Academic literature on the topic 'Exports – Canada'
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Journal articles on the topic "Exports – Canada"
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Luppold, William, Matthew Bumgardner, and Michael Jacobson. "An Analysis of U.S. Hardwood Log Exports from 1990 to 2021." Forest Products Journal 72, no. 3 (May 1, 2022): 198–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00035.
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Abstract In 1990, the major destinations for hardwood logs exported by the United Sates were Europe, Canada, and three East Asian markets: Japan, Taiwan, and Korea. From 1990 to 2005, the volume of hardwood logs exported to Canada increased by 402 percent. During this period, another East Asian log market developed, consisting of China, Hong Kong, and Vietnam (CHV). While increased Canadian exports were an apparent result of increased U.S. bilateral trade with Canada, the development of the CHV market was associated with increased U.S. furniture imports from that region. The volume of U.S. log exports worldwide peaked in 2005, and the value of log exports peaked in 2007. Exports to all regions declined in 2009. After 2009, exports to CHV increased and surpassed shipments to Canada in 2014. In the past decade, much of the increase in exports to CHV appears to be the result of demand within China. Recently, these exports have been affected by trade disputes and the COVID-19 pandemic. For most of the study period, the dominant log export species were white oak, red oak, maple, or cherry in terms of value. Since 2018, walnut has become the most important log export species (value basis) as a result of increased shipments to China.
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Downing, D. O. "Canadian Coal in International Markets." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 4, no. 4 (August 1986): 285–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459878600400403.
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Canada represents a comparatively unique case in the world coal industry, being a significant importer of both metallurgical and thermal coals as well as an exporter. The vast distances between the major coal producing areas in western Canada and the industrial heartland to the east, and commensurate high freight costs explain this apparent dichotomy. Eastern US coals supply much of the industrial requirement in eastern Canada, chiefly the Province of Ontario, the major consumer of imported coals. Only about 25% of this requirement is met with western Canadian coal. Overall, Canada is not a coal based economy. Because of large reserves of oil and natural gas, coal supplies only 10% of Canada's energy needs. Despite the long-standing reliance on US imports, Canada has become a net exporter of coal on the basis of a comparatively young industry that has blossomed in western Canada since 1970. Metallurgical coal, the foundation of the Canadian export industry, was initially the sole export product but has been joined since the late 1970s by thermal coal. The growth in thermal coal exports is expected to exceed the growth of metallurgical coal exports over the remainder of the 1980s, but metallurgical coal will retain its major share of exports even by 1990. Not to be forgotten is the relatively modest export trade of metallurgical coal from the east of Canada, where coal has been produced in the mines of Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, for many decades. The extent to which growth of exports from this region can be expected is uncertain at present, although expanded Nova Scotia exports could displace some US exports if expansion can take place economically. The western Canadian industry is well placed to participate in existing and new world-markets for coal, particularly in the Far East, due to the locational advantages on the Pacific, but also importantly in Europe due to the size and quality of the Canadian resource base and due to competitive mining costs. In addition, over a decade and a half have been dedicated to the placement of a modern and efficient infrastructure of rail and port facilities in the west to promote the development of a viable export business. The major portion of this paper addresses the main features of the Canadian coal industry, highlighting the export industry. The main features include: the large, well-located coal resources, growing production, consistent quality, competitive mine costs, modern infrastructure, labour stability and supportive government.
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Luppold, William G. "The Canadian Connection in the North American Hardwood Lumber Export Market." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 9, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): 91–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/9.3.91.
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Abstract Canada has consistently been the largest international market for U.S. hardwood lumber in both value and volume terms. Although much of the lumber shipped to Canada is used by Canadian industries, a significant amount is re-exported to Europe by Canadian brokers and wholesalers. In addition, 10 to 20% of U S. hardwood lumber exports to Europe are transshipped through Canadian ports. Most exports to Canada and transshipments through Canada exit the United States at inland points in the Northeast. This paper provides an alternative look at exports of lumber from the United States to Canada and examines the connection between Canada and U.S. exports to Europe. However, the volume of U.S. lumber and logs reprocessed in Canada and then exported is not known. North. J. Appl. For. 9(3):91-93.
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Hassan, Muhammad Shahid, Amna Kausar, and Noman Arshed. "Investigating Export Determinants: A Time Series Evidence From Canada." SAGE Open 12, no. 2 (April 2022): 215824402211010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440221101037.
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Export is an important macroeconomic factor that can elevate a country’s output performance and raise employment opportunities, in any economy. Any country may expand the number of its allies through exports. Foundation trade theories, like absolute advantage and comparative advantage, suggest that a country should export the product with greater absolute or comparative advantage. This sheds light on allocating the optimal resources for producing low-price products and flouting the idea of specialization among the countries of the world. The present study explores the factors that may influence the export performance of a developed economy like Canada from 1979 to 2019. The study findings provide evidence of the absence of multicollinearity and that the data series for the selected functional form of the study is stationary at mixed order. The results of the ARDL bounds test confirm long-run cointegrating relations between exports and its determinants for Canada. The results further reveal that per capita energy consumption and government final consumption expenditures significantly elevate export performance in both the long and short run, while population size significantly elevates exports performance only in the long run in Canada. Moreover, the findings also expose that real effective exchange rate significantly reduces exports in both the long and short run in Canada: This means that by depreciating Canadian currency, Canadian exports will be boosted. The real interest rate reports a negative but insignificant impact on the Canadian export function in both the long and short run. Finally, the CUSUM and CUSUM Square graphs confirm the stability of the estimated coefficients for the Canadian export function for the selected sample of the study.
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Sindhu, Dr M. "Recent trends in exports of computer software and information technology enabled services from India." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 8, no. 02 (February 18, 2020): 1584–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v8i02.em04.
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Software industry occupies an important place in Indian economy. This sector has a significant role in term of contribution to GDP, employment, export earning etc. The present paper examined the performance of software service exports from India. The software service exports comprises of computer services and information technology enabled serices (ITES). The recent trends in the software export shows that the export earning has increased. The growth rate of export of this sector is 13 per cent during 2008-2019 period. ITES service exports shows a higher growth rate than the computer service exports during 2008-19 period. Though the public limited company was the major contributor of exports, in the last two years the private sector occupies the position. Major destination of software exports are USA and Canada. Majority of the software service exports are through the cross border supply, ie through Mode-1.
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Khoroshilov, Evgeny. "Federal Export Development Infrastructure in Canada." Russia and America in the 21st Century, no. 4 (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207054760017959-1.
