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1
Barren, JJ. "HINDE LIVESTOCK EXPORTS LTD v PANDORO LTD A GERNON AND OTHERS v PANDORO LTD." European Law Reports 2, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/elr.v2n1.116.
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Ali Ahosan Habib, Md. "THE OPPORTUNITIES AND BARRIERS OF BICYCLE EXPORT FROM BANGLADESH: A STUDY ON M & U CYCLES LTD, MEGHNA GROUP." International Journal of Advanced Research 8, no. 11 (November 30, 2020): 42–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/11977.
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The cycle industry, M & U Cycles Ltd is a sister concern of Meghna group was established in 1982 in Gazipur, Dhaka. At Present 600 nos. or above worker works in this M & U Cycles industry. In The Last year from this M & U Cycles industry total 1, 30,000 Pcs bicycle assembled/produced and exported to different countries.The Product of Bicycle which exports from Bangladesh has great opportunities to earn foreign exchanges i.e. foreign currency can be used to develop this country. Now a Days, as per we know the total annual turnover of M & U Cycles Ltd only from export 30 million USD per year .Thats why this is great opportunities by exporting bicycle from Bangladesh.While my study for preparing this internship report it seems to me that particular sector (Bicycles) is very much facing the financial problem. The loan interest rate is too high for the sector to accomplish export processing, and also that sector is very much depended on import of raw materials. It seems to me that M & U Cycles Ltd, is always try to get their sustainable growth in the competitive market. In very recent time the government of Bangladesh has taken some significant decision to face the situation of economic recession. The governments takes a package of Tk 25000-30000 crore in order to priorities protection of the export oriented industries, agricultural growth, employment generation and social security to offset the negative effects of the global economic crisis. They also recommended creation of an export stabilization fund, retention and skill development for returning migrant workers, infrastructure development and simplification and streamliner of rules and procedures to help entrepreneur. According to IMF gradation, Bangladesh ranked as the 48th largest economy in the world in 2008. The economy has grown at the rate of 6.7%. The Bicycles industry sector must be played a very significant role there. In spite of economical recession of the world as well as in the country, M & U Cycles Ltd is one of the participators of earning foreign currency in Bangladesh. In the package are also measures like adoption of effective steps to provide necessary scope and facilities to workers and employees to perform social responsibility by management to fulfill compliance with standards set by the foreign buyers, reducing import dependence through ensuring supply of quality local raw materials in production of Bicycle exports.
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Sharma, Anuj, A. K. Dey, and Prerna Karwa. "Buyer-seller relationship – challenge in export marketing for The Handicrafts and Handlooms Export Corporation (HHEC)." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 2, no. 1 (March 9, 2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/20450621211214469.
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Subject area International marketing/export marketing. Study level/applicability This case is appropriate for discussion in courses such as international marketing and export marketing of post graduate studies in management. The case can also be used for management development programmes concerning practising managers. Case overview The case is based on export marketing strategy with special focus on developing strong buyer (customer) relationships and the associated challenges of a trading company, The Handicrafts and Handlooms Exports Corporation of India Ltd (HHEC). The corporation primarily engages in export of handlooms and handicraft products from India. Since 2005-06 the corporation has been incurring losses and it was only in 2010-11 that the corporation has registered a positive net profit. Expected learning outcomes To understand the appropriate strategies for buyer retention; to understand appropriate promotion strategies of non-essential items like handicraft, handloom and carpets; and to help students in making decisions for export marketing like understanding product characteristic, development of samples, procurement of products, vendor management, and pricing decisions. Supplementary materials Teaching notes.
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Ushachev, I. G., V. V. Maslova, and A. V. Kolesnikov. "Increasing the Volume of Agro-Industrial Production to Ensure Food Security and Increase the Export Potential of the Russian Agricultural Sector." Economy of Region 18, no. 4 (2022): 1178–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2022-4-15.
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Currently, the Russian agricultural sector aims to simultaneously achieve two priority goals: to ensure import substitution (or the country’s food security, taking into account rational consumption standards) and to increase exports of agricultural products and food. In this regard, the present study develops proposals for improving agricultural policy and linking these two tasks. The study analysed existing normative legal documents in the field of agricultural policy management and agricultural exports development, relevant foreign experience, as well as Russian and international statistics. It was revealed that an increase in agricultural food production and in the mass of commodities led to export growth. As a result, the negative balance of foreign trade in food decreased, and Russia became a net exporter in 2020-2021. The structure of agri-food exports was examined in order to identify the export potential. Approximately 1/3 of exported goods belong to the group of low-processed products, while only 15 % are highly processed products, which are characterised by a significant negative balance. Competitiveness of products, which plays the most important role in increasing exports, requires the development and implementation of domestic advanced scientific and technological solutions. According to the competitiveness assessment, Russia is a competitive supplier of a wide range of agri-food products, since the prices offered by Russian farmers and exporters are lower or comparable to the prices of major global exporters. Since export growth depends on an increase in agricultural food production, production growth opportunities were considered. The analysis of the consumer purchasing power and food consumption demonstrated their significant differentiation, both by decile groups and by place of residence. The presented findings can be used to improve agricultural policy and adjust state support for the agricultural industry aimed at its effective development.
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Zhuang, Lee, and Yi Qiu. "The beginning of the end of Chinese Surrogate Manufacture? Cool-Comfort Shoes International Company Limited and its Ace-of-Biz." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 5, no. 5 (October 7, 2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-02-2014-0048.
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Subject area Strategic management Study Level/applicability Undergraduate/postgraduate modules in strategic management. Case overview The case portrays a Chinese surrogate manufacturer – Cool-Comfort Shoes International Co. Ltd. (CCS) – which attempted to build its own brand, Ace-of-Biz (AoB). The surrogate manufacturing business had accumulated the funds needed to develop its AoB brand for sale in the domestic market. The 2007 world financial crisis and subsequent world recession caused exports and, thus, surrogate manufacturing to plummet. CCS was hoping that their loss in export of surrogate products would be more than compensated for by the gain in the domestic sales of AoB. However, despite 10 years of commitment, AoB's sales still had not grown sufficiently to counter the slowdown in exports, and the leaders at CCS were wondering what the future would hold for the company and its AoB brand. Expected Learning Outcomes This case study provides students with an ideal context to develop an appreciation of how changes in the domestic and international business environment affect the corporate and business strategies of a small- to medium-sized enterprise and the differences between corporate and business strategies, and to demonstrate their ability to apply a number of strategic management tools and techniques for the critical appraisal of a strategic situation and justify their recommended course of action. Supplementary Materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.
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Sumant Kolhe, Varad. "PASL V. GE: Indian Parties’ Fillip to Foreign-seated Arbitrations, but at What Cost?" Asian International Arbitration Journal 17, Issue 2 (October 1, 2021): 193–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aiaj2021010.
