (15.9%) and for coffee are Italy (28.7%), Germany (13.8%), and Belgium (7.6%). Based on an analysis of individual country elasticity and growth rates, India has comparative advantage to export to the Middle East, Europe, the United States, and Australia.
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Marchant, Mary A., and Baohui Song. "Assessment of Biotechnology Policies and International Trade in Key Markets for U.S. Agriculture." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 37, no. 2 (August 2005): 379–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800006854.
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The United States leads the world in agricultural biotechnology research, adoption, commercialization, and exports. Our biotech commodities are highly dependent on international markets. Thus, any biotech policy changes by key importing countries may affect U.S. agricultural biotech product exports. This article identifies key markets for U.S. agricultural exports including biotech commodities and discusses current and proposed biotech policies in key markets for U.S. agricultural exports focusing on Canada, Mexico, Japan, the European Union (EU), and China. Among these markets, labeling of biotech products is voluntary in Canada and Mexico but is mandatory in Japan, the EU, and, most recently, in China. For the EU, U.S. corn exports were almost completely shut out, while U.S. soybean exports also declined because of the EU's biotech policies. The World Trade Organization dispute filed by the United States has yet to be finalized. China's biotech regulations raised concern by U.S. agricultural exporters. However, through U.S. Department of Agriculture education programs, U.S.–China negotiations, and China's domestic soybean shortage, China's biotech regulations do not appear to have had long-run impacts on U.S. soybean exports to China.
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Luhur, Estu Sri, Asnawi Asnawi, Freshty Yulia Arthatiani, and Siti Hajar Suryawati. "DETERMINAN PERMINTAAN EKSPOR KEPITING/RAJUNGAN OLAHAN INDONESIA KE AMERIKA SERIKAT: PENDEKATAN ERROR CORRECTION MODEL." Jurnal Kebijakan Sosial Ekonomi Kelautan dan Perikanan 10, no. 2 (December 29, 2020): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jksekp.v10i2.9271.
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Kepiting/rajungan merupakan salah satu komoditas ekspor perikanan yang terus meningkat permintaannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis permintaan ekspor kepiting/rajungan olahan Indonesia ke Amerika Serikat sebagai pasar tujuan utama. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder, yaitu data harga ekspor kepiting/rajungan Indonesia ke Amerika Serikat, volume produksi kepiting/rajungan di dalam negeri, dan nilai tukar rupiah terhadap dolar Amerika Serikat. Data tersebut diperoleh dari UN-Comtrade, Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (KKP), dan Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS). Metode analisis data yang digunakan adalah ekonometrika dinamis dengan pendekatan Error Correction Model (ECM). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variabel yang memiliki pengaruh terhadap permintaan ekspor kepiting/rajungan Indonesia ke Amerika Serikat pada jangka pendek adalah harga ekspor dan volume produksi di dalam negeri dengan nilai koefisien masing-masing sebesar -0.7818 dan 0.5270. Pada jangka panjang, variabel yang berpengaruh adalah harga ekspor kepiting/rajungan Indonesia ke Amerika Serikat dengan nilai koefisien sebesar - 0.7938. Upaya peningkatan volume ekspor kepiting/rajungan Indonesia ke Amerika Serikat dapat dilakukan dengan kebijakan melalui usaha nelayan dan perbaikan mekanisme rantai pasok (foodchains) yang berdampak menurunkan harga ekspor kepiting/rajungan Indonesia ke Amerika Serikat dan perbaikan kualitas produksi kepiting/rajungan di Indonesia. Selain itu, seiring dengan meningkatnya permintaan kepiting/rajungan di Amerika Serikat dapat memberikan peluang bagi Indonesia untuk meningkatkan ekspor kepiting/rajungan ke Amerika Serikat.Title: Determinants of Demand for Indonesian Export of Processed Crabs to the United States: An Error Correction Model ApproachCrab is one of fishery export commodity that has continuing increase in demand. This study aimed to analyze demand for Indonesian processed crab exports to the United States as the main destination market. Data used are secondary data, namely data on export price of Indonesian crabs to the United States, the volume of domestic crab production, and exchange rate of the rupiah against the US dollar. Data was obtained from UN-Comtrade, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (KKP), and Central Statistics Agency (BPS). Data were analyzed using dynamic econometrics method with the Error Correction Model (ECM) approach. Variables of the study are export price of Indonesian crab to the United States, production volume of crab in Indonesia, and exchange rate of rupiah against United States dollar. The results showed that export prices and domestic production volume are variables influencing demand for Indonesian crab exports to the United States in the short term with coefficient value of -0.7818 and 0.5270 respectively. In the long term, the influencing variables is domestic production volume with coefficient value of 0.7938. Export volume to the United States could be increased through policy on fishing effort and supply chain mechanism improvement that resulted in the decrease of export prices and improved quality of the crabs. In addition, the increasing number of crab demand in the United States provides opportunities for Indonesia to increase crab exports to the United States.
