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Savard, Marielle. "Impact of Canadian stabilization programs on pork exports to the United States." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=55675.
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Paquin, Hugo. "Canada's Trade Strategy towards Asia; the Comparative Advantage of Canadian Exports." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-193817.
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The goal of this thesis is to determine how Canada's competitiveness is being affected by its commodity-based, US-centric export mix, if it is justified to talk about a ''resource curse'' and if efforts to diversify should be pursued. In the end, the aim is to understand how the chosen trade strategy will impact Canadian efforts to tap into the Asian markets. Chapter 1 will first look into the theory of comparative advantage which was first established by David Ricardo and then extended through several neoclassic theories (namely, the Heckscher-Ohlin model), the various assumptions made will be considered and put into today's context of globalized trade exchanges. As the 'case study', the economy of Canada and more specifically its trade exchanges will be analyzed in Chapter 2. As an oil-centric (and generally, commodity-centric) economy, the question of whether the Dutch Disease and the commodity 'supercycle' pose threats to Canada's trade strategy and competitiveness will be answered. Finally, in Chapter 3, the concepts gathered in Chapter 1 as well as the observations made in Chapter 2 will come together and explain how Canada can, through a diversified export mix, better seize the economic opportunities which Asia will represent in the years to come. The conclusion is that the endowment of resources should be exploited but not relied upon, and that government policies and active investments should be redirected towards innovative, value-adding industries.
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Rosa, Eric. "Quantification et traçage géochimique des exports fluviaux : exemples de bassins hydrographiques du Canada." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GLOB0011.
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La prévisibilité des changements dans la qualité et la quantité des ressources hydriques renouvelables repose sur une étude quantitative des mécanismes qui contrôlent ces paramètres. En lien avec cette problématique, la présente étude privilégie une approche fondée sur le monitoring géochimique des exports fluviaux dissous (2H-18O, cations majeurs, carbone organique dissous (COD), Nd, Sr, 87Sr/86Sr, U, (234U/238U)). L’étude a pour objectif (i) de tracer le cycle de l’eau et (ii) de documenter les taux d’altération chimique des roches au sein bassins hydrographiques des baies d’Hudson, de James et d’Ungava (HJUB) ainsi que du fleuve Saint-Laurent. La région d’étude couvre plus de 2,8x106 km2 sur 15 degrés de latitude. Les rivières Koksoak, Great Whale, La Grande et des Outaouais et les fleuves Nelson et Saint-Laurent ont fait l’objet d’un suivi temporel alors que dix autres rivières de la région ont été échantillonnées ponctuellement (durant la fonte des neiges et l’étiage estival) afin de fournir des informations complémentaires. Les teneurs en 2H-18O des rivières étudiées présentent des variations saisonnières systématiques dont l’amplitude atteint 1 à 5‰ (18O). L’appauvrissement en isotopes lourds marquant la fonte des neiges constitue le trait caractéristique des profils isotopiques saisonniers. Lors de la période libre de glace, des enrichissements graduels en isotopes lourds sont observés en réponse à l’évaporation. La rivière La Grande est une exception à cette règle en raison de l’effet tampon causé par les réservoirs hydroélectriques qui la ponctuent. Lorsque rapportées dans un graphique 2H vs 18O, les rivières définissent des droites évaporatoires situées sous la droite des eaux météoriques et ayant une pente plus faible que cette dernière. À partir de bilans de masses isotopiques, il a été estimé que 10% de l’eau atteignant le bassin de la rivière des Outaouais est évaporée avant de rejoindre l’exutoire de cette dernière dans le fleuve Saint-Laurent. De façon similaire, on estime à 5-15% les taux d’évaporation dans les bassins hydrographiques du nord-est du Canada. Les rivières drainant les bassins hydrographiques contigus du nord-est du Canada définissent un gradient isotopique latitudinal (18O(‰ vs VSMOW) = -0. 36*Latitude+4. 4‰) parallèle à celui rapporté pour les précipitations au niveau de la même région. Cette observation tend à indiquer que le gradient isotopique hérité des précipitations est conservé dans les rivières, malgré les processus subséquents à la recharge des bassins. Au sein des bassins de l’HJUB, les taux d’altération des roches ont été étudiés à partir des exports fluviaux dissous. Les rivières du bouclier présentent des concentrations en cations majeurs variant entre 62 et 360 M, des teneurs en néodyme ([Nd]) allant de 0. 57 à 4. 72 nM et des teneurs en COD variant entre 241 et 1777 M. En comparaison, le fleuve Nelson présente des concentrations en cations majeurs plus élevées (1200-2276 M), des [Nd] plus faibles (0. 14-0. 45 nM) et des [COD] intermédiaires (753-928 M). Au sein des rivières Koksoak, Great Whale et Nelson, les concentrations en cations dissous (Na-KMg- Ca-Sr) présentent des variations saisonnières qui transcrivent l’effet des conditions hydro-climatiques. Comme pour les teneurs en 2H-18O, la dilution causée par la fonte des neiges constitue le trait caractéristique des chroniques saisonnières. Les rivières étudiées exportent vers l’HJUB un flux cationique dissout (Na-K-Mg-Ca-Sr) de 8x106 tonnes*an-1. Au sein des bassins hydrographiques, les taux d’altération chimique (cationique) des roches varient entre 1. 0 et 5. 6 tonnes*km-2*an-1. Le contrôle lithologique est proéminent, tel que suggéré par la relation établie entre l’abondance de roches volcaniques et sédimentaires (V+S%) dans les bassins et les taux d’altération cationiques des roches (ACR): ACR=0. 8*(V+S%)+0. 9. Les flux de Nd sont découplés des taux d’altération des roches mais corrélés aux flux de COD (r2=0. 95). Ces derniers diminuent vers le nord et semblent tributaires des conditions hydro-climatiques. Les exports fluviaux d’uranium ont été étudiés afin de fournir des précisions sur les processus d’altération des roches. Les rivières drainant le Bouclier canadien et la Plate-Forme Intérieure présentent des signatures [U] vs (234U/238U) distinctes. Dans le fleuve Nelson (Plate-Forme Intérieure) les [U] varient entre 1. 05 et 2. 45 nM et les déséquilibres (234U/238U) atteignent 1. 21 à 1. 25. Les [U] sont plus faibles au sein des du Bouclier canadien (0. 04 – 1. 24 nM) alors que les déséquilibres (234U/238U) sont plus variables (1. 11 – 1. 99). Dans l’ensemble, les rivières étudiées exportent 3. 4x105 moles*an-1 d’uranium vers l’HJUB, avec un ratio (234U/238U) moyen de 1. 27. Les flux d’U sont découplés des taux d’altération des roches et l’accumulation d’uranium au sein de dépôts organiques semble intervenir sur les budgets à l’échelle des bassins. Les signatures (234U/238U) distinctes des rivières étudiées pourraient offrir la possibilité de tracer les exports fluviaux dissous au sein du domaine océanique de l’HJUBThe predictability of changes in the quality and quantity of renewable water resources relies on a quantitative study of the mechanisms that control these parameters. In connection with this problem, this study favors an approach based on the geochemical monitoring of dissolved riverine exports (δ2H-18O, major cations, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), [Nd], [Sr], 87Sr/86Sr, [U], (234U/238U)). The study aims at (i) tracing the water cycle and at (ii) quantifying rock chemical weathering rates in major river basins in central and eastern Canada. The study area covers more than 2. 8 x106 km2 over 15 degrees of latitude and encompasses the major basins of Hudson Bay, James and Ungava (HJUB) as well as the St. Lawrence River. The Koksoak, Great Whale, La Grande, Nelson, Ottawa and St. Lawrence rivers were monitored in time whereas ten other rivers flowing within the same region were sampled during spring snowmelt and summer baseflow, providing complementary data. The studied rivers present systematic seasonal 18O-2H patterns with amplitudes reaching 1 to 5 ‰ (18O). Heavy-isotope depletions mark the snowmelt event and gradual heavy-isotope enrichments occur in response to evaporation during the ice-off season. The La Grande River constitutes an exception due to the buffering effect of hydroelectric reservoirs that smooth out the temporal isotopic fluctuations. When reported in a 2H vs 18O chart, the studied rivers define Local Evaporation Lines (LEL) extending below the Meteoric Water Line (MWL). Isotopic mass balance calculations suggest that approximately 10% of the total inflow to the Ottawa River Basin is lost through evaporation before reaching its outlet in the St. Lawrence River. The rivers draining contiguous basins of Northeastern Canada define a River Water Line (RWL) arising from imbricate Local Evaporation Lines (LEL). A method using the distance between the RWL and the MWL is proposed for estimating the average evaporation over inflow ratio (5 to 15%) at the scale of the study area. These rivers also define a latitudinal isotopic gradient (18O (‰ vs. VSMOW) = -0. 36 * Latitude +4. 4 ‰) that is parallel to that reported for precipitation over the same region. This observation suggests that the isotopic gradient inherited rainfall is preserved in rivers, despite the subsequent hydrological processes occurring within the basins. Landscape chemical denudation rates were addressed based on the dissolved chemistry of rivers flowing into the HJUB. The rivers of the Canadian Shield depict major cation concentrations ranging between 62 and 360 μM, neodymium concentrations ([Nd]) of 0. 57 to 4. 72 nM and variable dissolved organic carbon concentrations ([DOC]) (241 – 1777 μM). In comparison, the Nelson River (Interior Platform) shows higher major cation concentrations (1200 – 2276 μM), lower [Nd] (0. 14 to 0. 45 nM) and intermediate [DOC] (753 – 928 M). Within the HJUB basins, the dissolved cation concentrations (Na-K-Mg-Ca-Sr) show seasonal variations that transcribe the effect of hydro-climatic conditions. As for 2H-18O patterns, the dilution caused by snowmelt constitutes the main feature of the seasonal patterns. Altogether, the studied rivers export 8x106 tons*yr-1 of dissolved major cations and 50 tons*yr-1 of dissolved Nd towards the HJUB. Basin scale total rock cationic denudation rates (TRCDR) range from 1. 0 to 5. 3 tons*yr-1*km2 and are essentially controlled by lithology, as illustrated by the relationship established between rock denudation rates and the proportion of sedimentary and volcanic rocks (%S+V) within the basins: TRCDR=0. 08(%S+V)+0. 9. Contrastingly, dissolved Nd exports are decoupled from rock weathering rates and seem to be strongly dependent upon organic matter cycling, as illustrated by the tight coupling between Nd and DOC fluxes. These fluxes decrease northwards, likely in response to the hydro-climatic gradient. Riverine dissolved U contents were studied in order to provide further information regarding weathering sources and processesin the HJUB region. The rivers draining the Canadian Shield vs. That draining the Interior Platform depict distinct [U] vs. (234U/238U) clusters. In the Nelson River (draining the Interior Sedimentary Platform), U-concentrations are highest (1. 05 - 2. 45 nM) whereas (234U/238U) show little variability (1. 21 – 1. 25). U concentrations are comparatively lower in the rivers of the Canadian Shield (0. 04 – 1. 24 nM) whereas (234U/238U) span from 1. 11 to 1. 99. Altogether, the studied rivers export 3. 4x105 moles. Yr-1 of U towards the HJUB, with an amount-weighted average (234U/238U) of 1. 27. At the scale of the study area, U and major cations exports are decoupled, suggesting that rock weathering processes do not solely control U budgets. First-order calculations reveal that U accumulation in peatlands could significantly impact basin-scale U budgets. The distinct [U] vs (234U/238U) clusters defined by the monitored rivers of the HJUB region (Koksoak, Great Whale, La Grande and Nelson) should allow tracing the source of dissolved U in the nearby oceanic domain
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Sá, Ivan Emanuel Rodrigues Baptista de. "Exportações do Canadá e do México para o mercado americano no período 1985-2016." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/16751.