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Canada is one of the leading economically developed countries and is among the most involved in international trade. Performance of the Canadian economy largely depends on the realization of Canadian businesses’ export potential. The article examines Canada’s federal export development infrastructure. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the activities of the federal state corporations Export Development Canada and Canadian Commercial Corporation, as well as of the Trade Commissioner Service. The paper also studies recent trends and structure of Canadian exports.
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Boonsaeng, Tullaya, and Stanley M. Fletcher. "The Impact of U.S. Non-price Export Promotion Program on Export Demand for U.S. Peanuts in North America." Peanut Science 37, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/ps08-026.1.
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Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the U.S. federal non-price export promotion programs on U.S. export demand in North America. A single-equation framework was specified for estimation of the peanut export demand model. Results indicate that the own-price of the importing country had a negative relationship with U.S. peanut exports, while the price of Chinese peanut exports and real income (GDP) of the importing country were positively related to U.S. peanuts exports. Export promotion programs had a positive effect on the export demand for U.S. peanut to Mexico while these programs seemed to have no effect in Canada.
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Mayer, Leo V. "U.S.–Canada Trade Relationships: Developments and Implications." Northeastern Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 16, no. 2 (October 1987): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0899367x00001380.
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North American agriculture is passing through yet another period of adjustment in markets, production levels, and government programs. The adjustment grows out of an enormous change in global food conditions after 1980. Nations that traditionally imported large amounts of foodstuffs begin to move toward greater self-sufficiency and nations that exported to them saw surpluses began to pile up in their warehouses. The burden of these shifts was not borne evenly by exporting nations. The United States experienced a dramatic downturn in its food exports while other nations, often using government subsidies to gain market share, went on increasing production and exports.
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Marchant, Mary A., and Baohui Song. "Assessment of Biotechnology Policies and International Trade in Key Markets for U.S. Agriculture." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 37, no. 2 (August 2005): 379–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800006854.
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The United States leads the world in agricultural biotechnology research, adoption, commercialization, and exports. Our biotech commodities are highly dependent on international markets. Thus, any biotech policy changes by key importing countries may affect U.S. agricultural biotech product exports. This article identifies key markets for U.S. agricultural exports including biotech commodities and discusses current and proposed biotech policies in key markets for U.S. agricultural exports focusing on Canada, Mexico, Japan, the European Union (EU), and China. Among these markets, labeling of biotech products is voluntary in Canada and Mexico but is mandatory in Japan, the EU, and, most recently, in China. For the EU, U.S. corn exports were almost completely shut out, while U.S. soybean exports also declined because of the EU's biotech policies. The World Trade Organization dispute filed by the United States has yet to be finalized. China's biotech regulations raised concern by U.S. agricultural exporters. However, through U.S. Department of Agriculture education programs, U.S.–China negotiations, and China's domestic soybean shortage, China's biotech regulations do not appear to have had long-run impacts on U.S. soybean exports to China.
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Montanía, Claudia V., Teresa Fernández-Núñez, and Miguel A. Márquez. "The role of the leading exporters in the global soybean trade." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 67, No. 7 (July 14, 2021): 277–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/433/2020-agricecon.
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This paper examines the global soybean market in a holistic way, analyses the land use and other historical determinants of soybean exports, such as labour and capital endowments, soybean productivity, international prices and demand conditions through an empirical model. In addition, it pays particular attention to the role of leading exporters in the export changes and the nature of the connections between them in an interrelated system. The results suggest that the productivity per hectare and the land used to harvest soybeans are the main factors explaining soybean exports in a global context. The analysis also reveals that Brazil, the current market leader, positively influences the other exporters. On the contrary, minor exporters such as Ukraine, Paraguay, or Canada present competitive relationships with the major exporters. The nature of the relationships between the exporters and the pressure on natural resources highlight the importance of government involvement in developing joint strategies that ensure the growth of this sector and the achievement of United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Exports – Canada"
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Savard, Marielle. "Impact of Canadian stabilization programs on pork exports to the United States." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=55675.
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Paquin, Hugo. "Canada's Trade Strategy towards Asia; the Comparative Advantage of Canadian Exports." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-193817.
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The goal of this thesis is to determine how Canada's competitiveness is being affected by its commodity-based, US-centric export mix, if it is justified to talk about a ''resource curse'' and if efforts to diversify should be pursued. In the end, the aim is to understand how the chosen trade strategy will impact Canadian efforts to tap into the Asian markets. Chapter 1 will first look into the theory of comparative advantage which was first established by David Ricardo and then extended through several neoclassic theories (namely, the Heckscher-Ohlin model), the various assumptions made will be considered and put into today's context of globalized trade exchanges. As the 'case study', the economy of Canada and more specifically its trade exchanges will be analyzed in Chapter 2. As an oil-centric (and generally, commodity-centric) economy, the question of whether the Dutch Disease and the commodity 'supercycle' pose threats to Canada's trade strategy and competitiveness will be answered. Finally, in Chapter 3, the concepts gathered in Chapter 1 as well as the observations made in Chapter 2 will come together and explain how Canada can, through a diversified export mix, better seize the economic opportunities which Asia will represent in the years to come. The conclusion is that the endowment of resources should be exploited but not relied upon, and that government policies and active investments should be redirected towards innovative, value-adding industries.
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Rosa, Eric. "Quantification et traçage géochimique des exports fluviaux : exemples de bassins hydrographiques du Canada." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GLOB0011.
