Relevant bibliographies by topics / Exports – Pricing

Academic literature on the topic 'Exports – Pricing'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Exports – Pricing"

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Dreyer, Heiko, Svetlana Fedoseeva, and Roland Herrmann. "Gravity Meets Pricing to Market: What a Combined-Method Approach Tells Us on German Beer Exports and Pricing." Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 237, no. 4 (October 26, 2017): 295–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2017-0106.

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Abstract Gravity and pricing to market (PTM) models have been used to elaborate determinants of bilateral trade and export pricing for different countries and branches. Typically, only one of the two methods was chosen. We show in a stepwise approach how a combination of both methods can reveal novel results on the determinants of exports and export pricing behaviour. For the case of German beer exports, we show that structural differences exist between markets on which exporters apply either PTM or non-PTM strategies. German beer exporters apply PTM strategies, in particular local-currency stabilization, on those markets where imports are very sensitive to exchange-rate changes. Non-PTM strategies, i. e. full exchange-rate transmission, occur on export markets with insensitive reactions. Apart from PTM strategies, German beer exports are strongly dependent on policy variables such as the introduction of the Euro and the partner country’s membership in the EU.
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Wang, Fang, Zhonghua Yin, and Jianbang Gan. "Exchange-rate fluctuation and pricing behavior in China’s wood-based panel exporters: evidence from panel data." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 47, no. 10 (October 2017): 1392–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2017-0085.

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As the largest wood-based panel producing and exporting country, China has experienced sharp reductions in the growth rate of its wood-based panel exports because of pressure caused by exchange-rate fluctuation. These fluctuations were exacerbated by the global financial crisis. China’s wood-based panel exporters need to adjust their pricing strategy to cope with the changes of international market conditions. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the relationship between exchange-rate fluctuation and the pricing behavior of China’s wood-based panel exporters. To evaluate the impact of the exchange rate on China’s wood-based panel export prices across multiple destinations, a pricing-to-market model incorporating panel data was used. The empirical results suggest that although complete exchange-rate pass-through exists widely in China’s wood-based exports, China’s fiberboard and plywood exporters tended to adopt different pricing strategies in the international wood-based panel market during the post-crisis era. China’s fiberboard exporters often used the pricing-to-market model to determine prices in the main export destination countries, while China’s plywood exporters tended to amplify the exchange-rate effects. This indicates that China’s plywood exporters have stronger international market power than China’s fiberboard exporters, partly because China’s plywood exporters have more advantages in terms of skilled labor.
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Anderson, Michael A., Martin Davies, Jose E. Signoret, and Stephen L. S. Smith. "Firm Heterogeneity, Imported Input Quality, and Export Pricing in India." Global Economy Journal 18, no. 2 (June 2018): 20180034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2018-0034.

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Using a novel dataset we examine the pricing behavior of Indian exporters, in particular looking at the relationship between export prices and the quality of imported inputs that firms use, conditioning on firm capability (productivity). Exporting firms that directly import are different in important ways from exporters that do not import directly. Among directly importing exporters, higher quality (higher price) imports are associated with higher quality (higher price) exports. In this respect, Indian exporters behave similarly to other developing country exporters, offering suggestive evidence of the importance for export success of access to high-quality imports.
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Sidnell, Tim, Bogdan Dorneanu, Evgenia Mechleri, Vassilios S. Vassiliadis, and Harvey Arellano-Garcia. "Effects of Dynamic Pricing on the Design and Operation of Distributed Energy Resource Networks." Processes 9, no. 8 (July 28, 2021): 1306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9081306.

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This paper presents a framework for the use of variable pricing to control electricity imported/exported to/from both fixed and unfixed residential distributed energy resource (DER) network designs. The framework shows that networks utilizing much of their own energy, and importing little from the national grid, are barely affected by dynamic import pricing, but are encouraged to sell more by dynamic export pricing. An increase in CO2 emissions per kWh of energy produced is observed for dynamic import and export, against a baseline configuration utilizing constant pricing. This is due to feed-in tariffs (FITs) that encourage CHP generation over lower-carbon technologies. Furthermore, batteries are shown to be expensive in systems receiving income from FITs and grid exports, but for the cases when they sell to/buy from the grid using dynamic pricing, their use in the networks becomes more economical.
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Uzoma, Ifediora Chuka, Nwankwo Clement, and Ifediora Raluchukwu Ifeoma. "Strategies for Agricultural Produce Exports by Nigerian Firms." American International Journal of Agricultural Studies 2, no. 1 (June 24, 2019): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.46545/aijas.v2i1.97.