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Can two Indian parties elect a foreign seat of arbitration? This question has been the epicentre of a long-standing divergence in judicial opinions across Indian courts. However, this divergence was put to rest by the Supreme Court of India in PASL Wind Solutions (P) Ltd. v. GE Power Conversion (India) (P) Ltd. (decision of 20 April 2021), ruling in favour of Indian-parties’ autonomy to elect a foreign-seat of arbitration. Recognizing party autonomy as the “brooding spirit” of arbitration, the Supreme Court overruled two judgments of the Bombay High Court (Seven Islands Shipping Ltd. v. Sah Petroleums Ltd and Addhar Mercantile Pvt. Ltd. v. Shree Jagdamba Agrico Exports Pvt. Ltd.) for not understanding the law (on foreign seated arbitrations between Indian parties) in its correct perspective. Further, it clarified that the term ‘international commercial arbitration’ (in the proviso to section 2(2) of Indian Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996) was ‘party-centric’, in the context of section 2(1)(f) of the Indian Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996. On the other hand, the same term, when seen in the context of section 44 of the Indian Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, was qualified as ‘place-centric’. This note considers the ramifications of the Supreme Court’s approach in reaching these conclusions, identifying and addressing significant gaps and ambiguities that arise therefrom. Indian Parties, International Commercial Arbitration, Party Autonomy, Foreign Seat of Arbitration (International Chamber of Commerce), Place of Arbitration, Venue of Arbitration, Foreign Substantive Law, Foreign Awards, Enforceability of Foreign Awards, Public Policy, Overruling
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Karbovska, L. O., and G. A. Bratus. "Features of statistical methods for forecasting the economic performance of an enterprise." Economies' Horizons, no. 4(11) (November 29, 2019): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31499/2616-5236.4(11).2019.228702.
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The aim of the study. The purpose of the article is to improve the methodological provisions for the development of medium-term forecast of exports of raw materials for the manufacture of glue and finished products based on the trend of exports of domestic enterprises, which will help solve problems of adapting statistical analysis methods to real economic activities. Methodology. In the study of the state and trends of foreign trade of Ukraine in raw materials for the manufacture of glue and finished products with all countries used tabular-graphical method and systematic analysis; when developing a medium-term forecast - the method of extrapolation. Results. The application of statistical methods allowed to identify patterns and trends in foreign economic activity (FEA), and to determine the optimal directions for entry into the foreign market Bristol Eco Group Ltd. technological renewal of production, expanding relationships with customers and suppliers, finding new customers, increasing traditional products , and active renewal of their range, expansion of markets through penetration into the markets of the Republic of Moldova, Belarus, Uzbekistan and Azerbaijan. The following directions of development of Bristol Eco Group LLC were identified: according to the optimistic scenario: formation of the strategy of market expansion - penetration into the markets of the Republic of Moldova and Belarus; optimization of the product "portfolio" of the enterprise; development of an effective competitive strategy (diversification); sales promotion (promotion of goods based on the ratio of "price / quality"); according to the pessimistic scenario: either complete reorganization and reorganization of the enterprise, or its sale to the main competitor. Prospects for further research. It is determined that for the effective functioning of the company LLC "Bristol Eco Group", it is advisable to create a department of foreign economic activity, which will contribute to the deepening of trade relations with foreign partners and will provide an opportunity to improve its export potential.
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Jain, Saarthak, and Kashish Makkar. "The dilution of interim anti-arbitration injunctions in Devi Resources: pro-enforcement approach gone too far?" Arbitration International 36, no. 2 (May 11, 2020): 297–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arbint/aiaa012.
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Abstract Keeping in line with India’s ‘pro-arbitration’ approach, the Calcutta High Court in Devi Resources Ltd v Ambo Exports Ltd recently refused an application seeking to restrain the enforcement of an arbitral award on the ground that the award was passed in violation of an interim anti-arbitration injunction. The Court based its reasoning on the fact that the injunction was ultimately vacated at a later stage (after the award had already been passed), and once such interim injunction has been set aside, it would imply that the injunction had never been passed. On the face of it, this decision seems to be an illustration of Indian courts’ awareness of the importance of minimal intervention in the scheme of promoting international commercial arbitrations. However, on a closer look, one finds that the court’s decision does more harm than good by legitimizing the violation of an anti-arbitration injunction without any consequences. The present article examines the ruling in Devi Resources. It also explores the policy implications of the Court’s decision on the efficacy of anti-arbitration injunctions.
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Cao, Xuping, and Nancy Hanson-Rasmussen. "Dynamic Change in the Export Technology Structure of China’s Environmental Goods and Its International Comparison." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (September 30, 2018): 3508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103508.
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Growing natural disaster intensity, ocean warming, air quality alerts, and a desire to emphasize sustainable practice has prompted countries to payincreased attention to the development of environmental industries. This has led to trade in environmental goods (EGs) and a need for export technology research. The purpose of this paper is to measure the evolution of the technological structure of China’s export EGs and its position in the international industrial value chain. Based on the 2012 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) EGs list and United Nations Comtrade (COMTRADE) data, this study uses the technical complexity index to empirically calculate the technology structure and level changes of China’s EGs exports from 2007 to 2016. The results are then compared with those of the Asia-Pacific region and the world’s major exporters of EGs. Additionally, this study proposes a method called “Equalization Technology Classification” that divides all EGs into five technical levels: high, medium-high, medium, medium-low, and low. The research finds that (1) China’s EGs exports are predominately of medium-low technical complexity, and while the proportion of exported goods with high technical complexity is very low, the export technology structure is constantly being optimized. (2) Compared with Singapore, the United States, and the European Union, the overall technical level of China’s exported EGs is lagging behind. (3) The overall technical level of exported EGs in major exporting countries is rapidly increasing but is especially impressive in South Korea and China, where growth ranks first and second in the world, respectively.
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Orhan, Ayhan, Melek Emikönel, Murat Emikönel, and Rui Alexandre Castanho. "Reflections of the “Export-Led Growth” or “Growth-Led Exports” Hypothesis on the Turkish Economy in the 1999–2021 Period." Economies 10, no. 11 (October 29, 2022): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies10110269.
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Various factors determine and affect economic growth, one of which is exports. Trade theory also states that exports increase the growth of the domestic economy in various ways. For this reason, the effect of exports on economic growth is a long-term area of research. In addition to the studies examining the effect of foreign trade on economic growth in the literature, some studies investigate the effects of economic growth on export capacity. These studies suggest that the export-based economic growth hypothesis is valid when the causality relationship between exports and growth is from exports to growth, and the growth-led export hypothesis is valid when it is from growth to exports. To this end, the primary purpose of this study is to investigate the validity of the new economic model for Turkey in two different periods. In this context, this study comparatively focuses on the 1999:Q1–2013:Q4 and 2014:Q1–2021:Q4 periods to test the validity of the export-led growth hypothesis and the growth-led export hypothesis. According to the analysis results for the 1999:Q1–2013:Q4 periods, only the growth-led export hypothesis is valid, and a 1% increase in the economic growth rate in this period increases exports by 0.42%. Considering the 2014:Q1–2021:Q4 period, the hypotheses of “Economic growth is not the cause of exports and exports are not the cause of economic growth” are rejected, and according to these test results, it was determined that both the export-led growth hypothesis and the growth-led export hypothesis are valid. In the results of this period, a 1% increase in economic growth rate increases exports by 0.38%, and a 1% increase in exports increases economic growth by 1.36%.
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Bašić, Maja, Mile Bošnjak, and Ivan Novak. "PRODUCTIVITY SHOCKS AND INDUSTRY SPECIFIC EFFECTS ON EXPORT AND INTERNATIONALISATION: VAR APPROACH." Zbornik radova Ekonomskog fakulteta u Rijeci: časopis za ekonomsku teoriju i praksu/Proceedings of Rijeka Faculty of Economics: Journal of Economics and Business 41, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 113–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18045/zbefri.2023.1.113.