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La prévisibilité des changements dans la qualité et la quantité des ressources hydriques renouvelables repose sur une étude quantitative des mécanismes qui contrôlent ces paramètres. En lien avec cette problématique, la présente étude privilégie une approche fondée sur le monitoring géochimique des exports fluviaux dissous (2H-18O, cations majeurs, carbone organique dissous (COD), Nd, Sr, 87Sr/86Sr, U, (234U/238U)). L’étude a pour objectif (i) de tracer le cycle de l’eau et (ii) de documenter les taux d’altération chimique des roches au sein bassins hydrographiques des baies d’Hudson, de James et d’Ungava (HJUB) ainsi que du fleuve Saint-Laurent. La région d’étude couvre plus de 2,8x106 km2 sur 15 degrés de latitude. Les rivières Koksoak, Great Whale, La Grande et des Outaouais et les fleuves Nelson et Saint-Laurent ont fait l’objet d’un suivi temporel alors que dix autres rivières de la région ont été échantillonnées ponctuellement (durant la fonte des neiges et l’étiage estival) afin de fournir des informations complémentaires. Les teneurs en 2H-18O des rivières étudiées présentent des variations saisonnières systématiques dont l’amplitude atteint 1 à 5‰ (18O). L’appauvrissement en isotopes lourds marquant la fonte des neiges constitue le trait caractéristique des profils isotopiques saisonniers. Lors de la période libre de glace, des enrichissements graduels en isotopes lourds sont observés en réponse à l’évaporation. La rivière La Grande est une exception à cette règle en raison de l’effet tampon causé par les réservoirs hydroélectriques qui la ponctuent. Lorsque rapportées dans un graphique 2H vs 18O, les rivières définissent des droites évaporatoires situées sous la droite des eaux météoriques et ayant une pente plus faible que cette dernière. À partir de bilans de masses isotopiques, il a été estimé que 10% de l’eau atteignant le bassin de la rivière des Outaouais est évaporée avant de rejoindre l’exutoire de cette dernière dans le fleuve Saint-Laurent. De façon similaire, on estime à 5-15% les taux d’évaporation dans les bassins hydrographiques du nord-est du Canada. Les rivières drainant les bassins hydrographiques contigus du nord-est du Canada définissent un gradient isotopique latitudinal (18O(‰ vs VSMOW) = -0. 36*Latitude+4. 4‰) parallèle à celui rapporté pour les précipitations au niveau de la même région. Cette observation tend à indiquer que le gradient isotopique hérité des précipitations est conservé dans les rivières, malgré les processus subséquents à la recharge des bassins. Au sein des bassins de l’HJUB, les taux d’altération des roches ont été étudiés à partir des exports fluviaux dissous. Les rivières du bouclier présentent des concentrations en cations majeurs variant entre 62 et 360 M, des teneurs en néodyme ([Nd]) allant de 0. 57 à 4. 72 nM et des teneurs en COD variant entre 241 et 1777 M. En comparaison, le fleuve Nelson présente des concentrations en cations majeurs plus élevées (1200-2276 M), des [Nd] plus faibles (0. 14-0. 45 nM) et des [COD] intermédiaires (753-928 M). Au sein des rivières Koksoak, Great Whale et Nelson, les concentrations en cations dissous (Na-KMg- Ca-Sr) présentent des variations saisonnières qui transcrivent l’effet des conditions hydro-climatiques. Comme pour les teneurs en 2H-18O, la dilution causée par la fonte des neiges constitue le trait caractéristique des chroniques saisonnières. Les rivières étudiées exportent vers l’HJUB un flux cationique dissout (Na-K-Mg-Ca-Sr) de 8x106 tonnes*an-1. Au sein des bassins hydrographiques, les taux d’altération chimique (cationique) des roches varient entre 1. 0 et 5. 6 tonnes*km-2*an-1. Le contrôle lithologique est proéminent, tel que suggéré par la relation établie entre l’abondance de roches volcaniques et sédimentaires (V+S%) dans les bassins et les taux d’altération cationiques des roches (ACR): ACR=0. 8*(V+S%)+0. 9. Les flux de Nd sont découplés des taux d’altération des roches mais corrélés aux flux de COD (r2=0. 95). Ces derniers diminuent vers le nord et semblent tributaires des conditions hydro-climatiques. Les exports fluviaux d’uranium ont été étudiés afin de fournir des précisions sur les processus d’altération des roches. Les rivières drainant le Bouclier canadien et la Plate-Forme Intérieure présentent des signatures [U] vs (234U/238U) distinctes. Dans le fleuve Nelson (Plate-Forme Intérieure) les [U] varient entre 1. 05 et 2. 45 nM et les déséquilibres (234U/238U) atteignent 1. 21 à 1. 25. Les [U] sont plus faibles au sein des du Bouclier canadien (0. 04 – 1. 24 nM) alors que les déséquilibres (234U/238U) sont plus variables (1. 11 – 1. 99). Dans l’ensemble, les rivières étudiées exportent 3. 4x105 moles*an-1 d’uranium vers l’HJUB, avec un ratio (234U/238U) moyen de 1. 27. Les flux d’U sont découplés des taux d’altération des roches et l’accumulation d’uranium au sein de dépôts organiques semble intervenir sur les budgets à l’échelle des bassins. Les signatures (234U/238U) distinctes des rivières étudiées pourraient offrir la possibilité de tracer les exports fluviaux dissous au sein du domaine océanique de l’HJUBThe predictability of changes in the quality and quantity of renewable water resources relies on a quantitative study of the mechanisms that control these parameters. In connection with this problem, this study favors an approach based on the geochemical monitoring of dissolved riverine exports (δ2H-18O, major cations, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), [Nd], [Sr], 87Sr/86Sr, [U], (234U/238U)). The study aims at (i) tracing the water cycle and at (ii) quantifying rock chemical weathering rates in major river basins in central and eastern Canada. The study area covers more than 2. 8 x106 km2 over 15 degrees of latitude and encompasses the major basins of Hudson Bay, James and Ungava (HJUB) as well as the St. Lawrence River. The Koksoak, Great Whale, La Grande, Nelson, Ottawa and St. Lawrence rivers were monitored in time whereas ten other rivers flowing within the same region were sampled during spring snowmelt and summer baseflow, providing complementary data. The studied rivers present systematic seasonal 18O-2H patterns with amplitudes reaching 1 to 5 ‰ (18O). Heavy-isotope depletions mark the snowmelt event and gradual heavy-isotope enrichments occur in response to evaporation during the ice-off season. The La Grande River constitutes an exception due to the buffering effect of hydroelectric reservoirs that smooth out the temporal isotopic fluctuations. When reported in a 2H vs 18O chart, the studied rivers define Local Evaporation Lines (LEL) extending below the Meteoric Water Line (MWL). Isotopic mass balance calculations suggest that approximately 10% of the total inflow to the Ottawa River Basin is lost through evaporation before reaching its outlet in the St. Lawrence River. The rivers draining contiguous basins of Northeastern Canada define a River Water Line (RWL) arising from imbricate Local Evaporation Lines (LEL). A method using the distance between the RWL and the MWL is proposed for estimating the average evaporation over inflow ratio (5 to 15%) at the scale of the study area. These rivers also define a latitudinal isotopic gradient (18O (‰ vs. VSMOW) = -0. 36 * Latitude +4. 4 ‰) that is parallel to that reported for precipitation over the same region. This observation suggests that the isotopic gradient inherited rainfall is preserved in rivers, despite the subsequent hydrological processes occurring within the basins. Landscape chemical denudation rates were addressed based on the dissolved chemistry of rivers flowing into the HJUB. The rivers of the Canadian Shield depict major cation concentrations ranging between 62 and 360 μM, neodymium concentrations ([Nd]) of 0. 