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This study dwelt on the strategies for agricultural produce exports by Nigerian firms. The specific objective was to identify the most significant and commonly adopted strategies for agricultural produce exports by Nigerian exporting firms. Survey research method was used for the study with structured questionnaire used for data collection. The data gathered was analyzed using Factor Analysis. Findings show that 13 out of 21 components of 5 factors such as product adaptation, pricing adaptation, promotion adaptation, distribution adaptation and other related exporting strategies were the most significant and commonly adopted strategies for exporting agricultural produce by Nigerian export firms. These other related strategies include market scope, technology strength, brand name, export experience, retention capacity, face-to-face marketing, product service quality, market position, competitive pricing; export marketing attitude, channel development, policy, and size of the exporting firm. It was concluded that exporting agricultural produce from Nigeria can only be successfully done if strategies like product adaptation strategies; pricing adaptation; promotional adaptation, distribution adaptation and other related exporting strategies are adopted. To the prospective exporting firms and individuals, it is recommended that they plan their exports around these strategies to enhance success in the export market.
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Chang, Won, and L. Alan Winters. "How Regional Blocs Affect Excluded Countries: The Price Effects of MERCOSUR." American Economic Review 92, no. 4 (August 1, 2002): 889–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/00028280260344515.

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The welfare effects of PTAs are most directly linked to changes in trade prices, i.e., the terms of trade. This paper employs a simple strategic pricing game in segmented markets to measure the effects of MERCOSUR on the pricing of “nonmember” exports to Brazil: As Brazil exempts its MERCOSUR partners from tariffs, the resulting competitive pressure leads other exporters to reduce their prices. Working with detailed data on unit values and tariffs we find that the creation of MERCOSUR was associated with significant declines in the prices of nonmembers' exports to the region.
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Averyt, W. F. "Quebec's Electricity Exports." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 10, no. 3 (June 1992): 199–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459879201000307.

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In 1987 Hydro-Québec exported over 16 TWh to New England and New York and it plans to export 3.500 MW of firm power, not interruptible, by the early 2000's. It estimates that the northeast US market has an additional potential of 9,000 MW. The export market has become more difficult than anticipated. The federal/state regulatory framework for electricity generation was changing – it encouraged small scale generation, cogeneration and conservation which decreased demand. Demand for power imports has also been influenced by pricing judgements and avoided costs. Environmental concerns and Native protest have become increasingly important factors affecting future export sales and hence the proposed James Bay developments. Regulatory changes affecting supply and pricing, concerns about continental impacts, about further development of electrical sources together with Native requirements will further complicate the Quebec-US electricity trade.
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GAFAROVA, GULMIRA, OLEKSANDR PEREKHOZHUK, and THOMAS GLAUBEN. "PRICE DISCRIMINATION AND PRICING-TO-MARKET BEHAVIOR OF BLACK SEA REGION WHEAT EXPORTERS." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 47, no. 3 (August 2015): 287–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aae.2015.16.

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AbstractSubstantial changes in the world wheat market have resulted in a shift in the market shares of the main wheat exporting countries. Since 2002, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine (KRU) have become important wheat exporters on the world market, and their pricing behavior has become a vital issue. By applying the pricing-to-market model to wheat exports, this study analyzes the price-discriminating behavior of KRU wheat exports from 1996 to 2012. The results demonstrate that KRU are able to exercise price discrimination in some importing countries, but in most they either face perfect competition or set common markups in imperfectly competitive markets.
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Bollino, Carlo Andrea, and Philipp Galkin. "Energy Security and Portfolio Diversification: Conventional and Novel Perspectives." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 14, 2021): 4257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144257.

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Despite the recent expansion of the scope, the main pillars of energy security remain physical supply and price components. This paper highlights the novel developments of this notion, including the exporters’ perspective, relevant challenges, indicators, and policies. Furthermore, we apply the portfolio theory approach to five Gulf Cooperation Council countries to construct portfolios representing the trade-offs between maximizing returns (oil export growth or export prices) and minimizing risks (standard deviation of return variables). We assess portfolios’ resilience to external demand and logistical shocks by running several disruptive scenarios. We find that oil exporters adopt a balanced approach to the risks associated with export volume growth and pricing, which is different from some major oil importers that prioritize either the physical supply or price stability. Simulation scenarios of increasing oil exports to China would have a significant impact mainly on Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), but not on the others, while scenarios of reduced oil exports to the United States would impact mainly Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. A blockade of the Malacca Strait would reduce export volumes and increase portfolio risks for all five economies, with Kuwait and Oman most affected.
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Hung, Wansing, Yoonbai Kim, and Kenichi Ohno. "Pricing exports: a cross-country study." Journal of International Money and Finance 12, no. 1 (February 1993): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-5606(93)90007-x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Exports – Pricing"

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Xu, Yun. "Pricing to market and international trade evidence from U.S. agricultural exports." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1158609695.