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This study examines the industry-specific effects of productivity shocks on exports and the internationalisation of the largest Croatian exporters. In order to answer two research questions: (1) Which hypothesis, the productivity-led hypothesis or export-led hypothesis, holds in the case of the largest Croatian exporters? (2) Are the effects of productivity shocks on exports and internationalization sectoral dependent, and in what way? The authors tested 300 largest exporters’ micro- financial data for the 2006-2015 period by using a vector autoregression (VAR) method. Three productivity measures examined are total factor productivity, labour productivity and capital productivity. The results imply that productivity-led hypothesis holds for majority of Croatian largest exporters’ sectors. Rather than a specific export-led hypothesis, a bi-directional flow has proved to have greater influence on several industrial sectors, including professional and scientific services and administrative services sectors, and to a lesser extent, transport and warehousing, accommodation and food sectors. It is predominantly negative in terms of TFP and positive in terms of labour productivity (agriculture, electricity and gas supply, wholesale and transport and warehousing, and information and communication) and capital productivity (electricity and gas supply). Managerial and policy implications of productivity shocks are discussed in the paper.
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Mohsen Bahmani-Oskooee and Claire Economidou. "Export Led Growth vs. Growth Led Exports: LDCs Experience." Journal of Developing Areas 42, no. 2 (2008): 179–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jda.0.0030.
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Eswaran, Mukesh, and Ashok Kotwal. "Export led development Primary vs. industrial exports." Journal of Development Economics 41, no. 1 (June 1993): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(93)90043-m.
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Badia-Miró, Marc, and José Díaz-Bahamonde. "CHILEAN TRADE 1880-1930: A COMMENT ON THE SOURCES FOR THE AGE OF EXPORTS." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 36, no. 3 (June 1, 2018): 481–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610918000083.
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AbstractThis research note discusses the accuracy of the main sources used to study the foreign sector during the export-led growth process in Chile. Chilean foreign trade statistics are available for the period under analysis (1850-1930) and offered a good overview of products exported and imported. Bilateral trade data are also available providing information of exports and imports by origin and destiny. Although more research is needed on trade prices, we conclude that Chilean statistics are reliable and provide a way for understanding the export-led growth in Chile and the trade performance of the Chilean partners.
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Agung Prasetyo and Mahananto. "PENGARUH VOLATILITAS HARGA COCOA DUNIA TERHADAP EKSPOR COCOA INDONESIA." JURNAL ILMIAH AGRINECA 20, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.36728/afp.v20i1.993.
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Cocoa was one of the commodities, which are crucial to the economy of Indonesia. Cocoaserve as a source of income, driving the development of the region, a provider of employment and agro-industry and foreign exchange earnings, The purpose of this study to analyze the influence of the world cocoa price volatility against Indonesian cocoa exports. This study used ordinary least squares (OLS) to analyze the data. The time interval used was 2013-2017 with monthly data. The results showed that independent variables such as world cocoa prices, consumption and world stocks of cocoa have a significant effect on the Indonesian cocoa exports. World cocoa prices were down led to a decline of Indonesian cocoa exports. Besides that, Government policy states the imposition of export duty on exported goods to guarantee the supply of raw materials for cocoa in the country, OLS also indicates that cocoa production, exchange rate, and world cocoa consumption did not affect the export cocoa of Indonesia.
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Deryugina, I. V. "Agriculture export policy in India: 2010-2020-ies." International Trade and Trade Policy 9, no. 1 (May 5, 2023): 176–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2023-1-176-188.
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The increase in exports of agricultural and food products from India to the world market gave an impetus to the author to study the measures of the country's agricultural export policy. The transition to an export-oriented development model announced at the end of the twentieth century led to the development of new approaches to foreign trade policy. Export promotion measures in the field of agriculture were prepared taking into account the peculiarities of agri-cultural production in India and were of a systematic nature. They included: political mecha-nisms, in particular the involvement of state governments; infrastructure and logistical support; economic stimulation of exports, including the creation of special export zones (agricultural clusters), attracting private investment in production and processing. Important attention was paid to the organization of the electronic National Agricultural Market (E-NAM), the digital platform of the Agri Exchange APEDA, the modernization of seaports intended for the export of agricultural goods. The result of the agrarian policy was two points – an increase in the growth rate of agricultural production and an increase in agricultural exports. The volume of exports of agricultural goods has more than tripled over the past decade and a half, and the export basket of these goods has significantly expanded. India has become the world's leading rice exporter, has become one of the world market leaders in exporting such non-traditional goods for the country as fish and aquaculture products, meat, milk and dairy products, and has also retained its traditional cotton and sugar markets.
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Tsokhas, Kosmas. "‘Trouble Must Follow’: Australia's Ban on Iron Ore Exports to Japan in 1938." Modern Asian Studies 29, no. 4 (October 1995): 871–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00016218.
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Despite the attention that has been given to the role of economic sanctions in Japan's decision to launch the Pacific war, Australia's decision to ban iron ore exports to Japan has been given little attention, even though this was one of the earliest economic sanctions imposed onimperial Japan in the 1930s. To a degree this neglect can be traced to a preoccupation with the actions and objectives of the great powers and a failure to consider the opportunities available to small nations to take significant initiatives. The following article traces the origins of the iron ore embargo back to 1934 when Essington Lewis, the Managing Director of the Broken Hill Proprietary Company Ltd (BHP), Australia's iron and steel monopoly, visited Japan and subsequently advocated the development of an Australian armaments industry to counter probable Japanese aggression in the Pacific. In Japan Lewis crossed paths with J. G. Latham, the Minister for External Affairs, who was leading the Australian government's Eastern Mission. Latham returned to Australia with conclusions that differed fundamentally from those of Lewis, who came up with a plan to take advantage of Japan's dependence on imports of iron ore and other iron products to finance investment in Australian armaments manufacturing. In explaining this outcome the article discusses interactions between a number of conflicts: between Latham and Lewis; between the British Treasury and the Foreign Office; and between the Japanese army and navy. In London the Treasury wanted to focus on the European theatre, while also holding down military spending in order to achieve balanced budgets. The Treasury believed that the way to best defend British commercial interests in Asia was to appease Japan. On the other hand, the Foreign Office was committed to the protection of British interests in the Far East by a more forceful diplomacy, although it was only willing to counten-ance behavior short of military action. Consistent with Latham's recommendations to his government, the emerging consensus in London was that while a settlement in China would help to safeguard British interests there, as long as the Japanese were bound up in their war in China they were less likely to attack British colonies in Southeast Asia and the Pacific. In 1936 this orientation was challenged by a shift in the balance of power in Tokyo away from the army and in favor of the navy. Although priority continued to be placed on winning the war in China and guarding against an attack from the Soviet Union, now the navy's plan for southward expansion was given more careful consideration and credibility.
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Auzina-Emsina, Astra, Velga Ozolina, and Remigijs Pocs. "COMPETITIVENESS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT SCENARIOS OF LATVIA." Business, Management and Education 16 (July 13, 2018): 40–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bme.2018.2399.