57 to 4. 72 nM and variable dissolved organic carbon concentrations ([DOC]) (241 – 1777 μM). In comparison, the Nelson River (Interior Platform) shows higher major cation concentrations (1200 – 2276 μM), lower [Nd] (0. 14 to 0. 45 nM) and intermediate [DOC] (753 – 928 M). Within the HJUB basins, the dissolved cation concentrations (Na-K-Mg-Ca-Sr) show seasonal variations that transcribe the effect of hydro-climatic conditions. As for 2H-18O patterns, the dilution caused by snowmelt constitutes the main feature of the seasonal patterns. Altogether, the studied rivers export 8x106 tons*yr-1 of dissolved major cations and 50 tons*yr-1 of dissolved Nd towards the HJUB. Basin scale total rock cationic denudation rates (TRCDR) range from 1. 0 to 5. 3 tons*yr-1*km2 and are essentially controlled by lithology, as illustrated by the relationship established between rock denudation rates and the proportion of sedimentary and volcanic rocks (%S+V) within the basins: TRCDR=0. 08(%S+V)+0. 9. Contrastingly, dissolved Nd exports are decoupled from rock weathering rates and seem to be strongly dependent upon organic matter cycling, as illustrated by the tight coupling between Nd and DOC fluxes. These fluxes decrease northwards, likely in response to the hydro-climatic gradient. Riverine dissolved U contents were studied in order to provide further information regarding weathering sources and processesin the HJUB region. The rivers draining the Canadian Shield vs. That draining the Interior Platform depict distinct [U] vs. (234U/238U) clusters. In the Nelson River (draining the Interior Sedimentary Platform), U-concentrations are highest (1. 05 - 2. 45 nM) whereas (234U/238U) show little variability (1. 21 – 1. 25). U concentrations are comparatively lower in the rivers of the Canadian Shield (0. 04 – 1. 24 nM) whereas (234U/238U) span from 1. 11 to 1. 99. Altogether, the studied rivers export 3. 4x105 moles. Yr-1 of U towards the HJUB, with an amount-weighted average (234U/238U) of 1. 27. At the scale of the study area, U and major cations exports are decoupled, suggesting that rock weathering processes do not solely control U budgets. First-order calculations reveal that U accumulation in peatlands could significantly impact basin-scale U budgets. The distinct [U] vs (234U/238U) clusters defined by the monitored rivers of the HJUB region (Koksoak, Great Whale, La Grande and Nelson) should allow tracing the source of dissolved U in the nearby oceanic domain
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Sá, Ivan Emanuel Rodrigues Baptista de. "Exportações do Canadá e do México para o mercado americano no período 1985-2016." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/16751.
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Mestrado em Economia Internacional e Estudos EuropeusOs Estados Unidos são destino de aproximadamente 75% das exportações de bens do Canadá e do México. Tais fluxos tornam o Canadá o segundo maior parceiro comercial dos Estados Unidos e o México o terceiro. A presente dissertação pretende medir a competitividade e a estrutura das exportações do Canadá e do México no mercado norte-americano de 1985 a 2016. Para atingir o objetivo, recorremos ao indicador de comércio das Vantagens Comparativas Reveladas para analisar os produtos em que ambos os países apresentaram vantagens comparativas para os EUA; e à metodologia Constant Market Share para analisar o comportamento e a competitividade das exportações dos dois países para o mercado americano. As vantagens comparativas do Canadá foram sobretudo em setores baseados em recursos naturais, focando a sua competitividade no setor energético, a passo que o México revelou competitividade na indústria automobilística e manufatureira devido, em grande parte, às cadeias de valor acrescentado. Porém, a nova onda de protecionismo norte-americana e as renegociações do NAFTA trouxeram incertezas para os níveis de competitividade destas economias, sobretudo para a indústria automóvel mexicana.
The United States are the destination of approximately 75% of Canadian and Mexican exports. Such flows make Canada the second largest trading partner of the Unitade States and Mexico the third. This paper aims to examine the competitiveness and structure of the Canadian and Mexican exports to the North-American market, from 1985 to 2016. To achieve the objective were used the trade indicator of Revealed Comparative Advantages to analyzed the products that both countries presented comparative advantages for the US; and the Constant Market Share methodology to analyse the competitiveness of the two countries's exports to the American market. Canada's comparative advantages were mostly in sectors based on natural resources, focusing on energy's competitiveness, while Mexico had revealed competitiveness in the automotive and manufacturing sector, due to value-added chains. However, the renegotiations of NAFTA brought uncertainties to the levels of competitiveness of these economies, especially for the Mexican auto industry.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Leandoer, Katarina. "From colonial expression to export commodity : English-Canadian literature in Canada and Sweden, 1945-1999 /." Uppsala : [Uppsala universitet], 2002. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39228587k.
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Otta, Jiří. "Exportní příležitosti českých firem na kanadském trhu." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-75527.
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The main goal of the theses is to analyze economic cooperation of Czech republic and Canada. There is a particular information about Canadian economical and political setting as well as local business environment. The theses places emphasis on how to help Czech exporters trading with Canada, and gives complete overview of opportunities for export, entrance to the market and helps to understand local business customs.
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Richards, Donald Peter. "Canadian export interests and challenges from the Pacific." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25514.
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From early colonial times the Canadian economy, highly dependent on exports, has developed a pluralist economic system in a generally congenial international environment. Since 1970 however, the Canadian economy has been challenged, albeit at the margins, by unfamiliar impacts largely originating in the Pacific economy. The institutional reactions of relevant Canadian export interests - defined as the federal government, provincial governments and a small number of Canadian firms - have, on the whole, proved inadequate to these challenges. This inadequacy threatens Canadian domestic prosperity and constrains economic and political options internationally.
This study hypothesizes that an adequate response to these new challenges depends on institutional adaptation within and among Canadian export interests. Six principles are advanced to promote this adaptation:
1. the priority of economic considerations;
2. the legitimate role of government;
3. full provincial participation;
4. coordination by the national government;
5. an authoritative voice for each interest;
6. better sharing and use of information.