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Xu, Yun. "Pricing to market and international trade evidence from US agricultural exports." The Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1158609695.

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Friberg, Richard. "Prices, profits and exchange rates." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Samhällsekonomi (S), 1997. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-852.

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Obadia, Claude, and Barbara Stöttinger. "Pricing to manage export channel relationships." Elsevier, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2014.08.005.

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In a novel approach using agency theory, we conceptualize export pricing as price manipulations an exporter initiates to cope with the distributor-level, internal competition with the other product lines the distributor carries. We argue that suppliers can influence foreign resellers' behaviors and therefore manage export channel relationships with prices. Using a sample of 283 exporter-importer relationships, we uncover the export price manipulations used to cope with internal competition, and we examine their impact on the exporter economic performance. We show that the performance effect of this pricing policy is achieved through the adequate role performance of the importer. Moreover, using a small but rare dyadic data set, we offer an additional test of the effectiveness of this form of pricing. Finally, by comparing the results of our study to exporters' practice we show how they tend to overuse price discounts to motivate their overseas distributors. (authors' abstract)
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Galindez, José. "Prix de transfert et l'exportation de brut amélioré. Le Cas du Venezuela." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLED039.

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Le pétrole est le moteur de l'économie vénézuélienne : c’est la principale source de revenus du pays, convertissant l'État vénézuélien en un « État pétrolier ». De 1943 à nos jours, la législation fiscale vénézuélienne a mis au point différents mécanismes de contrôle fiscal dans le but de préserver les revenus de l’État. La libéralisation de l'industrie pétrolière dans les années 90 et la Loi des hydrocarbures de 2001 ont encouragé la participation des capitaux privés. La mise en œuvre des « entreprises mixtes », introduit pour la première fois dans la Loi hydrocarbures de 2001, a permis, dans des cas exceptionnels, la commercialisation de pétrole brut extra-lourd extrait de la ceinture pétrolière d’Orénoque par des groupes multinationaux. Étant donné que les plus grandes réserves de pétrole du monde sont situées dans la ceinture pétrolière de l'Orénoque, il est nécessaire de disposer des mécanismes de contrôle fiscal efficaces, telles que des règles de prix de transfert afin de lutter contre la planification fiscale agressive (érosion de la base d’imposition du pays d’extraction). Néanmoins, compte tenu des caractéristiques du pétrole extra-lourd, il est difficile de déterminer si les transactions entre « entreprises associées » respectent le principe de pleine concurrence ; et en particulier l’application de la méthode dite des « prix comparables non contrôlés », qui est la méthode la plus directe et efficace pour valider un prix de pleine concurrence. Tenant compte de ces difficultés, ce travail démontre l’application théorique de la méthode des prix comparables non contrôlés sous deux angles: la méthodologie proposée par l’OCDE dans son projet de lutte contre «l’érosion de la base d’imposition et le transfert de bénéfices» (BEPS) pour évaluer les transactions de matières premières ; et la méthodologie internationale appelée le « prix formule » pour obtenir l’équivalent d’un prix de marché pour le pétrole brut extra-lourd de la ceinture pétrolière d'Orinoco pour les « entreprises mixtes »
Oil is the engine of Venezuela's economy, given that it is the main source of income for the country, converting the Venezuelan state into a so-called "oil state". Venezuelan tax legislation has developed different tax control mechanisms since 1943 to the present day, with the purpose of safeguarding the nation's income. The liberalization of the oil industry in the 1990s and the Hydrocarbons Law of 2001 favored the participation of private capital. The concept of "mixed companies", introduced for the first time in the Hydrocarbons Law of 2001, allowed, in exceptional cases, the commercialization of extra-heavy crude oil extracted from the Orinoco oil belt by multinational companies. Given that the world's largest oil reserves are located in the Orinoco oil belt, it is necessary to have efficient tax control rules, such as transfer pricing rules, over these transactions in order to reduce aggressive fiscal planning. Nevertheless, considering the characteristics of extra-heavy oil, it is difficult to determine whether transactions between related companies comply with the arm's length principle, and in particular, the application of the uncontrolled comparable price method, which is the most direct and effective method for the validation of the arm’s length price. Taking into account these difficulties, this dissertation will explore the theoretical application of the uncontrolled comparable price method within two lenses: the methodology proposed by the OECD in its project against “base erosion and profit-shifting” (BEPS) for the valuation of commodity transactions and the international methodology called the formula pricing to obtain reference prices for extra-heavy crude oil from the Orinoco oil belt
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Lai, Baoying. "Pricing-to-market for UK export sector." Thesis, Aston University, 2007. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/10889/.

