Journal articles: 'Exports – Pricing'

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Dreyer, Heiko, Svetlana Fedoseeva, and Roland Herrmann. "Gravity Meets Pricing to Market: What a Combined-Method Approach Tells Us on German Beer Exports and Pricing." Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 237, no. 4 (October 26, 2017): 295–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2017-0106.

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Abstract Gravity and pricing to market (PTM) models have been used to elaborate determinants of bilateral trade and export pricing for different countries and branches. Typically, only one of the two methods was chosen. We show in a stepwise approach how a combination of both methods can reveal novel results on the determinants of exports and export pricing behaviour. For the case of German beer exports, we show that structural differences exist between markets on which exporters apply either PTM or non-PTM strategies. German beer exporters apply PTM strategies, in particular local-currency stabilization, on those markets where imports are very sensitive to exchange-rate changes. Non-PTM strategies, i. e. full exchange-rate transmission, occur on export markets with insensitive reactions. Apart from PTM strategies, German beer exports are strongly dependent on policy variables such as the introduction of the Euro and the partner country’s membership in the EU.

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Wang, Fang, Zhonghua Yin, and Jianbang Gan. "Exchange-rate fluctuation and pricing behavior in China’s wood-based panel exporters: evidence from panel data." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 47, no. 10 (October 2017): 1392–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2017-0085.

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As the largest wood-based panel producing and exporting country, China has experienced sharp reductions in the growth rate of its wood-based panel exports because of pressure caused by exchange-rate fluctuation. These fluctuations were exacerbated by the global financial crisis. China’s wood-based panel exporters need to adjust their pricing strategy to cope with the changes of international market conditions. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the relationship between exchange-rate fluctuation and the pricing behavior of China’s wood-based panel exporters. To evaluate the impact of the exchange rate on China’s wood-based panel export prices across multiple destinations, a pricing-to-market model incorporating panel data was used. The empirical results suggest that although complete exchange-rate pass-through exists widely in China’s wood-based exports, China’s fiberboard and plywood exporters tended to adopt different pricing strategies in the international wood-based panel market during the post-crisis era. China’s fiberboard exporters often used the pricing-to-market model to determine prices in the main export destination countries, while China’s plywood exporters tended to amplify the exchange-rate effects. This indicates that China’s plywood exporters have stronger international market power than China’s fiberboard exporters, partly because China’s plywood exporters have more advantages in terms of skilled labor.

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Anderson, Michael A., Martin Davies, Jose E. Signoret, and Stephen L. S. Smith. "Firm Heterogeneity, Imported Input Quality, and Export Pricing in India." Global Economy Journal 18, no. 2 (June 2018): 20180034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2018-0034.

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Using a novel dataset we examine the pricing behavior of Indian exporters, in particular looking at the relationship between export prices and the quality of imported inputs that firms use, conditioning on firm capability (productivity). Exporting firms that directly import are different in important ways from exporters that do not import directly. Among directly importing exporters, higher quality (higher price) imports are associated with higher quality (higher price) exports. In this respect, Indian exporters behave similarly to other developing country exporters, offering suggestive evidence of the importance for export success of access to high-quality imports.

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Sidnell, Tim, Bogdan Dorneanu, Evgenia Mechleri, Vassilios S. Vassiliadis, and Harvey Arellano-Garcia. "Effects of Dynamic Pricing on the Design and Operation of Distributed Energy Resource Networks." Processes 9, no. 8 (July 28, 2021): 1306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9081306.

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This paper presents a framework for the use of variable pricing to control electricity imported/exported to/from both fixed and unfixed residential distributed energy resource (DER) network designs. The framework shows that networks utilizing much of their own energy, and importing little from the national grid, are barely affected by dynamic import pricing, but are encouraged to sell more by dynamic export pricing. An increase in CO2 emissions per kWh of energy produced is observed for dynamic import and export, against a baseline configuration utilizing constant pricing. This is due to feed-in tariffs (FITs) that encourage CHP generation over lower-carbon technologies. Furthermore, batteries are shown to be expensive in systems receiving income from FITs and grid exports, but for the cases when they sell to/buy from the grid using dynamic pricing, their use in the networks becomes more economical.

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Uzoma, Ifediora Chuka, Nwankwo Clement, and Ifediora Raluchukwu Ifeoma. "Strategies for Agricultural Produce Exports by Nigerian Firms." American International Journal of Agricultural Studies 2, no. 1 (June 24, 2019): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.46545/aijas.v2i1.97.

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This study dwelt on the strategies for agricultural produce exports by Nigerian firms. The specific objective was to identify the most significant and commonly adopted strategies for agricultural produce exports by Nigerian exporting firms. Survey research method was used for the study with structured questionnaire used for data collection. The data gathered was analyzed using Factor Analysis. Findings show that 13 out of 21 components of 5 factors such as product adaptation, pricing adaptation, promotion adaptation, distribution adaptation and other related exporting strategies were the most significant and commonly adopted strategies for exporting agricultural produce by Nigerian export firms. These other related strategies include market scope, technology strength, brand name, export experience, retention capacity, face-to-face marketing, product service quality, market position, competitive pricing; export marketing attitude, channel development, policy, and size of the exporting firm. It was concluded that exporting agricultural produce from Nigeria can only be successfully done if strategies like product adaptation strategies; pricing adaptation; promotional adaptation, distribution adaptation and other related exporting strategies are adopted. To the prospective exporting firms and individuals, it is recommended that they plan their exports around these strategies to enhance success in the export market.

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Chang, Won, and L. Alan Winters. "How Regional Blocs Affect Excluded Countries: The Price Effects of MERCOSUR." American Economic Review 92, no. 4 (August 1, 2002): 889–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/00028280260344515.