The six principles are applied in three case studies. The first concerns the international marketing challenge posed by the Japanese general trading company (soga shosha), and the Canadian government's initiative to create a Canadian trading corporation. The application of the six principles suggests an alternative proposal, the Canadian Commercial Centre, in which Canadian export interests develop and share information in a way which recognizes the appropriate role of each and the obligation of all to attain a greater coherence.
The second case study concerns the recent Western Liquid Natural Gas (WLNG) project which featured a new form of investment (the minority interest joint venture coupled with a long-term supply contract) in which a consortium of Japanese buyers represented by a Japanese general trading company sought to reach agreement with an uncoordinated collection of Canadian firms and governments. The lack of coherence among these Canadian interests was at least a contributing factor in the loss of an opportunity to expand and diversify Canadian LNG markets.
The application of the six principles to the WLNG case yields an alternative Canadian approach involving the early establishment of a committee of authoritative officials from the relevant Canadian interests, and a new coordinating role for a federal agency like the (now disbanded) Ministry of State for Economic and Regional Development and the Federal Economic Development Coordinator. The final case study concerns the challenge to trade and investment represented by the movement to a Pacific economic community, notably the Pacific Economic Community concept (PECC). The current reactions of such institutions as the Canadian committee of the Pacific Basin Economic Council and the federal Department of External Affairs are assessed, leading to the recommendation that the Canadian government should involve a wider constituency of current and potential Canadian export interests in an educational policy process which may bear on Canada's future prosperity and political resilience.Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate
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Richardson, Rob. "The entry of Canadian small businesses into international markets /." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=34439.
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This study investigates successful small Canadian firms that export. Four factors are considered from a theoretical perspective as variables that have affected the success of these firms. Regimes define the international and national environment. State support is studied as a strategic factor at the domestic level. Networks are considered as both strategic and organizational factors at the firm level. The study of internal factors considers organizational capability and strategy at the firm level.The empirical research was conducted through field studies and a questionnaire that was completed during an in-depth interview with the president, founder or principal officer of 21 firms in the cross-sectional sample (in Ontario and Quebec) and telephone interviews for the 13 firms in the supplementary sample (in Nova Scotia and British Columbia). All interviews in Ontario and Quebec were videotaped and case records were developed for each firm. Additional data are based on information from the Industry, Science, Technology (Canada) data bank and the researcher's observations of principal actors and operations of the sample firms.
A Technological Skill and Product Maturity Typology is developed to categorize firms into quadrants according to product maturity and technological sophistication. The typology has been designed as an analytical tool to categorize firms according to strategic focus. This typology provides a framework for the analysis of firm needs and for the evaluation of the usage and effectiveness of support programs by firms.
This study offers a typology for classifying firms by start-up mode: the entrepreneur with a classic start-up, with a spin-off, with an acquisition, and with experience in an established firm. Mode of start-up was not significantly associated with specific strategic sectors. Results suggest that the qualities of the entrepreneur responsible for successful start-up are imprinted on successful small firms. This entrepreneurism provides significant strategic advantage for firms competing in international markets.
The results of this study indicate that small firms in diverse industries, with very different products and strategic advantages can use entrepreneurial leadership, strategy, and innovation to take advantage of changing international regimes, favourable domestic factor conditions, and state support to compete successfully in international markets.(Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Winter, Jennifer Gabriele. "Export coefficient modeling and bioassessment in two tributaries of the Grand River, southern Ontario, Canada." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0010/NQ38283.pdf.
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Maltby, Neil. "Canadian SMEs, export barriers and the Internet." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2011. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=25762.
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This thesis explores the intersection of export, small firms and the Internet. In particular, the challenges of export barriers and the role of the web will be examined. Advances in technology, especially Internet technology, open new opportunities for exporters. The Internet enables virtual interaction between stakeholders in many markets around the world. Yet, with these opportunities come challenges. Exporters face economic, regulatory and social challenges in foreign markets. Transportation distances, import/export documentation, and language differences are just some of the challenges an exporter faces abroad. Large firms, with more resources, can acquire or develop know-how to address these challenges. Small and medium-sized firms, with fewer resources, are subject to considerable challenges in overcoming export hurdles and adopting Internet technology. Using a model developed from the review of literature, this study provides an integrated examination of SME exporters and the role of an Internet strategy. The factors for exploring Internet strategy draw from multiple activities, including outward looking Internet usage, Web 2.0 online network participation, and website characteristics and presence. Central to the model are marketing decisions and external forces that represent challenges for SMEs. Both are linked specifically to strategy and performance, providing an insight into the Internet's role in export success. This study used a multi-method approach to data collection. Survey, website evaluation and online business network data was generated from 83 Canadian SME exporters, with follow-up depth interviews with nine respondents. Qualitative theme analysis was applied to the interview data, open-ended survey questions and website observations. This informed an integrated analysis using qualitative and quantitative data. Findings indicate SMEs use the Internet and websites to overcome many key export barriers and improve their overall export performance. Owner/managers gather export market information and regard the Internet as a key means of communicating and relationship-building with potential and existing customers. However, the SMEs of this research focus on product-driven websites; evidence suggest the firms are underutilizing the opportunity to provide an interactive and internationalized experience for their foreign users. The Internet is important for mitigating external barriers such as foreign regulations, and language, while websites were found to be less utilized for these external barriers. Recent developments in Web 2.0 appear to offer interesting new approaches to addressing export barriers, but more research is needed in this area. A key outcome of this research is the importance of owner/manager attitude toward the Internet. The more owner/managers value the Internet the more it is used, the more it is used the more export barriers are addressed, and the more export barriers are addressed the better export performance the firms achieve. The findings from this thesis make several important contributions to the literature/knowledge base. The contributions pertain to the impact of an online strategy regarding export barriers and export performance. The qualitative and quantitative findings show an online strategy helps SMEs overcome several marketing and EXTERNAL export barriers. These findings add to the work of Leonidou (2004) about export barriers which the author notes are particularly challenging for SMEs. And, this research extends the qualitative work of Tiessen, Wright and Turner (2001), Tiessen (2003) and Saulnier and Rosson (2004). Several researchers, including Lohrke, McClure Franklin and Frownfelter-Lohrke (2006), Saban and Rau (2005) and Moini and Tesar (2005) have done empirical work about websites as channels. But the work did not involve evaluation of the firm's websites themselves. Nor does this extant work link online performance to export barriers and export performance as completed in this research. Furthermore, the research done in this thesis incorporates preliminary qualitative and quantitative data about SMEs use of Web 2.0 for export. Finally, this research offers a model linking the Internet to export barriers and performance. While the model as a whole needs further testing and validation, it provides an integration of SME strategy, resources, the unique role of the owner/manager, and the influence of the Internet regarding export performance. This model specifically links these factors to export barriers, which is a distinct contribution.
