Journal articles on the topic 'Exports – Canada'
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1
Luppold, William, Matthew Bumgardner, and Michael Jacobson. "An Analysis of U.S. Hardwood Log Exports from 1990 to 2021." Forest Products Journal 72, no. 3 (May 1, 2022): 198–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00035.
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Abstract In 1990, the major destinations for hardwood logs exported by the United Sates were Europe, Canada, and three East Asian markets: Japan, Taiwan, and Korea. From 1990 to 2005, the volume of hardwood logs exported to Canada increased by 402 percent. During this period, another East Asian log market developed, consisting of China, Hong Kong, and Vietnam (CHV). While increased Canadian exports were an apparent result of increased U.S. bilateral trade with Canada, the development of the CHV market was associated with increased U.S. furniture imports from that region. The volume of U.S. log exports worldwide peaked in 2005, and the value of log exports peaked in 2007. Exports to all regions declined in 2009. After 2009, exports to CHV increased and surpassed shipments to Canada in 2014. In the past decade, much of the increase in exports to CHV appears to be the result of demand within China. Recently, these exports have been affected by trade disputes and the COVID-19 pandemic. For most of the study period, the dominant log export species were white oak, red oak, maple, or cherry in terms of value. Since 2018, walnut has become the most important log export species (value basis) as a result of increased shipments to China.
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Downing, D. O. "Canadian Coal in International Markets." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 4, no. 4 (August 1986): 285–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459878600400403.
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Canada represents a comparatively unique case in the world coal industry, being a significant importer of both metallurgical and thermal coals as well as an exporter. The vast distances between the major coal producing areas in western Canada and the industrial heartland to the east, and commensurate high freight costs explain this apparent dichotomy. Eastern US coals supply much of the industrial requirement in eastern Canada, chiefly the Province of Ontario, the major consumer of imported coals. Only about 25% of this requirement is met with western Canadian coal. Overall, Canada is not a coal based economy. Because of large reserves of oil and natural gas, coal supplies only 10% of Canada's energy needs. Despite the long-standing reliance on US imports, Canada has become a net exporter of coal on the basis of a comparatively young industry that has blossomed in western Canada since 1970. Metallurgical coal, the foundation of the Canadian export industry, was initially the sole export product but has been joined since the late 1970s by thermal coal. The growth in thermal coal exports is expected to exceed the growth of metallurgical coal exports over the remainder of the 1980s, but metallurgical coal will retain its major share of exports even by 1990. Not to be forgotten is the relatively modest export trade of metallurgical coal from the east of Canada, where coal has been produced in the mines of Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, for many decades. The extent to which growth of exports from this region can be expected is uncertain at present, although expanded Nova Scotia exports could displace some US exports if expansion can take place economically. The western Canadian industry is well placed to participate in existing and new world-markets for coal, particularly in the Far East, due to the locational advantages on the Pacific, but also importantly in Europe due to the size and quality of the Canadian resource base and due to competitive mining costs. In addition, over a decade and a half have been dedicated to the placement of a modern and efficient infrastructure of rail and port facilities in the west to promote the development of a viable export business. The major portion of this paper addresses the main features of the Canadian coal industry, highlighting the export industry. The main features include: the large, well-located coal resources, growing production, consistent quality, competitive mine costs, modern infrastructure, labour stability and supportive government.
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Luppold, William G. "The Canadian Connection in the North American Hardwood Lumber Export Market." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 9, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): 91–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/9.3.91.
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Abstract Canada has consistently been the largest international market for U.S. hardwood lumber in both value and volume terms. Although much of the lumber shipped to Canada is used by Canadian industries, a significant amount is re-exported to Europe by Canadian brokers and wholesalers. In addition, 10 to 20% of U S. hardwood lumber exports to Europe are transshipped through Canadian ports. Most exports to Canada and transshipments through Canada exit the United States at inland points in the Northeast. This paper provides an alternative look at exports of lumber from the United States to Canada and examines the connection between Canada and U.S. exports to Europe. However, the volume of U.S. lumber and logs reprocessed in Canada and then exported is not known. North. J. Appl. For. 9(3):91-93.
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Hassan, Muhammad Shahid, Amna Kausar, and Noman Arshed. "Investigating Export Determinants: A Time Series Evidence From Canada." SAGE Open 12, no. 2 (April 2022): 215824402211010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440221101037.
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Export is an important macroeconomic factor that can elevate a country’s output performance and raise employment opportunities, in any economy. Any country may expand the number of its allies through exports. Foundation trade theories, like absolute advantage and comparative advantage, suggest that a country should export the product with greater absolute or comparative advantage. This sheds light on allocating the optimal resources for producing low-price products and flouting the idea of specialization among the countries of the world. The present study explores the factors that may influence the export performance of a developed economy like Canada from 1979 to 2019. The study findings provide evidence of the absence of multicollinearity and that the data series for the selected functional form of the study is stationary at mixed order. The results of the ARDL bounds test confirm long-run cointegrating relations between exports and its determinants for Canada. The results further reveal that per capita energy consumption and government final consumption expenditures significantly elevate export performance in both the long and short run, while population size significantly elevates exports performance only in the long run in Canada. Moreover, the findings also expose that real effective exchange rate significantly reduces exports in both the long and short run in Canada: This means that by depreciating Canadian currency, Canadian exports will be boosted. The real interest rate reports a negative but insignificant impact on the Canadian export function in both the long and short run. Finally, the CUSUM and CUSUM Square graphs confirm the stability of the estimated coefficients for the Canadian export function for the selected sample of the study.
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Sindhu, Dr M. "Recent trends in exports of computer software and information technology enabled services from India." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 8, no. 02 (February 18, 2020): 1584–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v8i02.em04.
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Software industry occupies an important place in Indian economy. This sector has a significant role in term of contribution to GDP, employment, export earning etc. The present paper examined the performance of software service exports from India. The software service exports comprises of computer services and information technology enabled serices (ITES). The recent trends in the software export shows that the export earning has increased. The growth rate of export of this sector is 13 per cent during 2008-2019 period. ITES service exports shows a higher growth rate than the computer service exports during 2008-19 period. Though the public limited company was the major contributor of exports, in the last two years the private sector occupies the position. Major destination of software exports are USA and Canada. Majority of the software service exports are through the cross border supply, ie through Mode-1.
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Khoroshilov, Evgeny. "Federal Export Development Infrastructure in Canada." Russia and America in the 21st Century, no. 4 (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207054760017959-1.