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The welfare effects of PTAs are most directly linked to changes in trade prices, i.e., the terms of trade. This paper employs a simple strategic pricing game in segmented markets to measure the effects of MERCOSUR on the pricing of “nonmember” exports to Brazil: As Brazil exempts its MERCOSUR partners from tariffs, the resulting competitive pressure leads other exporters to reduce their prices. Working with detailed data on unit values and tariffs we find that the creation of MERCOSUR was associated with significant declines in the prices of nonmembers' exports to the region.

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Averyt, W. F. "Quebec's Electricity Exports." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 10, no. 3 (June 1992): 199–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459879201000307.

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In 1987 Hydro-Québec exported over 16 TWh to New England and New York and it plans to export 3.500 MW of firm power, not interruptible, by the early 2000's. It estimates that the northeast US market has an additional potential of 9,000 MW. The export market has become more difficult than anticipated. The federal/state regulatory framework for electricity generation was changing – it encouraged small scale generation, cogeneration and conservation which decreased demand. Demand for power imports has also been influenced by pricing judgements and avoided costs. Environmental concerns and Native protest have become increasingly important factors affecting future export sales and hence the proposed James Bay developments. Regulatory changes affecting supply and pricing, concerns about continental impacts, about further development of electrical sources together with Native requirements will further complicate the Quebec-US electricity trade.

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GAFAROVA, GULMIRA, OLEKSANDR PEREKHOZHUK, and THOMAS GLAUBEN. "PRICE DISCRIMINATION AND PRICING-TO-MARKET BEHAVIOR OF BLACK SEA REGION WHEAT EXPORTERS." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 47, no. 3 (August 2015): 287–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aae.2015.16.

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AbstractSubstantial changes in the world wheat market have resulted in a shift in the market shares of the main wheat exporting countries. Since 2002, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine (KRU) have become important wheat exporters on the world market, and their pricing behavior has become a vital issue. By applying the pricing-to-market model to wheat exports, this study analyzes the price-discriminating behavior of KRU wheat exports from 1996 to 2012. The results demonstrate that KRU are able to exercise price discrimination in some importing countries, but in most they either face perfect competition or set common markups in imperfectly competitive markets.

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Bollino, Carlo Andrea, and Philipp Galkin. "Energy Security and Portfolio Diversification: Conventional and Novel Perspectives." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 14, 2021): 4257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144257.

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Despite the recent expansion of the scope, the main pillars of energy security remain physical supply and price components. This paper highlights the novel developments of this notion, including the exporters’ perspective, relevant challenges, indicators, and policies. Furthermore, we apply the portfolio theory approach to five Gulf Cooperation Council countries to construct portfolios representing the trade-offs between maximizing returns (oil export growth or export prices) and minimizing risks (standard deviation of return variables). We assess portfolios’ resilience to external demand and logistical shocks by running several disruptive scenarios. We find that oil exporters adopt a balanced approach to the risks associated with export volume growth and pricing, which is different from some major oil importers that prioritize either the physical supply or price stability. Simulation scenarios of increasing oil exports to China would have a significant impact mainly on Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), but not on the others, while scenarios of reduced oil exports to the United States would impact mainly Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. A blockade of the Malacca Strait would reduce export volumes and increase portfolio risks for all five economies, with Kuwait and Oman most affected.

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Hung, Wansing, Yoonbai Kim, and Kenichi Ohno. "Pricing exports: a cross-country study." Journal of International Money and Finance 12, no. 1 (February 1993): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-5606(93)90007-x.

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Hogan, Lindsay, Sally Thorpe, Anthony Swan, and Simon Middleton. "Pricing of Australia's coking coal exports." Resources Policy 25, no. 1 (March 1999): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-4207(99)00005-7.

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Alexius, Annika, and Anders Vredin. "Pricing-to-market in Swedish Exports." Scandinavian Journal of Economics 101, no. 2 (June 1999): 223–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9442.00154.

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13

Goretzki, Philipp, Oleksandr Perekhozhuk, Thomas Glauben, and Jens-Peter Loy. "Price discrimination and market power in the international fertiliser market: empirical evidence for exports from Russia." Agricultural and Resource Economics: International Scientific E-Journal 5, no. 2 (June 20, 2019): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.51599/are.2019.05.02.01.

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Purpose. In 2012, Russia became the world’s second-largest exporter increasing its potash exports from 1996 to 2012 more than two times. The top five countries control more than 50 % of the world’s exports, particularly 53.4 % (38.0 mln MT) for nitrogen, 73.4 % (3.5 mln MT) for phosphate and 90.8 % (35.5 mln MT) for potash. The objective of this study is to analyse the market structure and market concentration of the Russian export company in the international fertiliser market, and to develop hypotheses about the oligopolistic market behaviour. The empirical part of this study tests the hypotheses by employing econometric models to provide evidence for market power and price discrimination in the international fertiliser market. Methodology / approach. The empirical analysis in this study relies on the theoretical framework of pricing-to-market (PTM) pioneered by Krugman (1986, 1987). Following Krugman’s groundbreaking approach, Knetter (1989) developed an empirical model testing the PTM hypothesis. The major advantages of the Knetter’s model are that the pricing behaviour of the export country towards the import countries can be estimated with public statistical data for the export statistics of the export country and bilateral exchange rates between the currencies of the export and import countries. Results. This study presents empirical evidence for the behaviour of Russian exporters in the international fertiliser market. The estimation results indicate that market power in the export market for nitrogen fertilisers is exercised by Russian exporters in more than two-thirds of the destination countries and in the export market for potash fertilisers in eight out of nine countries. The exercising market power in the export market for potash fertilisers is much more pronounced than in the nitrogen fertiliser export market. Originality / scientific novelty. Primarily against the background of increased market concentration by the companies in the fertiliser markets and regarding the aforementioned cartel dispute, this study constitutes a first attempt to close the research gap in the empirical literature and to promote empirical research on the market behaviour of export companies in the international markets for nitrogen and potash fertilisers. Practical value / implications. This study uses econometric techniques to examine the collapse of the potash cartel on the use of price discrimination and the exercising of market power in the international fertiliser market by Russia. The descriptive analysis shows that Russia plays an important role in the export of nitrogen and potash on the world market and many importing destinations. Often Russia in addition to the high market share also has no or few competitors in the various destinations, which supports speculation of exercising market power.