Books on the topic "Exports – Canada"
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Canada. Dept. of Regional Industrial Expansion. Exports Build Canada. S.l: s.n, 1985.
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Parliament, Canada Library of. Water exports. Ottawa: Library of Parliament, 1990.
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Epps, Ken. Canada and small arms exports. Waterloo, Ont: Project Ploughshares, 2006.
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Canadian Association of Importers and Exporters. I.E. Canada 75: 75th anniversary issue. Toronto: Canadian Sailings/Transportation & Trade Logistics, 2006.
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Canada, Canada Agriculture and Agri-Food. The trading relationship between Canada and the United States. Ottawa: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2003.
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Nevison, Doug. Profiting in the Pacific Rim: Can Canada capture its share? : by Doug Nevison. Ottawa, Ont: Conference Board of Canada, 1994.
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Desjardins, Pierre-Marcel. Trade in Atlantic Canada: Trends and opportunities under trade liberalization. Moncton: Institut Canadien de researche sur le developpement regional, Universite de Moncton, 1994.
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Canada. Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade. The impact of exports: An input-output analysis of Canadian trade. Ottawa: Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, 1994.
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Daly, D. J. Canadian manufactured exports: Constraints and opportunities. Montréal: I.R.P.P, 1986.
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Wong, Edwin. Canada-Japan fisheries trade. Ottawa, Ont: Canada-Japan Trade Council, 1992.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Exports – Canada"
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Li, Xin-tong, Fatemeh Mokhtarzadeh, and G. Cornelisvan Kooten. "Softwood lumber trade and trade restrictions: gravity model." In International trade in forest products: lumber trade disputes, models and examples, 142–73. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248234.0007.
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Abstract A gravity trade model can be used to determine the effects of policy on bilateral trade flows. The gravity model is initially explained and then used to determine the effect that U.S. tariffs have on softwood lumber (SWL) imports from Canada, using information from the 2006 Softwood Lumber Agreement. Quarterly data for seven Canadian and three U.S. regions for the period 2007-2017 are used to estimate a gravity model of SWL trade. The model is subsequently expanded to include Japan and China as separate regions, and then as a combined China-Japan region. The model is estimated using OLS and a Poisson Pseudo-Maximum-Likelihood method for trade quantity and value. Findings indicate that: (1) the imposition of a countervailing and/or anti-dumping duty usually has a negative effect on Canada's physical exports, but not in all cases; (2) the value of softwood lumber trade decreases by 26% on average under a tax/tariff compared with no duties; (3) the tax/tariff has a smaller but still significant impact on Canadian exports when China and Japan are included, as SWL exports are diverted from the U.S.; and, not surprisingly, (4) duties affect the value of lumber exports to a much greater extent than quantity.
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Li, Xin-tong, Fatemeh Mokhtarzadeh, and G. Cornelisvan Kooten. "Softwood lumber trade and trade restrictions: gravity model." In International trade in forest products: lumber trade disputes, models and examples, 142–73. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248234.0142.
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Abstract A gravity trade model can be used to determine the effects of policy on bilateral trade flows. The gravity model is initially explained and then used to determine the effect that U.S. tariffs have on softwood lumber (SWL) imports from Canada, using information from the 2006 Softwood Lumber Agreement. Quarterly data for seven Canadian and three U.S. regions for the period 2007-2017 are used to estimate a gravity model of SWL trade. The model is subsequently expanded to include Japan and China as separate regions, and then as a combined China-Japan region. The model is estimated using OLS and a Poisson Pseudo-Maximum-Likelihood method for trade quantity and value. Findings indicate that: (1) the imposition of a countervailing and/or anti-dumping duty usually has a negative effect on Canada's physical exports, but not in all cases; (2) the value of softwood lumber trade decreases by 26% on average under a tax/tariff compared with no duties; (3) the tax/tariff has a smaller but still significant impact on Canadian exports when China and Japan are included, as SWL exports are diverted from the U.S.; and, not surprisingly, (4) duties affect the value of lumber exports to a much greater extent than quantity.
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Mokhtarzadeh, Fatemeh, and G. Cornelis van Kooten. "Economic analysis of a softwood lumber quota regime and a policy to subsidize biomass generation of electricity." In International trade in forest products: lumber trade disputes, models and examples, 83–109. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248234.0005.
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Abstract The REPA spatial price equilibrium model developed in Chapter 4 is used to investigate the regional welfare impacts of a quota on exports of Canadian softwood lumber to the U.S. In the model, Canada is divided into seven regions and the U.S. into five regions, with the rest of the world constituting a 13th region; the model is calibrated to the bilateral trade flows that existed in 2016 when there was free trade in lumber. Various quota levels are examined in terms of their impact on producers and consumers in both countries. Canadian producers are found to be better off with a hard quota compared with free trade, although the quota leads to a reduction in market share while driving a wedge between Canadian and U.S. prices, both of which are aggravated with harder quotas. Overall, the loss of export sales to the U.S. is not recouped with sales to the rest of the world. The REPA model is also used to examine the impact of EU demand for wood pellets to generate electricity. Results indicate that pellet prices will approximately double.
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Mokhtarzadeh, Fatemeh, and G. Cornelis van Kooten. "Economic analysis of a softwood lumber quota regime and a policy to subsidize biomass generation of electricity." In International trade in forest products: lumber trade disputes, models and examples, 83–109. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248234.0083.
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Abstract The REPA spatial price equilibrium model developed in Chapter 4 is used to investigate the regional welfare impacts of a quota on exports of Canadian softwood lumber to the U.S. In the model, Canada is divided into seven regions and the U.S. into five regions, with the rest of the world constituting a 13th region; the model is calibrated to the bilateral trade flows that existed in 2016 when there was free trade in lumber. Various quota levels are examined in terms of their impact on producers and consumers in both countries. Canadian producers are found to be better off with a hard quota compared with free trade, although the quota leads to a reduction in market share while driving a wedge between Canadian and U.S. prices, both of which are aggravated with harder quotas. Overall, the loss of export sales to the U.S. is not recouped with sales to the rest of the world. The REPA model is also used to examine the impact of EU demand for wood pellets to generate electricity. Results indicate that pellet prices will approximately double.