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Rolfe, Robert J., and Douglas P. Woodward. "African Apparel Exports, AGOA, and the Trade Preference Illusion." Global Economy Journal 5, no. 3 (September 2005): 1850047. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1098.
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The African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) is a preferential trade agreement between the United States and approved African countries, allowing duty-free and quota-free access to the U.S. market. Following AGOA’s implementation in 2000, several African countries experienced a dramatic increase in exports to the United States. Nevertheless, AGOA exports, employment, and other benefits may prove to be short-term gains. As a form of temporary trade diversion from Asian countries, the increased exports may arise less from competitive advantages than from trade preferences that will erode over time. This paper focuses on garment exports from the African countries most affected by the preferential access with the United States under AGOA. An analysis based on ten-digit HS trade categories shows that African apparel enters the United States at sharply lower unit prices than similar products from China and India. Given Africa’s higher costs, it is believed that this disparity results from specialized production in low-quality garments. We argue that export value and growth, often used to gauge the success of preferential trade agreements like AGOA, can be misleading. To assess the local contribution to the African economy of AGOA benefits, our paper examines value added in Kenya. Given information for each investment in Kenyan EPZs, we calculate local inputs as a percentage of sales and other measures. The results suggest that the real benefits of AGOA in apparel may be smaller than commonly believed.
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Cao, Xuping, and Nancy Hanson-Rasmussen. "Dynamic Change in the Export Technology Structure of China’s Environmental Goods and Its International Comparison." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (September 30, 2018): 3508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103508.
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Growing natural disaster intensity, ocean warming, air quality alerts, and a desire to emphasize sustainable practice has prompted countries to payincreased attention to the development of environmental industries. This has led to trade in environmental goods (EGs) and a need for export technology research. The purpose of this paper is to measure the evolution of the technological structure of China’s export EGs and its position in the international industrial value chain. Based on the 2012 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) EGs list and United Nations Comtrade (COMTRADE) data, this study uses the technical complexity index to empirically calculate the technology structure and level changes of China’s EGs exports from 2007 to 2016. The results are then compared with those of the Asia-Pacific region and the world’s major exporters of EGs. Additionally, this study proposes a method called “Equalization Technology Classification” that divides all EGs into five technical levels: high, medium-high, medium, medium-low, and low. The research finds that (1) China’s EGs exports are predominately of medium-low technical complexity, and while the proportion of exported goods with high technical complexity is very low, the export technology structure is constantly being optimized. (2) Compared with Singapore, the United States, and the European Union, the overall technical level of China’s exported EGs is lagging behind. (3) The overall technical level of exported EGs in major exporting countries is rapidly increasing but is especially impressive in South Korea and China, where growth ranks first and second in the world, respectively.
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Nurhidayati, Mia, Syafril Basri, and Darmayuda Darmayuda. "Competitiveness of Indonesian ginger exports to Japan, Malaysia, and The United States." Keynesia : International Journal of Economy and Business 1, no. 2 (October 25, 2022): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.55904/keynesia.v1i2.197.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the competitiveness of Indonesian ginger in Japan, Malaysia, and the United States by analyzing the level of competitiveness, competitiveness position, and concentration of Indonesian ginger exports to Japan, Malaysia, and the United States. The research method used is the descriptive quantitative method. The period under study is 2012–2019, or eight years. The data analysis methods used are Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Trade Specialization Index (ISP), and Market Concentration Index (IKP). The results of the RCA analysis of the competitiveness of Indonesian ginger exports to Japan, Malaysia, and the United States in 2012–2019 have comparative competitiveness 1. The average RCA scores were Japan (0.20), Malaysia (0.95), and the United States (0.07), respectively. In terms of competitiveness, Indonesia is an exporter country because ISPs have an average ISP value, namely Japan (0.93) in the maturation stage, Malaysia (0.61) in the expansion stage, and the United States (1.0) in the maturation stage. For market concentration, Indonesia has a relatively low IKP value, namely Japan (0.000024), Malaysia (0.000132), and the United States (0.000002), with a trade intensity value of (0-1).