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Cristea, Anca D., and Daniel X. Nguyen. "Transfer Pricing by Multinational Firms: New Evidence from Foreign Firm Ownerships." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 8, no. 3 (August 1, 2016): 170–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20130407.

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Using a firm-level dataset of Danish exports between 1999–2006, we find robust evidence for profit shifting by multinational corporations. Our triple difference estimations exploit the response of export unit values to acquisitions of foreign affiliates and to changes in statutory corporate tax rates. This identification strategy corrects for a downward bias resulting from firms adjusting arm's length prices to obscure transfer price manipulations. We find that Danish multinationals reduce the unit values of their exports to low tax countries between 5.7 to 9.1 percent. This difference corresponds to a tax revenue loss of 3.24 percent of Danish multinationals' tax returns. (JEL D21, D22, F14, F23, H25, H32)

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Yumkella, K. K., L. J. Unnevehr, and P. Garcia. "Noncompetitive Pricing and Exchange Rate Pass-Through in Selected U.S. and Thai Rice Markets." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 26, no. 2 (December 1994): 406–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s107407080002633x.

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AbstractA “pricing to market” international trade model is applied to U.S. and Thai rice exports to high and middle income countries that are continuous rice importers. These markets are characterized by strong quality preferences and highly inelastic demand, and thus exporters may exercise market power. Evidence of noncompetitive pricing either through price discrimination across destinations or through imperfect exchange rate pass-through is found in this small but growing segment of the international rice trade.

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Donnenfeld, Shabtai, and Itzhak Zilcha. "Pricing of Exports and Exchange Rate Uncertainty." International Economic Review 32, no. 4 (November 1991): 1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2527048.

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LEE, JAEWOO. "PRICING-TO-MARKET IN KOREAN MANUFACTURING EXPORTS." International Economic Journal 9, no. 4 (December 1, 1995): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10168739500080025.

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Crough, Greg. "Transfer pricing and alumina exports from Australia." Minerals & Energy - Raw Materials Report 4, no. 2 (June 1986): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14041048609409755.

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Oleksiuk, Adam. "Pricing Strategies – Comparative Analysis of Non-Exporting Enterprises and of Intense Exporters Based on the Example of Polish SMEs." Studia i Materiały Wydziału Zarządzania UW 1/2021, no. 34 (2021): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7172/1733-9758.2021.34.1.

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The research aim of the paper is to verify the differences with regard to the pricing strategies being implemented among non-exporting enterprises and intense exporters based on the example of Polish SMEs. The study presented was conducted between May – June 2019 on a representative sample of Polish SMEs created after 2004: non-exporters and exp orters with a min. 25% share of exports in the total sales. The research method applied is computer assisted web interviewing (CAWI) and computer assisted telephone interviewing (CATI). The total count of the sample is 240 businesses, randomly selected from a database which contains 2969 Polish companies. The study emphasizes that between exporting companies and non-exporting companies, there are differences in the pricing strategy application. Exporting enterprises more frequently have a differentiated pricing policy. No significant connection between the pricing strategy and the quality strategy was observed, both among non-exporting enterprises and intense exporters.

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Christian, Cary, and John S. Zdanowicz. "Assessing the potential impact of abnormal pricing violations on state corporate tax receipts." Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management 28, no. 3 (March 1, 2016): 361–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbafm-28-03-2016-b004.

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This paper examines the state corporate tax implications of abnormal transfer-pricing by U.S. companies involved in international trade. The state corporate tax cost of improperly priced imports and exports is estimated through analysis of every import and export transaction for the years 2005 through 2009 using the interquartile range methodology provided in regulations to Internal Revenue Code Section 482. Calculation of the interquartile range using the entire population of international transactions addresses interpretive issues related to abnormal prices that occur with the smaller samples normally used in such analyses. A policy recommendation is made for improving tax compliance through more rigorous state involvement in transfer pricing enforcement and greater formal collaboration with the Internal Revenue Service with respect to transfer pricing.

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Pogoretskyy, Vitaliy. "The System of Energy Dual Pricing in Russia and Ukraine: The Consistency of the Energy Dual Pricing System with the WTO Agreement on Anti-dumping." Global Trade and Customs Journal 4, Issue 10 (October 1, 2009): 313–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2009040.

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Dual pricing has been a controversial issue in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the World Trade Organization in the context of trade in natural resources and natural resources-based products. So far, a WTO panel has never had a chance to rule on the consistency of energy dual pricing system with WTO rules. This article examines the relationship between energy dual pricing systems in Russia and Ukraine and anti-dumping measures applied against these countries’ exporters of energy-intensive products. The key question analyzed in the article in whether the WTO Agreement on Anti-Dumping allows using costs information from a third country, when exports under investigation originate in a market economy country?

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Chiang, Bong-Gyu. "Vehicle Currency Pricing and the Effect of Exchange Rates on Export and Import Prices." Korea International Trade Research Institute 18, no. 5 (October 31, 2022): 295–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.16980/jiyc.22.5.202210.295.