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Mokhtarzadeh, Fatemeh. "A global vector autoregression model for softwood lumber trade." In International trade in forest products: lumber trade disputes, models and examples, 174–93. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248234.0008.
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Abstract A novel econometric approach is developed in this chapter, namely, the Global Vector Autoregressive (GVAR) model. It provides a comprehensive framework for analyzing the country-level impacts of various domestic, foreign, and/or global shocks on softwood lumber trade. The GVAR approach is applied to Canada-U.S. trade in softwood lumber and used to analyze the effect of external shocks on Canadian lumber prices. Findings indicate that Canada's export prices are positively correlated to U.S. housing starts and real GDP. Further, using impulse response functions, it is used to examine the effects on regional lumber export prices in Canada of: (1) a change in U.S. housing starts; (2) a reduction in U.S. GDP by one standard deviation; (3) a COVID-19 induced decline in U.S. GDP (of three standard deviations); (4) an increase in global oil prices; and, in the Appendix, (5) an increase in the long-term interest rate. Price impacts vary a great deal by Canadian region depending on the type of shock, with the propagation mechanism in Alberta significantly different from that in other regions. For example, with an oil price shock and because Alberta is a major exporter of oil, the lumber export price remains high even as the shock dissipates over time.
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Mokhtarzadeh, Fatemeh. "A global vector autoregression model for softwood lumber trade." In International trade in forest products: lumber trade disputes, models and examples, 174–93. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248234.0174.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A novel econometric approach is developed in this chapter, namely, the Global Vector Autoregressive (GVAR) model. It provides a comprehensive framework for analyzing the country-level impacts of various domestic, foreign, and/or global shocks on softwood lumber trade. The GVAR approach is applied to Canada-U.S. trade in softwood lumber and used to analyze the effect of external shocks on Canadian lumber prices. Findings indicate that Canada's export prices are positively correlated to U.S. housing starts and real GDP. Further, using impulse response functions, it is used to examine the effects on regional lumber export prices in Canada of: (1) a change in U.S. housing starts; (2) a reduction in U.S. GDP by one standard deviation; (3) a COVID-19 induced decline in U.S. GDP (of three standard deviations); (4) an increase in global oil prices; and, in the Appendix, (5) an increase in the long-term interest rate. Price impacts vary a great deal by Canadian region depending on the type of shock, with the propagation mechanism in Alberta significantly different from that in other regions. For example, with an oil price shock and because Alberta is a major exporter of oil, the lumber export price remains high even as the shock dissipates over time.
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Johnston, Craig M. T., Brad Stennes, and G. Cornelisvan Kooten. "Modeling bilateral forest products trade." In International trade in forest products: lumber trade disputes, models and examples, 43–82. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248234.0004.
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Abstract The focus in this chapter is on the development of mathematical programming models used to model bilateral forest products trade. Theoretical outlines are provided of a multi-region, single product trade model and of an integrated, multi-region, multi-product trade model. The objective function and constraints are described mathematically, while the analysis takes into account horizontal and vertical chains and the need to calibrate the model using observed trade flows. Data sources are discussed, and the GAMS code is provided for the uncalibrated and calibrated versions of the model. The Canada-U.S. softwood lumber dispute is the raison d'être for much applied work in modeling forest products trade, especially on Canada's side. In this chapter, we examine several spatial price equilibrium (SPE) trade models that are currently used to investigate the implications of trade barriers imposed on Canadian exports of softwood lumber to the United States. The reason we consider bilateral trade is so that we can determine the impacts of trade restrictions on various regions in North America. We begin in the next section by specifying a general but vertically integrated SPE trade model.
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Johnston, Craig M. T., Brad Stennes, and G. Cornelisvan Kooten. "Modeling bilateral forest products trade." In International trade in forest products: lumber trade disputes, models and examples, 43–82. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248234.0043.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The focus in this chapter is on the development of mathematical programming models used to model bilateral forest products trade. Theoretical outlines are provided of a multi-region, single product trade model and of an integrated, multi-region, multi-product trade model. The objective function and constraints are described mathematically, while the analysis takes into account horizontal and vertical chains and the need to calibrate the model using observed trade flows. Data sources are discussed, and the GAMS code is provided for the uncalibrated and calibrated versions of the model. The Canada-U.S. softwood lumber dispute is the raison d'être for much applied work in modeling forest products trade, especially on Canada's side. In this chapter, we examine several spatial price equilibrium (SPE) trade models that are currently used to investigate the implications of trade barriers imposed on Canadian exports of softwood lumber to the United States. The reason we consider bilateral trade is so that we can determine the impacts of trade restrictions on various regions in North America. We begin in the next section by specifying a general but vertically integrated SPE trade model.
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van Kooten, G. Cornelis, Harry Nelson, and Fatemeh Mokhtarzadeh. "Canada-U.S. softwood lumber dispute: background." In International trade in forest products: lumber trade disputes, models and examples, 10–26. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248234.0002.
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Abstract In this chapter, we examine the importance of softwood lumber production to Canada's economy and provide a brief history of the Canada-U.S. softwood lumber dispute and its resolution on various occasions using U.S. countervailing and anti-dumping duties, export taxes or various types of quota regimes, including tariff rate quotas. The construction of excess supply and demand functions is explained, as are the gains from trade. This helps inform the modeling approaches that are identified in later chapters.
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van Kooten, G. Cornelis, Harry Nelson, and Fatemeh Mokhtarzadeh. "Canada-U.S. softwood lumber dispute: background." In International trade in forest products: lumber trade disputes, models and examples, 10–26. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248234.0010.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In this chapter, we examine the importance of softwood lumber production to Canada's economy and provide a brief history of the Canada-U.S. softwood lumber dispute and its resolution on various occasions using U.S. countervailing and anti-dumping duties, export taxes or various types of quota regimes, including tariff rate quotas. The construction of excess supply and demand functions is explained, as are the gains from trade. This helps inform the modeling approaches that are identified in later chapters.
Conference papers on the topic "Exports – Canada"
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Kiforenko, Oksana. "International Trade of Agricultural Products in Disruptive Times – The Correlation between Exports Subjects." In 6th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2022 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2022.39.