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Canada is one of the leading economically developed countries and is among the most involved in international trade. Performance of the Canadian economy largely depends on the realization of Canadian businesses’ export potential. The article examines Canada’s federal export development infrastructure. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the activities of the federal state corporations Export Development Canada and Canadian Commercial Corporation, as well as of the Trade Commissioner Service. The paper also studies recent trends and structure of Canadian exports.
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Boonsaeng, Tullaya, and Stanley M. Fletcher. "The Impact of U.S. Non-price Export Promotion Program on Export Demand for U.S. Peanuts in North America." Peanut Science 37, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/ps08-026.1.
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Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the U.S. federal non-price export promotion programs on U.S. export demand in North America. A single-equation framework was specified for estimation of the peanut export demand model. Results indicate that the own-price of the importing country had a negative relationship with U.S. peanut exports, while the price of Chinese peanut exports and real income (GDP) of the importing country were positively related to U.S. peanuts exports. Export promotion programs had a positive effect on the export demand for U.S. peanut to Mexico while these programs seemed to have no effect in Canada.
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Mayer, Leo V. "U.S.–Canada Trade Relationships: Developments and Implications." Northeastern Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 16, no. 2 (October 1987): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0899367x00001380.
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North American agriculture is passing through yet another period of adjustment in markets, production levels, and government programs. The adjustment grows out of an enormous change in global food conditions after 1980. Nations that traditionally imported large amounts of foodstuffs begin to move toward greater self-sufficiency and nations that exported to them saw surpluses began to pile up in their warehouses. The burden of these shifts was not borne evenly by exporting nations. The United States experienced a dramatic downturn in its food exports while other nations, often using government subsidies to gain market share, went on increasing production and exports.
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Marchant, Mary A., and Baohui Song. "Assessment of Biotechnology Policies and International Trade in Key Markets for U.S. Agriculture." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 37, no. 2 (August 2005): 379–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800006854.
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The United States leads the world in agricultural biotechnology research, adoption, commercialization, and exports. Our biotech commodities are highly dependent on international markets. Thus, any biotech policy changes by key importing countries may affect U.S. agricultural biotech product exports. This article identifies key markets for U.S. agricultural exports including biotech commodities and discusses current and proposed biotech policies in key markets for U.S. agricultural exports focusing on Canada, Mexico, Japan, the European Union (EU), and China. Among these markets, labeling of biotech products is voluntary in Canada and Mexico but is mandatory in Japan, the EU, and, most recently, in China. For the EU, U.S. corn exports were almost completely shut out, while U.S. soybean exports also declined because of the EU's biotech policies. The World Trade Organization dispute filed by the United States has yet to be finalized. China's biotech regulations raised concern by U.S. agricultural exporters. However, through U.S. Department of Agriculture education programs, U.S.–China negotiations, and China's domestic soybean shortage, China's biotech regulations do not appear to have had long-run impacts on U.S. soybean exports to China.
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Montanía, Claudia V., Teresa Fernández-Núñez, and Miguel A. Márquez. "The role of the leading exporters in the global soybean trade." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 67, No. 7 (July 14, 2021): 277–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/433/2020-agricecon.
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This paper examines the global soybean market in a holistic way, analyses the land use and other historical determinants of soybean exports, such as labour and capital endowments, soybean productivity, international prices and demand conditions through an empirical model. In addition, it pays particular attention to the role of leading exporters in the export changes and the nature of the connections between them in an interrelated system. The results suggest that the productivity per hectare and the land used to harvest soybeans are the main factors explaining soybean exports in a global context. The analysis also reveals that Brazil, the current market leader, positively influences the other exporters. On the contrary, minor exporters such as Ukraine, Paraguay, or Canada present competitive relationships with the major exporters. The nature of the relationships between the exporters and the pressure on natural resources highlight the importance of government involvement in developing joint strategies that ensure the growth of this sector and the achievement of United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
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Devadoss, Stephen. "Is There an End to U.S.–Canadian Softwood Lumber Disputes?" Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 38, no. 1 (April 2006): 137–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800022124.
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I develop a two-country theoretical trade model to show that Canadian subsidies increase lumber supplies and exports to the United States, and the U.S. retaliatory tariff raises U.S. prices and safeguards producers, but hurts consumers. These results underscore the shortsightedness of policy decisions in a bilateral trade dispute, as empirical results from the multiregional spatial equilibrium trade model highlight that both countries pursue myopic policies without taking into account the reactions of other exporters and importers. For instance, after the imposition of U.S. tariffs, other exporters grab the market share lost by Canada in the United States, while Canada augments its exports to other importers.
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Stańko, Stanisław, and Aneta Mikuła. "Tendencje na rynku mięsa wieprzowego na świecie i w Polsce w latach 2000-2016." Roczniki Naukowe Ekonomii Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich 104, no. 3 (December 18, 2017): 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/rnr.2017.104.3.21.
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The study presents changes in the world pork market and in Poland in the years 2000-2016. Changes in the main producers and consumers, as well as exporters and importers were presented. The major global producers of pork are China, the EU, USA, Brazil, Russia and Vietnam, which in 2016 produced 88.2% of total world production. In the world’s major pork producers (except China), consumption growth was slower than production growth, which increased their export capacity. In the years 2000-2016, the growth rate of international trade was higher than production, what led to an increase in the share of exports in production. Global pork exports is characterized by a large and growing concentration rate. In 2016, 37.6% of exports came from the EU, 28.5% from the USA, 15.9% from Canada and 10% from Brazil (total 92% of exports). World pork imports were characterized by a much greater dispersion than exports. Pork prices have shown an upward trend. In Poland there was a downward trend in pork production and growth in consumption, which caused that since 2008 Poland is a net importer of pork. Poland will remain a net importer of pork in the medium term.
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Handoyo, Rossanto Dwi. "NON-TARIFF MEASURES IMPACT ON INDONESIAN FISHERY EXPORT." Journal of Developing Economies 4, no. 1 (June 10, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jde.v4i1.12686.
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This study aims to analyze the impact of Non tariff measures using sanitary and phytosanitary policy (SPS) and technical trade barriers (TBTs) on fishery exports of Indonesia and its trading partner countries such as China, South Korea, Vietnam, Canada, Russia and the European Union in period of 2007 to 2016. SPS and TBT are measured using inventory approach in the form of coverage ratio. In addition, this study uses a gravity model and panel data regression method. The results of this study indicate that the variables GDP of exporting country and GDP of importing country have a positive and significant effect on Indonesian fishery exports. Distance and SPS have a negative and significant effect on Indonesian fishery exports, while TBT has no effect on Indonesian fishery exports. Keywords: Export, SPS and TBT, Fishery Export, coverage ratio
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Farnia, Farnaz, Nathalie De Marcellis-Warin, and Thierry Warin. "Technical Barriers to Trade: A Canadian Perspective on Ecolabelling." Global Economy Journal 18, no. 1 (March 2018): 20170090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2017-0090.