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The paper deals with the analysis of exports and competitiveness in Latvia in comparison with Estonia and Lithuania. The objective of the study is to elaborate the possible sectoral development scenarios based on the competitiveness analysis results. The main focus is on exports of goods and revealed comparative advantage (RCA) of exported products as compared to the EU exports. Scenarios are elaborated to model economic development by industries using Latvian Model of Development (LMD), which is a macro-econometric model. Results argue that the economic development is higher, if the competitiveness ensures both higher export growth and import substitution. RCA is an appropriate method to apply in competitiveness studies and the research findings can be used in economic policy and analysis.
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Yakimova, Vilena. "Financial instability as a sustained export growth limiting factor of the Russian far east regions." E3S Web of Conferences 291 (2021): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129103002.
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The paper analyses the export dynamics of the Russian Far East regions in the context of cyclical business activity. A multi-regression model with lag variables is formed during correlation-regression analysis, since a tendency for a lagging export reaction in response to fluctuations in financial instability indicators was revealed. The analysis showed that exports are influenced by factors of economic activity, fluctuations in real exchange rates, oil prices and levels of external debt relative to GDP. During the crisis, there was a short-term pattern of growth, but in the subsequent period, the decline in the output of exporters, the shortage of financial resources, the increase in the cost of materials and other costs led to a reduction in the sales of products for export. Financial instability is becoming the main source of financial risk for exporters, requiring regional government intervention and business support mechanisms.
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Prasetyo, Alvin Sugeng, and Mochammad Devis Susandika. "FDI Led Growth Hypothesis and Export Led Growth Hypothesis in ASEAN." e-Journal Ekonomi Bisnis dan Akuntansi 9, no. 2 (September 30, 2022): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/ejeba.v9i2.31602.
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Economic growth is a macroeconomic variable that is always the government's attention. This is because economic growth is an indicator of a country's economic performance. If economic growth grows high, then economic development goes well, so that people are more prosperous. This study aims to examine and analyze the role of FDI and exports on economic growth in ASEAN. The research method used is a causality panel with a research period of 2010-2020. The causality panel used in this study detects how the relationship between FDI, exports, and economic growth in ASEAN is. The estimation results show a unidirectional relationship between FDI to economic growth, and exports to economic growth. Therefore, the hypothesis of FDI led growth and export-led growth is acceptable. The recommendation given to each country is that it is hoped that the governments of the ASEAN region will further facilitate foreign investment permits by means of deregulation that makes it difficult for foreign investors. Recommendations related to exports are that the governments of each ASEAN country need to map out potential and non-potential exports, if potential exports are increased, while non-potential ones need to be innovated.
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Ayeni, R. K., and Momodou Mustapha FANNEH. "Towards Export-Led Growth in the West Africa Sub Region Economies." Archives of Business Research 9, no. 10 (October 12, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.910.10769.
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The policy of import substitution dominated developing economies especially Sub-Sharan African countries up till 1970. The focus later shifted to pursuing growth through increased export. Recently, countries of the West Africa Sub-region are clamoring for a revisit of growth through import substitution policies. This study therefore delved into the question of whether ECOWAS countries should go for import substitution growth strategy, or to develop strategy that promotes export-led growth, following the law of comparative advantage or a considerable mix of the two strategies. Using an export-augmented neoclassical production function, the study tested how relevant is the Export-led Growth Hypothesis for the ECOWAS sub-region over the period 1980-2014.
Evidence does not offer a strong support for the Hypothesis in the short run but a strong evidence for improved capital stock and labor causing growth. However, long-run results suggest a significant relationship between export and growth but currently negative. A likely explanation of this negativity is that although exports, in the West African sub-regions has the tendency of increasing growth in the long run along with other factors of production, the present conditions of export, especially manufactured and agricultural exports, is experiencing a kind of “Import surge”. That is the import content of exports is high and the local content is low, thus reducing the spillover or multiplier effects. This was confirmed by the strong bilateral causality between export and import discovered in this study. A policy mix of import substitution and export promotion strategies was recommended for countries in this sub-region. Policies that will promote technological innovation in manufacturing and linkages with local suppliers alongside incentives to produce towards export are imperative. Production towards export should be focused on manufactured and agricultural products where each country has the highest comparative advantage so as to reduce the import content of the export.
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Ayeni, Raphael Kolade. "Towards Export-Led Growth in The West Africa Sub Region Economies." International Journal of Applied Research in Management and Economics 3, no. 2 (December 23, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/ijarme.v3i2.283.
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The policy of import substitution dominated developing economies especially Sub-Sharan African countries up till 1970. The focus later shifted to pursuing growth through increased export. Recently, countries of the West Africa Sub-region are clamoring for a revisit of growth through import substitution policies. This study therefore delved into the question of whether ECOWAS countries should go for import substitution growth strategy, or to develop strategy that promotes export-led growth, following the law of comparative advantage or a considerable mix of the two strategies. Using an export-augmented neoclassical production function, the study tested how relevant is the Export-led Growth Hypothesis for the ECOWAS sub-region over the period 1980-2014.
Evidence does not offer a strong support for the Hypothesis in the short run but a strong evidence for improved capital stock and labor causing growth. However, long-run results suggest a significant relationship between export and growth but currently negative. A likely explanation of this negativity is that although exports, in the West African sub-regions has the tendency of increasing growth in the long run along with other factors of production, the present conditions of export, especially manufactured and agricultural exports, is experiencing a kind of “Import surge”. That is the import content of exports is high and the local content is low, thus reducing the spillover or multiplier effects. This was confirmed by the strong bilateral causality between export and import discovered in this study. A policy mix of import substitution and export promotion strategies was recommended for countries in this sub-region. Policies that will promote technological innovation in manufacturing and linkages with local suppliers alongside incentives to produce towards export are imperative. Production towards export should be focused on manufactured and agricultural products where each country has the highest comparative advantage so as to reduce the import content of the export.
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Hallaert, Jean-Jacques. "Importing Growth: The Critical Role of Imports in a Trade-Led Growth Strategy." Journal of World Trade 49, Issue 1 (February 1, 2015): 49–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2015003.
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Most trade-led growth strategies focus on exports. This article argues that they should not overlook imports for two main reasons. First, imports are an important determinant of export performance. Therefore, the success of an export-led growth strategy will be reduced if it only focuses on exports promotion and ignores barriers to imports. Second, there is abundant evidence that imports also foster productivity. Therefore, imports contribute to growth directly by stimulating productivity and indirectly by increasing export performance, making them a key component of a trade-led growth strategy. This article also elaborates on the channels through which imports affects growth and investigates if the export and growth impact of imports is limited to imports of goods.
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ONOSE, Okpeku Lilian, and Osman Nuri ARAS. "Does the Export-Led Growth Hypothesis Hold for Services Exports in Emerging Economies?" Eurasian Journal of Business and Economics 14, no. 27 (May 30, 2021): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17015/ejbe.2021.027.04.
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The export-led growth hypothesis states a positive relationship between the growth of exports and long-run economic growth. This study examines the validity of the export-led growth hypothesis of services exports in 5 emerging economies, including Brazil, India, Nigeria, China, and South Africa (BINCS), for the period of 1980-2019. The study employs the panel mean group autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) procedure to identify a causal relationship between services exports and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. The findings show that the export-led growth hypothesis in services only has a positive effect on economic growth in the short run while other variables, including foreign direct investment (FDI), gross capital formation, and labour, increase economic growth in the long run. Hence, the emerging countries should focus more on internal investment to boost growth in the long and short run.