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Mestrado em Economia Internacional e Estudos EuropeusOs Estados Unidos são destino de aproximadamente 75% das exportações de bens do Canadá e do México. Tais fluxos tornam o Canadá o segundo maior parceiro comercial dos Estados Unidos e o México o terceiro. A presente dissertação pretende medir a competitividade e a estrutura das exportações do Canadá e do México no mercado norte-americano de 1985 a 2016. Para atingir o objetivo, recorremos ao indicador de comércio das Vantagens Comparativas Reveladas para analisar os produtos em que ambos os países apresentaram vantagens comparativas para os EUA; e à metodologia Constant Market Share para analisar o comportamento e a competitividade das exportações dos dois países para o mercado americano. As vantagens comparativas do Canadá foram sobretudo em setores baseados em recursos naturais, focando a sua competitividade no setor energético, a passo que o México revelou competitividade na indústria automobilística e manufatureira devido, em grande parte, às cadeias de valor acrescentado. Porém, a nova onda de protecionismo norte-americana e as renegociações do NAFTA trouxeram incertezas para os níveis de competitividade destas economias, sobretudo para a indústria automóvel mexicana.
The United States are the destination of approximately 75% of Canadian and Mexican exports. Such flows make Canada the second largest trading partner of the Unitade States and Mexico the third. This paper aims to examine the competitiveness and structure of the Canadian and Mexican exports to the North-American market, from 1985 to 2016. To achieve the objective were used the trade indicator of Revealed Comparative Advantages to analyzed the products that both countries presented comparative advantages for the US; and the Constant Market Share methodology to analyse the competitiveness of the two countries's exports to the American market. Canada's comparative advantages were mostly in sectors based on natural resources, focusing on energy's competitiveness, while Mexico had revealed competitiveness in the automotive and manufacturing sector, due to value-added chains. However, the renegotiations of NAFTA brought uncertainties to the levels of competitiveness of these economies, especially for the Mexican auto industry.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Leandoer, Katarina. "From colonial expression to export commodity : English-Canadian literature in Canada and Sweden, 1945-1999 /." Uppsala : [Uppsala universitet], 2002. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39228587k.
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Otta, Jiří. "Exportní příležitosti českých firem na kanadském trhu." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-75527.
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The main goal of the theses is to analyze economic cooperation of Czech republic and Canada. There is a particular information about Canadian economical and political setting as well as local business environment. The theses places emphasis on how to help Czech exporters trading with Canada, and gives complete overview of opportunities for export, entrance to the market and helps to understand local business customs.
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Richards, Donald Peter. "Canadian export interests and challenges from the Pacific." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25514.
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From early colonial times the Canadian economy, highly dependent on exports, has developed a pluralist economic system in a generally congenial international environment. Since 1970 however, the Canadian economy has been challenged, albeit at the margins, by unfamiliar impacts largely originating in the Pacific economy. The institutional reactions of relevant Canadian export interests - defined as the federal government, provincial governments and a small number of Canadian firms - have, on the whole, proved inadequate to these challenges. This inadequacy threatens Canadian domestic prosperity and constrains economic and political options internationally.
This study hypothesizes that an adequate response to these new challenges depends on institutional adaptation within and among Canadian export interests. Six principles are advanced to promote this adaptation:
1. the priority of economic considerations;
2. the legitimate role of government;
3. full provincial participation;
4. coordination by the national government;
5. an authoritative voice for each interest;
6. better sharing and use of information.
The six principles are applied in three case studies. The first concerns the international marketing challenge posed by the Japanese general trading company (soga shosha), and the Canadian government's initiative to create a Canadian trading corporation. The application of the six principles suggests an alternative proposal, the Canadian Commercial Centre, in which Canadian export interests develop and share information in a way which recognizes the appropriate role of each and the obligation of all to attain a greater coherence.
The second case study concerns the recent Western Liquid Natural Gas (WLNG) project which featured a new form of investment (the minority interest joint venture coupled with a long-term supply contract) in which a consortium of Japanese buyers represented by a Japanese general trading company sought to reach agreement with an uncoordinated collection of Canadian firms and governments. The lack of coherence among these Canadian interests was at least a contributing factor in the loss of an opportunity to expand and diversify Canadian LNG markets.
The application of the six principles to the WLNG case yields an alternative Canadian approach involving the early establishment of a committee of authoritative officials from the relevant Canadian interests, and a new coordinating role for a federal agency like the (now disbanded) Ministry of State for Economic and Regional Development and the Federal Economic Development Coordinator. The final case study concerns the challenge to trade and investment represented by the movement to a Pacific economic community, notably the Pacific Economic Community concept (PECC). The current reactions of such institutions as the Canadian committee of the Pacific Basin Economic Council and the federal Department of External Affairs are assessed, leading to the recommendation that the Canadian government should involve a wider constituency of current and potential Canadian export interests in an educational policy process which may bear on Canada's future prosperity and political resilience.Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate
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Richardson, Rob. "The entry of Canadian small businesses into international markets /." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=34439.
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This study investigates successful small Canadian firms that export. Four factors are considered from a theoretical perspective as variables that have affected the success of these firms. Regimes define the international and national environment. State support is studied as a strategic factor at the domestic level. Networks are considered as both strategic and organizational factors at the firm level. The study of internal factors considers organizational capability and strategy at the firm level.The empirical research was conducted through field studies and a questionnaire that was completed during an in-depth interview with the president, founder or principal officer of 21 firms in the cross-sectional sample (in Ontario and Quebec) and telephone interviews for the 13 firms in the supplementary sample (in Nova Scotia and British Columbia). All interviews in Ontario and Quebec were videotaped and case records were developed for each firm. Additional data are based on information from the Industry, Science, Technology (Canada) data bank and the researcher's observations of principal actors and operations of the sample firms.
A Technological Skill and Product Maturity Typology is developed to categorize firms into quadrants according to product maturity and technological sophistication. The typology has been designed as an analytical tool to categorize firms according to strategic focus. This typology provides a framework for the analysis of firm needs and for the evaluation of the usage and effectiveness of support programs by firms.
This study offers a typology for classifying firms by start-up mode: the entrepreneur with a classic start-up, with a spin-off, with an acquisition, and with experience in an established firm. Mode of start-up was not significantly associated with specific strategic sectors. Results suggest that the qualities of the entrepreneur responsible for successful start-up are imprinted on successful small firms. This entrepreneurism provides significant strategic advantage for firms competing in international markets.
The results of this study indicate that small firms in diverse industries, with very different products and strategic advantages can use entrepreneurial leadership, strategy, and innovation to take advantage of changing international regimes, favourable domestic factor conditions, and state support to compete successfully in international markets.(Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Winter, Jennifer Gabriele. "Export coefficient modeling and bioassessment in two tributaries of the Grand River, southern Ontario, Canada." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0010/NQ38283.pdf.
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Maltby, Neil. "Canadian SMEs, export barriers and the Internet." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2011. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=25762.
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This thesis explores the intersection of export, small firms and the Internet. In particular, the challenges of export barriers and the role of the web will be examined. Advances in technology, especially Internet technology, open new opportunities for exporters. The Internet enables virtual interaction between stakeholders in many markets around the world. Yet, with these opportunities come challenges. Exporters face economic, regulatory and social challenges in foreign markets. Transportation distances, import/export documentation, and language differences are just some of the challenges an exporter faces abroad. Large firms, with more resources, can acquire or develop know-how to address these challenges. Small and medium-sized firms, with fewer resources, are subject to considerable challenges in overcoming export hurdles and adopting Internet technology. Using a model developed from the review of literature, this study provides an integrated examination of SME exporters and the role of an Internet strategy. The factors for exploring Internet strategy draw from multiple activities, including outward looking Internet usage, Web 2.0 online network participation, and website characteristics and presence. Central to the model are marketing decisions and external forces that represent challenges for SMEs. Both are linked specifically to strategy and performance, providing an insight into the Internet's role in export success. This study used a multi-method approach to data collection. Survey, website evaluation and online business network data was generated from 83 Canadian SME exporters, with follow-up depth interviews with nine respondents. Qualitative theme analysis was applied to the interview data, open-ended survey questions and website observations. This informed an integrated analysis using qualitative and quantitative data. Findings indicate SMEs use the Internet and websites to overcome many key export barriers and improve their overall export performance. Owner/managers gather export market information and regard the Internet as a key means of communicating and relationship-building with potential and existing customers. However, the SMEs of this research focus on product-driven websites; evidence suggest the firms are underutilizing the opportunity to provide an interactive and internationalized experience for their foreign users. The Internet is important for mitigating external barriers such as foreign regulations, and language, while websites were found to be less utilized for these external barriers. Recent developments in Web 2.0 appear to offer interesting new approaches to addressing export barriers, but more research is needed in this area. A key outcome of this research is the importance of owner/manager attitude toward the Internet. The more owner/managers value the Internet the more it is used, the more it is used the more export barriers are addressed, and the more export barriers are addressed the better export performance the firms achieve. The findings from this thesis make several important contributions to the literature/knowledge base. The contributions pertain to the impact of an online strategy regarding export barriers and export performance. The qualitative and quantitative findings show an online strategy helps SMEs overcome several marketing and EXTERNAL export barriers. These findings add to the work of Leonidou (2004) about export barriers which the author notes are particularly challenging for SMEs. And, this research extends the qualitative work of Tiessen, Wright and Turner (2001), Tiessen (2003) and Saulnier and Rosson (2004). Several researchers, including Lohrke, McClure Franklin and Frownfelter-Lohrke (2006), Saban and Rau (2005) and Moini and Tesar (2005) have done empirical work about websites as channels. But the work did not involve evaluation of the firm's websites themselves. Nor does this extant work link online performance to export barriers and export performance as completed in this research. Furthermore, the research done in this thesis incorporates preliminary qualitative and quantitative data about SMEs use of Web 2.0 for export. Finally, this research offers a model linking the Internet to export barriers and performance. While the model as a whole needs further testing and validation, it provides an integration of SME strategy, resources, the unique role of the owner/manager, and the influence of the Internet regarding export performance. This model specifically links these factors to export barriers, which is a distinct contribution.
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Bilimoria, Cyrus M. "Use of computers and the Internet to facilitate export of prefabricated housing from Canada." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq64106.pdf.
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La, Rosa-Duarte Cynthia-Pilar, and Gianfranco-Pietro Camaiora-Castañeda. "Exportación de banano orgánico a Canadá." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad de Lima, 2016. http://repositorio.ulima.edu.pe/handle/ulima/3382.