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Ecolabelling is a market-based instrument and an important element of international environmental policies. In our day and age, there is a wide range of ecolabels, which may complicate the decision-making process when looking for the best outcome for consumers and producers. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and Global Ecolabelling Network (GEN) suggest a solution to align the various ecolabelling programs. For instance, ISO launched the ISO 14,001 framework, which includes the requirements for Environmental Management Systems (EMSs). The GEN harmonizes international ecolabelling schemes and improves exchanges of information among its country members. This article addresses how unaligned and aligned regulations impact international trade. Consequently, a database including the ISO 14,001 certifications of all countries and containing the exports from 153 countries to Canada from 2001 to 2015 as a dependent variable was created. The remaining variables will serve as independent variables, including gravity variables such as market size, market similarity, distance, and some other core variables such as GEN membership of the exporting country, WTO membership, binding in Free Trade Agreements (FTA) and Mutual Recognition Agreements (MRA) with Canada. Findings show that holding ISO 14,001 certifications has a positive impact on exports to Canada; however, these impacts are not significant enough. Therefore, there is not strong evidence that ISO 14,001 creates barriers to export to Canada. In addition, GEN membership significantly promotes exports to Canada, especially for countries binding in an FTA or MRA with Canada.
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Kirby, Tony. "Canada accused of hypocrisy over asbestos exports." Lancet 376, no. 9757 (December 2010): 1973–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(10)62242-8.
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Wiranthi, Puspi Eko, and Faizul Mubarok. "Competitiveness and the Factors Affecting Export of the Indonesia Canned Pineapple in the World and the Destination Countries." KnE Life Sciences 2, no. 6 (November 26, 2017): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v2i6.1056.
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Indonesia has a comparative advantage as the largest pineapple exporter in the world. Most of the pineapples are exported in the form of canned pineapples. This study examines the competitiveness of Indonesian exports of canned pineapple in the world and in the destination countries by using the method of Revealed Competitive Advantage (RCA), Export Product Dynamics (EPD), Intra-Industry Trade (IIT), and a panel data regression analysis approach through E-views 6 for the period 2004 until 2013. RCA analysis results indicate that the Indonesian canned pineapple has a comparative advantage in the world as well as in the export destination countries. EPD analysis results indicate that the Indonesian canned pineapple has a highly competitive advantage by positioning a rising star in the world and in the seven export destination countries, including the United States, Spain, Italy, Canada, Denmark, Austria, and China. IIT analysis results indicate that Indonesia has a one-way trade flows and a lower degree of integration towards export destination countries. Finally, the results of panel data analysis indicate that Factors that affect the export volume of Indonesia canned pineapple in the destination countries are Indonesia canned pineapple export prices to the export destination countries, real GDP and the population of destination countries Keywords: Competitiveness, RCA, EPD, IIT, Panel Regression
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Kryvenko, Nadiia. "The trade and economic cooperation between Ukraine and Canada in the context of the free trade agreement." Herald of Ternopil National Economic University, no. 3(97) (October 1, 2020): 144–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/visnyk2020.03.144.
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Introduction. Deepening of trade and economic cooperation between the countries remains one of driving forces for their economic development, especially in the context of globalization. Thus, developed countries are the largest exporters and importers in the world market, and special attention is paid to the sale of finished products. The conclusion of regional trade agreements between countries promote development of trade , as trade policy is one of the main issues in them, they take into account the degree of processing of products, the terms of liberalization, quotas and others. Ukraine is also trying to diversifу export and increase its volume as a result of the conclusion of Free Trade Agreements, in particular with Canada. Purpose. Explore the trade and economic relations between Ukraine and Canada, taking into account the Free Trade Agreement and determine the complementarity of relations of countries. Methods. The methods of theoretical generalization, analysis, economic-mathematical modeling, comparison and etc. were used in the work. Results. The artticle emphasizes growth of RTA in the world between countries of different continents and levels of economic development, in particular for example Ukraine and Canada. The development of cooperation between these countries through the study of legal documents concluded by them and the dynamics of bilateral trade is considered. The conclusion of RTA by Canada and Ukraine with a number of other countries is noted, with the selection of the most influential ones, in particular NAFTA and USMCA. The commodity diversification of Canada’s exports and imports, bilateral trade with Ukraine are analyzed, and its increase is observed both in general and in the last years after the conclusion of the Agreement, trade in agrarian products is highlighted. The resulting indicators of trade development between the countries were also calculated, the level of complementarity of the commodity structure of foreign trade of Ukraine and Canada was determined, which indicates the prospects for the development of cooperation between them. The issues of liberalization in the context of the concluded Free Trade Agreement, export requirements are considered, the possible consequences for Ukraine as a result of the concluded Agreement and measures to promote the deepening of trade are presented. Discussion. In the future, we should focus on the research of trade of individual sectors of the economy, commodity diversification of exports and ways of its deepening, the competitiveness of products, increase total export of Canada and Ukraine.
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Munn, Nancy, and Ellie Prepas. "Seasonal Dynamics of Phosphorus Partitioning and Export in Two Streams in Alberta, Canada." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43, no. 12 (December 1, 1986): 2464–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f86-306.
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In 1983, phosphorus (P) export was quantified for two streams in Alberta, Canada. The influence of changes in discharge on P concentration and partitioning was examined on an annual and seasonal basis and these data were used to develop empirical models to predict P concentrations. Phosphorus export peaked during summer storms; 68% of annual total P loading was transported during 12 d in early summer. Phosphorus increases were larger during storms in early summer than during storms in late summer. Annual total P exports were 7.5 and 13.0 mg/m2 (watershed area) for the two streams, primarily in the fine particulate fraction. The empirical models presented are the first based on detailed data from watersheds with the following characteristics: (1) trees predominantly coniferous, (2) deep glacial till overlying sedimentary bedrock, and (3) climatic regime where most P is exported during summer storms. These results underscore the need for intensive sampling regimes in streams in a variety of regions (especially at high discharge) so factors controlling P levels can be better understood.
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Mushair, Hasibullah, and Agha Mohammad Mohammadi. "A study on the trade direction of fresh and dried figs : Export from Afghanistan." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 18, no. 2 (June 15, 2022): 605–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijas/18.2/605-609.