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Adelakun, Ojo Johnson, and Olatunde Kazeem Olayiwola. "Econometric Analysis of Export Led Growth in the Nigerian Economy." Journal of Economics and Management Sciences 3, no. 2 (June 5, 2020): p38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/jems.v3n2p38.
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This study investigates the role of export in the economic growth process of Nigeria with using the three sample periods of annual time series data, which are 1961 to 2013, 1970 to 2013 and 1981 to 2013 respectively. The variables for this period of 1961 to 2013 are GDP growth and exports/GDP ratio, the variables for this period of 1970 to 2013 are GDP growth, exports/GDP ratio, Imports/GDP ratio and the real interest rate and the variables for the last period of data are total exports, manufacturing GDP, agricultural GDP, manufacturing exports and agricultural exports respectively. The VAR Granger causality results for the first sample period show no causal relationship between exports and the GDP growth which illustrates that the two variables are independent of each other. The VAR results for the period of 1970 to 2013 show no causality between the variables under consideration. Following the results of the Granger causality test for this last period of 1981 to 2013, the results show no evidence of causality existing among the variables, which do not show evidence for the support for the export-led growth in the Nigerian economy. This study concluded that exports do not influence and cannot sustain economic growth in the Nigerian economy. The study recommended that an attempt should be made towards executing an economic policy that will strengthen the economic growth of Nigeria.
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Islam, M. M., M. Tareque, M. Moniruzzaman, and M. I. Ali. "Assessment of Export-Led Growth Hypothesis: The Case of Bangladesh, China, India and Myanmar." Economy of Region 18, no. 3 (2022): 910–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2022-3-20.
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The Asian countries, particularly Bangladesh, China, India and Myanmar, have been witnessing impressive economic growth rates due to their trade performance in the international market. Although export-led growth assumption is functional in these economies, existing pieces of literature hardly considered them in their studies. Against this backdrop, the present study investigates the export-led growth hypothesis for four South Asian countries — Bangladesh, China, India, and Myanmar — covering country-specific different time ranges. This research employs the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to co-integration and the MWALD Granger causality test to determine the causal relationship between variables. The results obtained from the autoregressive distributed lag method confirm the co-integration among the variables. In addition, the Granger causality test explores both the export-led and growth-led export hypotheses in Bangladesh and India as per the bidirectional causation between exports and economic development. Only the export-led growth theorem is relevant to China, and the growth-led export hypothesis is valid in the case of Myanmar based on the unidirectional causation between these variables. Therefore, any joint footstep of BCIM countries is critical to promoting exports by penetrating new destinations with diversified export goods and services. The obtained findings also indicate the potential for utilising these countries’ unused resources to encourage exports to uplift the existing growth trajectory.
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Kurisaki, Akira, Keiko Kurisaki, Marcin Kowanetz, Hiromu Sugino, Yoshihiro Yoneda, Carl-Henrik Heldin, and Aristidis Moustakas. "The Mechanism of Nuclear Export of Smad3 Involves Exportin 4 and Ran." Molecular and Cellular Biology 26, no. 4 (February 15, 2006): 1318–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.26.4.1318-1332.2006.
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ABSTRACT Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) receptors phosphorylate Smad3 and induce its nuclear import so it can regulate gene transcription. Smad3 can return to the cytoplasm to propagate further cycles of signal transduction or to be degraded. We demonstrate that Smad3 is exported by a constitutive mechanism that is insensitive to leptomycin B. The Mad homology 2 (MH2) domain is responsible for Smad3 export, which requires the GTPase Ran. Inactive, GDP-locked RanT24N or nuclear microinjection of Ran GTPase activating protein 1 blocked Smad3 export. Inactivation of the Ran guanine nucleotide exchange factor RCC1 inhibited Smad3 export and led to nuclear accumulation of phosphorylated Smad3. A screen for importin/exportin family members that associate with Smad3 identified exportin 4, which binds a conserved peptide sequence in the MH2 domain of Smad3 in a Ran-dependent manner. Exportin 4 is sufficient for carrying the in vitro nuclear export of Smad3 in cooperation with Ran. Knockdown of endogenous exportin 4 completely abrogates the export of endogenous Smad3. A short peptide representing the minimal interaction domain in Smad3 effectively competes with Smad3 association to exportin 4 and blocks nuclear export of Smad3 in vivo. We thus delineate a novel nuclear export pathway for Smad3.
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Vogiatzoglou, Klimis. "Export Composition and Long-run Economic Growth Impact: A Cointegration Analysis for ASEAN ‘Latecomer’ Economies." Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research 13, no. 2 (March 25, 2019): 168–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973801018812571.
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Export expansion can be a significant engine of economic growth for developing economies. The size of the growth effect of exports depends not only on volume but also on the sectoral composition of exports. By explicitly considering the sectoral export composition, this article examines over a 31-year period the long-run growth impact of exports in four transition and emerging economies of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), namely Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam. More specifically, for each country, a long-run equilibrium analysis within a cointegration framework is conducted for three broad sectors (agriculture, mining/natural resources and manufacturing) as well as for 22 manufacturing industries during 1987–2017. The results indicate that there has been sizeable export expansion (especially in Vietnam), but export composition differs substantially across economies, which has an effect on the overall growth impact of the country’s exports. Clear evidence of export-led growth is found only for some sectors. Countries that rely heavily on primary goods have experienced relatively lower export-led growth. Export restructuring in manufacturing industries is associated with a larger long-run growth effect for a country’s exports. Our findings suggest that policies encouraging diversification away from traditional export sectors would be expected to lead to higher long-run growth effects of exports. Furthermore, our analysis implies a steady strengthening of export dynamism in ASEAN ‘latecomer’ economies and their rising significance in the global trade system. JEL Classification: F14, F43, F63, O11, O47
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Pandey, Shivendra, OP Wali, and Rajan Chandra. "Utilization and factors of non-utilization of export incentives: a cross sectional empirical study of Indian exporters." Journal of Asia Business Studies 11, no. 4 (December 12, 2017): 434–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jabs-09-2015-0155.
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Purpose The current study aims to evaluate the utilization of export incentives of the Indian Government. A model conceptualizing the relationships between incentive’s awareness, utilization, perception of utilization on export increase and overall performance was tested. Design/methodology/approach In total, 107 Indian exporters from the ten major exporting sectors of the Indian economy were chosen. The exporters within the sectors were chosen on the basis of the quota sampling technique. The top-most executive of the exporting house was interviewed using both structured questionnaire and in-depth method. Findings Results indicated that awareness impacted availing of incentives which led to the perception of enhanced export sales. Enhanced export sales led to the perception of an enhanced overall performance of the firm. Smaller firms believed more as compared to larger firms in the effect of export incentives on export sales growth. Recommendations have been provided to remove lacunae in various incentive schemes and improve utilizations. Research limitations/implications The inability to extract firm-level financial data of the value of various schemes availed, exports sales increase, overall performance indicators is a limitation of the study. Practical implications The lack of awareness seemed to be the biggest roadblock for the Indian Government to make export incentive schemes successful. The Indian Government needs to customize the offerings of incentive schemes by incorporating the general perceptions of experts/users. Some less-used schemes can be done away with and some new schemes with less paperwork will be more useful. Originality/value There is scant literature in the Indian context on the study of export incentive schemes. There is even less empirical primary evidence available. This study is one of the first to provide a model for the utilization of export schemes and has great practical relevance for exporters and Indian Government alike.