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Purpose - Since most of Korea's import/export transactions are made using US dollars as the invoicing currency, it is necessary to consider not only the won/dollar exchange rate but also the exchange rate between the dollar and the import/export currency when examining the effect of exchange rates on import/export prices. Design/Methodology/Approach - This essay theoretically examined that in the vehicle currency trades, the prices in vehicle currency are affected not only by the exchange rate between the exporting country currency and the vehicle currency but also by the exchange rate between the vehicle currency and the importing country currency. This was confirmed by empirical analysis in Korea's imports and exports. Findings - In exports by country, the coefficient of the won/dollar exchange rate showed a significant value in 11 out of 21 countries, and the effect of the dollar/importing country currency exchange rate was significant in 13 out of 21 countries. In imports by country, the dollar/exporting currency exchange rates showed significant effects in 10 out of 21 countries, and the effect of the won/dollar exchange rate was significant in 8 countries. Research Implications - When studying the effect of exchange rates on import/export prices in the case of vehicle currency pricing, not only the effects of the exchange rate between the importing/exporting country currencies but also the effects of various exchange rates should be considered according to the invoicing currency.

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Amiraslanova, E. A., N. Yu Barkova, and T. O. Shpunt. "BARRIERS OF EXTERNAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES TO RUSSIAN NON-COMMODITY EXPORTS." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 5 (June 10, 2019): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2019-5-67-72.

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The non-commodity exports development issues from the Russian Federation to foreign countries have been considered. The main barriers, constraining the development of non-commodity exports have been analyzed. Also the classification of such “barriers of ignorance” has been developed and the measures, allowing to reduce the impact of these barriers have been proposed: creation of an electronic commercial site; creation of multifunctional centers, in which certification and licensing procedures would be carried out, customs and tax сonsultancy to potential exporters, advice and assistance in obtaining the necessary permission documentation in foreign countries; сounselling on the correct execution of foreign economic contracts to avoid double taxation and transfer pricing and other measures.

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Rashad, Tayyba, Khalid Zaman, Haroon ur Rashid Khan, and Awais Rashid. "Evaluating the Economic and Environmental Repercussions of the Price Paradox in Natural Resource Commodities: Market Drivers and Potential Challenges for Sustainable Development." Commodities 1, no. 2 (November 10, 2022): 127–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/commodities1020009.

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The natural resource commodity price paradox is a phenomenon that has been observed in the past. The price of a commodity constantly and unpredictably fluctuates. This phenomenon makes it difficult for businesses to plan for future needs and investments. This study examined the relationship between natural resource commodity prices, renewable energy demand, economic growth, high-technology exports, inbound FDI, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Pakistan, using the 1975 to 2020 time period. The robust least squares (RLS) regression results showed that natural resource commodity prices and economic growth increased GHG emissions. In contrast, there was a negative relationship between renewable energy demand (and high-tech exports) and GHG emissions in Pakistan. The results verified the resource price curse hypothesis and growth-associated emissions in a country. The Granger causality estimates showed the unidirectional relationship of renewable energy consumption with GHG emissions, natural resource pricing, and inbound FDI. Further, high-technology exports Granger caused GHG emissions and GDP per capita. The results verified the country’s growth-led green energy sources and inbound FDI, resource pricing-led inbound FDI, and GHG emissions-led resource pricing. The impulse response function suggested that resource commodity pricing and the country’s economic growth will likely increase GHG emissions in the next ten years. At the same time, green energy demand, technological advancements, and sustainable investment in cleaner production would help decrease GHG emissions over time. The variance decomposition analysis suggested that technology advancements would likely have greater variance shock on GHG emissions, followed by commodity resource pricing and green energy demand. The resource price paradox hampers economic and environmental outcomes, which need to be resolved through advancement in cleaner production technologies, adoption of green energy demand, and stabilization of resource commodity pricing that helps to move forward toward the sustainable development of the country.

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Jayasundera, Manik. "Financial and economic aspects of Ceylon Tea Industry in Sri Lanka." Financial Markets, Institutions and Risks 3, no. 3 (2019): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/fmir.3(3).131-135.2019.

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The functioning of the tea industry forms the main source of revenue for Sri Lanka’s budget, which is now ranked as the world’s fourth largest tea producer and second largest exporter. About 20% of the world’s tea products are sourced from Sri Lanka. The key objective of this study is to analyze the financial and economic aspects in the context of studying the peculiarities of sales of tea production enterprises. The research of this question in the article is carried out in the following logical sequence: the specifics of the process of making tea products are studied; the historical aspects of the formation and development of the tea industry in Sri Lanka; identified the main directions of state policy in terms of functioning of tea production enterprises; Key aspects of the pricing and marketing policy of the tea industry have been analyzed; features of implementation of export mechanisms are indicated. The article focuses on the system of taxation by the government of the tea industry, taxes in the context of which are designed to redistribute gross domestic revenue in accordance with priority directions of state social policy. The paper notes that the Government of Sri Lanka has now implemented subsidy mechanisms for tea companies: 1) subsidy for the modernization of production facilities in the long run; 2) subsidy for the development of the tea industry to improve the efficiency of tea processing and its transformation into other varieties; 3) short-term subsidy, which insures against falling tea prices or rising raw material costs; 4) marketing subsidies in the form of tea promotion grants, discounts on import duties and grants from the Export Development Board. The study made it possible for the authors to summarize the following: in 2019, there is a gradual fragmentation of land and a shortage of skilled labor in the Sri Lankan tea industry; state policy to support the tea sector will in the long run allow for appropriate reforms and mechanisms for regulating aspects of the tea industry (adjusting exports and imports, pricing systems, subsidy programs, state land redistribution programs). Keywords: government policy, pricing, sales mechanisms, exports, income and losses, tea industry.

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Manevitch, V. "Alternative strategies of overcoming stagnationand a “new growth model” of the Russian economy." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 8 (August 20, 2017): 121–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2017-8-121-137.