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Figs is one of the most important and delicious fruits. Afghanistan produces 24319 tonnes of figs during 2019 (FAO statistics). It is one of the important commodities in export basket of Afghanistan. The major export markets for figs are India, Pakistan USA, Canada and U Arab Emts.The present study aims to quantify the export performance and changing structure of figs exports from Afghanistan. Secondary data on area, production and country wise quantity exports of figs was collected from FAO statistics, and APEDA for a period of 10 years from 2010 to 2019. Compound annual growth rate was computed for studying the trend in area, production, yield, export quantity and export value for figs. Markov chain analysis was attempted to assess the direction of change in exports. Markov chain analysis results showed that, India is the stable market for Afghan figs and U Arab Emts are less stable markets. The major reasons are geographical advantage and good relations for India which gave competitive advantage over other countries with reference to fresh and dried figs export. India is the main country to import figs in the next five years. It shows high value in terms of quantity and percentage which is more than 90 per cent of all Afghanistan’s figs export.
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Freeman, Linda. "L’ouverture sur le marché africain." Études internationales 14, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 103–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/701469ar.
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While in the past, Canada has earned a fairly liberal reputation as it developed political relations with African countries, the trend for the 1980s has been to concentrate on promoting trade and investment. In particular, the interest in expanding markets for Canadian manufactured exports has led to the co-ordination of the Export Development Corporation (EDC) and the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) to encourage and support the private sector. As a result, exports to Africa have tripled in the past five years and North Africa (especially Algeria) is becoming a region of major importance for Canadian exporter s. Although in the past the Canadian government has been ambiguous about its approach to promoting trade and investment in white-ruled Southern Africa, it has strengthened its inclination to leave the private sector alone, regardless of the support which Canadian companies are giving to the apartheid system. The before, in the 1980s, Canada's relations with Africa are being increasingly governed by economic imperatives as the government attempts to come to grips with the problems emerging from the economic recession.
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Haycock, Ronald, and Ernie Regehr. "Arms Canada: The Deadly Business of Military Exports." International Journal 45, no. 3 (1990): 727. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40202700.
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Kerr, William A. "Danish Beef Exports to Canada — A Multinational Dispute." Journal of Economic Studies 15, no. 1 (January 1988): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb002663.
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Granskog, James E. "Northern Exports of Softwood Products, 1980-85." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 5, no. 3 (September 1, 1988): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/5.3.215.
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Abstract Assessment of export opportunities for softwood products from the North has been hampered by a lack of information describing foreign sales from the region. This article describes the value and volume of softwood products exported from the northern United States for 1980 through 1985. Roundwood products—mostly spruce logs from Maine and Vermont—are the largest northern softwood export. Canada, the principal market, accounted for 86% of all shipments over the 6-year period. Compilation of regional export data provides a basis for identifying opportunities for selected products in specific markets. North. J. Appl. For. 5:215-219, Sept. 1988.
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Eboreime, O. F., and David Umoru. "An Econometric Estimation Of Nigeria’s Export Competitiveness In The Global Market." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 7 (March 30, 2016): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n7p396.
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In the midst of stiff global competition among industrialized countries focuses on how Nigeria, as a developing economy develop policies and strategies for her exports competitiveness for sustainable development. To achieve this, this paper has estimated Nigeria’s exports competitiveness in the World market by utilizing the Bound Testing approach. The econometric estimate suggest that Nigeria’s exports are less competitive in the United Kingdom but highly competitive in the United States, Japan and Canada. Nigeria’s exports are strongly influenced by the level of foreign income and exchange rate at least for the United States, Japan and Canada. The study thus recommends amongst other things that, the Nigerian government should vis the foreign currencies and further develop and upgrade local industries in order to improve the productivity of these industries for better competition in the global market. The study thus recommends amongst others, that Nigeria should concentrate in the exportation of her goods and services to countries where her products are highly competitive, such as United State, Japan and Canada.
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Acharya, Ram C. "Globally Trading Firms in Canada: Productivity and Global Value Chains." Journal of Comparative International Management 22, no. 1 (March 9, 2021): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1075635ar.
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Using firm-level data in Canada from 2002 to 2008, I compare the economic performance of three types of firms: those that both export and import (called globally trading firms—GTFs), exporters-only, and importers-only. The results show that GTFs are more productive, larger, more capital intensive, pay higher wages, trade more goods, and trade with more countries than both types of one-way traders. These premia for GTFs were found even before they turned into GTFs (self-selection). Moreover, even after turning into GTFs, the productivity growth of a subset of them was faster than that of one-way traders. The higher the involvement in global value chains (GVCs), the higher was the performance of the “learning-by-turning GTFs”. The GTFs with higher productivity growth were the ones that imported from multiple countries, not those that imported only from China. By another measure, they were both-in-both GTFs—those that traded both final and intermediate goods, and in both directions (exports and imports). Even though they employed only 10% of Canada’s business sector workforce, they contributed 60% of its labour productivity growth.
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Al-Zyoud, Hussein, and Fathi Elloumi. "Dynamics of Canadian Trade Pattern: A Time-Series Analysis." International Journal of Economics and Finance 9, no. 3 (February 15, 2017): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v9n3p115.
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This paper analyses the trends and directions of exports and imports of Canada using the time series data for the period 1981 to 2014. Instantaneous and compound growth rates are calculated by using the log-linear regression model in conjunction with an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model for forecasting future exports and imports. The results of this study show that there is an increasing trend for both exports and imports. As far as the growth rates are concerned, the two estimated log-linear models depict a comprehensive annual picture of Canadian merchandise trade. The exports grow at an instantaneous rate of 4.46% and at a slightly higher than compound annual growth rate of 4.6%. The overall growth rate of imports is 5.41% and compound annual growth rate is 5.27%. The compound growth rate is marginally higher than the instantaneous growth rate.The results of the Johansen test for analyzing the long-run relationship between export, import and GDP have further demonstrated that the variables are co-integrated, and have established a long-run association among them.
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Coffin, H. Garth. "Canada–U.S. Trade Relationships: Developments and Implications." Northeastern Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 16, no. 2 (October 1987): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0899367x00001392.
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Canada and the United States are the world's largest trading partners. The total volume of two-way merchandise trade in 1985 was $165 billion Canadian ($124 billion U.S.). Canadian dependence on U.S. markets has grown to the point that nearly 80% of our exports are destined for our southern neighbor. By the same token, more than 70% of Canada's imports originate in the U.S. That volume represents 20% of total exports from the U.S., the largest proportion going to any individual country. Obviously, trade relations between Canada and the U.S. are very important to both countries. Indeed, given their combined role in total world trade, the importance of trade relations between them goes beyond whatever it might be to those two countries alone.