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Nguyen, To-The, Nguyen-Anh Tuan, and Le Phuong Thao. "Vietnamese Tea Exporting and Forecasting to 2030." Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences 3, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 636–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31817/vjas.2020.3.2.07.
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This study aimed to determine the factors influencing Vietnamese tea export quantities, namely, the internal factors of national tea production, productivity, and cultivated areas, and the external factors of export price and world tea export quantity (excluding Vietnam). We employed a time-series linear model to estimate the magnitude as well as the sign of the aforementioned factors on Vietnam’s tea export quantity and two Box-Cox transformations called a simple back-transformed forecast and a bias-adjustment to forecast the growth rate of the Vietnamese tea export quantity until 2030. The results suggested that except for the total domestic tea production, all the proposed factors significantly affected the Vietnamese tea export quantity. The tea export quantity of other nations around the world had a significantly negative impact on Vietnamese tea that led to Vietnam’s tea exports dropping by 34 tons on average since the other countries exported 1,000 tons of tea. The forecasted outcome suggested an upward trend of Vietnamese tea exports up to 2030. In order to sustainably develop Vietnam’s tea industry, we recommend that the government should take supportive actions such as investing in in-depth tea processing to improve Vietnam’s tea export quality, focusing on post-harvest activities, investing in organic or high-value tea rather than conventional tea, continuing to accumulate land to support the growth of cultivated tea areas, and maintaining high productivity by using hybrid seeds.
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Alimi, Santos. "Export - Led Growth or Growth – Driven Exports? Evidence from Nigeria." British Journal of Economics, Management & Trade 3, no. 2 (January 10, 2013): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bjemt/2013/2386.
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Henriques, Irene, and Perry Sadorsky. "Export-Led Growth or Growth-Driven Exports? The Canadian Case." Canadian Journal of Economics 29, no. 3 (August 1996): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/136249.
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Ilyas, Muhammad, Tahir Mukhtar, and Muhammad Tariq Javed. "Competitiveness among Asian Exporters in the World Rice Market." Pakistan Development Review 48, no. 4II (December 1, 2009): 783–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v48i4iipp.783-794.
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With the gradual reduction in trade barriers led by the process of globalisation, more emphasis is now being placed on promoting export competitiveness. Asia is the home of many of the world’s top rice exporters. The food-price crisis has divided Asia into “rice haves” and “rice have-nots”. In order to describe the processes involved in securing and maintaining international competitiveness in rice exports, the present study has used the Balassa and White indices of revealed comparative advantage and revealed competitive advantage respectively. Results have revealed that Pakistan is the most competitive country in rice trade and ranks first in both agricultural product trade and total merchandise exports. JEL classification: C12, C43, Q17 Keywords: Asian Countries, Competitiveness, Revealed Comparative Advantage, Revealed Competitive Advantage.
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Sharma, Suraj. "On Exports and Economic Growth: Revisiting Export-Led Growth Hypothesis Including North-South Divide." SEISENSE Journal of Management 5, no. 1 (January 13, 2022): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33215/sjom.v5i1.733.
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Objective: The purpose of the present study is to revisit the export-led growth hypothesis in the wake of globalization. This will help in trade policy decisions and make it possible to standpoint whether the export promotion is a good idea to accelerate economic growth. Design: The ELG hypothesis is examined for 107 countries through panel data analysis using cointegration and panel regression tests from 1990 to 2018. The study finds strong support for the long-run relationship between exports and gross domestic product and the export-led growth hypothesis in a two-variable regression framework. Findings: It is evident from the long-run coefficient of dynamic ordinary least squared that a 1.0 percent increase in real exports increases the real gross domestic product by 0.53 percent. The long-run coefficient of real exports for the Global South (0.55) is found higher than that of the Global North (0.51), which indicates that in the wave of globalization, the evidence of export-led growth hypothesis is stronger for comparatively poor Global South than the richer Global North. Practical Implications: The results indicate implications for export promotion policy in the Global South countries to accelerate economic growth and increase real gross domestic product. Originality: The study is the first to explore the ELG hypothesis using a big pool of 107 countries, including the global north-south divide.
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Debnath, Avijit, Niranjan Roy, Priyanka Dasgupta, and Nazira Mazumder. "On productivity differential of export composition: evidence from India." Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies 7, no. 1 (January 28, 2014): 38–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcefts-01-2013-0002.
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Purpose – This paper aims to analyse the relationship between exports and non-export gross domestic product (GDP) in the context of Indian economy during 1988-2012. It considers export both at aggregate and disaggregated levels to examine whether export-led growth (ELG) hypothesis is sensitive to types of goods India exports. Design/methodology/approach – The OLS-based autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model has been employed to analyse the potential long-run equilibrium relationship. Further, the error correction model within the ARDL framework is applied to examine the short-run and long-run causal relationship between non-export GDP, export and other variables. The study is based on secondary data. Findings – The study indicates that at aggregate level, exports do not have any significant impact on output of non-export sector, and therefore, it is maintained that ELG hypothesis is not valid at aggregate level in India; when the authors disaggregate exports into merchandise and services exports, the latter has been found to have positive spillover effects on non-export sector of the economy. However, the association between merchandise export and non-export GDP is found to be statistically insignificant. When the authors further disaggregated merchandise exports, the authors observed that primary-product export has a negative association with non-export GDP, but export of manufacturing products found to have a significant positive impact on non-export GDP. Finally, export of petroleum product shows a negative long-run association with non-export GDP, but the association is statistically insignificant. Originality/value – It is not the case that India can simply increase its exports per se and be sure of witnessing economic growth, but instead it is the composition and the concentration of these exports that matters.
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Moroke, Ntebogang Dinah, and Molebogeng Manoto. "How applicable is export-led growth and import-led growth hypotheses to South African economy?" Journal of Governance and Regulation 4, no. 2 (2015): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgr_v4_i2_p2.
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This paper investigated exports, imports and the economic growth nexus in the context of South Africa. The paper sets out to examine if long-run and causal relationships exist between these variables. Quarterly time series data ranging between 1998 and 2013 obtained from the South African Reserve Bank and Quantec databases was employed. Initial data analysis proved that the variables are integrated at their levels. The results further indicated that exports, imports and economic growth are co-integrated, confirming an existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship. Granger causal results were shown running from exports and imports to GDP and from imports to exports, validating export-led and import-led growth hypotheses in South Africa. A significant causality running from imports to exports, suggests that South Africa imported finished goods in excess. If this is not avoided, lots of problems could be caused. A suggestion was made to avoid such problematic issues as they may lead to replaced domestic output and displacement of employees. Another dreadful ramification may be an adverse effect on the economy which may further be experienced in the long-run.
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Sermcheep, Sineenat. "Services Export and Economic Growth in ASEAN Countries." Journal of Asian Economic Integration 1, no. 2 (September 2019): 163–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2631684619883443.