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This thesis investigates the pricing-to-market (PTM) behaviour of the UK export sector. Unlike previous studies, this study econometrically tests for seasonal unit roots in the export prices prior to estimating PTM behaviour. Prior studies have seasonally adjusted the data automatically. This study’s results show that monthly export prices contain very little seasonal unit roots implying that there is a loss of information in the data generating process of the series when estimating PTM using seasonally-adjusted data. Prior studies have also ignored the econometric properties of the data despite the existence of ARCH effects in such data. The standard approach has been to estimate PTM models using Ordinary Least Square (OLS). For this reason, both EGARCH and GJR-EGARCH (hereafter GJR) estimation methods are used to estimate both a standard and an Error Correction model (ECM) of PTM. The results indicate that PTM behaviour varies across UK sectors. The variables used in the PTM models are co-integrated and an ECM is a valid representation of pricing behaviour. The study also finds that the price adjustment is slower when the analysis is performed on real prices, i.e., data that are adjusted for inflation. There is strong evidence of auto-regressive condition heteroscedasticity (ARCH) effects – meaning that the PTM parameter estimates of prior studies have been ineffectively estimated. Surprisingly, there is very little evidence of asymmetry. This suggests that exporters appear to PTM at a relatively constant rate. This finding might also explain the failure of prior studies to find evidence of asymmetric exposure in foreign exchange (FX) rates. This study also provides a cross sectional analysis to explain the implications of the observed PTM of producers’ marginal cost, market share and product differentiation. The cross-sectional regressions are estimated using OLS, Generalised Method of Moment (GMM) and Logit estimations. Overall, the results suggest that market share affects PTM positively.
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Chen, Jieke. "Nonlinear effects of dynamic pricing on export performance : a longitudinal investigation." Thesis, Durham University, 2018. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12653/.

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The knowledge of dynamic pricing in the international context still lacks sound theoretical underpinnings, and therefore renders few practical guidelines. This study develops a longitudinal framework to examine the nature of dynamic export pricing in exporting context. It shows that dynamic export pricing is a powerful marketing tool for exporting firms that helps them manage demand and react to competitors’ movements. By employing venture-level longitudinal data, first, this study estimates an inverted-U shaped relationship between dynamic export pricing and export performance. Second, this study further investigates the moderating role of two dimensions of export market dynamism – customer dynamism and competitive dynamism – in this inverted-U shaped relationship while simultaneously controlling for endogeneity and unknown firm heterogeneity. This study theorizes and tests two types of moderation effects of the curvilinear relationship, including changes of the shape and shifts of the turning point. The results indicate that both customer dynamism and competitive dynamism significantly moderate the relationship between dynamic export pricing and export performance. Particularly, the shifts of the turning point delineate the fit lines that pinpoint the best dynamic export pricing practice under different customer and competitive dynamism. Third, this study shows that previous actions and outcomes significantly influence the following year’s export performance. The findings indicate the evolutionary effects of the dynamic strategies and thereby provide a better understanding of shaping superior export performance in the long term.
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Okoshi, Hirofumi [Verfasser], and Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Haufler. "Transfer pricing: its interaction with multinationals’ location, export and R&D choices / Hirofumi Okoshi ; Betreuer: Andreas Haufler." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1218466235/34.

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Wagbara, Obindah N. "To what extent could an LNG export organization, operating a uniform pricing or volume control mechanism, influence LNG trade in the Atlantic Basin?" Thesis, University of Dundee, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.510622.

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This thesis examined the feasibility of Uniform Pricing (UP) or Volume Control (VC) in the Atlantic Basin and analyzed the consequences of such a development on the liquefied natural gas (LNG) trade. So far, no existing model specifically considers the sustainability and effects of an LNG exporters' cartel. Neither has any research on the application of uniform pricing in international gas trade been undertaken. This work filled this gap through the Atlantic Basin LNG Trade Model. By fitting the historical data and iterating the objective function with the same number of random samples (using Palisade software), a probability distribution of market share, price and revenue outcomes were generated. From these distributions of outcomes, the most probable scenario for each exporter was extracted and contextualised. The exercise reveals a significant change in revenue and market share favourable to a few countries - Algeria, Nigeria, and Qatar. Qatar (or perhaps Algeria) is the key country which could lead any such price/volume setting process. However, unless the UP/VC induced-price is low enough to undercut the cost of developing shale gas, the mechanisms are unsustainable in North America. In Europe, the UK is similar to the US, while Spain and possibly France could be amenable to UP and VC. To some extent, UP is present in the Pacific Basin as Japanese Crude Cocktail - but not as a 'producer price policy'. However, with the globalization of LNG trade, it is not possible to separate the two geographical and commercial parts of the global LNG market. It is therefore, likely that LNG exporters could determine price in some markets by adopting UP and VC, while indirectly influencing other markets.
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Noh, Tae Joung. "A method of measuring competitive currency exposure by employing concepts of exchange rate pass-through (PT) and pricing-to-market (PTM) : the case of Korean and Japanese electronics firms in their export to the US market." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.404070.