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Khoroshilov, Evgeny. "The Current State of Russian-Canadian Economic Relations." Russia and America in the 21st Century, no. 1 (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207054760018952-4.
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The article analyzes the current state of Russian-Canadian economic relations, examines trends in bilateral trade and accumulated direct investments. It is shown that Russian exports to Canada are now back to the levels seen before 2014, while Canadian exports to Russia have not been able to recover from the consequences of a sharp deterioration in bilateral relations. It is concluded that Canada supplies Russia mainly with products with high added value, while Russian exports to the Canadian market are dominated by raw materials and low-value products. It is indicated that the scale of Russian-Canadian investment cooperation has significantly decreased after 2014. However, there is noticeable Russian presence in the Canadian metallurgical industry and agricultural machinery engineering, while Canadian companies have strong positions in Russian mining sector and vehicle engineering. It is noted that Russian-Canadian economic relations remain hostage to the hostile policy of the ruling circles of Canada towards Russia.
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Vargas-Hernández, José G., Icela Flores Osuna, and Omar Vargas-González. "The The Impact of the Renegotiation of United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA) on the Agricultural Exports of Sinaloa State of Mexico." Logistics & Supply Chain Review 1, no. 1 (August 8, 2020): 42–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.38157/logistics-supply-chain-review.v1i1.137.
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Purpose: Mexico, like other countries, invested in measures to attract foreign direct investment to its territories. It, therefore, signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994, a treaty that facilitated Mexico to be the largest direct exporter to the United States. However, in 2018 the agreement was renegotiated and replaced with United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA). This research is carried out to determine the advantages and disadvantages of renegotiation for Sinaloa's agricultural exports, with the question of whether it would negatively impact the Sinaloa's agricultural exports.
Methods: The study focuses on the impact of renegotiation of the NAFTA on agricultural exports of the state of Sinaloa with indicators such as the Exports-Trade, GDP, and GDP Per capita of Mexico, opening to new markets, and logistics.
Results: The renegotiation has a direct relationship with agricultural production in Sinaloa, with a serious negative effect, since overproduction would be created if the new destination for exporting from Sinaloa was not quickly available.
Implications: This research can be of much use to the main agricultural exporting companies in Sinaloa, government agencies, and the Sinaloa Chambers of Commerce for decision making and policy formulation.
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Özden, Cevher. "How Did Canada’s Increasing Lentil Production Affect Turkey? Is There A Possible Win-Win Situation for Both Countries?" Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 6, no. 12 (December 17, 2018): 1708. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v6i12.1708-1712.1840.
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Competition is fierce in the world markets of agricultural products. It is especially harder for developing countries to compete with the wealthier industrialized countries. Canada entered in the lentil production mainly for export purposes in the early 1990s and exports nearly all of its lentil products every year. As Canada has become the dominant power in lentil trade, Turkey’s lentil production has declined notably. In the study, Turkey’s adaptation to this trend is investigated. Based on the results, it is concluded that Turkey’s market share has not changed in its traditional markets and its export has risen both in quantity and value. For instance, Turkey’s lentil export has increased from 127 Thousand tons in 1997 to 178 Thousand in 2013. This is achieved through partnerships between Canadian and Turkish entrepreneurs. Furthermore, lentil producers in Turkey have shifted to alternative crops, which yields higher income.
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Hughes, William R. "North American Energy Markets: The Evolution of Energy Interdependence between Canada and the United States." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 4, no. 2-3 (May 1986): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459878600400202.
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Energy trade between the United States and Canada is growing from a minor aspect of the markets in the United States to a significant development with material impacts on energy prices in the United States and a major aspect of Canada's energy economy. This development is most pronounced in natural gas, where Canada's large resources and flexible approach of negotiated transactions is leading to regrowth of exports. For the United States, Canada serves as a buffer from potential high prices as a result of resource depletion. This price impact is potentially substantial over the next 10 years. Imports will likely double by 1990 and will further increase thereafter. In electric power, the impacts are regional; in the affected regions, Canadian ratepayers will be spared the high costs of overcapacity and will benefit from provincial profits from exports. Ratepayers in the importing regions—New York, New England, and potentially California—will benefit from the fact that Canadian power is available at substantially lower rates than alternative sources in the United States. In petroleum, Canada, Mexico, and the Caribbean are main exporters to the United States. Price decontrol will help free interdependence of domestic Canadian markets with Canadian trade with the United States, but, overall, little change is expected from the present pattern.
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Nagy, Judit, and Zsófia Jámbor. "Competitiveness in global trade: The case of the automobile industry." Ekonomski anali 63, no. 218 (2018): 61–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka1818061n.
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Numerous studies handle analyses of revealed comparative advantages of global trade (especially in agriculture sector) using Balassa index, but the selected automobile industry represents new potentials to study. This study focuses on the competitiveness of automobile industry, which is a key sector due to its high value-added activities, a competitive market, with increasing technology requirements and high employment characteristics. The aim of our paper is to analyse the revealed comparative advantages of global automobile trade as well as the duration and stability of Balassa indices by applying Markov transition probability matrices and Kaplan-Meier survival function. The source of data is global automobile exports at HS6 level for 1997-2016. The paper has reached numerous conclusions. First, by analysing characteristics of global automobile trade, it turned out that China, USA, Japan and Germany were the biggest producers of cars, however the top exporters were Germany, Japan and Canada in the period analysed, together giving 40% of all products exported - the top10 countries, however, gave 71% of concentration. Second, our analysis has made it clear that the most traded/exported automobile product is vehicle with only sparkling ignition internal combustion (1500-300cm3) (870323) globally, giving more than 40% of all vehicle exports between 1997 and 2016. Third, the calculation of Balassa indices showed that Spain and Japan had highest comparative advantages in all periods analysed among the most important automobile exporters in the world.
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Borja-Bravo, Mercedes, José Alberto García-Salazar, and Rhonda K. Skaggs. "Mexican fresh tomato exports in the North American market: A case study of the effects of productivity on competitiveness." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 93, no. 5 (September 2013): 839–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2012-108.