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Las expotaciones tienen una participación sobresaliente en el PBI nacional. Del mismo modo, se ha experimentado un crecimiento de las mismas en un 565% en la última década y las exportaciones no tradicionales representan un nada despreciable 32% del total exportado, con perspectivas de crecimiento. En la actualidad, Perú, es líder en crecimiento de exportaciones en la región latinoamericana, por encima de países como Colombia, Chile, Brasil y México; y el segundo con mayor incremento de la IED en la última década. A lo largo del presente estudio se describirán la oportunidad y la viabilidad de la exportación de banano orgánico al mercado canadiense, al mismo tiempo que se propone una alternativa estratégica para su exitosa inserción.Trabajo de investigación
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Webber, Christopher Alan. "Determining the production and export potential for medium quality wheat using a sectoral model for Canada." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26663.
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In January 1985, the Canadian Grain Commission licensed a medium quality wheat cultivar, HY320, for production within the new classification "Prairie Spring Wheat". Field trials conducted between 1974 and 1985 have shown that HT320 outperforms Neepawa, a traditional hard wheat variety, by 25 to 30 percent on average. The objective of this study is to examine the impact of this new high yielding variety on production opportunities and incomes for prairie grain farmers and to estimate the share of grain exports that it may command in the future. The study will also provide an estimate of the supply curve for HY320.
A linear programming model is developed in which the country is divided into 29 crop regions (22 of which are located in the prairie provinces) and 7 livestock regions for which aggregate activities and constraints are defined. The activities can be divided into three major groups: production,
shipping, and marketing activities. The model is sector-wide in the sense that it describes domestic supply and use of major crop and livestock commodities in Canada. The problem is to determine the level of agricultural
production which maximizes net returns to the agricultural sector subject to constraints facing the sector.
Medium quality wheat is initially introduced into the model by allowing it to compete directly with hard wheat for cropland allocated to wheat production. There is also a limited capacity in the model for the new variety to replace other feed grains and oilseed crops. This constraint was later relaxed in the study. Prices of traditional crops were set at their 1984-85 level based on Thunder Bay. As little medium quality wheat has been sold by the Canadian Wheat Board, there is considerable uncertainty concerning its ultimate price. Consequently, the analysis was performed at eight specific prices between $135/tonne (the lower range for American and Australian medium quality wheat traded on the world market) and $170/tonne (the final realized price for HY320 in 1984-85). These limits correspond to prices of 0.72 and 0.91 relative to the 1984 blended price of high quality wheats ($186/tonne).
Results show that although total wheat acreages increase marginally over the price range, class composition changes dramatically. The percentage of medium quality wheat increases from 10% at $130/tonne to 94% at $170/tonne. As the price rises, the new variety becomes profitable to farmers in an increasing number of crop regions. The critical relative price for most regions is between 0.78 and 0.83. When the price is $140/tonne, the new variety is grown in a band from east central Saskatchewan to west central Manitoba. At $160/tonne, it is grown in all prairie regions except in the brown soil zone of south-east Alberta and south-west Saskatchewan.
As the price of the new wheat rises, total wheat exports increase, although the quantity of hard wheat exported declines. When the price is $135/tonne, wheat exports, which are up by 5%, consist of 6% medium quality wheat and 94% hard wheat. At $170/tonne, wheat exports have risen by 37%, and 98% of these exports are medium quality. The results indicate that the adoption of the new wheat has a negative impact on the production and export levels of all other grains.
Over the price range examined, the increase in net farm income of prairie grain producers varies from $9 million to $715 million. Clearly, any estimate of income effects is sensitive to assumptions regarding relative grain prices. Based on the price of U.S. and Australian medium quality wheat varieties, as well as on market share considerations, the author feels that the export price of Canadian medium quality wheat will be at the lower end of the price range examined, possibly between 0.72 and 0.80 the price of hard wheat, implying gains between $9 million and $155 million for prairie grain producers.
Finally, the results of the study have implications for wheat licensing arrangements, marketing strategies, the grain delivery system, the transportation
rate structure, farm assistance programs, and the direction of future research.Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
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Liao, Xiaolu. "Export Propensity of Canadian SMEs: A Gender Based Study." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32506.
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SME exporters constitute a critical economic force that contributes significantly to national productivity and job creation in the Canadian economy. However, the academic literature suggests that female-owned SMEs are less likely to export. With lower export propensity, the potential of female-owned SMEs for organic growth, economic self-sufficiency and wealth creation could be comprised.
This paper applies logistic regression to study factors that influence SME owners’ export propensity with particular reference to the moderating effect of gender in the context of the Ajzen and Fishbein ’s (2005) theory of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior. We improve the methodology of prevailing research by redefining “gender” in a more appropriate way and by computing gender interaction effects more accurately.
Based on this analysis, we found that, although male- and female-owned SMEs show different likelihoods of exporting, gender does not have a direct residual impact. Instead, systemic gender differences account for most differences in the export propensity between male-owned and female-owned SMEs. Specifically, female-owned SMEs may be systemically disadvantaged because their firms are smaller, more limited in management capacity with younger and less-experienced managers. The lack of resources and market knowledge become constraining factors for them with respect to becoming “export-ready”. Additionally, female SME owners show a higher perception of risk and financing difficulty (although they do not encounter higher rejection rates of financing applications). Their subjective perceptions of potential barriers may contribute to their reluctance to export.
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Rostamkalaei, Seyedeh Anoosheh. "Value Added by Venture Capitalists: The Case of EDC." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/24265.
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It is generally well understood that venture capital (VC) is an important and significant source of financing for small firms. Questions revolving around the increased likelihood of a firm backed by Venture Capitalists (VCs) to be export oriented have yet to be fully explored. Responding to this research gap, a sample of Canadian VC backed firms is used to compare the performance of Canadian VC firms in terms of facilitating internationalization among their portfolio companies.
The particular reference of this study is Export Development Canada (EDC), a crown corporation mandated to promote export among Canadian firms. This research finds that EDC as a VC investor and export-oriented consultant has no association with the increased probability of exporting. Also, stage of the investment does not show any relationship with internationalization. These results run contrary to previous speculation that syndication of VCs increases the probability of internationalization among portfolio firms.
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Khazaeli, Susan. "Atomic Middle Power: Canada’s Nuclear Export and Non-Proliferation Policy." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38298.
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This dissertation examines Canada’s nuclear export and non-proliferation policy. It demonstrates that contrary to the received wisdom on nuclear behaviour, Canada does not think ‘strategically’ in the nuclear field. I argue that while the decision-making of great powers may be straightforward in the nuclear field, non-great powers can afford to be more ambivalent and even less cautious.
The focus of the dissertation is on Canada’s nuclear export decisions from the 1950s to the late 1970s. My contention is that middle powers, like Canada, are rarely influenced by military-strategic interests, but that they, nonetheless, act according to their own particular self-interests when determining whether or not to export nuclear materials and technology.
In looking at Canada’s nuclear decision-making from its entry into the nuclear age until the late 1970s, the dissertation offers three findings. First, Canada does not make decisions that fit a military-strategic calculus. Second, Canada is often ambivalent in the nuclear field. I argue that Canada can afford to be ambivalent because constraints on its decision-making do not stem primarily from security concerns or existential threats but from beliefs as to what Canada should do and should be in global affairs. Finally, Canada’s nuclear export and non-proliferation policies have been defined primarily by its place – both real and imagined – in the world as a middle power.
The argument rests on insights draw from liberal IR theory as well as domestic politics explanations of nuclear behaviour. My contention is that Canada’s decision-making has been influenced by domestically held beliefs and perceptions of its identity – that is, where Canada ranks on the figurative power spectrum and what values it professes in relation to other actors in the international system. My research thus makes a contribution to the literature on nuclear supply and on the broader literature on nuclear behaviour, more generally.
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Marchand, Paul R. "The export development corporation : catalyst in Canada's promotion of international trade." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=64491.
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Ross, Donald Gordon. "The trade credit offer for export sales : Canadian evidence and experience." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387162.
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Bonneris, Emmanuelle. "Étude de l'implication de différents ligands cellulaires dans la séquestration du cadmium, du cuivre, et du zinc chez les mollusques bivalves d'eau douce exposés à une contamination environnementale." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004GRE18001.
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L'objectif de ce travail de thèse était d'évaluer l'implication de différents ligands cellulaires dans la séquestration du cadmium, du cuivre et du zinc chez des Mollusques bivalves. Dans le cadre d'une exposition chronique de spécimens de Pyganodon grandis récoltés dans neuf lacs de la région de Rouyn-Noranda (Québec), la concentration en Cd accumulé dépend à la fois de la concentration en métal dissous, de la nature et de l'abondance des ligands de l'organe considéré (branchies versus glande digestive). Dans la glande digestive, le Cd est largement séquestré par la métallothionéine (MT) alors que dans les branchies les granules représentent le principal site de stockage des trois métaux étudiés. Une expérience de transplantation, impliquant un changement de régime d'exposition, a permis de montrer la précocité de la fixation du Cd au niveau des granules qui apparaît concomitante à l'induction de MT. Une approche de biologie moléculaire réalisée sur Dreissena polymorpha au laboratoire visait à étudier la précocité de la réponse d'une isoforme MTThe main goal of this research was to evaluate the involvement of different cellular ligands in cadmium, copper and zinc sequestration in bivalves. Indigenous specimens of the bivalve Pyganodon grandis were collected from nine lakes along a metal contamination gradient in the Rouyn-Noranda area (Quebec). In these chronically exposed animals, the accumulated Cd concentrations depend on the environmental dissolved Cd concentrations, and on the nature and the abundance of the biological ligands, which differed among organs (gills versus digestive gland). In the digestive gland, Cd is largely sequestered by the metallothioneins (MT), whereas granules represent the main sink for Cd, Cu and Zn in the gills. A transplantation experiment, involving a change in the exposure regime, demonstrated the precocity of Cd sequestration at the granules level, which appears concomitantly with MT biosynthesis. A molecular approach biology carried out in the laboratory on Dreissena polymorpha aimed at studying the precocity of the response of an isoform of MT
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Sogelová, Marie. "Vývoz výrobků firmy EXPRES MENU s.r.o. do zámoří." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-71694.
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The aim of the thesis is to evaluate the possibilities of exporting products of company EXPRES MENU to Canada and Australia, especially from the logistical and legislative aspects. This thesis should serve as a practical guide to prepare export of products containing meat to Australia and Canada. The observations are applicable for exports of goods stored and transported in room temperature (+1 to +30 °C) and for other Czech exporters as information about legislative restrictions and requirements for import of meat and meat product to these countries.
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Arcaya-del-Águila, Natalia. "Exportación de barras energéticas a base de quinua orgánica a Canadá." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad de Lima, 2015. http://repositorio.ulima.edu.pe/handle/ulima/1734.