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Medinets, Ann, Micheni Muchai, and Martin Ogutu Odiyo. "The Effect Of Psychic Distance On Kenyas Export Destinations." International Journal of Management & Information Systems (IJMIS) 13, no. 1 (July 11, 2011): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/ijmis.v13i1.4939.
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Exports can be an important component of the growth strategy for developing countries, and an understanding of export destination choices can help to facilitate that growth. This paper uses the concept of psychic distance to examine Kenyas export pattern to selected markets. Regression analysis indicates that Kenyas total exports are significantly associated with countries that are psychically close (Uganda, Tanzania, and the United Kingdom), but not with countries that are psychically distant (Ethiopia, Egypt, and the United States). Thus, psychic distance explains Kenyas export choices better than geographic distance does. The paper concludes with suggestions about ways that an understanding of psychic distance can help Kenya and other countries that seek to expand their economies through export.
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Zuhdi, Fadhlan, Khoiru Rizqy Rambe, and Lola Rahmadona. "Analysis of Competitiveness and Forecasting of Indonesian Tea Exports to Main Destination Countries." Media Ekonomi dan Manajemen 37, no. 2 (July 5, 2022): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.24856/mem.v37i2.2888.
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<p>Indonesia as a tea exporter in the world has not maximized tea export opportunities as indicated by the decline in the value of tea exports from 2016 to 2020. This study aims to further analyze the competitiveness of Indonesian tea exports to major importing countries and predict the value of exports that will occur until 2025. This study used time series data from 2001-2020 which was analyzed with Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA). The results of the analysis show that the competitiveness of Indonesian tea exports to the main destination countries, namely Russia, Malaysia, China, Taiwan, and the United States, does not have a comparative advantage (RCA<1). However, based on forecasting results, the value of tea exports to Russia, Malaysia, and China is expected to increase until 2025. This increase in tea export value also has an impact in the form of strengthening the competitiveness of Indonesian tea exports in these countries even though the RCA index value is smaller than one. Thus, although the competitiveness of Indonesian tea exports is still weak in destination countries, Indonesia can optimize tea exports to countries that have increased competitiveness, such as Russia, Malaysia, and China.</p>
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Hughes, William R. "North American Energy Markets: The Evolution of Energy Interdependence between Canada and the United States." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 4, no. 2-3 (May 1986): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459878600400202.
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Energy trade between the United States and Canada is growing from a minor aspect of the markets in the United States to a significant development with material impacts on energy prices in the United States and a major aspect of Canada's energy economy. This development is most pronounced in natural gas, where Canada's large resources and flexible approach of negotiated transactions is leading to regrowth of exports. For the United States, Canada serves as a buffer from potential high prices as a result of resource depletion. This price impact is potentially substantial over the next 10 years. Imports will likely double by 1990 and will further increase thereafter. In electric power, the impacts are regional; in the affected regions, Canadian ratepayers will be spared the high costs of overcapacity and will benefit from provincial profits from exports. Ratepayers in the importing regions—New York, New England, and potentially California—will benefit from the fact that Canadian power is available at substantially lower rates than alternative sources in the United States. In petroleum, Canada, Mexico, and the Caribbean are main exporters to the United States. Price decontrol will help free interdependence of domestic Canadian markets with Canadian trade with the United States, but, overall, little change is expected from the present pattern.
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Xiang, Qing, and Runsheng Yin. "Impact of Globalization and Policy Change on United States Softwood Lumber Trade." Forest Science 52, no. 4 (August 1, 2006): 381–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/52.4.381.
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Abstract To examine the effects of global economic integration, public policy, and other factors on US softwood lumber trade, a demand and supply system for both exports and imports is estimated with panel data sets. We find that the combined impact of trading price and exchange rate before 2003 has made foreign lumber products much cheaper than those manufactured domestically. Furthermore, domestic economic conditions and production capacity strongly affect the exports and imports of both the United States and its trade partners. Also, the US federal harvest reduction policy and the Asian financial crisis influenced both export and import markets. All of these suggest the need for more integrated market analysis and strategic business thinking.
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Zedalis, Rex J. "The Chemical Weapons Convention Implementation Act: United States Control Over Exports." American Journal of International Law 90, no. 1 (January 1996): 138–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203761.