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Borja-Bravo, M., García-Salazar, J. A. and Skaggs, R. K. 2013. Mexican fresh tomato exports in the North American market: A case study of the effects of productivity on competitiveness. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 839–850. The North American market for fresh tomatoes (Lycopersicon escolentum Mill.) involves a complicated web of bilateral trading relationships between the United States, Mexico and Canada. Trade in fresh tomatoes between the three countries has changed significantly in recent years. In particular, Mexico's share of total US fresh tomato imports from all countries decreased from 93 to 88%, while Canada's share of US fresh tomato imports increased from 3 to 11% between 1996 and 2009. Mexico's declining competitive position in the US fresh tomato market is also evidenced by the fact that the Mexican share of combined Mexico–Canada exports to the United States decreased from 97% to 89% between 1996 and 2009. A spatial and inter-temporal model was used to analyze the impact of increased Mexican tomato yields on the North American fresh tomato market. Results indicate that for the average year between 2005 and 2008, 20% higher yields would have resulted in a 15.1% increase in Mexico's tomato production and a 28.9% increase in fresh tomato exports from Mexico to the United States. As a result of higher Mexican tomato sector productivity, Canadian and US producers’ shares of the US fresh tomato market would decrease and Mexico's would increase from 35.0 to 41.9%. The model shows that Mexico's share of US fresh tomato imports from both Mexico and Canada would grow from 88.1 to 90.3% as a result of the increased productivity. These results lead to the recommendation that increasing yields of this important export crop are key to maintaining and increasing the North American market competitiveness of Mexican-produced fresh tomatoes.
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Yasui, Tadashi. "The Unreliability of Merchandise Trade Statistics." Global Trade and Customs Journal 13, Issue 6 (June 1, 2018): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2018027.
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This article contends that merchandise trade statistics are insufficiently reliable for accurate economic analysis and informed trade policy decisions. The official trade figures analysed for this article appear to be significantly overvalued. Re-exports combined with re-imports caused both world import and export data to be exaggerated by as much as 20%. Import data was further inflated, and bilateral export data was unreliable even between developed countries. Compared with official figures, the article’s case study estimates that the US merchandise trade deficit is nearly 20% less with China, nearly double with Mexico, and over triple with Canada.
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Choe, Jong-Il. "A Study on ESG Evaluation Factors of Social Enterprises: Based on K-ESG." Korean-Japanese Economic and Management Association 96 (August 31, 2022): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.46396/kjem..96.4.
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Purpose: In order to take into account the importance of the IT services industry related to the 4th industrialrevolution and to supplement the limitations of the export/import analysis based on gross export statistics, weattempted to analyze the status and features of the value-added export network of IT services industry. Through thetrade network analysis, we suggest the necessity of policies to foster the IT service industry and provide policyrecommendations for industrial development.
Research design, data, and methodology: This study uses the 2005 and 2014 World Input-Output Table (WIOT) todecompose gross exports into value-added exports according to gross exports decomposition methodology. We thenobtain the world trade matrix based on the domestic value-added statistics. By applying network analysismethodology to the world trade matrix, the characteristics and changes of the global value-added trade in IT servicesindustry were identified through centrality analysis and core-periphery analysis. In addition, this study identified thestatus of Korea and Japan’s IT services industry in the world value-added trade network.
Results: The countries with the greatest influence in terms of domestic value-added exports in the IT services industryare the European Union (EU), the United States (USA), the United Kingdom (GBR), Canada (CAN), and India (IND). Incontrast to the IT manufacturing industry, where Korea, Japan, and China were among the core countries, Korea,Japan, and China were not among the core countries and remain as peripheral countries in the IT services industry. The ratio of domestic value-added exports to gross exports in Korea’s IT services industry is lower than that of theEU, USA, Japan, and China, and the ratio of foreign value-added exports to gross exports is higher than that of theUSA, Japan, and China. This fact can be seen as a structure in which Korea’s IT services firms import and inputintermediate goods from abroad and then export the processed final goods to the global market.
Implications: Since the early 2,000s, Korea’s IT industry’s production and exports have grown significantly in volume, and its influence has been greatly strengthened in the global IT market. However, the strengthening of Korea’s influence on the global trade in the IT industry is mainly due to the growth of IT manufacturing industry, and the competitiveness imbalance between IT manufacturing and IT services industry is very severe. Therefore, it is necessary to take measures to strengthen the competitiveness of Korea’s IT services industry. First, it is necessary to overcome the foreign value-added import - processing production structure and strengthen value-added production capacity by investing in the improvement of human capital and technology in the IT services and software fields. Second, it is necessary to promote the globalization of firms through export support measures for the IT services industry. In fact, while major Korean firms have IT services affiliates, the sales of these affiliates are stable, and there is no incentive for overseas expansion. Export incentives for IT services firms should be developed to stimulate their overseas expansion.
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Lawson, James. "Mounting Turbulence in Neoliberal Globalization: Political Economy, Populist Discourse, and Policy in Alberta, Canada." Social Sciences 11, no. 5 (May 19, 2022): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci11050221.
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For decades, the world’s dominant ideological and policy framework, neoliberal globalization, increasingly faces important disrupters. Long backers of neoliberalism, conservative movements now face pressing, convergent policy challenges (climate emergency, COVID-19), which they increasingly deny through populism, rather than address through neoliberalism. Populism’s unstable, often localist or xenophobic spatial imaginaries increasingly disrupt the neoliberal globalizing consensus of the 1990s and 2000s, and, thus, continental and international integration. As challenges mount, neoliberal globalization’s chances of re-stabilization diminish. However, chance, strategy, and the collective determination and capacities of its opponents will also be essential to establish something new. This article is an interpretive work, linking these themes to the history and current debates of Alberta, Canada, and its unconventional fossil-fuel exports. Canada’s leading fossil-fuel jurisdiction, Alberta, has stoutly favored free trade, continental integration, federal decentralization, and new export markets. Its United Conservative Party (UCP) government exhibits neo-nationalist or regionalist populism, opening tensions with the continental integration of its fossil fuel industries. Yet its populism targets the industry’s enemies to accelerate industry’s growth. Right-wing populism, marked by unstable spatial imaginaries, marks Alberta’s history. Alberta exemplifies the current destabilization of neoliberal globalization through populism, with implications for fossil-fuel exports.
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Gonuguntla, Satya. "Potential Gains to New Zealand From CPTPP Membership." Asian Business Research 4, no. 2 (June 6, 2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/abr.v4i2.617.