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Desarrolla un plan de negocios para implementar una empresa productora y comercializadora de barras energéticas a base de quinua al mercado canadiense. Se busca ofrecer un producto con valor agregado a base de un insumo 100% peruano. Analiza las exigencias del mercado con relación a las característica que debe tener para ingresar a Toronto. Estrategia de distribución comercial en Canadá. Analiza el incremento de la demanda de barras energéticas a Canadá en los últimos años. Define la ruta logística más adecuada para la exportación del producto al mercado de Toronto.Trabajo de investigación
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Creed, Irena Frances. "Topographic regulation of nitrate-N export from catchments within an old-growth sugar maple forest in the Turkey Lakes Watershed, central Ontario, Canada." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ35134.pdf.
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Kimura, Keiki 1955. "An analysis of the Japanese voluntary export restraint upon automobiles to the U. S. and Canada : an investigation of its impacts upon international, bilateral and domestic legal frameworks for safeguard measures." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65419.
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Harrod, Pamela A. "The general agreement on tariffs and trade and non-tariff barriers impact on international law and on trade in general and on import and export trade in Canada in particular." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5598.
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Pires, de Farias Paiva Trícia. "Influência do cimento obturador no tempo de contaminação microbiana de canais radiculares obturados e expostos ao meio bucal - estudo in vitro." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2005. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/8458.
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Previous issue date: 2005O propósito deste estudo in vitro foi avaliar a capacidade de selamento de canais radiculares obturados pela técnica da condensação lateral ativa da gutta-percha associada aos cimentos endodônticos Sealer 26® e AH-PlusTM e sua influência no tempo de contaminação bacteriana e fúngica em canais radiculares expostos ao meio bucal. Foram utilizados quarenta pré-molares inferiores com 21mm de comprimento em processo de rizogênese completo. Os espécimes foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos de quinze dentes cada, de acordo com o cimento utilizado, além dos grupos controles com cinco espécimes cada: controle positivo o qual não foi realizada a obturação endodôntica e controle negativo onde não foram feitas aberturas coronárias. Os canais radiculares foram biomecanizados conforme a técnica coroa-ápice sem pressão e em seguida foram montados em aparatos, esterilizados a óxido de etileno e expostos à saliva artificial na qual foram adicionados o E. faecalis, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus e C. albicans que serviram como marcadores biológicos de infiltração. A avaliação foi conduzida até 120 dias, onde foi observada a contaminação de 33,3% dos espécimes obturados com Sealer 26® e 6,7% dos canais obturados com AH-PlusTM. Concluiu-se que o cimento à base de resina époxica (AH-PlusTM) ofereceu um selamento superior quando comparado ao cimento à base de hidróxido de cálcio (Sealer26®) no intervalo de tempo observado (p<0,05)
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Linares, Carlos Eduardo Blanco. "Avaliação da atividade da superóxido dismutase e catalase de Candida albicans e Candida dubliniensis expostas a antineoplásicos, íons metálicos e antifúngicos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/21617.
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A atividade de catalase em Candida albicans tem sido sugerida como um mecanismo de resistência ao antifúngico anfotericina B. Neste contexto, poucos são os estudos de enzimas como catalase e superóxido dismutase em leveduras do gênero Candida expostas a diferentes situações. Assim, este estudo teve por objetivo investigar o efeito da exposição de Candida a antineoplásicos, íons metálicos e antifúngicos como fluconazol e anfotericina B sobre a atividade dessas enzimas. Os resultados apontaram que o antineoplásico metotrexato aumentou a atividade da catalase em C. albicans, que íons metálicos como cobre, zinco, manganês e ferro produzem um efeito variável na atividade de superóxido dismutase, bem como, um efeito variável de um íon no acúmulo de outro. Também verificamos através de nossos resultados que a indução de resistência ao fluconazol e anfotericina B aumentam a atividade de catalase e superóxido dismutase em C. albicans e C. dubliniensis. Esses resultados sugerem que o antineoplásico metotrexato e a indução de resistência a anfotericina B e fluconazol podem gerar um estresse oxidativo em leveduras do gênero Candida que possivelmente se adaptam a esse estresse aumentando seus mecanismos de defesa antioxidante. Esse efeito pode induzir a uma maior resistência desses organismos ao ataque de células fagocíticas do hospedeiro.Catalase is an enzyme that has been suggested to be involved in resistance mechanisms to antifungal drug such as amphotericin B. There are few studies focusing on catalase and superoxide dismutase in yeasts, such as Candida, exposed to different situations. Thereby, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of exposing Candida to antineoplastic drugs, metallic ions and antifungial drugs, namely fluconazole and amphotericin B, on catalase and superoxide dismutase activities. Results show that methotrexate induced catalase activity in C. albicans and that metallic ions, such as copper, zinc, manganese and iron produced a variable effect on superoxide dismutase activity of C. albicans, as well as a variable effect in the uptake of one ion on another. We also showed that fluconazole and amphotericin B resistance increased catalase and superoxide dismutase activity in C. albicans and C. dubliniensis. These results suggest that methotrexate as well as the induction of fluconazole- and amphotericin B-resistance may induce oxidative stress in yeasts such as Candida, which may adapt by increasing antioxidant defense mechanisms. This effect may induce a major resistance of this yeast to phagocytic cell attack.
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Oliveira, Ana Rita da Silva. "Análise económica do acordo económico e comercial entre a União Europeia e o Canadá (CETA) : uma análise dos efeitos bilaterais potenciais." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/16401.
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Mestrado em Economia Internacional e Estudos EuropeusAs recentes mudanças pelas quais a economia mundial passou e a consequente dificuldade de se concluir com sucesso as negociações da Ronda de Doha foram suscitando o desejo de se negociar acordos entre um número mais limitado de participantes, e ao mesmo tempo contribuindo para a emergência de um novo regionalismo que viu associado um aumento dos chamados acordos comerciais de "Nova Geração", que alteraram as negociações que até então existiam em todo o Sistema Internacional. O CETA assume-se como sendo um desses acordos, na medida em que vai além das tradicionais abolições de barreiras ao comércio livre e passa a englobar questões que comportam, nomeadamente, o investimento, o ambiente, o desenvolvimento sustentável, a saúde pública, o mercado laboral, bem como a proteção dos direitos de propriedade intelectual, entre outras. O presente estudo tem como finalidade analisar o potencial de comércio existente entre a UE e o Canadá decorrente da celebração deste acordo. Para o efeito, será realizada uma análise em equilíbrio parcial com recurso a dois indicadores: ao Índice de Orientação Geográfica (IOG) e ao Índice de Especialização das Exportações (IEE), cujo posterior cruzamento nos permitirá identificar situações de potencialidade de comércio bilateral entre ambas as economias atlânticas. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que existem setores nos quais existe potencial de comércio, tanto para o Canadá como para a UE, e que, portanto, será expectável e possível, através deste acordo e por meio de uma eliminação das barreiras existentes ao comércio, que haja um aumento das exportações nesses mesmos setores.
The recent changes through which the world economy has gone through and the resulting struggle to successfully conclude the Doha Round negotiations have raised the desire to negotiate agreements between a more limited number of participants, thus contributing to the origin of a new regionalism which saw associated an increase in the so-called "New Generation" trade agreements, that have altered the negotiations that had hitherto existed throughout the International System. CETA is one of these agreements in the sense that it goes beyond the traditional abolition of free trade barriers and encompasses issues that comprise, namely, the services trade, the right of establishment, investment, environment, sustainable development, public health, the labour market, as well as the protection of intellectual property rights. This study aims to analyse the potential of the existing trade between the EU and Canada arising from the conclusion of this agreement. For this purpose, we shall perform a partial equilibrium analysis resorting to two indicators: the Geographical Orientation Index (GOI) and the Export Specialisation Index (ESI), whose subsequent crossing shall allow us to identify situations of potential bilateral trade between both the Atlantic economies. The results obtained suggest that there are sectors in which there is a trade potential for Canada and the EU and that, therefore, it is expectable and possible, through this agreement, which promotes the reduction of existing barriers to trade, that there will be an increase in exports in these same sectors.
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Alves, Ana Maria Hecke. "Avaliação in vivo da penetração bacteriana em canais obturados, expostos a diferentes pressões e ao meio oral por diferentes períodos de tempo." Florianópolis, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/99423.
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Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde. Programa de Pós-Graduação em OdontologiaMade available in DSpace on 2013-03-04T20:15:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Metodologias ex vivo e in vitro para avaliação do selamento de canais obturados têm utilizado pressão para facilitar a infiltração de marcadores-fluídos como corantes, água e glicose. Porém, não há padrão na intensidade, forma e tempo de aplicação da pressão. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: 1) verificar a influência de duas intensidades de pressão (30 e 60 KPa) na penetração bacteriana em canais obturados; 2) correlacionar a profundidade desta penetração com o tempo de exposição ao meio oral (45 e 120 dias). Dentes de cães (n=122) foram instrumentados com o sistema ProTaper e obturados pela técnica do cone único de guta-percha com cimento AH Plus. Após a presa do cimento, os canais obturados foram divididos em grupos: A) não foram submetidos à pressão (n=34); B) submetidos a pressão de 30KPa (n=34); C) submetidos a pressão de 60KPa (n=34). O tempo de aplicação da pressão foi de 8 minutos. Após, todos os canais foram expostos ao meio oral de acordo com os sub-grupos: 1) 45 dias; 2) 120 dias. Todos os sub-grupos tiveram controle positivo e negativo. Decorridos estes períodos, os animais foram sacrificados, os dentes foram removidos e preparados para análise histobacteriológica. Com relação a pressão, o teste de Kruskal-Wallis não mostrou diferença estatística na penetração de micro-organismos entre os grupos A, B e C em ambos os períodos (45 dias p=0,903 e 120 dias p=0,211). Apesar de haver maior infiltração em 120 dias, não houve diferença estatística significativa na infiltração de bactérias quando comparados os tempos de exposição de 45 e 120 dias (p= 0,608). Concluiu-se que as pressões de 30 e 60 KPa não induziram modificações nas obturações a ponto de influenciar na penetração bacteriana nos diferentes períodos de tempo (p>0,05).
Sealability assessment methodologies (ex vivo and in vitro) in endodontics have used pressure to facilitate the infiltration of fluid markers such as dyes, water and glucose. However, there is no standardization on the intensity, form and duration in the applied pressure. The objectives of this study were: 1) to evaluate the influence of the two intensities of pressure (30 and 60 kPa) on the bacterial penetration in the root canal fillings; 2) to correlate the depth of penetration with time of exposure to the oral environment (45 and 120 days). Root canals of dogs' teeth (n=122) were instrumented with the ProTaper system and filled by the technique of single cone of guttapercha and AH Plus cement. After the sealer setting, root canal fillings were subjected to different pressures during 8 minutes according to groups: A) without pressure (n = 34), B) 30kPa (n = 34), C) 60 kPa (n = 34). After all root canal fillings were exposed to the oral environment in accordance with sub-groups: 1) 45 days; 2)120 days. All sub-groups had positive and negative control. After these periods, the animals were sacrificed and the specimens were removed and prepared for histobacteriological analysis. Regarding the pressure there was no difference in the penetration of micro-organisms among the groups A, B and C in both periods (45 days p=0,903 and 120 days p=0,211). There was no significant difference in the penetration of bacteria when compared to the exposure times of 45 days and 120 days (p=0.608), although greater infiltration occurred in 120 days. In conclusion, the pressure of 30 and 60 kPa did not induce alterations in fillings that influence on the penetration of bacteria in the different periods of exposure.