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The export-raw materials model of the Russian economy has exhausted its potential to induce economic growth and has become one of the main reasons for prolonged stagnation. The profit of oil and gas complex concentrates a significant part of the value added created in other activities. The mechanism ensuring such concentration is lowed ruble exchange rate and monopoly pricing. From 40 to 60% of foreign exchange earnings from oil and gas exports is used for the export of capital and payment of net income of non-residents. The reduction of net exports to the minimum will bring the rate of accumulation to the saving rate. Reallocation of investment in favor of infrastructure and processing industries will increase their effectiveness. Thus the tasks of creating new centers of income, forming a new mechanism of economic growth will be solved. Monetary and fiscal policy will be effective not only in the short run but also in the long-term period.

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Oglend, Atle, and Hans-Martin Straume. "Pricing efficiency across destination markets for Norwegian salmon exports." Aquaculture Economics & Management 23, no. 2 (February 15, 2019): 188–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13657305.2018.1554722.

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Ahtiala, Pekka, and Yair E. Orgler. "The optimal pricing of exports invoiced in different currencies." Journal of Banking & Finance 19, no. 1 (April 1995): 61–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4266(94)00047-7.

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Casas, Camila, Sergii Meleshchuk, and Yannick Timmer. "The Dominant Currency Financing Channel of External Adjustment." International Finance Discussion Paper 2022, no. 1343 (May 12, 2022): 1–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/ifdp.2022.1343.

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We provide evidence of a new channel of how exchange rates affect trade. Using a novel identification strategy that exploits firms' foreign currency debt maturity structure in Colombia around a large depreciation, we show that firms experiencing a stronger debt revaluation of dominant currency debt due to a home currency depreciation compress imports relatively more while exports are unaffected. Dominant currency financing does not lead to an import compression for firms that export, hold foreign currency assets, or are active in the foreign exchange derivatives markets, as they are all hedged against a revaluation of their debt. These findings can be rationalized through the prism of a model with costly state verification and foreign currency borrowing. Dominant currency pricing mutes the effects of dominant currency financing on imports relative to producer currency pricing.

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Choi, Myoung Shik. "Dominant Currency and Value-Added Exports." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 11, no. 5 (September 2, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2022-0120.

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This study investigates the real effects of exchange rate changes on exports with three key features; pricing in a dominant currency like the US dollar, imported intermediary use in production, and exports dependent on major demanded countries. We test the longitudinal effects of exchange rates using a data set of both gross and value-added bilateral exports. The key finding distinguishes the positive panel effect of US dollar depreciation due to the dollar liquidity effect from the negative panel effects of other currencies depreciations due to the intermediary import effect. The two detailed results stand out mostly due to the impacts of intermediate goods imports. First, the panel effect of currency depreciation on value-added exports is smaller than gross exports. Second, the panel effect of depreciation on intermediary goods exports is bigger than final goods exports. Also, the panel effects of income and exports-FDI feedback are significant, enriching for the relationship between trade flows and foreign investment. Received: 29 April 2022 / Accepted: 9 August 2022 / Published: 2 September 2022

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Dawson, Philip, Matthew Gorton, Carmen Hubbard, and Lionel Hubbard. "Pricing-To-Market Analysis: The Case of EU Wheat Exports." Journal of Agricultural Economics 68, no. 1 (October 10, 2016): 301–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1477-9552.12199.

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Kan, Ozgur Berk. "The evidence of strategic pricing policies of Turkish textile exports." Applied Economics 33, no. 11 (September 2001): 1411–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036840010007966.

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Andriadi, Andriadi, Rizabuana Ismail, Fikarwin Fikarwin, Badaruddin Badaruddin, Ria Manurung, and Henry Sitorus. "Coffee Marketing Mechanism: Social Relations Between Farmers, Collectors, Certification Cooperatives, and Exporters in Aceh, Indonesia." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 35, no. 2 (August 31, 2019): 156–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v35i2.383.

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Several factors can influence the process of pricing mechanisms, namely competition between market participants, regulation, product quality, and consumer preferences. This is a challenge for Gayo Arabica coffee farmers, where coffee is the main commodity in Central Aceh Regency. This paper aimed to determine the social relations that occur between social actors (farmers, collectors, certification cooperatives and exporters) in the coffee marketing mechanism. This paper used a qualitative research method with a survey approach by conducting interviews with farmers, collectors, certification cooperatives and exporters. The results showed that the marketing of Gayo Arabica coffee involved several layers of actors. The coffee product marketing system can be done through two facilities, namely through export sales and domestic sales. There are differences in the income of coffee farmers in marketing coffee abroad or in the country where farmers benefit more from selling coffee products for exports. Relationship among actors are interdependent and bound. Farmers need collectors as tool providers and coffee price informans. Farmers follow cooperative certificates to get fair and more profitable prices.

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Bleaney, Michael. "Invoicing-Currency Effects in the Pricing of Japanese Exports of Manufactures." Canadian Journal of Economics 30, no. 4a (November 1997): 968. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/136281.

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Athukorala, Premachandra, and Jayant Menon. "EXCHANGE RATES AND STRATEGIC PRICING: THE CASE OF SWEDISH MACHINERY EXPORTS†." Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 57, no. 4 (November 1995): 533–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1995.tb00038.x.

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Ichsani, Sakina, Neneng Susanti, and Agatha Rinta Suhardi. "Arbitrage Pricing Theory Model Application on Tobacco and Cigarette Industry in Indonesia." Integrated Journal of Business and Economics 3, no. 2 (June 18, 2019): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/ijbe.v3i2.160.