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Based on the panel data from 1980 to 2014, this article examines the effect of services export on economic growth in the ASEAN countries. The results show that there has been evidence of services export-led growth in ASEAN during the past decades. The services export data are disaggregated into modern and traditional services exports, and the estimations show that both exports contribute to the GDP growth with the less strong positive effect from the modern services exports. The goods export, conventional engine of growth, also maintains its significant and robust role as the growth-enhancing factor for ASEAN. In the period of a slow growth of goods exports and the direction of the growth policy towards services-oriented sector, the services exports have become increasingly significant as a new engine of growth, which also complement to the existing growth engine. JEL Codes: F43, O4
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Kumari, Shabnam, and Deepti Kakar. "Agricultural exports: Systematic literature review on determinants and export-led growth relationship across developing nations." Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Management Studies 10, no. 2 (May 30, 2023): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.20448/ajssms.v10i2.4705.
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The present descriptive article intends to systematically review the list of researches that defines the determinants of agricultural exports across various developing nations and also to made an extensive survey of Agri-exports and economic growth association in several countries during the period of 2000 to 2020. This study is descriptive in nature and has used random sampling technique to select the literature on given sample variables. The data has been collected from various sources such as Research Gate, Science Direct, Sage, Springer, Scopus and National Digital library etc. The findings reveal that the variables; production, producer price, domestic price, export price, real exchange rate and real interest rate have a significant positive impact on exports of agricultural commodities from developing nations. The present study reveals that agriculture export development is a prerequisite condition for overall growth of industry and economy while, some researches accumulate mixed or conflicting evidences that there exhibits the lack of conformity on the potential effect of Agri-exports on economy. This meta-survey of literature will illuminate the academician, researchers and scholars to understand the Agri-exports determinants and their relationship with economic growth and so on to government policy makers.
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Stańko, Stanisław, and Aneta Mikuła. "Tendencje na rynku mięsa wieprzowego na świecie i w Polsce w latach 2000-2016." Roczniki Naukowe Ekonomii Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich 104, no. 3 (December 18, 2017): 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/rnr.2017.104.3.21.
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The study presents changes in the world pork market and in Poland in the years 2000-2016. Changes in the main producers and consumers, as well as exporters and importers were presented. The major global producers of pork are China, the EU, USA, Brazil, Russia and Vietnam, which in 2016 produced 88.2% of total world production. In the world’s major pork producers (except China), consumption growth was slower than production growth, which increased their export capacity. In the years 2000-2016, the growth rate of international trade was higher than production, what led to an increase in the share of exports in production. Global pork exports is characterized by a large and growing concentration rate. In 2016, 37.6% of exports came from the EU, 28.5% from the USA, 15.9% from Canada and 10% from Brazil (total 92% of exports). World pork imports were characterized by a much greater dispersion than exports. Pork prices have shown an upward trend. In Poland there was a downward trend in pork production and growth in consumption, which caused that since 2008 Poland is a net importer of pork. Poland will remain a net importer of pork in the medium term.
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Maitra, Biswajit. "Exploring Import-led Growth in India: Evidence from the Post-reform Period." South Asian Journal of Macroeconomics and Public Finance 9, no. 1 (February 20, 2020): 87–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277978720906068.
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While the export-led growth (ELG) hypothesis attracted much attention historically, the import-led growth (ILG) dimension received little attention despite important linkages. The present article studies whether the ELG, ILG, growth-led export (GLE) and growth-led import (GLI) propositions hold in India for the post-reform period. Accordingly, the short-run and the long-run impacts of exports, imports, exchange rate and trade openness on income are assessed. The analysis finds prominent evidence of ILG hypothesis, both in the short run and in the long run suggesting that import is a significant bearing of economic growth, while the ELG hypothesis holds only in the short run. Besides, the exchange rate and trade openness have negative impacts on income. The study also finds indications of significant, stable export- and import-demand functions, where income and trade openness have caused exports and imports to rise. As income causes a rise in both export and import, the GLE and GLI hypotheses are also testified. The exchange rate depreciation and lagged imports also cause the export to a raise. As trade particularly import is an essential factor in income growth, the country should encourage more outer-orientation of the economy. An import liberalization policy could be useful for economic growth. JEL Classification: F43, F13, F14, O24, C32
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Lee, Cheng-Wen, and Huruta Dolfriandra. "Revisiting the foreign direct investment-led and export-led growth hypotheses in ASEAN+3 countries." Ekonomski horizonti 22, no. 3 (2020): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ekonhor2003209l.
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In this paper, the effects of Foreign Direct Investments (FDIs) and exports on economic growth in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Plus Three countries are explored. The panel data of a total of 13 countries pertaining to the period from 2008 to 2018 were analyzed. Based on the result of the Lagrange Multiplier (LM) test, the data fit to the random effect model. In a similar fashion, the Wald test suggests that there is no endogeneity problem in the given model. Furthermore, the results of the Hausman and Chow test also indicate that the random effect model is the most effective model to describe the effects of FDIs and exports on economic growth. The results prove that FDIs positively impact economic growth. In addition, exports also have a positive and meaningful effect on economic growth. Overall, the paper empirically confirms FDI-led growth and export-led growth. To conclude, the findings indicate the fact that FDIs and exports are crucial for boosting the economic growth of the ASEAN+3 countries. The ASEAN+3 region remains quite an attractive destination for international companies around the world when FDIs and trade are concerned.
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Kalaitzi, Athanasia S., and Emmanuel Cleeve. "Export-led growth in the UAE: multivariate causality between primary exports, manufactured exports and economic growth." Eurasian Business Review 8, no. 3 (September 18, 2017): 341–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40821-017-0089-1.
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Khoi, Nguyen Viet, and Shashi Kant Chaudhary. "An Empirical Analysis of Export-Led Growth of Vietnam: Trade in Value Added (TiVA) Approach." Journal of Business and Management 5 (December 1, 2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jbm.v5i0.27383.
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This paper examines the long-run relationship between domestic value added exports and economic growth of Vietnam using ARDL bounds test of cointegration on annual data covering the period of 1995-2014.The bounds test establishes existence of both short-run and long-run relationship between exports and GDP of Vietnam and shows a substantial contribution of exports in the real GDP (0.73 percent for one percent changes in the domestic value added exports). The exports pattern of Vietnam portrays it following the footsteps of export-led growth model of Mexico, whereby it has turned itself into export production platforms for MNCs by suppressing the wages, rather than developing own indigenous industrial capacity. In such scenario, it seems challenging for Vietnam to sustain its export-led growth which it has achieved so far based on its cheap labour. With the rising living standards, ultimately the comparative advantages of cheap labour force would vanish in the future, which will cause a wave of assembly jobs to flow out of Vietnam. Moreover, two other low-cost countries in the region, Cambodia and Myanmar are likely to rise as close competitors of Vietnam in the low-cost assembly works in the near future. By that time, in case Vietnam fails to enter into higher value added activities, it will drag itself into the ‘middle income trap’. Therefore, the ‘assembly strategy’ shall be bonded with strategy to develop own indigenous industrial capacity, and national technological base. These will help Vietnam to upgrade its activities along value chains in forms of product upgrading, process upgrading, functional upgrading, and sectoral upgrading so that it can switch its role of ‘assembling agent’ to ‘indigenous producer’.
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Clark, Mary A. "Nontraditional Export Promotion in Costa Rica: Sustaining Export-Led Growth." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 37, no. 2 (1995): 181–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/166274.