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Cabezas, Tapia Olga Alejandra, and Alvaro Ipanaque-Botton. "Determinantes que Limitan la Competitividad de las Principales Empresas Peruanas Exportadoras, de T-Shirts de Algodón, hacia Canadá, durante el Periodo 2015 – 2019." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/655472.
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El sector textil y confecciones es considerado uno de los más importantes a nivel mundial, debido a que impacta positivamente en la economía de un país, por la cantidad de puestos de trabajo que genera a lo largo de toda la cadena productiva.
En el Perú, este sector cuenta con reconocimiento internacional debido a la alta calidad de la materia prima, como es el caso del algodón, sobre todo el de calidad pima, por la destreza y habilidad de la mano de obra para la confección y por contar con empresas verticales que integran las diferentes actividades del sector en el proceso de producción.
El principal mercado de destino de las exportaciones peruanas de t-shirt es Estados Unidos, seguido de Brasil y Canadá, respectivamente.
Dada la importancia del mercado canadiense y la existencia del tratado de libre comercio, se busca identificar los aspectos que pueden ayudar a incrementar el nivel de las exportaciones peruanas hacia Canadá. Para ello, nos enfocamos en analizar los siguientes determinantes de la competitividad del sector textil peruano durante el periodo 2015-2019: oferta de fibra de algodón peruano, el marco legal peruano, el costo de mano de obra y la falta de innovación tecnológica.
El estudio concluye que, efectivamente, los cuatro factores planteados limitan la competitividad de los exportadores peruanos de t-shirts de algodón al mercado peruano. Asimismo, identifica limitantes emergentes, como el valor agregado, la implementación de prácticas sostenibles para responder a las preferencias del consumidor final, entre otros.For any given country, the textile and apparel sectors are considered one of the most important due to its positive impact in the economy and job creation alongside the value chain. In Peru, the sector is internationally renowned due to its high-quality raw materials, i.e., Pima cotton, the craftmanship of its workforce, and vertically integrated companies. Peru’s cotton t-shirts top export destinations include the United States, Brazil, and Canada, respectively. Given the importance of the Canadian market, the existence of the Peru-Canada Free Trade Agreement, and the benefit of zero import tariffs, it is relevant to identify the factors that could improve the Peruvian exports of cotton t-shirts to Canada. The study focuses on four factors that could potentially impact the competitiveness of the sector: Peruvian cotton fiber production, Peru´s legal framework, workforce costs impact in the production cost, and the lack of investment in innovative technology. The study concludes that the above-mentioned factors do have an impact and limit the competitiveness of the Peruvian exporters of cotton t-shirts to the Canadian market. Furthermore, it unveils new factors such as production speed to respond to shorter lead times and the implementation of sustainable practices across the value chain to meet consumers´ preferences, among others.
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Kinuthia, Wanyee. "“Accumulation by Dispossession” by the Global Extractive Industry: The Case of Canada." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30170.
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This thesis draws on David Harvey’s concept of “accumulation by dispossession” and an international political economy (IPE) approach centred on the institutional arrangements and power structures that privilege certain actors and values, in order to critique current capitalist practices of primitive accumulation by the global corporate extractive industry. The thesis examines how accumulation by dispossession by the global extractive industry is facilitated by the “free entry” or “free mining” principle. It does so by focusing on Canada as a leader in the global extractive industry and the spread of this country’s mining laws to other countries – in other words, the transnationalisation of norms in the global extractive industry – so as to maintain a consistent and familiar operating environment for Canadian extractive companies. The transnationalisation of norms is further promoted by key international institutions such as the World Bank, which is also the world’s largest development lender and also plays a key role in shaping the regulations that govern natural resource extraction. The thesis briefly investigates some Canadian examples of resource extraction projects, in order to demonstrate the weaknesses of Canadian mining laws, particularly the lack of protection of landowners’ rights under the free entry system and the subsequent need for “free, prior and informed consent” (FPIC). The thesis also considers some of the challenges to the adoption and implementation of the right to FPIC. These challenges include embedded institutional structures like the free entry mining system, international political economy (IPE) as shaped by international institutions and powerful corporations, as well as concerns regarding ‘local’ power structures or the legitimacy of representatives of communities affected by extractive projects. The thesis concludes that in order for Canada to be truly recognized as a leader in the global extractive industry, it must establish legal norms domestically to ensure that Canadian mining companies and residents can be held accountable when there is evidence of environmental and/or human rights violations associated with the activities of Canadian mining companies abroad. The thesis also concludes that Canada needs to address underlying structural issues such as the free entry mining system and implement FPIC, in order to curb “accumulation by dispossession” by the extractive industry, both domestically and abroad.
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OLIVER, Josidel Conceição. "Análise da expressão gênica diferencial de aspartato proteases secretadas (SAP2 e SAP4) por Candida albicans exposta a concentrações subinibitórias de antifúngicos e contato com macrófagos." Universidade Federal de Alfenas, 2016. https://bdtd.unifal-mg.edu.br:8443/handle/tede/960.
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As infecções fúngicas se tornaram um grande problema de saúde pública, especialmente em ambientes hospitalares. Candida spp. são os principais patógenos em infecções fúngicas invasivas. A produção de aspartato proteases secretadas (Sapp) por Candida spp. pode estar relacionado com o aumento do número de infecções e resistência aos medicamentos. A produção de proteases é codificada por uma família de 10 genes SAP1-10, sendo SAP2 o gene mais comumente expresso em Candida albicans. A expressão de SAP4 está associada à produção de enzimas Sap4p e formação de hifas que podem contribuir para a invasão dos tecidos hospedeiros e destruição de macrófagos em processos infecciosos. Este trabalho avaliou a expressão dos genes SAP2 e SAP4 em C. albicans ATCC 10231 cultivadas na presença ou ausência de macrófagos e expostas a concentrações subinibitórias de fluconazol e anfotericina B. Candida albicans foi cultivada em ágar Sabouraud Dextrose a 37ºC por 24 h, e posteriormente em caldo carbono levedura base enriquecido com soro-albumina bovina (YCB-BSA), e na ausência ou presença de concentrações subinibitórias de fluconazol e anfotericina B. A linhagem celular monocítica humana de origem leucemia (THP-1) foi cultivada em meio RPMI-1640 suplementado com 10% de soro fetal bovino, penicilina (100 U/ml) e estreptomicina (100 μg/ml) a 37ºC, sob atmosfera de 5% de CO2 durante 10 dias. Para a indução da diferenciação das células, 106 monócitos foram cultivados em meio RPMI-1640 suplementado e forbol-12-miristato-13-acetato (PMA) 100 nM durante 48 h. Foram utilizadas amostras de 5x106 C. albicans cultivadas na presença ou ausência de 106 macrófagos e expostas ou não a concentrações subinibitórias de antifúngicos. A amostras foram cultivadas em placas de cultura celular com 6 poços por 1 h a 37 °C, sob atmosfera de 5% de CO2. O RNA total foi extraído das amostras utilizando o reagente TRIzol®, após a purificação do RNA com DNase I, este foi convertido em cDNA, e, em seguida, a quantificação do gene SAP4 foi realizada por Reação em Cadeia de Polimerase quantitativa (qPCR) utilizando ACT1 como gene normalizador. Candida albicans cultivada na presença de macrófagos apresentou regulação positiva na expressão de SAP2 e SAP4 (p < 0,01), respectivamente, na ordem de 4,83 e 10,34 vezes maior se comparada com amostras da levedura cultivada sem contato com macrófagos. E ainda, a exposição de C. albicans a concentrações subinibitórias de fluconazol aumentou a expressão de SAP2 e diminuiu a expressão de SAP4, já a exposição da levedura a concentrações subinibitórias de anfotericina B diminuiu a expressão de SAP2 e SAP4. Os genes SAP2 e SAP4 são relacionados como fatores de virulência de C. albicans e sua expressão pode ser regulada pelo contato com fagócitos ou exposição a antifúngicos. Portanto, compreender a expressão desses genes na patogênese fúngica pode ajudar na pesquisa e desenvolvimento de novos medicamentos para o tratamento da candidíase, contribuindo assim para a redução da incidência de morbidade e mortalidade associada a infecções fúngicas.Fungal infections have become a major public health problem especially in hospital settings. Candida spp. are considered the main pathogen in invasive fungal infections. The production of secreted aspartic proteinases (Sapp) by Candida spp. can be related to the increase in the number of infections and drug resistance. The production of proteinases is encoded by a family of 10 genes known as SAP1-10, of which, SAP2 is the most commonly expressed gene in Candida albicans. The expression of SAP4-6 is associated to the production of Sap4-6p enzymes and hyphae formation which can contribute to the invasion of host tissues and destruction of macrophages during infectious processes. This study evaluates SAP2 and SAP4 gene expression in C. albicans ATCC 10231 grown in the presence or absence of macrophages and exposed to subinibitory concentrations of fluconazole and amphotericin B. C. albicans was grown in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar for 24 h at 37ºC and after in yeast carbon base more 0.2% bovine serum albumin (YCB-BSA) in the absence or presence of subinibitory concentrations of Fluconazole and Amphotericin B. The human monocytic leukemia cell line (THP-1) was grown in RPMI-1640 Medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, penicillin (100U/ml) and streptomycin (100μg/ml) at 37 °C and atmosphere of 5% CO2 during 10 days. For the induction of cell differentiation, 106 cells were seeded in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) 100 nM for 48 h. The samples of 5x106 C. albicans were cultured in the presence or absence of 106 macrophages and these was exposed or not to subinibitory concentrations of antifungals. All samples were incubated in culture test plates with 6 flat-botton wells for 1 h at 37 °C and atmosphere of 5% CO2. Total RNA was extracted from the samples using TRIzol® reagent, after RNA purification with DNaseI it was converted to cDNA, and then, the relative quantification of the SAP4 gene was performed by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) using ACT1 gene as normalizing endogenous gene. Candida albicans grown in the presence of macrophages showed upregulation in the expression of SAP2 and SAP4 (p < 0.01), respectively, in the order of 4.83 and 10.34 fold higher as compared to yeast samples grown without contact with macrophages. Concerning exposure to antifungal agents, C. albicans exposed to subinhibitory concentrations of amphotericin B showed downregulation in expression of SAP2 and SAP4. However, the yeast's exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of fluconazole caused upregulation in SAP2 expression and downregulation in SAP4 expression. SAP2 and SAP4 genes are related to virulence factors of C. albicans and its expression can be regulated by contact with phagocytes or exposure to antifungals. Therefore, understanding the expression of these genes in fungal pathogenesis may aid in research and development of new drugs for treating candidiasis, thus contributing to reducing the incidence of morbidity and mortality associated with fungal infections.
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
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Kopper, Patrícia Maria Poli. "Avaliação da capacidade de selamento de três materiais obturadores em canais radiculares de pré-molares de cães preparados para pino intra-radicular expostos ao meio bucal." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/49730.