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The purpose of this study was to applicant the Arbitrage Pricing Theory model in the tobacco and cigarette industry listed on the IDX. The APT model in this study uses macroeconomic variables consisting of exports, inflation, exchange rates, GDP and economic growth. Object of this research is companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the period 2012-2017 using monthly periods, which is Gudang Garam Tbk., Handjaya Mandala Sampoerna Tbk., and Bentoel International Investama Tbk. This study uses quantitative methods and analysis will be used with regression analysis methods and data processed using Eviews 10. The results of the study show that there are simultaneous effects between the variables of exports (X1), inflation (X2), exchange rates (X3), GDP (X4), and economic growth (X5) on stock returns (Y). There is a significant positive effect between economic growth on stock returns, while there is a significant negative effect between inflation on stock returns and GDP on stock returns. While exports do not affect the stock returns of the tobacco and cigarette industry as well as the exchange rate does not affect stock returns. Suggestions for investors are if investors are going to invest in the tobacco and cigarette industry, then investors should pay attention to the macroeconomic conditions that affect stocks, while for companies can minimize the risks that might occur through agreements between the destination countries for cigarette sales.

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Frolova, Elena Yu. "Pricing and solving export tasks on the example of dairy products." Economy of agricultural and processing enterprises, no. 12 (2021): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31442/0235-2494-2021-0-11-73-78.

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The issues of food pricing are of great social importance. The global increase in prices on agri-food markets forces the public, the scientific community, state and international organizations to pay attention to the problem of economic accessibility of food products, related, on the one hand, to the level of income of the population, on the other – to the level of food prices. This has significantly increased the relevance of scientific research on food pricing at all stages of production and sale. The article discusses the problems associated with the formation of “fair” prices for dairy products on the example of one of the most prosperous “dairy” countries in the world – Switzerland, and also shows how the pricing policy of the countries reflects the solution of key tasks in the organization of dairy exports.

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Hristov, Jordan, Aleksandra Martinovska-Stojcheska, and Yves Surry. "Virtual water and input–output framework: an alternative method for assessing trade and water consumption in FYR Macedonia." Water Supply 15, no. 2 (November 13, 2014): 317–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2014.118.

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This study analyzed direct and indirect relationships in water consumption by Macedonian economic sectors using virtual water in an input–output framework. Macedonia was found to be characterized by intensive water consumption, with some sectors having a significant virtual water content in their products. Virtual water multipliers were used to analyze the trade balance and determine whether national commercial trade strategies are in line with Heckscher–Ohlin (HO) theory. It was found that Macedonia trade strategies in terms of virtual water were generally in line with HO theory. However, as a consequence of significant exports and high virtual water content in vegetables, fruit, grapes and sheep and goat products within the agriculture sector and in food and basic metal products in the manufacturing sector, the region was a net exporter of virtual water, losing about 124 million m3 of water at 2005 level or 18% of total water consumption. Reducing exports of the most water-intensive products with significant net positive exports would result in substantial water savings of 42% of total water consumption. The results presented here can help policy makers in promoting production specializations that are more environmentally sustainable or in redesigning existing water pricing policies at national level to encourage rational use of water.

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Fesenko, Valeriia, Olena Vakulchyk, Olexandr Guba, Serhii Ostapchuk, and Iryna Babich. "The results of implementation of european requirements in management of transfer pricing audit (experience of Ukraine)." Independent Journal of Management & Production 11, no. 9 (November 1, 2020): 2417. http://dx.doi.org/10.14807/ijmp.v11i9.1412.

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Since 2017 four of fifteen steps of the BEPS plan (base erosion and profit shifting) have been introduced in Ukraine to resist various areas of aggressive tax planning. The implementation of the BEPS plan is primarily made through frame working a transfer pricing control system in Ukraine, which aims to reduce illegal tax sheltering through foreign economic transactions with interdependent or interested parties as well as through transactions with contractors that are registered or make business in low-tax jurisdictions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the results of implementation of European requirements in the system of audit of foreign economic activity in Ukraine. The study is based on data from the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine, the State Fiscal Service of Ukraine for 2015-2019.The article identifies the amounts of Ukrainian exports (imports) to (from) low-tax jurisdictions, analyzes the controlled exports and imports by geographical segment. The study presents evidence of the use of transfer pricing mechanisms by Ukrainian companies to optimize income taxation, which is contrary to the interests of the state. Therefore, a special need consists in improvement of the state control over operations of the foreign economic activity. The changes and current trends in foreign economic operations during the implementation of transfer pricing controls since 2013 in accordance with the BEPS plan were examined. This study proves that immediately after expanding the list of low tax jurisdictions, there has been a significant fall in the volume of controlled exports and imports, which we regard as a loss of cost-effectiveness of trade operations through low tax jurisdictions due to increased controls and enlarged list of territories, transactions through which are under strict control.

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Petrova, Galina D. "Implementation of federal project "Development of export of medical services" in pre-COVID period." City Healthcare 3, no. 4 (December 26, 2022): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.47619/2713-2617.zm.2022.v.3i4;107-113.

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Introduction. The relevance of the problem under study is due to the fact that the medical services market, like any market structure, is regulated on the basis of competition among the involved medical organizations, the interaction of supply and demand, free pricing for various nosologies in the process of selling services. The medical services market has a unique specificity: high dynamism of all processes, relatively fast capital turnover, susceptibility to changes in market conditions, a high level of differentiation of services, and unclear outcomes. In addition, in the conditions of external sanctions pressure, the priority direction of the domestic economy is the development of non-commodity exports, in particular, the export of services, which includes the export of medical services. Since 2022, the Russian Government has been paying special attention to this area. The purpose of the study: to analyze the activities of eight federal districts in the pre-crisis period, contributing to the development of the export of medical services and to identify the leading federal districts that make the greatest contribution to the development of the export of medical services. Results and conclusion. The results of the study of eight federal districts of the Russian Federation in the doskovid period showed the process of formation of exports of medical services, the number of treated foreign citizens in these districts, earned income in millions of US dollars. The Central, Ural, and Northwestern Federal Districts are leading in this process, which is the current model for the rest of the federal districts. The study demonstrates the work of federal districts – in numbers, percentages, monetary terms in conventional units. Also presented are indicators indicating an increase in the volume of exports of medical services by at least 4 times compared to 2017, which amounted to an income of 128.38 million US dollars for 2019. For citation: Petrova GD, Implementation of the federal project "Development of export of medical services" in the pre-COVID period. City Healthсare. 2022;3(4): 107–113 doi:10.47619/2713-2617.zm.2022.v.3i4;107–113

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Poynter, Fiona. "Building liquidity and transparency in the Australian east coast gas and global LNG markets." APPEA Journal 55, no. 2 (2015): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj14054.