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Books on the topic "Exports – Pricing"

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Donnenfeld, Shabtai. Pricing of exports and exchange rate uncertainty. [Toronto, Ont: York University, Dept. of Economics, 1990.

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Knetter, Michael. Exchange rates and corporate pricing strategies. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1992.

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Marston, Richard C. Pricing to market in Japanese manufacturing. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1989.

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Yeats, Alexander J. Can preshipment inspection offset noncompetitive pricing of developing countries' imports?: The evidence from Madagascar. Washington, DC (1818 H. Street, NW, Washington DC 20433): International Economics Dept., World Bank, 1991.

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Faini, Riccardo. Export supply, capacity, and relative prices. Washington, DC (1818 H St. NW, Washington 20433): Country Economics Dept., the World Bank, 1988.

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New Zealand. Wood Product Trade., ed. A report on log pricing & allocation in Australia: Implications for New Zealand's wood product trade. [New Zealand]: Ministry of Forestry, 1993.

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Ghosh, Atish R. Pricing in international markets: Lessons from the Economist. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1994.

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Landesmann, Michael A. Vertical product differentiation in EU markets: Compilation of detailed statistics. [Vienna]: Vienna Institute for Comparative Economic Studies, 1997.

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Landesmann, Michael A. Vertical product differentiation in EU markets: The relative position of East European producers. Wien: Wiener Institut für Internationale Wirtschaftsvergleiche, 1997.

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Engel, Charles. Equivalence results for optimal pass-through, optimal indexing to exchange rates, and optimal choice of currency for export pricing. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Exports – Pricing"

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Li, Jian, and Alan Paisey. "Exports on the Cheap." In Transfer Pricing in China, 105–6. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7689-4_14.

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Simpson, John L. "Buyer Credit Pricing for Natural Gas Exports Using Country Risk Ratings." In Energy Economics and Financial Markets, 31–47. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30601-3_3.

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Willsher, Richard. "Pricing Risk." In Export Finance, 151–53. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13980-4_20.

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Hague, D. C., E. Oakeshott, and A. Strain. "Export Objectives." In Devaluation and Pricing Decisions, 56–73. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003261032-4.

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Li, Jian, and Alan Paisey. "Clearly Exported Profits." In Transfer Pricing in China, 129–30. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7689-4_21.

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Seyoum, Belay. "Pricing in International Trade." In Export–Import Theory, Practices, and Procedures, 161–88. 4th ed. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003020509-11.

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Marshall, Chris. "Export costing, pricing and the sale." In Mastering, 106–23. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-05430-2_8.

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Harbrecht, Wolfgang. "Export Pricing Behavior under Flexible Exchange Rates." In Competition, Efficiency, and Welfare, 317–25. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5559-9_16.

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Ndou, Eliphas, Nombulelo Gumata, and Mthuli Ncube. "South African Exporters and the Pricing-to-Market Strategy." In Global Economic Uncertainties and Exchange Rate Shocks, 445–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62280-4_24.

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Grondona, Verónica, and Martín Burgos. "Food." In Global Wealth Chains, 155–81. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198832379.003.0008.

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In this chapter, Grondona and Burgos explore export mispricing in Argentina’s soybean sector. The key asset strategy here is mispricing internal trades. Argentinian law sanctions the “sixth method” in transfer pricing to counter the mispricing of internal transactions by firms, but regulatory intervention is weak. Grondona and Burgos show the presence of mispricing by comparing the price of internal transactions to the price of the same commodity on a recognized international exchange. By comparing the average prices of soybean exports reported in daily customs registrations with the daily price on the Gulf of Mexico, they demonstrate the systematic underpricing of food exports. With soybean exports accounting for 24 percent of all Argentinian exports the fiscal impact of export mispricing is profound. This is an example of a formally market global wealth chain that has evolved, with increasing market concentration, into a captive global wealth chain where firms execute asset strategies via related entities that span multiple jurisdictions.
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Conference papers on the topic "Exports – Pricing"

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Baigonushova, Damira, Saikal Otorova, Junus Ganiev, and Jusup Pirimbaev. "Problems of Development of the Agricultural Sector in Kyrgyzstan." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c09.02022.