Full textAbstract:
O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar in vivo a capacidade de selamento de três materiais obturadores constituídos de cimentos endodônticos resinosos, sendo dois (AH Plus e EndoRez) associados a cones de guta-percha, e um (Real Seal) a cones de Resilon, em pré-molares de cães, expostos ao meio bucal, após o preparo para colocação de pino protético. Objetivou, também, avaliar a correlação entre a situação inflamatória dos tecidos periapicais e a infiltração microbiana. Para tal, foi realizado o preparo químico-mecânico de 80 dentes (160 canais), sendo dez (20 canais) em cada cão. Antes da obturação, os canais foram distribuídos, aleatoriamente, em sete grupos. Nos grupos I – GI (n=32) e controle negativo I – C-I (n=16), os canais foram obturados com cones de guta-percha e AH Plus; nos grupos II – GII (n=32) e controle negativo II – C-II (n=16), com cones de guta-percha e EndoRez; e nos grupos III – GIII (n=32) e controle negativo III – C-III (n=16), com cones de Resilon e Real Seal. Os canais do grupo controle positivo – C+ (n=16) não foram obturados. Imediatamente após a obturação, realizou-se a desobturação parcial dos canais, restando 4 mm de material na região apical. Os dentes foram selados, provisoriamente, com amálgama de prata, durante 72 horas. Após esse período, o selamento coronário de todos os canais, com exceção dos pertencentes aos grupos C-, foi removido, ficando expostos ao meio bucal por 90 dias. Os animais foram mortos, e as mandíbulas e maxilas removidas e seccionadas, separando-se o lado esquerdo do direito. Nos dentes das hemi-arcadas do lado esquerdo, o selamento dos canais dos grupos C- foi removido e o espaço protético irrigado, abundantemente, com água destilada. Após, foram secos e preenchidos com tinta nanquim. Os dentes foram, novamente, selados e, passadas 96 horas, extraídos. A seguir, as raízes foram separadas, armazenadas em tubos de ensaio e diafanizadas. Os espécimes do lado direito foram processados histologicamente, empregando-se as colorações de Hematoxilina e Eosina de Harris (HE) e Brown e Brenn (BB). A infiltração de corante foi medida com auxílio de lupa esteroscópica, com aumento de 10x. A análise dos cortes histológicos foi realizada em microscópio óptico, classificando-se o estado inflamatório dos tecidos periapicais e a infiltração microbiana em escores de 1 a 4. Os resultados da infiltração de corante evidenciaram que todos os grupos apresentaram menor infiltração que o grupo C+ (p<0,001) e que os grupos GI, GII e GIII não diferiram significativamente (P>0,05). O grupo GII apresentou diferenças significativas em relação ao seu grupo controle negativo, mostrando maior infiltração de corante (P<0,001). Na análise histológica, todos os materiais testados apresentaram menor grau de reação inflamatória e de infiltração microbiana, quando comparados com o grupo C+ (P≤0,001). Além disso, não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos GI, GII e GIII, bem como destes com seus respectivos controles (P>0,05). O teste de correlação de Spearman mostrou uma forte correlação entre resposta inflamatória e infiltração microbiana (rs= 0,57; P<0,001). A partir do exposto, concluiu-se que os materiais testados não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre si e que a resposta inflamatória periapical apresentou correlação direta com a infiltração coronária microbiana.The aim of this study was to assess in vivo the sealing ability of three resin-containing endodontic sealers, two associated with gutta-percha points (AH Plus and EndoRez) and one associated with Resilon points (RealSeal). Mongrel dogs had their premolars prepared and filled, then post-prepared, which space became exposed to the oral environment. The correlation between inflammatory condition and level of microbial leakage was also tested. For that purpose, 80 teeth (160 root canals), being 10 (20 root canals), for each dog, were chemo-mechanically prepared and randomly divided into the following groups: GI (n=32) and C-I (negative control; n=16): root filling with gutta-percha and AH-Plus; GII (n=32) and C-II (n=16): root filling with gutta-percha and Endorez; GIII (n=32) and C-III (n=16): root filling with Resilon and RealSeal; C+ (positive control; n=16): no root filling. Immediately following filling procedures, post space preparation was done leaving 4mm of filling material apically. Teeth had their crowns provisionally sealed with amalgam for 72 hours. Then, coronal seal was removed (except for C-) and remained exposed to the oral environment for 90 days. The dogs were sacrificed and their mandible and maxilla were removed and sectioned, separating right and left sides. In the specimens from the left side, the C- teeth had their seal removed, and all teeth had their post space irrigated with distilled water, then filled with India ink. Following 96 hours, the teeth were extracted. Roots were labeled as to the groups and subjected to clearing process in test tubes. The specimens from the right side were histologically processed and stained with Hematoxicilin and Eosin (HE) and Brown and Brenn (BB). The ink leakage was measured three dimensionally under stereoscope microscopy (10x). Histological sections were assessed under light microscopy by a senior observer blinded as to the groups and the inflammatory state was classified using scores varying from 1 to 4 in an ascending severity. The same severity scoring applied to the microbial leakage, being the severity scored as to the depth of microbial penetration within the dentinal tubules. The results showed that all the test groups displayed less leakage than C+ group (P<0,001). GI, GII and GIII did not differ statistically amongst them. Sealing ability of GII differed significantly to its control group – C-II (P<0,001).Histological analysis showed that all test groups displayed lower inflammatory reaction and microbial leakage when compared to C+ group (P≤0,001). No significant differences were found amongst GI, GII and GIII and their respective controls (p>0,05). Spearman correlation test showed a strong correlation between inflammatory response and microbial leakage (rs= 0,57; P<0,001). It could be concluded that the tested materials did not differ amongst themselves and that the periapical tissue response correlated directly with the microbial coronal leakage.
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Santos, Regis Burmeister dos. "Análise histológica dos tecidos periapicais de dentes de cães como recurso para avaliar a influência dos auxiliares químicos da instrumentação no selamento dos canais radiculares obturados com RealSeal® e expostos ao meio bucal." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/132737.
Full textAbstract:
Este estudo, in vivo, visou a avaliar a influência do auxiliar químico no selamento dos canais radiculares obturados com o sistema RealSeal® e preparados para a colocação de pino protético, pela análise da resposta dos tecidos periapicais de dentes de cães. Foram testados os produtos químicos hipoclorito de sódio a 1% e a clorexidina gel a 2%. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em 6 cães, 10 dentes em cada um deles, num total de 60 dentes e 120 canais divididos em sete grupos, sendo três grupos teste, três grupos controle negativo e um grupo controle positivo. Todos os dentes permaneceram selados por 24 horas após terem sido tratados. Decorrido este prazo, os selamentos provisórios dos dentes pertencentes aos grupos teste e controle positivo foram removidos, permanecendo sem selamento por 90 dias. Os dentes dos grupos controle negativo foram mantidos com selamento durante todo o período experimental, quando os animais foram mortos e suas mandíbulas removidas. O processamento histológico foi realizado com hematoxilina e eosina. A análise histológica, com auxílio de um microscópio óptico, baseou-se na avaliação da situação histológica dos tecidos periapicais. A análise estatística foi realizada a partir do teste não paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis com localização de diferenças pelos procedimentos de post-hoc, de Mann-Whitney e Willcoxon. O nível de significância considerado adequado foi de 5%. Os grupos experimentais e controle negativo apresentaram menor grau de inflamação dos tecidos periapicais em comparação com o grupo controle positivo no qual se observou, em todos os espécimes, presença de infiltrado polimorfonuclear neutrófilo e/ou eosinófilo, com presença de áreas de formação de abscesso (p=0,001). Como conseqüência das análises descritas foi concluído que os auxiliares químicos da instrumentação do canal, hipoclorito de sódio a 1%, clorexidina gel a 2% e o soro fisiológico, associados ao EDTA a 17%, não interferiram na resposta do tecido periapical, parecendo, também, não terem interferido na imbricação do sistema RealSeal® nas paredes do canal radicular, no período experimental de 90 dias. Pode-se inferir, ainda, que o material obturador remanescente após o preparo para o pino protético foi eficaz na vedação da zona apical do canal radicular, no espaço do tempo experimental.The aim of this study was to assess the influence of the cleaning protocol on sealing of root canal obturation with RealSeal following post space preparation, by means of periapical tissue response analysis. 1% sodium hypochlorite and 2% chlorhexidine were the tested products. For this purpose, six dogs were used, 10 teeth in each dog, comprising a total of 60 teeth and 120 root canals, were randomly divided into seven groups, being three test groups, three negative controls and a positive control. Following obturation, all teeth were kept totally sealed during 24 hours to allow sealer setting. Then the positive control and the three test groups had their seal removed, and obturation material exposed to the oral environment for 90 days. Negative controls were kept sealed during the whole experimental period. The animals were killed and their mandibles removed. Histological procedures were adopted as to HE staining. Optical histological analysis at magnifications varying from 25x to 400x considered the periapical tissue status at various sites by a blinded senior observer. Non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and a Mann-Whitney and Willcoxon post-hoc were adopted at α= 0.05. Experimental groups and negative control had lower degree of inflammation when compared with the positive control, which showed consistently neutrophil and eosinophil infiltrates and areas of abscess (p=0.001). Both sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine behaved similarly, not interfering with the periapical tissue response. The remaining filling material was efficient to seal the apical portion of the root canal, regardless of the cleaning protocol.
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Hung, Pei-Tze, and 洪珮慈. "Determinants of FDI and Exports from Taiwan to Canada." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52255445282817818846.
Full textAbstract:
碩士銘傳大學
經濟學系碩士班
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Taiwan is a country with relative small lands and is not abundant in natural resources. Through various international trade and foreign direct investment activities, Taiwan has overcome this inborn weakness and has grown stronger in its industry sectors and performed well on overall economic growth by taking part in international division of labor and putting hands on resources around the globe. In decades, more Taiwanese firms invest in advanced countries other than investing in developing or underdeveloped countries to seek the learning of high-end skills and marketing know-how from a more advanced source in certain areas of expertise. The purposes of this study are: finding out the determinants of Taiwan direct investments in Canada and the determinants of Taiwan exporting to Canada. Empirical period starts through 1989 till 2009, using ordinary least squares and two-stage least squares methods to estimate the model. In this study, we use both overall industry data and separate industry data to examine the determinants of Taiwan direct investments in Canada and the determinants of Taiwan exporting to Canada, where not only macroeconomic variables but also intangible assets of firms and the immigrants from Taiwan to Canada are taken into consideration. We expect to see if those variables can properly explain the outward foreign direct investment activities and exporting activities from Taiwan to Canada. Our empirical study finds that: (1) the factors that determine the FDI and the exports from Taiwan to Canada are relatively different when using overall industry data and separate industry data; (2) in the exporting sector, empirical evidence shows that there are extinct differences in separate industry for them making an exporting decision to Canada while there are no evidences showing any differences in separate industry for them making an FDI decision to Canada. In our model, those macroeconomic variables, such as the GDP of Taiwan and Canada, have significant impacts on the FDI or exporting activities from Taiwan to Canada when intangible asset and annual newly Taiwanese immigrants in Canada have been found no significant effects in this study. The result shows that in these two decades, the FDI and exports from Taiwan to Canada are more connected to the change of environment than the possession of certain intangible asset by a firm, which was proved to be a significant factor of outward FDI in previous empirical studies. Also, annual newly Taiwanese immigrants in Canada, which was proved to be a significant factor for the exports from Taiwan to Canada in early studies now has been proved insignificant in this study. Considering the adjacent continents of the US and Canada and their membership in NAFTA, we take the FDI from Taiwan to the US and the exports from Taiwan to the US into account and find they have significant effects on the FDI from Taiwan to Canada and the exports from Taiwan to Canada respectively. This shows that Taiwan investments and exports to these two country own spatial association character.