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New Zealand is a signatory to the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) consisting of 11 countries. NZ does not have any bilateral trade agreement with three member countries viz., Canada, Japan, and Mexico which account for 73% of CPTPP’s GDP. Presently, NZ accounts for less than 1% of the merchandise imports of these countries. This paper investigates whether CPTPP membership would enable NZ to increase its exports to these member countries. In other words, does CPTPP membership enhance NZ’s Trade Intensity with the selected member countries? An analysis of the Trade Intensity Indices show that the value of trade with Canada, and Mexico is less than optimal, and with Japan it has been on the decline which can be attributed to the fact that these countries mostly import high value added goods such as capital goods whereas, NZ mostly exports primary goods such as animals. A further analysis of NZ’s Revealed Comparative Advantage reveals that NZ’s comparative advantage is mostly concentrated in primary products. As a consequence, the scope for NZ to enhance its exports to the selected member countries is limited in the post CPTPP era, and any gains arising out of the agreement would be mostly in the form of tariff reductions, and relaxation of non-tariff barriers. The contribution of this paper is about highlighting NZ’s product-wise Revealed Comparative Advantage in relation to the selected member countries, which reveals that NZ has the potential to export Intermediate and Consumer goods, in addition to the Primary goods.
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Unveren, Hakan, and Jeff Luckstead. "Comprehensive Broiler Supply Chain Model with Vertical and Horizontal Linkages: Impact of US–China Trade War and USMCA." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 52, no. 3 (March 31, 2020): 368–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aae.2020.5.
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AbstractThis paper builds a comprehensive supply chain model of the US broiler industry that accounts for corn and soybean meal, feed mills, breeders, hatcheries, grow-out farms, broiler processing, value-added processing, and international trade. The model is calibrated and simulated to analyze the effects of (1) corn and soybeans tariffs imposed by China and (2) change in the Canadian tariff-rate quota proposed under US–Mexico–Canada–Agreement. The first scenario indicates that feed price falls while supply increases, which decreases the production costs of breeders and grow-out farms. The second scenario shows that exports to Canada rise at the expense of exports to Mexico.
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Asfia, Noor, Muhammad Usman Awan, and Shahid Munir. "Halal Meat Exports Enhancement of Pakistan: An Intermediating Role of Global Technical Standards in Quality Function Deployment Model." Journal of Economic Impact 4, no. 1 (March 27, 2022): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.52223/jei4012207.
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A lean and sustainable food supply chain is one of the major strategies that businesses all around the world have been trying to adopt to provide the customers quality food and to remain competitive in the global market. Many industrialists, researchers, and economists have focused on food quality because of the high importance of this issue in the global meat markets context. This research was conducted to investigate the mediating role of Global Technical Standards (GTS) on Voice of Customers (VOC) and Exports Enhancement (EE). Halal meat industry and exports of Pakistan were the primary focus by using a mixed methodological approach. Initially, the quality function deployment (QFD) model was generated for the identification of exports requirements and competitive Novelty Analysis. Fourteen actors (experts) of Pakistan halal meat industry had participated in the identification of requirements and standards. Likewise, exporters from nine economies, including the United States of America, Brazil, Australia, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, India, Canada, and Pakistan, participated in Competitive Novelty Analysis. Secondly, 250 responses were generated from Pakistan’s halal meat industry on a five-point Likert scale. The findings of this study show a significant relationship between Voice of Customers (VOC) and Global Technical Standards (GTS). It was further highlighted that Global Technical Standards mediate the relationship between issues in exports and Exports Enhancement (EE) strategies.
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Bosupeng, Mpho. "The Effect of Exports on Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Policy Implications." International Journal of Management and Economics 51, no. 1 (September 1, 2016): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijme-2016-0017.
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AbstractThe purpose of this study is to explore long run affiliations between exports and carbon dioxide emissions. This paper examines thirty-seven countries over the period 1960 to 2010 and uses the Toda and Yamamoto causality approach to investigate the direction of causal links. The results reveal that carbon dioxide emissions Granger cause exports in the following economies: Bolivia, Canada, Costa Rica, Morocco, Austria and Ireland. Nonetheless, the reverse causality proved that exports Granger cause carbon dioxide emissions in twelve economies. Furthermore, the study registered bidirectional causal links between exports and carbon dioxide emissions in the USA and Burkina Faso. We conclude that countries should consider exports market demand, energy consumption and economic growth in their attempts to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
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Singh, Jaspal, Amrin Noor, and Rubeenah Akhter. "INDIA’S SOYABEAN EXPORT: TRENDS, DIRECTIONS AND WAY FORWARD." ASIAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS 3, no. 2 (2022): 205–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.47509/ajeb.2022.v03i02.01.
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The key objective of this paper is to analyze the trends of India’s soyabean, exports and its directions and way forward. This research work highlighted the post-independence performance of soyabean productivity and changing pattern of crops that pave the way for promoting soyabean cultivation. The present study revealed that India is seventh largest country by area, the second most populous country after China. This work investigates the trend in area production and yield of soyabean in India from 1980-1981 to 2019-2020. The results indicate that expansion of area was continued during whole study period. However, the expansion is higher in soyabean area than that of yield of soyabean. The finding exhibits that the exports of soyabean was highly volatile but increased during given time period. The composition changed from traditional tropical to horticulture and sea foods. The present study has been focused on analyzing demand, supply and export of soyabean in India. This study revealed that United States of America turned out to be India’s biggest soyabean buyers followed by Canada, Belgium. According to data China termed as top importer of soyabean but India’s exports were nominal to China. The analysis also covered the comparative price difference in Indian export verses imports of China during 2020. This paper contributes by providing significant suggestions for improving the market structure for acquiring higher market share. In addition to that this study also provides suggestion regarding, how to create significant opportunities to increase the exports which strengthen the balance of payments position.
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I, Iriani, and Puji Muniarty. "Analisi Pengaruh Struktur Modal Terhadap Pendapatan Perusahaan Pada PT Bank BNI Syari’ah, Tbk." ECOPLAN : JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES 3, no. 1 (April 29, 2020): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/ecoplan.v3i1.85.
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Abstract - Export is an important component in the economy of the country. The higher the country's export performance, the greater positive effect in increasing of economic growth. From 2012 to 2016, Indonesia's exports continued to decline. Considering these conditions, Indonesia needs to make a strategic effort to increase its export performance, of course. One of the efforts which can be done is conducting export development. As an agricultural country, one of potential commodities used to increase exports is cinnamon. This research will analyze the cinnamon export markets which are potentially to be developed. Moreover, this research will find out the factors that influence the export of these commodities. The methods used are RCA, EPD, X-Model, and Gravity. The result of analysis shows that cinnamon has optimistic markets to be developed in Malaysia, Canada, Netherlands, Brazil, the United States of America, and The Republic of Dominican. Meanwhile, the potential markets to be developed are the United Arab Emirates, Germany and Algeria. The factors affecting exports are gross national product per capita, population, export prices and economic distance.