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The main aim of this study is to identify the main development problems and the affecting factors of the agricultural sector of Kyrgyzstan. In order to achieve the goal, the relationship between the agricultural sector’s export, import, the employment rate and the amount of loans granted to the agricultural sector was analyzed by the ARDL cointegration method. Annual data for the period 1992-2014 was used in the analysis. According to the empirical results, a 1% increase in exports was found to increase agricultural production by 0.23% in the short term, while a 1% increase in the price index of agricultural products would increase production by 0.41%. In the long run it has been revealed that the production of agricultural products is affected by the increase in prices of agricultural products, the employment rate and the exports of agricultural products. The effect of the bank loans is weak. As a result, the state must implement an appropriate pricing policy in order to develop the agricultural sector.
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Wang, S., and J. Wang. "Trade-terms Based Pricing Method for Export Commodity." In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieem45057.2020.9309843.

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D. Chondro, Pratiwi, and Telisa A. Falianty. "Pricing to Market Behaviour and The Impacts on Export Prices of Indonesian Industrial Products." In 2nd International Conference on Indonesian Economy and Development (ICIED 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icied-17.2018.9.

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Morgan, Theresa Ahima, and Dr Riverson Riverson Oppong. "An Assessment of Opportunities and Challenges of Natural Gas Utilization in Ghana." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207173-ms.

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Abstract This study aims to contribute to industry discussion on gas utilization opportunities available to Ghana. Specifically, it will analyze Ghana's existing natural gas plans. i.e., the Gas Master Plan analyze possible opportunities and associated challenges and finally propose sources of finance for gas sector projects. In order to discover opportunities of natural gas utilization as well as challenges that come in the course of implementation, data was sourced from secondary sources as well. Benchmarking was also done using the natural gas journeys of three (3) case study countries: Nigeria, China, and the United Kingdom and a comparative analysis compared their natural gas journeys in terms of policy direction, natural gas utilization, infrastructure development and challenges encountered vis a vis the natural gas journey of Ghana. The analysis showed that various opportunities existed for natural gas utilization in the areas of industrial power generation, LNG export, CNG, Fertilizer and bauxite production. Various challenges such as lack of human and technical capacity, sector debt, regulatory issues, pricing issues, security of supply and others plagued most natural gas economies. These findings suggest that an ‘armory’ of opportunities exist for natural gas utilization in Ghana. However, the implementation of these utilization options is contingent on the development of proper policy instruments and extensive investment in infrastructure. The country should also be conscious of bottlenecks that may hinder natural gas utilization efforts.
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Adegun, Adedamola, Justine Mdondo, Chidozie Agbo, and Pheeyedi Samuel. "The Impact of the Petroleum Industry Act on the Economics of Small and Stranded Gas Fields in Nigeria." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/212013-ms.

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Abstract Nigeria's vast natural gas resources of over 600tcf are largely undeveloped and spread across the Niger Delta, Dahomey, Anambra and Benue basins. The Niger Delta basin is more developed but has been largely constrained by ‘oil-centric’ fiscal policies, ambiguous regulatory direction, and the preponderance of small (low reserves) and stranded (distant from infrastructure) fields. The gas (LNG) export business has flourished in Nigeria because it has benefitted from fiscal and legal incentives exogenous to the existing legal framework until the Petroleum Industry Act. With the enactment of the Petroleum Industry Act in 2021, the legal, fiscal and regulatory landscape of the industry changed. An omnibus legislation, it encompasses new ‘gas-centric’ policies, introduces targeted incentives, provides improved regulatory clarity and commercial steer particularly for the gas industry. The act created a distinct regulator for the gas industry, revised the incentives in the Associated/Non-Associated Gas Framework, detailed domestic pricing methodologies, reinforced government commitment to domestic supply obligation amongst others. In this paper, we analysed the Petroleum Industry Act, detailed the key drivers for gas business and assessed the impact on the viability of small and stranded gas fields. We highlighted the impact of the new fiscal terms on gas projects compared to the erstwhile terms and identified opportunities for government and investors to maximise value and meet gas production targets.
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Alabi, Femi Adeoye. "Offshore Liquefied Natural Gas LNG and Monetization." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31770-ms.