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Rosa, Éric. "Quantification et traçage géochimique des exports fluviaux : exemples de bassins hydrographiques du Canada." Thèse, 2011. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/3971/1/D2158.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
La prévisibilité des changements dans la qualité et la quantité des ressources hydriques renouvelables repose sur une étude quantitative des mécanismes qui contrôlent ces paramètres. En lien avec cette problématique, la présente étude privilégie une approche fondée sur le monitoring géochimique des exports fluviaux dissous (δ2H-δ18O, cations majeurs, carbone organique dissous (COD), Nd, Sr, 87Sr/86Sr, U, (234U/238U)). L'élude a pour objectif (i) de tracer le cycle de l'eau et (ii) de documenter les taux d'altération chimique des roches au sein des basins hydrographiques des baies d'Hudson, de James et d'Ungava (HJUB) ainsi que du fleuve Saint-Laurent. La région d'étude couvre plus de 2,8x 106km2 sur 15 degrés de latitude. Les rivières Koksoak, Great Whale, La Grande et des Outaouais et les fleuves Nelson el Saint-Laurent ont fait l'objet d'un suivi temporel alors que dix autres rivières de la région ont été échantillonnées ponctuellement (durant la fonte des neiges et l'étiage estival) afin de fournir des informations complémentaires. Les teneurs en 2H-18O des rivières étudiées présentent des variations saisonnières systématiques dont l'amplitude atteint 1 à 5%o (δ18O). L'appauvrissement en isotopes lourds marquant la fonte des neiges constitue le trait caractéristique des profils isotopiques saisonniers. Lors de la période libre de glace, des enrichissements graduels en isotopes lourds sont observés en réponse à l'évaporation. La rivière La Grande est une exception à cette règle en raison de l'effet tampon causé par les réservoirs hydroélectriques qui la ponctuent. Lorsque rapportées dans un graphique δ2H vs δ18O, les rivières définissent des droites évaporatoires situées sous la droite des eaux météoriques et ayant une pente plus faible que cette dernière. À partir de bilans de masses isotopiques, il a été estimé que 10% de l'eau atteignant le bassin de la rivière des Outaouais est évaporée avant de rejoindre l’exutoire de cette dernière dans le fleuve Saint-Laurent. De façon similaire, on estime à 5-15% les taux d'évaporation dans les bassins hydrographiques du nord-est du Canada. Les rivières drainant les bassins hydrographiques contigus du nord-est du Canada définissent un gradient isotopique latitudinal (δ18O (%o vs VSMOW) = -0.36*Latitude+4.4%o) parallèle à celui rapporté pour les précipitations au niveau de la même région. Cette observation tend à indiquer que le gradient isotopique hérité des précipitations est conservé dans les rivières, malgré les processus subséquents à la recharge des bassins. Au sein des bassins de l'HJUB, les taux d'altération des roches ont été étudiés à partir des exports fluviaux dissous. Les rivières du bouclier présentent des concentrations en cations majeurs variant entre 62 ct 360 μM, des teneurs en néodyme ([Nd]) allant de 0.57 à 4.72 nM et des teneurs en COD variant entre 241 ct 1777 μM. En comparaison, le fleuve Nelson présente des concentrations en cations majeurs plus élevées (1200-2276 μM), des [Nd] plus faibles (0.14-0.45 nM) ct des [COD] intermédiaires (753-928 μM). Au sein des rivières Koksoak, Great Whale et Nelson, les concentrations en cations dissous (Na-K-Mg-Ca-Sr) présentent des variations saisonnières qui transcrivent l'effet des conditions hydro-climatiques. Comme pour les teneurs en 2H-18O, la dilution causée par la fonte des neiges constitue le trait caractéristique des chroniques saisonnières. Les rivières étudiées exportent vers l’HJUB un flux cationique dissout (Na-K-Mg-Ca-Sr) de 8x106 tonnes*an-1. Au sein des bassins hydrographiques, les taux d'altération chimique (cationique) des roches varient entre 1.0 et 5.6 tonnes*km-2*an-1. Le contrôle lithologique est proéminent, tel que suggéré par la relation établie entre l'abondance de roches volcaniques et sédimentaires (V+S%) dans les bassins et les taux d'altération cationiques des roches (ACR): ACR=0.8*(V+S%)+0.9. Les flux de Nd sont découplés des taux d'altération des roches mais corrélés aux taux de COD (r2=0.95). Ces derniers diminuent vers le nord et semblent tributaires des conditions hydro-climatiques. Les exports fluviaux d'uranium ont été étudiés a fin de fournir des précisions sur les processus d'altération des roches. Les rivières drainant le Bouclier canadien et la Plate-Forme Intérieure présentent des signatures [U] vs (234U/238U) distinctes. Dans le fleuve Nelson (Plate-Forme Intérieure) les [U] varient entre 1.05 et 2.45 nM et les déséquilibres (234U/238U) atteignent 1.21 à 1.25. Les [U] sont plus faibles au sein du Bouclier canadien (0.04-1.24 nM) alors que les déséquilibres (234U/238U) sont plus variables (1.11-1.99). Dans l'ensemble, les rivières étudiées exportent 3.4x105 moles*an-1 d’uranium vers l’HJUB, avec un ratio (234U/238U) moyen de 1.27. Les flux d'U sont découplés des taux d’altération des roches et l'accumulation d’uranium au sein de dépôts organiques semble intervenir sur les budgets à l’échelle des bassins. Les signatures (234U/238U) distinctes des rivières étudiées pourraient offrir la possibilité de tracer les exports fluviaux dissous au sein du domaine océanique de l’HJUB.
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Spak, Stanley W. "Transport costs as a barrier to U.S. exports of fresh fruit and vegetables to Canada." 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/9751.
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Röpke, Peter Norman. "A prairie ocean : the new tidal wave of globalisation and prairie wheat marketing policy." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/13221.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation examines the multifaceted and pervasive impact of globalisation on
the Canadian public policy environment through a detailed analysis of the monopoly
marketing of prairie wheat. The study argues that forces associated with globalisation,
working through regionally differentiated configurations of farmer opinion and interest
groups amidst varying partisan settings, are key to understanding the changing nature of
policy-making processes, structures, and outcomes in the wheat marketing arena. The
forces associated with globalisation include the increased presence of transnational
corporations, the expansion of international trade regimes, increased interaction and cooperation
between Canadian provincial governments and US state governments, the
international harmonisation of regulations, advances in transportation technology, and
heightened levels of education, knowledge, and information. In attempting to understand
how globalisation influences the wheat policy arena, the examination uses a comparative
analysis focusing on Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. The inter-governmental
harmony that had prevailed since the 1940s on the matter of Canadian Wheat Board's
(CWB's) wheat monopoly was replaced by conflict by the 1990s as the forces of
globalisation washed across the Canadian prairies. The dissertation shows that where the
absence of these forces once reinforced the CWB's wheat monopoly, the presence of
these forces now poses a formidable challenge to its continuation. Farmer opinion data
indicates that a trend away from monopoly selling toward open marketing is present
throughout the prairies. Like the presence of the forces of globalisation, anti-monopoly
opinion is particularly strong in Alberta. The dissertation will also show how the conflict
over monopoly wheat marketing was projected into the policy arena through
differentiated sets of interest group configurations and partisan environments. In doing
so, the examination points out that institutions, while often providing resistance to
change, can also serve as conduits facilitating change. The analysis shows that the
public policy network involved with the marketing of prairie wheat, as well as actors
within this network, have become increasingly internationalised. The examination
indicates that domestic governmental regulation and control have been severely
undermined in the wheat marketing arena as north-south ties increasingly undermine and
replace the east-west unity previously forged by the National Policy.
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"China export to Canada with special reference to the country of origin effect and the role of Hong Kong." Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1989. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5885991.
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Futz, Douglas Neal. "Development of Canadian fresh chilled pork exports to Japan : logistical and economic potential." 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/17048.
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Whyte, Tanya. "The political economy of Canadian oil export policy, 1949-2002." Master's thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10048/1090.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.A.)--University of Alberta, 2010.A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, Dept. of Political Science, University of Alberta. "Spring 2010." Title from pdf file main screen (viewed on April 27, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.
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Zhang, Chengfu. "MERCURY EXPORT FROM SMALL FORESTED WATERSHEDS IN WESTCENTRAL NOVA SCOTIA, CANADA: DEVELOPMENT OF AN ECOLOGICAL MODEL." 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10222/13261.
Full textAbstract:
As an efficient filter of airborne Hg compounds, forests retain a significant portion of the Hg deposited to the land. Forested watersheds have been identified as major sources of low-concentration Hg compounds to surrounding streams and lakes. Mercury export from forests is highly variable in both space and time. It is difficult to use field surveys alone to capture the spatiotemporal variation inherent in this variable. Mathematical models are required for improved representation.
The objective of this Thesis is to develop and test a monthly dynamic model that can be used to estimate seasonal Hg export from forested watersheds to low-ordered forest streams. The fully developed model consists of four model components: (i) a forest hydrology component, to simulate variation in soil temperature, soil moisture, and stream discharge for input to the other model components; (ii) a forest nutrient cycling and biomass growth component, to simulate forest growth and litter production; (iii) a forest litter decomposition component, to simulate seasonal production of dissolved organic carbon (DOC); and (iv) a monthly DOC and Hg export component to simulate the translocation of DOC and Hg from forested watersheds to low-ordered streams. The Hg-export component incorporates an Hg-to-DOC binding coefficient estimated from a one-time stream survey of Hg and DOC concentrations.
Simulations of in-stream Hg concentrations show two main trends: (i) an annual trend, associated with the seasonal (monthly) dynamics of forest litter production, decomposition, and DOC production and export, and (ii) a multiple-year trend, associated with forest harvesting and re-growth patterns of regenerating forests. This study demonstrates that (i) wetland- and conifer-dominated watersheds release a greater amount of Hg to aquatic ecosystems than upland- and deciduous species-dominated watersheds, and (ii) forests nearing maturity, export more Hg than young forests.
42
Miller, Pamela Marie. "The economic potential of U.S. routes for the movement of grain from western Canada to export destinations." 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/7169.