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The Australian natural gas market is undergoing a dramatic change. Queensland will start LNG production and exports at the end of this year, and this is already having an effect on the east coast’s domestic gas market. LNG ramp-up gas supplies are now exerting downwards pressure on forward prices in Queensland and to some extent in other east Australian states. LNG plant operators are ramping-up well drilling and production to ensure the smooth processing of gas feedstock for liquefaction. But the availability of this gas for the domestic market will start to fall when the first LNG plant comes on line at the end of 2014. The Argus Wallumbilla index (AWX), for month-ahead gas delivery in southeast Queensland, usefully illustrates the changing dynamics of the Australian east coast gas market and provides the industry a transparent reference point on which to base a transaction. This extended abstract provides expert insights into the interplay between the Australian LNG export and east coast domestic gas markets, as well as the pricing implications and outlook for the global LNG markets. It also aims to answer the following questions: How will liquidity develop in the Australian east coast domestic spot gas market? How will the east coast LNG spot supply picture evolve? What are the key drivers in the global LNG spot markets? How will Henry Hub pricing impact Australian LNG pricing?

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Bartha, Andrea. "Pricing in the pig production." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 29 (July 28, 2008): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/29/2965.

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During my research work I will exame the state of pig production and the pigmeat trade in Hungary as well as in the EU. In this article I am looking at this branch, I plan to ask consumers about this topic. There is no point in importing pork if there is no market for it. The reality is that we like what is new, unusual and different. What lies behind this way of thinking?Everybody agrees, consumer habits differ culturally, and this is true in European countries as well. I find it interesting to examine what parts of the pig are favoured the most by consumers in certain countries. As habits are different we can say that certain countries prefer pork chops while on other countries’ menus pork knuckles can be found. If we follow this train of thought it becomes apparent that due to these differences the price of pork varies from country to country.According to figures, it is clear that certain countries are able to produce pork products cheaper. Since market works on the principle of supply and demand, those who offer their products cheaper will have a greater chance of remaining in this sector. Those on the other hand who can only produce their products at a higher price will eventually disappear from the market. The price is determined by the rate of the forint to the euro. Today’s strong forint is leading to the growth in imports. Recently, pork exports have fallen, but if the rate were to be 280 forints as it has been in the past, then it would be more favourable to sell pork products.As Hungarian prices are high, meat processing companies are forced to import from neighbouring countries, which means a cheaper source of product. This has led to a decrease in the number of pig in Hungary meaning that we are now an overall importer of pork products rather than an exporter.

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Sharma, Anuj, A. K. Dey, and Prerna Karwa. "Buyer-seller relationship – challenge in export marketing for The Handicrafts and Handlooms Export Corporation (HHEC)." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 2, no. 1 (March 9, 2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/20450621211214469.

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Subject area International marketing/export marketing. Study level/applicability This case is appropriate for discussion in courses such as international marketing and export marketing of post graduate studies in management. The case can also be used for management development programmes concerning practising managers. Case overview The case is based on export marketing strategy with special focus on developing strong buyer (customer) relationships and the associated challenges of a trading company, The Handicrafts and Handlooms Exports Corporation of India Ltd (HHEC). The corporation primarily engages in export of handlooms and handicraft products from India. Since 2005-06 the corporation has been incurring losses and it was only in 2010-11 that the corporation has registered a positive net profit. Expected learning outcomes To understand the appropriate strategies for buyer retention; to understand appropriate promotion strategies of non-essential items like handicraft, handloom and carpets; and to help students in making decisions for export marketing like understanding product characteristic, development of samples, procurement of products, vendor management, and pricing decisions. Supplementary materials Teaching notes.

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Georgakarakos, Andreas D., Behrang Vand, Elizabeth Abigail Hathway, and Martin Mayfield. "Dispatch Strategies for the Utilisation of Battery Storage Systems in Smart Grid Optimised Buildings." Buildings 11, no. 10 (September 25, 2021): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11100433.

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This study investigates Smart Grid Optimised Buildings (SGOBs) which can respond to real-time electricity prices by utilising battery storage systems (BSS). Different building design characteristics are assessed to evaluate the impact on energy use, the interaction with the battery, and potential for peak load shifting. Two extreme cases based on minimum and maximum annual energy consumption were selected for further investigation to assess their capability of utilising BSS to perform arbitrage, under real-time pricing. Three operational dispatch strategies were modelled to allow buildings to provide such services. The most energy-efficient building was capable of shifting a higher percentage of its peak loads and export more electricity, when this is allowed. When using the biggest battery (220 kWh) to only meet the building loads, the energy-efficient building was able to shift 39.68% of its original peak loads in comparison to the 33.95% of the least efficient building. With exports allowed, the shifting percentages went down to 31.76% and 29.46%, respectively, while exports of 18.08 and 16.34 kWh/m2 took place. The formation of a regulatory framework is vital in order to establish proper motives for buildings to undertake an active role in the smart grid.

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Anhelko, Iryna V., Halyna A. Lekh, Khrystyna V. Shparyk, and Svitlana I. Danylo. "Economic content of foreign trade prices and the mechanism of their formation." Regional Economy, no. 2(100) (2021): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/1562-0905-2021-2-19.