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Abstract Objectives/Scope The development of gas market has been allowed to evolve with the introduction of the GMP (Gas Master Plan). A well-thought process plan of gas infrastructural development model that supports flexible growth of the local market, consolidation of strategic export and regional market expansion. The lock-in areas are expressly re-navigated for easy processing and gas transportation. This paper would contain a detailed striking difference between LNG and international pipeline gas business for all regions. Methods, Procedures, Process The GMP elements are created to assist or support the intentions of the government in solidifying the economy and policy formulation that entails natural gas pricing to tackle the long term price model problem. The hinterland gas networking and monetization and its untapped wealth should be evaluated and explored. FLNG can change the oil and gas business from a business and technical viewpoint by influencing the economic development of inaccessible offshore oil and gas fields. Results, Observations, Conclusions This section unveils the investment opportunity involved in GMP. By critically analyzing the GMP, it will reveal certain lapses like lack of proper regulatory, legal and policy framework, which are major challenges in the achievements of GMP aims and objectives. Across the world, gas flaring is currently reducing, and many countries are introducing new strategies like emission or anti-flaring policies and taxes to reduce gas wastage and pollution. Novel/Additive Information The government, on the other hand, needs to intervene by passing into law appropriate bills and implementing policies formulated in regards to the oil and gas industry. Closely analyzing monetization and Offshore LNG, a new understanding of the neglected issue of Supply Chain Management will be established for economic growth. This paper gives an insight on the FLNG, by looking into FLNG publications and some contributions from several energy studies such as the Institute of Energy Studies and others.
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Alabi, Femi Adeoye. "Offshore Liquefied Natural Gas LNG and Monetization." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31770-ms.

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Abstract Objectives/Scope The development of gas market has been allowed to evolve with the introduction of the GMP (Gas Master Plan). A well-thought process plan of gas infrastructural development model that supports flexible growth of the local market, consolidation of strategic export and regional market expansion. The lock-in areas are expressly re-navigated for easy processing and gas transportation. This paper would contain a detailed striking difference between LNG and international pipeline gas business for all regions. Methods, Procedures, Process The GMP elements are created to assist or support the intentions of the government in solidifying the economy and policy formulation that entails natural gas pricing to tackle the long term price model problem. The hinterland gas networking and monetization and its untapped wealth should be evaluated and explored. FLNG can change the oil and gas business from a business and technical viewpoint by influencing the economic development of inaccessible offshore oil and gas fields. Results, Observations, Conclusions This section unveils the investment opportunity involved in GMP. By critically analyzing the GMP, it will reveal certain lapses like lack of proper regulatory, legal and policy framework, which are major challenges in the achievements of GMP aims and objectives. Across the world, gas flaring is currently reducing, and many countries are introducing new strategies like emission or anti-flaring policies and taxes to reduce gas wastage and pollution. Novel/Additive Information The government, on the other hand, needs to intervene by passing into law appropriate bills and implementing policies formulated in regards to the oil and gas industry. Closely analyzing monetization and Offshore LNG, a new understanding of the neglected issue of Supply Chain Management will be established for economic growth. This paper gives an insight on the FLNG, by looking into FLNG publications and some contributions from several energy studies such as the Institute of Energy Studies and others.
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Tierling, Kenneth Shane. "Cash is King - Repurposing Marginal Assets to Reduce Floating LNG CAPEX." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31053-ms.

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Objective / Scope With renewable energy sources not currently able to move energy around the globe and forming small portions of the total global energy supply, it has fallen upon hydrocarbon sources to form the backbone of global energy movements. Hence, the recent energy demand decline, along with policy, have disproportionately impacted world-wide petroleum and LNG pricing. The impact on Floating LNG has been a heightened demand for capital efficiency, required to achieve final investment decision. A business case specific means of reducing FLNG CAPEX, has been repurposing marginal assets. Starting with a breakdown of the cost components of an FLNG facility, this paper will provide examples of the inclusion of preexisting assets into FLNG projects to reduce capital cost. The paper will wrap up with other opportunities for cost savings, to stimulate thought. Methods, Procedures, Process Floating LNG (FLNG) technologies have been deployed to monetize mid-sized offshore gas reservoirs, avoiding constructing a sub-sea gas pipeline to a land-based LNG facility and export jetty. Containing the processing to an oceanic environment also reduces the impact on indigenous peoples as well as terrestrial flora and fauna. FLNG facilities also have the potential of serving multiple offshore fields over the life of the facility, thereby reducing the minimum size field that can be economically monetized. Interest in FLNG continues, despite the current slump in energy prices, however these challenging times are refocusing efforts on reducing the capital cost of FLNG. This paper will explore recent capital cost trends in LNG, with a focus on floating LNG, examples of realized opportunities to reduce CAPEX, and further scope for reductions. Results, Observations, Conclusions The readers will take-away from this paper a deeper understanding of: Recent trends in CAPEX for LNG, and specifically FLNG Where significant opportunities lie for cost reduction Examples of the reuse and repurposing of marginal assets to reduce cost of FLNG facilities Areas to be explored for future capital reduction Novel / Additive Information This paper pulls together disparate threads into a coherent whole, providing visualization of the trends and examples of realized opportunities.
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Fayez, Amin A., Samuel N. Morris, Hani A. Alsubaikhy, and Ali J. Refai. "Safety Advantages of Full-Containment Storage Tanks and the Cost-Effective Implementation for Refrigerated LPG Storage Systems." In ASME 2022 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2022-85433.