Full textAbstract:
Recently, considerable attention has been paid to the economics of the existing Canadian routes, for grain transportation but little consideration has been given to possible U.S. alternatives. This study attempts to put the economics of the various routes in Canada and in the U.S. into perspective for the crop year 1984/85. In addition, a number of institutional constraints, which may prevent movements of Canadian grain through the U.S. for export, are identified and discussed. Four basic rate combinations were analyzed using a linear programming transportation-transshipment model. These combinations incorporated different levels of Canadian U.S. rail rates. Several scenarios which reflected different barge rate levels for the Mississippi River were analyzed for each basic rate combination. Several conclusions were drawn from the analysis of the various results. Under the current Western Grain Transportation Act rates, in which producers pay only a small proportion of the total cost of moving the grain to export position, none of the U.S. alternatives would be used for Canadian grain. If WGTA rates were modified so producers paid the full cost of transporting grain, the U.S. routes would become attractive alternatives to existing Canadian routes. The amount of grain which would utilize the U.S. system depends on the U.S. rail rate levels used. Two methods of estimating the U.S. rail rates were developed in this study. The first method was based on rates provided by the major railroads which were based on published tariffs while the second method involved calculating the distance to each U.S. port from each prairie origin and using the WGTA distance formula to calculate representative rates. Results from the first method indicate that at 1985 barge rates less than 5% of Canadian grain would move down the Mississippi while at lower barge rates (100% of tariff) more than 20% would be more economically moved by this route. U.S. rail rates calculated by the second method result in considerably more grain moving through the U.S. At 1985 barge rates, approximately 130% of tariff, over 40% of Canadian should move via the Mississippi while an additional 6% would move through Portland, Oregon in the Pacific Northwest. Even at 170% of tariff barge rates, over 25% of Canadian grain would be economically moved down the Mississippi River. The present rail rate hierarchy established under the Western Grain Transportation Act is therefore seen to render uneconomic movement of Canadian grain by U.S. routes from the standpoint of the user of the system. If the users were to pay the full cost rate, routes though the U.S. would be rendered economic. The economic distortion arising from rates to users which do not reflect real cost becomes evident in this analysis. The degree of regulation built into the Canadian grain transportation system is seen to prevent movements of Canadian grain through the U.S. system. However, each of the institutional constraints identified in this study can be overcome if the need to develop alternative export routes for Canadian grain becomes apparent.
43
Vido, Erica Julia. "Container cabotage policy and its impact on western Canadian pulse exports : a gravity model approach." 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/7920.
Full textAbstract:
Containerized shipping of specialty agricultural products from western Canada is hampered by the high costs of obtaining empty equipment. An avoidable barrier to cost-effective container shipping is the out-dated Customs regulations on container cabotage. These regulations, originally intended to protect domestic industry, provide for strict use requirements for internationally owned containers in Canada and require many shippers and carriers to reposition empty equipment. This negatively impacts the costs of container transportation for specialty agricultural products. A series of in-depth interviews were conducted with various industry stakeholders. This was followed up by a self-administered, faxed-out questionnaire to gather more detailed information. Following this, a gravity model for the eastbound lentils export market was developed with the aim of quantifying the freight rate elasticity. The information obtained from the survey process was used to quantify the effects of container cabotage policy on lentils export volumes. Canadian lentils exports are highly elastic to freight rates and suggest that reducing freight rates for this market could have great appeal to shippers and carriers. A 5% reduction in freight rates, which could arise from deregulating the cabotage market, could induce lentil exports to increase by about 10%. This translates into an expected increase of about $10 million in improved export sales.
44
Urbina-Olano, Hector J. "Elasticity of demand for red meat transportation : a gravity model analysis of Western Canadian pork exports." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/3722.
Full textAbstract:
Canadian pork production exceeds its domestic demand and further increases can be only be sustained by successfully expanding export markets. Language, purchasing power, health awareness, proximity, values, and business relationships and NAFTA make the United States a target market for increasing Canadian pork exports. However, the flow of pork from Canada to the United States is affected positively and negatively by micro and macro factors. The major objective of this thesis is to estimate empirically the effects on Western Canadian pork exports of changes in income, hog production in the U.S. (by state) and the transport costs (truck). The goal of this study is to identify regional markets within the United States where further market penetration may be possible. The theoretical foundation of the analysis is the interregional trade model. The concepts of excess supply and demand can be utilized to derive the demand for transportation. The derived demand for transport can be estimated as a gravity model within the context of the interregional trade framework A pooled cross-section time series technique as described by Kmenta (1986), was used to estimate the gravity model. The empirical model emp?s annual data for the period of 1989 to t992. The parameters of the derived demand for transport are income, an index of production and transportation freight rates. The results show that the derived demand for the transport of pork is highly elastic and that the cost of transport is the most important factor affecting trade flows. Of the three Western Provinces taken into account in this study, Manitoba and Saskatchewan are more responsive to changes in tansport cost. The lower transport costs elasticity for Alberta may be explained by the larger gross margins and/or the lower backhaul freight rates. A change in the specialization in hog production in a U.S. state has a negative effect on Western Canadian pork exports, but perhaps less than might be expected. U.S. pork does not appear to be a perfect substitute for pork imports. The study findings suggest that Manitoba marketing efforts should concentrate in the Mid-Atlantic and West South centre states. The Alberta hog industry should focus its marketing strategy in selling on Mountain and South Atlantic states. The Saskatchewan hog industry should focus in the Mountain and Mid-Atlantic states
45
Kindle, Allison. "Freshwater, Law, and Game Theory: Strategies for Navigating the Troubled Waters of a Canada / U.S. Bulk Water Export Conflict." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/18781.
Full textAbstract:
The U.S. is facing a serious decline in its water supply and is likely to turn to Canada as its next major source of water. Under NAFTA, Canada may become legally obligated to allow American companies to begin selling Canadian water. If one province trades its water, Canada can do little to stop water exports nationally. Consequently, it is crucial that Canada takes steps now to legally ensure its water is protected.
This paper portrays the Canada / U.S. bulk water export issue as a conflict, and proposes strategies that Canada could take to protect its freshwater. It applies a game theory perspective to the conflict, and illustrates the moves that each country might make to “win” the game and secure Canada’s water supply. The purpose of this application is to better predict future strategies and their consequences when two political allies legally battle over the world’s most precious natural resource.
46
Ahmadi-Esfahani, Zeinalabedin. "The impact of changes in statutory grain freight rates on Canada's share of the export wheat market." 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/29209.
Full text
47
Weitsman, Faina. "The trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS) agreement and access to patented medicines in developing countries - Canada's Bill C-9." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/294.
Full textAbstract:
TRIPS strengthened international patent protection, particularly in relation to pharmaceutical patents. A compulsory license mechanism is one of the exceptions from patent protection available under TRIPS. This mechanism applies mainly to domestic market supply. Underdeveloped countries with insufficient pharmaceutical manufacturing capacities are unable to use this exception to import medicines in public health emergencies. To resolve this problem, the WTO General Council’s decision allows the export of generic versions of patented drugs under certain conditions. Canada’s Bill C-9 was the first statute to implement the decision.
Bill C-9 bears both humanitarian and TRIPS-like provisions. The role of the Government is unjustifiably limited to participation in administrative and legislative processes, while the main operators in the scheme are the generic manufacturer and partly, the patent holder. This thesis proposes several different models to transform the Bill into a workable system for the export of drugs to underdeveloped countries afflicted with pandemics.October 2006
48
Labelle, Christophe. "Les débats publics suscités par la création des Expos de Montréal." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/14022.
Full textAbstract:
Les années 1960 au Québec sont marquées par un vigoureux courant nationaliste prônant l’affirmation politique et culturelle des francophones dans la province. Également, le phénomène de l’américanisation du territoire québécois s’accélère. C’est dans ce cadre historique particulier que naissent en 1968 les Expos de Montréal, équipe du circuit de baseball le plus important au monde, soit la Ligue du baseball majeur. La MLB s’installe alors dans un territoire où le baseball est centenaire. L’objectif de ce mémoire est d’étudier les débats et réactions suscités par l’avènement de Montréal dans le baseball majeur, en déterminant l’influence qu’y ont joué le nationalisme québécois des années 1960, l’américanisation du Québec et la longue histoire du baseball dans la province. Si les deux communautés linguistiques de celle-ci sont ici à l’étude, il n’en demeure pas moins que l’attention est davantage portée sur les francophones que les anglophones. En effet, ceux-ci ont semblé davantage interpelés par la création des Expos. D’ailleurs, parmi les deux groupes, les positions les plus documentées sont celles des chroniqueurs sportifs, qui se retrouvent donc au cœur de notre étude. Les opinions d’amateurs de baseball, de politiciens, d’hommes d’affaires ou de simples citoyens québécois sont également rapportées et analysées, mais dans une plus faible mesure.The 1960’s in Québec were marked by an intense nationalist movement promoting the political and cultural affirmation of the province’s francophone population. Also, the americanization of the territory was accelarating. It’s in this particular historical context that were born the Montreal Expos, in 1968, the team being part of the most important baseball league in the world, The Major League Baseball. The MLB then settled on a land where baseball is centenary. The goal of this master thesis is to study the debates and reactions that were created by the advent of Montreal in major baseball, and to determine the influence that the québécois nationalism, the Québec’s americanization and the long history of baseball in the province had on them. Even though both national communities of Québec are studied, the focus is further more on the francophones than the anglophones. The first ones seemed to be more interpellated by the creation of the Expos. Besides that, for the two linguistic groups, the actors who shared the most clearly and often their positions are the sports journalists, whom are in the center of our analysis. The opinions of baseball fans, politicians, buisness men and regular Quebec’s citizens are also presented and analyzed, but with less attention.
49
Mineau, Francis. "SQUEEZE : représentations du baseball dans l'imaginaire social au Québec : 1994-2014." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/19355.
Full textAbstract:
Le
baseball
occupe
une
place
atypique
dans
les
discours
publics
au
Québec.
Ses
multiples
représentations,
teintées
d’une
exubérante
ferveur
ou
d’un
désintérêt
des
plus
opiniâtres,
l’attestent
sans
équivoque.
Outre
l’unicité
de
la
langue
française
(qui
est
déjà
beaucoup
en
soi),
on
se
doute
que
des
particularismes
québécois
existent
et
qu’ils
prennent
forme
dans
les
diverses
manifestations
culturelles
écrites,
chantées,
dessinées
ou
publicisées
de
ce
sport.
Le
baseball
a
influencé
les
cultures
savante
et
populaire
d’ici
et
il
continue
à
faire
couler
de
l’encre,
à
pénétrer
et
à
structurer
des
discours
de
natures
diverses
et
à
marquer
l’imaginaire
et
l’imagination.
Il
s’agit
dans
la
présente
recherche
d’arriver
à
une
lecture
spécifiquement
québécoise
des
représentations
du
baseball
dans
l’imaginaire
(social,
collectif
et
culturel)
entre
1994
et
2014,
grâce
à
l’examen
de
quatre
thématiques
principales,
soit
l’écriture,
l’espace,
le
temps
et
la
sexualité.Baseball holds a special place in Quebec’s public discourse. Its multiple representations, stuck between heartfelt passion and a stubborn disinterest, are proof of this. Besides the uniqueness of the French language (which is already significant in itself), we can suspect that a Quebec distinctiveness exists through the various cultural expressions of this sport, whether they be written, sung, drawn or publicized. Baseball has influenced both highbrow and popular culture and continues to be discussed, to penetrate and structure various discourses and to influence imagination and the imaginary. The aim of the present research is to provide a Quebec-specific reading of baseball’s presence and representations in the social, collective and cultural discourses between 1994 and 2014 through the consideration of four main themes : writing, space, time and sexuality.