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During 1994, the total sales value of chemicals exported from the United States exceeded $51 billion, up 15 percent over the previous year and resulting in the chemical sector outpacing all other sectors that finished the year with favorable trade balances. Chemicals leaving the United States were shipped under the control provisions of both the Department of Commerce's Export Administration Regulations (EAR), and the Department of State's International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR). Though this is something of an oversimplification, the EAR basically concerns itself with products that have civilian application, and the ITAR with products of use to the military. Currently, the Commodity Control List of the EAR, overseen by Commerce's Office of Export Licensing within the Bureau of Export Administration, identifies fifty-four chemicals and ten toxins as intermediate agents and precursors to chemical weapons subject to export regulation. The Munitions List of the ITAR, administered by the Office of Defense Trade Controls of the State Department's Bureau of Politico-Military Affairs, identifies twenty-two chemicals as subject to regulation and cautions that this listing is merely illustrative, as any “chemical agent,” defined as “a substance having military application,” is subject to export control.
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Fuady, Ahmad Helmy. "THE COMPETITIVENESS OF INDONESIA'S EXPORT TO UNITED STATES, 1986-2003: A SHIFT-SHARE ANALYSIS." Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 8, no. 1 (June 1, 2007): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jep.v8i1.3936.
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The objective of this paper is to examine the competitiveness of Indonesia's exports to the United States (US) market, compared to other Asian economies, namely Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, China, Republic of Korea and India, over the period of 1986-2003. A shift-share method is applied to single digit SITC US imports data from those countries. It found that the competitiveness of Indonesia's exports changes over time. The Indonesia's exports reached its best performance in the period 1992-1997. However, after the 1997 economic crisis, Indonesia faces a serious problem, since none of its export has competitiveness in the US market, compared to the reference economy. The analysis also shows that China has consistently posed a serious pressure not only for Indonesia, but also for the other Asian economies.
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Bernard, Andrew B., Jonathan Eaton, J. Bradford Jensen, and Samuel Kortum. "Plants and Productivity in International Trade." American Economic Review 93, no. 4 (August 1, 2003): 1268–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/000282803769206296.
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We reconcile trade theory with plant-level export behavior, extending the Ricardian model to accommodate many countries, geographic barriers, and imperfect competition. Our model captures qualitatively basic facts about U.S. plants: (i) productivity dispersion, (ii) higher productivity among exporters, (iii) the small fraction who export, (iv) the small fraction earned from exports among exporting plants, and (v) the size advantage of exporters. Fitting the model to bilateral trade among the United States and 46 major trade partners, we examine the impact of globalization and dollar appreciation on productivity, plant entry and exit, and labor turnover in U.S. manufacturing.
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Handoyo, Rossanto Dwi, Agustin Dwi Prihandika Sari, Kabiru Hannafi Ibrahim, and Tamat Sarmidi. "The Volatility of Rupiah Exchange Rate Impact on Main Commodity Exports to the OIC Member States." Economies 10, no. 4 (March 25, 2022): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies10040078.
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This study analysed the impact of the volatility of the rupiah exchange rate on four main commodities exported from Indonesia to six member countries of the Organisation of the Islamic Cooperation (OIC) (Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Pakistan, United Arab Emirates, Turkey, and Bangladesh). The study employed monthly data spanning from January 2007 to December 2019 and the EGARCH method to obtain exchange rate volatility, while the ARDL method was used to model both the short-run and long-run impact of exchange rate and its volatility on exports. In the short term, findings revealed that exchange rate volatility has a significant negative effect on five main commodity exports to OIC countries, whereas, in the long-term, volatility of the exchange rate negatively affects twelve main commodity exports to OIC countries. Our results further imply that most of Indonesia’s exporters to six OIC Member countries are risk-averse.
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Afriamah, Afriamah, Zulkarnain Lubis, and Mitra Musika Lubis. "Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Volume Ekspor Kopi dari Kabupaten Aceh Tengah ke Amerika Serikat." Jurnal Agriuma 3, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/agr.v3i1.5112.
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Indonesia is one of the world's largest coffee producers, it can be seen from the amount of exports from Indonesia for coffee export. In the past few years, several companies have carried out massive expansion to get Gayo coffee from Central Aceh Regency and Bener Meriah. The purpose of this study was to analysis what factors influence the volume of Gayo coffee exports from Central Aceh Regency to the United States. The data collection method using the documentary method is the data obtained and viewed by the document in accordance with the variables in the research model in the period 2013-2017. Data collected is secondary data. The analytical method used is multiple linear regression with the method used is the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) Method. From the research using multiple linear regression analysis obtained that variables which have significant effect to the export demand of Gayo Coffee from the United States is Global Coffee Prices. While the production of domestic Gayo coffee, the exchange rate of dollars against the rupiah and the price of foreign Gayo coffee are not significant to the demand for export of Gayo coffee to the United States.