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Abstract Saudi Aramco has been a major player in the LPG (Propane and Butane) market since the 1960s and the company continues to be the source of benchmark pricing in the industry. A variety of refrigerated storage tank concepts have been developed to support international export of LPG products. Currently the industry has shifted to the use of safer full containment tank systems which have the capability to contain liquid and vapor release. Economic implementation of new tank systems has the potential of improving safety at company facilities. The benefit of the full containment storage tank is attractive given that the industry is focused on safety and environmental protection. However, the implementation of this technology is challenging due to the cost. Establishing selection criteria is important for economic implementation of any tank type. The paper explores the key design aspects of each type of tank arrangement based on risk assessment, project requirements and economic factors. The paper provides a case study of a current Saudi Aramco project being planned for new installation of LPG storage tanks at a size of one million barrels for both propane and butane services. The risk assessment examined the compliance, business interruption, environmental impact and other factors related to tank containment failures. The risk assessment and technoeconomic study demonstrates that the double steel full containment design is preferred over the prestressed concrete outer container with steel inner container. The double wall steel full containment tank system has been successfully deployed in facilities at sites around the world including at Marcus Hook, PA in the United Sates and Salalah in Oman. Single containment storage tank is not recommended for large scale of LPG storage or when tank is situated with other nearby facilities. Moreover, single containment type requires more plot area due to external diking requirements compared with double wall and full containment storage designs. Optimization of tank type selection may result in reduction of 6 to 8 months in project schedule and savings to the project of up to 70% of the storage tank installation cost. A risk assessment on different storage tanks designs reveals that the double steel wall full containment design is optimal from a cost and schedule prospective.
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Reports on the topic "Exports – Pricing"

1

Henderson, James. The Pricing Debate over Russian Gas Exports to China. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, September 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.26889/9781907555367.

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Fukuda, Shin-ichi, and Masanori Ono. On the Determinants of Exporters' Currency Pricing: History vs. Expectations. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w12432.

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Alviarez, Vanessa, Michele Fioretti, Ken Kikkawa, and Monica Morlacco. Two-Sided Market Power in Firm-to-Firm Trade. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003493.

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Firms in global value chains (GVCs) are granular and exert bargaining power over the terms of trade. We show that these features are crucial to understanding the well-established variation in prices and pass-through across importers and exporters. We develop a novel theory of prices in GVCs, which tractably nests a wide range of bilateral concentration and bargaining power configurations. We test and evaluate the models predictions using a novel dataset merging transaction-level U.S. import data with balance sheet data for both U.S. importers and foreign exporters. Our pricing framework enhances traditional frameworks in the literature in accurately predicting price changes following a tariff shock. The results shed light on the role of firms in determining the tariff pass-through onto import prices.
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Finkelstain, Israel, Steven Buccola, and Ziv Bar-Shira. Pooling and Pricing Schemes for Marketing Agricultural Products. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568099.bard.

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In recent years there has been a growing concern over the performance of Israel and U.S. agricultural marketing organizations. In Israel, poor performance of some marketing institutions has led to radical reforms. Examples are the two leading export industries - citrus and flowers. In the U.S., growth of local market power is eliminating competitive row product prices which served as the basis for farmer cooperative payment plans. This research studies, theoretically, several aspects of the above problem and develops empirical methods to assess their relative importance. The theoretical part deals with two related aspects of the operation of processing and marketing firms. The first is the technological structure of these firms. To this end, we formalize a detailed theory that describes the production process itself and the firm's decision. The model accounts for multiple products and product characteristics. The usefulness of the theory for measurement of productivity and pricing of raw material is demonstrated. The second aspect of the processing and marketing firm that we study is unique to the agricultural sector, where many such firms are cooperatives. In such cooperative an efficient and fair mechanism for purchasing raw materials from members is crucial to successful performances of the firm. We focus on: 1) pricing of raw materials. 2) comparison of employment of quota and price regimes by the cooperative to regulate the quantities, supplied by members. We take into consideration that the cooperative management is subject to pressure from member farmers. 3) Tier pricing for raw materials in order to ensure efficiency and zero profits at the cooperative level. This problem is examined in both closed and open cooperatives. The empirical part focuses in: 1) the development of methodologies for estimating demand for differentiated products; 2) assessing farmers response to component pricing; 3) measurement of potential and actual exploitation of market power by an agricultural marketing firm. The usefulness of the developed methodologies are demonstrated by several application to agricultural sub-sectors, including: U.S. dairy industry, Oregon wine industry, Israeli Cotton industry and Israeli Citrus industry.
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Engel, Charles. Equivalence Results for Optimal Pass-Through, Optimal Indexing to Exchange Rates, and Optimal Choice of Currency for Export Pricing. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w11209.

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