Keywords: EPD, Cinnamon, Gravity Model, Export Development, RCA
Abstrak – Bank merupakan suatu lembaga keuangan, untuk melakukan operasinya bank perlu menyediakan modal yang banyak agar tidak berada pada kesulitan keuangan. Maka penulis melihat tidak konstanya struktur modal perbankan dalam menghadapi kerugian. Resiko perbankan dapat terlihat dari tidak optimalnya dalam pengelolaan struktur modal dan pendapatannya. Adapun tujuan penelitian untuk menganalsis pengaruh struktur modal terhadap pendapatan PT Bank BNI Syari’ah, Tbk. Populasi penelitian yaitu 2009-2018 dengan jumlah sampel 7 tahun periode tahun 2012-2018. Jenis penelitian termasuk asosiatif dengan analisa regresi, koefisien korelasi dengan metode kuadrat terkecil. Kesimpulan Penelitian struktur modal tidak berpengaruh dan tidak signifikan terhadap pendapatan pada PT. Bank BNI Syari’ah, Tbk.
Kata Kunci : Struktur Modal, Pendapatan, Bank Syariah
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Singh, Tarlok. "Trade Openness and Economic Growth in Canada: An Evidence from Time-Series Tests." Global Economy Journal 15, no. 3 (September 2015): 361–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2014-0009.
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This study examines the effects of international trade and investment on output and tests the null hypothesis of Granger non-causality among trade, investment and economic growth in Canada. The long-run model is estimated using several single-equation and system estimators to assess the robustness of results across methodologies. The single-equation, OLSEG, GMM, DOLS, NLLS and FMOLS, estimates of the model provide consistent support for the positive and significant long-run effects of exports and investment on output. The ML system estimates cross-validate the cointegrating relationship and reinforce the positive effects of exports and investment and the negative effects of imports on output. The over-parameterized level-VAR estimates suggest unidirectional Granger-causality from exports, imports and investment each to output. The estimates of the model with structural breaks support the long-run relationship, though the evidence is not unambiguous ubiquitously across all the tests. The evidence supporting the positive and significant long-run effects overwhelms the evidence providing weak or no support for the effects of trade on output. The results underline the need for the acceleration of exports (and investment) to offset the demand-reducing effects of imports and escalate the altitudes of output and economic growth.
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Bakari, Sayef. "Impact of Exports and Imports on Economic Growth in Canada: Empirical Analysis Based on Causality." International Academic Journal of Innovative Research 05, no. 01 (June 12, 2018): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.9756/iajir/v5i1/1810003.
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Vucetic, Srdjan. "A nation of feminist arms dealers? Canada and military exports." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 72, no. 4 (December 2017): 503–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020702017740156.
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HOGUE, CHERYL. "U.S. Exports Of Hazardous Waste To Canada Continue To Rise." Chemical & Engineering News 78, no. 46 (November 13, 2000): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v078n046.p026.
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Atesoglu, H. Sonmez. "Exports, Capital Flows, Relative Prices,and Economic Growth in Canada." Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 16, no. 2 (December 1993): 289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01603477.1993.11489984.
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Haider, Azad, Wimal Rankaduwa, Muhammad Iftikhar ul Husnain, and Farzana Shaheen. "Nexus between Agricultural Land Use, Economic Growth and N2O Emissions in Canada: Is There an Environmental Kuznets Curve?" Sustainability 14, no. 14 (July 19, 2022): 8806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148806.
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The present study investigates the relationship between nitrous oxide emissions and economic growth using the ARDL bounds testing approach in Canada over the period of 1970–2020. The agricultural land use and exports are included in the estimated models as additional control variables. The empirical findings confirmed the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis when total N2O emissions are used as a dependent variable in the case of Canada, and similar results are found when we used agricultural induced N2O emissions as a dependent variable. The results also indicate that Canada is already in the decreasing segment of the Kuznets curve, and the turning point of GDP per capita for the total N2O emissions is $41,718, while for agricultural induced N2O emissions, it is $38,825. Our empirical evidence confirms that agricultural land use had a positive and significant effect on total N2O emissions, while a negative but insignificant effect in the case of agricultural induced N2O emissions. However, Canadian exports are negatively associated with total N2O emissions as well as agricultural induced N2O emissions, but it requires more stringent laws to curb N2O emissions-oriented exports to keep the ecosystem in balance in the short-run and intends to meet its long-term target of reducing emissions as it progresses towards Canada’s 2050 net-zero ambition.
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Guliyev, I. A., and I. I. Litvinyuk. "Oil Production, Refining and Transportation in Canada." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 3(42) (June 28, 2015): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-3-42-184-189.
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The article deals with fuel and energy complex of Canada as one of the largest manufacturers of primary energy in the world, which provides up to 6 percent of the world energy supply. Only the Russian Federation, PRC, the United States of America and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia have larger production volumes. However, oil plays the most significant role in Canada's energy exports. It is estimated that its proven reserves are sufficient to meet the demand for 140 years at current production rate. The relevance of the study, including the analysis of fuel and energy complex of Canada, is due to the fact that such comparison and synthesis of data on the amount of recoverable oil reserves, the volume of its production, imports, exports and transit of oil and oil products, the distribution of oil for transportation (via pipelines, rail, sea, road), strategic oil field, refining and transportation of oil and oil products development projects, as well as implementation of Canada's best practices in the Russian Federation, is being developed for the first time. In addition, the data given in previously published articles on the subject, due to the dynamic development of the industry, are obsolete and do not reflect the real situation.
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Khoroshilov, Evgeny. "Trade Relations between Canada and China in the XXI century." Russia and America in the 21st Century, no. 6 (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207054760023500-7.
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In recent decades, China has moved up among the countries that are Canada's main trading counterparties and today is its second most important economic partner after the United States. At the same time, for China, Canada's role as a supplier and a market is not so great. To the Chinese market Canada supplies mainly raw materials, agricultural and forestry products. Moreover, over the past 20 years, the structure of Canada's exports to China has changed markedly in favor of the raw materials sector. The opposite trend is characteristic of Chinese supplies to the Canadian market, where an increasing weight is enjoyed by high value-added goods, including high-tech products, as well as products of the metalworking and chemical industries. The balance of Canadian-Chinese trade is traditionally positive for China. In the first months of 2022, there were noticeable changes in the dynamics and structure of Canada's foreign trade turnover with China. There is a drop in Canadian exports to China, in particular, a reduction in the supply of agricultural and mechanical engineering products. In general, Canadian-Chinese trade relations are becoming hostage to the intensification of confrontation between China and the United States, Canada's main military-political ally and foreign economic partner.