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In many Latin American countries during the 1980s, domestic elites joined with international development institutions to advocate structural adjustment policies as the solution to the region's “lost decade.” Proponents of such policies sought economic rejuvenation based on export-led growth (ELG) strategies. The new ELG programs were to replace importsubstituting industrialization (ISI) schemes and complement traditional primary commodity exports with new agricultural and industrial exports (nontraditionals). It was hoped that these Latin American nations would replicate the spectacular growth patterns of the East Asian “dragons” by exploiting comparative advantages to build nontraditional export industries.Whereas ELG strategies have proven to be sustainable over the long-term in East Asia, research on the evolution of such policies in Latin America is only beginning. The problem of sustainability bedevils all ELG programs, particularly in those countries which relied on external actors to design the new policies and fund supporting institutions.
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Halevi, Nadav. "Changes in Export Affinity after the Creation of the EMU." Global Economy Journal 17, no. 1 (January 19, 2017): 20160031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2016-0031.
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Abstract: The creation of the EMU in 1999 gave its original eleven members additional advantages for intra-EMU trade, relative to other members of the EU and the rest of the world. Other things being equal, this should have resulted in greater export affinity within the Euro Zone. This paper constructs export affinity indices for the intra-regional exports of the EMU, for its exports to the then other members of the EU, and to the countries that joined the EU during this period, for 1997, a full year before the Euro, and for 2007. These are used to see whether the net effect on export affinity are as expected, or whether other forces affecting the growth and direction of world exports led to different results. It was found that though there was clear export affinity within the EMU in both years examined, and, of course, tremendous growth in total exports to all regions, export affinity fell rather than rose between the two years. As far as special affinity is concerned, other factors affecting the development of world exports cancelled the advantages both of EMU membership and of new membership in the EU. Similar net results were found for bi-lateral export affinity indices of the original EMU members.
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Siddiqui, Saima, Sameena Zehra, Sadia Majeed, and Muhammad Sabihuddin Butt. "Export-Led Growth Hypothesis in Pakistan: A Reinvestigation Using the Bounds Test." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 13, no. 2 (July 1, 2008): 59–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2008.v13.i2.a4.
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Trade is presumed to act as a catalyst to economic growth. This paper reinvestigates the export-led growth hypothesis in Pakistan by using annual time series data on exports, imports, terms of trade, and the labor force participation rate as explanatory variables and gross domestic product (GDP) as the dependent variable for the period 1971-2005. The study uses the more comprehensive and recent bounds test or autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL) proposed by Pesaran et al (2001) to examine the existence of short-run and long-run relationships between exports and economic growth, which is crucial in designing policy to enhance traderelated potential in Pakistan. The results indicate that exports, labor force, and imports have a positive effect on growth, while the terms of trade has a negative effect. The proxy for trade liberalization has a positive impact on economic growth. Finally, the chief finding of this study is that the hypothesis of export-led growth in the Pakistan economy is supported in both the short and long run. Economic growth in Pakistan is accompanied by fluctuations in exports and imports both in the short and long run, but the labor force participation rate has a negative effect only in the short run. The terms of trade has the same effect in the short and long run.
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Isaiah Zayone, Titus, Shida Rastegari Henneberry, and Riza Radmehr. "Effects of Agricultural, Manufacturing, and Mineral Exports on Angola’s Economic Growth." Energies 13, no. 6 (March 21, 2020): 1494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13061494.
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This study investigates the effects of Angola’s agricultural, manufacturing, and mineral exports on the country’s economic growth using data from 1980 to 2017. An Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model is employed to estimate the effect of sectoral exports on economic growth. The estimation results show that while exports from all three sectors (manufacturing, mineral, and non-mineral) have driven Angola’s economic growth in the long-run; only non-manufacturing (agricultural and mineral) exports have led its growth in the short-run. Moreover, growth in non-export GDP was driven by mineral exports in the long-run and agricultural exports in the short-run. Considering the statistically significant and positive impact of mineral exports on the Angolan GDP as well as on its non-export GDP, this study points to a lack of evidence supporting the Dutch disease phenomenon in Angola.
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Amri, Khairul. "Apakah Infrastruktur Jalan Mempengaruhi Ekspor? Pendekatan Vector Autoregressive." Inovbiz: Jurnal Inovasi Bisnis 7, no. 2 (December 22, 2019): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.35314/inovbiz.v7i2.1189.
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This study aims to investigate the effect of road infrastructure on exports for the case of the Indonesian economy. Using time-series data during the 1987-2013 period sourced from the Indonesian Bureau of Statistics (BPS), the econometric model employed pertain to Johanson co-integration test, vector autoregressive, and Granger causality test. The finding of the study points out that there is no long-term relationship between the two variables. The rising in exports positively and significantly was affected by road infrastructure three years earlier. Furthermore, export has a positive and significant effect on road infrastructure at a lag of 1. The increase in export commodities leads to the government to improve road infrastructure at the one-year horizon. The result of the Granger causality test indicates that there is a bidirectional causality relationship between exports and road infrastructure. The increase in road infrastructure led to an increase in exports, and the increase in exports also led to an increase in road infrastructure
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Ali, Ali Abdulkadir, Ali Yassin Sheikh Ali, and Mohamed Saney Dalmar. "The Impact of Imports and Exports Performance on the Economic Growth of Somalia." International Journal of Economics and Finance 10, no. 1 (December 10, 2017): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v10n1p110.
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In this paper the impact of exports and imports on the economic growth of Somalia over the period 1970-1991 was investigated. The study applied econometric methods such as Ordinary Least Squares technique. The Granger Causality and Johansen Co-integration tests were also used for analysing the long term association. By using Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillip-Perron (PP) stationarity test, the variables proved to be integrated of the order one 1(1) at first difference. Johansen test of co-integration was used to determine if there is a long run association in the variables. To determine the direction of causality among the variables, both in the long and short run, the Pair-wise Granger Causality test was carried out. It was found that economic growth does not Granger Cause Export but was found hat export Granger Cause GDP. So this implies that there is unidirectional causality between exports and economic growth. Also there is bidirectional Granger Causality between import and export. The results show that economic growth in Somalia requires export-led growth strategy as well as export led import. Imports and exports are thus seen as the source of economic growth in Somalia.
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Tsaurai, Kunofiwa. "A conceptual literature analysis of the relationship between FDI and exports." Corporate Ownership and Control 11, no. 1 (2013): 389–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv11i1c4art3.
Full textAbstract:
The study investigates the theoretical and empirical literature framework that explains the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and exports. Three prominent views explaining the causality relationship between exports and FDI were discussed and these include the FDI- led exports view, exports-led FDI view and the feedback view. FDI-led exports view mentions that exports can increase or decrease in direct response to changes in foreign direct investment inflows or outflows. The exports-led FDI view suggests that exports spur FDI whilst the feedback view says that both exports and FDI promote each other. The trend analysis between FDI and exports for Botswana as a case study was also looked into using time series annual data ranging from 1980 to 2011 obtained from World Development Indicators. The literature review framework analysis shows that the FDI-led exports view is more popular with most theoretical and empirical studies. It is against this background that the author recommends authorities to come up with policies that attract FDI into their economies in order to boost export sector for growth reasons.