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The article highlights the main trends of the current state of Ukraine’s foreign trade in terms of exports and imports of goods and services. It is noted that in the current conditions of globalization, foreign economic activity is one of the necessary conditions for maintaining sustainable economic development of the country, increasing the welfare of its population, improving the quality and standard of living.The commodity structure of foreign economic activity of Ukraineis characterized. It is proved that the structure of Ukraine’s foreign economic activity is dominated by commodity orientation. Thus, in the total value of exports, goods occupy more than 80%, in the total value of imports – more than 90%. It is generalized that despite the socio-economic instability, the current state of Ukraine’s foreign economic activity remains at a fairly high level, which causes its close dependence on changes in external conditions. It is substantiated that the central role in determining the total volume of exports and imports of goods and services is occupied by the issue of pricing. The economic content of foreign trade prices through the prism of the main types of foreign economic transactions is highlighted. It is proved that the mechanism of formation of foreign trade prices is due to their economic content and the specifics of the components, which are clearly regulated by current legislation. At the same time, it is determined that the mechanism of formation of foreign trade prices in the implementation of export and import operations is excellent, due to their economic content and the specifics of the operations themselves. The main components of export and import prices are considered. A detailed description of the individual components of prices is given.It is generalized that despite the clarity of the definition of the main components, the formation of seller prices (exporter or importer) is influenced by contractual terms agreed between the subjects of foreign economic relations in accordance with the rules of Incoterms. In fact, the latter are intended to «simplify» the lives of participants in domestic and international trade transactions and contain a detailed description of the distribution of terms of responsibility between the buyer and seller for the goods and their delivery in foreign markets.

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Athukorala, Premachandra, and Jayant Menon. "Pricing to Market Behaviour and Exchange Rate Pass-Through in Japanese Exports." Economic Journal 104, no. 423 (March 1994): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2234748.

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Kuzminykh, Yu V., and E. A. Naumova. "ESTIMATION OF FINANCIAL LOSSES OF RUSSIAN EXPORTERS OF CARBON DEPOSITS: A REGIONAL ASPECT." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Economics and Law 32, no. 1 (January 25, 2022): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9593-2022-32-1-40-47.

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The article analyzes the impact of the EU climate strategy on the export of carbon-intensive products. The content of the draft law on cross-border carbon regulation (TUR) published by the European Commission (EU) is disclosed. It is argued that the tax burden will actually be borne by exporters exporting these products to EU countries. The negative financial consequences of the adoption of the TOUR are analyzed, which will be differentiated depending on the country of origin of the carbon-intensive product. The necessary actions of the EU's foreign economic partners to mitigate the negative consequences of the adoption of the TOUR are given. Regional initiatives on carbon pricing are named as a real measure to reduce the negative effect. Their assessment was made on the example of the North-Western Federal District of Russia (NWFD). Two variants of the potential impact of the TUR mechanism on the export of the NWFD regions are considered: basic and pessimistic. For each option, the potential volume of regional exports falling under the cross-border carbon regulation mechanism and the corresponding amount of financial losses of exporters of the NWFD subjects are determined. According to the results of the calculations carried out, the subjects of the Northwestern Federal District, the most vulnerable to the introduction of TUR, were identified. The relevance of regional projects of economic regulation of greenhouse emissions is substantiated, examples of pilot sites of the Northwestern Federal District for their implementation are given.

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Puttler, Adelheid. "A. Ahlström Osakeyhtiö v. Commission of the European Communities." American Journal of International Law 83, no. 2 (April 1989): 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2202750.

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Canadian, Finnish and United States producers of wood pulp and two trade associations of such producers, one Finnish and one American, applied to the Court of Justice of the European Communities for annulment of a 1984 decision of the Commission of the European Communities. Under the 1984 decision, the Commission found the applicants to have infringed Article 85 of the EEC Treaty by engaging in concerted actions relating to the prices of wood pulp exports into the European Community (EC). The applicants, whose registered offices were all outside the Community, were ordered to terminate the pricing practices and to refrain in the future from measures having the same object or effect. The Commission fined all but two of the applicants for their past conduct. In this preliminary judgment, the Court held: (1) that the territorial scope of Article 85 of the EEC Treaty applies to the pricing practices of the applicants; (2) that by applying Article 85 to such practices, the EC had not infringed the public international law principles of territoriality and noninterference; (3) that the Commission’s decision is vacated insofar as it concerns the pricing actions of KEA, an association of U.S. wood pulp producers registered as an export cartel under the Webb-Pomerene Act; and (4) that the competition rules in the Free Trade Agreement between Finland and the Community do not preclude the application of the EEC Treaty.

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TOH, MUN-HENG, and HWEI-JING HO. "EXCHANGE RATE PASS-THROUGH FOR SELECTED ASIAN ECONOMIES." Singapore Economic Review 46, no. 02 (October 2001): 247–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590801000358.

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This paper investigates the degree of exchange rate pass-through for the selected Asian countries namely Malaysia, Thailand, Taiwan, and Singapore. Unlike past studies, this paper focuses on small open economies and includes exports of primary commodities in the investigation. We utilize cointegration techniques based on Engle and Granger (1987) and Johansen and Juselius (1990), and error correction modeling, to provide a more robust and rigorous investigation of the long run and short run pass-through of exchange rates. It is found that, in general, the degree of pass-through is high, although there is a small extent of pricing to market found for all countries. For Malaysia, the degree of pricing to market found suggests that there is intense competition in the export industries. In the case of Thailand, there is almost complete pass-through and this conforms to our a priori expectations. In the case of Singapore and Taiwan, we detect a higher degree of pass-through compared to past studies. For a country, the high degree of pass-through will support the adoption of more flexible exchange rate oriented monetary policies, and for firms it will reveal the limits of their price setting behavior amidst international competition.

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Borgersen, Trond Arne. "Pricing of exports: exchange rate pass-through and the planning horizon of firms." Global Business and Economics Review 9, no. 1 (2007): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/gber.2007.012506.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Exports – Pricing'

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