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International trade helps reduce food insecurity by connecting the regions with limited agricultural potential and large populations to the regions with comparative advantages in agriculture. The international trade of agricultural products appeared to be vitally important in times of such challenges of nowadays as the COVID-19 pandemic, climate changes, turbulences on the political scene, etc., which the whole humanity has to face and overcome. The purpose of the article is to assess if the exports of the agricultural products from Ukraine to the EU and from Canada to the EU are correlated and, if they are, how strong the correlation is. The data under analysis are the export amount of goods from the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) groups 0, which comprises food and live animals, and 1, which contains beverages and tobacco. The timeframe under analysis is 10 years – from 2011 to 2020 included. Such simple statistics of the data sets under analysis as mean, standard deviation, sum as well as minimum and maximum values were calculated and compared. The dynamics, yearly changes and general trend lines of the data sets under research were analysed and compared. The general trend lines of the data under analysis were built and the projections for the following two periods were made in the article using the appropriate functions, having chosen from the exponential, linear, logarithmic, polynomial and power ones, taking into consideration the values of R² coefficients. The analyses for the data normality distributions were conducted. The Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients as well as their p-values of the data researched were calculated and analysed. The research itself as well as its results would be interesting and useful for the public administration officials, business people, decision-makers as well as beginners and experienced specialists in data analysis and statistics.
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Kitt, Stanley R., and Bruce D. Rose. "Foothills Decompression/Recompression Facilities Unique Power Recovery Application in Gas Pipelines." In ASME 1992 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/92-gt-026.
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Foothills Pipe Lines Ltd. is the Canadian sponsor of the Alaska Natural Gas Transportation System (ANGTS), a pipeline project selected in Canada and the United States as the means for transporting Alaskan gas reserves to the lower 48 United States. Currently, certain Prebuild portions of the ANCTS are in operation delivering Canadian gas to U.S. markets. Recent system expansion of the Eastern Leg Prebuild to accommodate increased Canadian gas exports entailed the construction of Decompression/Recompression facilities at Empress, Alberta to enable high pressure operation of the Foothills pipeline while maintaining gas stripping at existing low pressure extraction plants. The general process of the Decompression/Recompression facilities involves the expansion of high pressure pipeline gas to conditions acceptable to the low pressure extraction plants, then the recompression of the residue gas for return to the pipeline at original pressure. By directing the inlet gas through turbo expanders coupled to brake compressors, a substantial portion of the expansion energy is captured and used in providing the first stage of gas recompression. Including supplemental conventional compression, the Decompression/Recompression facilities are capable of providing approximately 37 MW (50 000 HP) for continuous gas recompression. Although power recovery with turbo expanders is relatively common in the gas processing industry, such application for gas recompression in large gas pipelines is unique. This technical paper describes the Foothills Decompression/Recompression facilities with their utilization of turbo expanders for pipeline recompression service, emphasizing the process design as well as the characteristics of the rotating equipment.
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Aronian, Abe, Michelle Jamieson, and Kim Wachs. "Automated Train Brake Effectiveness (ATBE) Test Process at Canadian Pacific." In 2012 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2012-74035.
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In 2011, Canadian Pacific (CP) implemented a new Automated Train Brake Effectiveness (ATBE) process for coal trains which replaces the visual Class 1 (No.1) Air Brake test required under Canada’s Department of Transport (Transport Canada – TC) regulations. The ATBE process relies on Wayside Detector technology to assess the operation of brakes on each railcar under dynamic conditions. CP began analyzing wayside detector information in 2008 as the basis for evaluating the braking performance of coal trains in Canadian Export service, specifically targeting existing Hot Box / Hot Wheel Detectors strategically situated alongside the track. Using the wayside detector output, the new ATBE process improves upon the visual No.1 Brake Test by evaluating brake effectiveness. The wayside detector information is automatically transmitted to a central Equipment Health Monitoring System after each train passing, where train brake effectiveness is evaluated and results published to mechanical maintenance facilities and train crews. The published results constitute the completed ATBE Test for the train. Given the substantial number of mechanical components requiring visual inspection each day by railway train inspectors, and taking into account the considerable investment CP has made into Wayside Detection technology, focus has moved towards Technology Driven Train Inspections (TDTI), preferring predictive, proactive maintenance practices and condition-based maintenance policies instead of the traditional reactive maintenance approach.
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BERTOLOZZI CAREDIO, Daniele, and Asta RAUPELIENE. "CETA AND ITALIAN AGRI-FOOD PRODUCTS: AN ANALYSIS ON COMPARED ADVANTAGES OF THE MAIN ITALIAN AGRI-FOOD SECTORS." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.116.
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At the age of second-generation agreements, the European Union is going to achieve a number of new trade deals, as well as others country, first of all the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement treated with Canada. A significant part of the debating about CETA is focused on the real need or not to reach new deal and add more liberalization, in particular regarding the Agri-food goods. EU, and above all Italy, can boast a number of excellent export Agri-food processed product, such as wine, cheese and pasta; at the same time, Italy has a need of primary goods, like wheat. Revealed Competitive Advantage is an indicator of the importance of a specific product and, specifically, it’s used to identify the advantage or disadvantage of a trade flow. Some of the main Italian products exported in Canada have been analysed, just like the main imported product from Canada, the wheat; as opposed to EU-28 import of Durum wheat, the other trades have showed a comparative advantage in trade. Finally, in three cases, Italy proves greater advantages in respect with the EU.
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Duffey, Romney B. "Future Fuel Cycles: A Global Perspective." In 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone16-48497.
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Nuclear energy must be made available, freely and readily, to help meet world energy needs. The perspective offered here is a model for others to consider, adopting and adapting using whatever elements fit their own strategies and needs. The underlying philosophy is to retain flexibility in the reactor development, deployment and fuel cycle, while ensuring the principle that customer, energy market, safety, non-proliferation and sustainability needs are all addressed. Canada is the world’s largest exporter of uranium, providing about one-third of the world supply for nuclear power reactors. Canada’s Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) has developed a unique world-class nuclear power reactor technology — the CANDU® reactor based on the Pressure Tube Reactor (PTR) concept, moderated by heavy water (D2O), also sometimes called the Pressurized Heavy Water reactor or PHWR. With expectations of significant expansion in nuclear power programs worldwide and the resultant concerns about uranium availability and price, there is a growing desire to improve resource utilization by extracting more energy from each tonne of mined fissionable material. Attention is therefore being increasingly focused on fuel cycles that are more energy efficient, reduce waste streams and ensure sustainable futures. There are also many compelling reasons to utilize advanced fuel cycles in PTR (CANDU-type) thermal spectrum reactors. Because of its inherent technical characteristics, PTRs have a great deal of fuel cycle flexibility. The combination of relatively high neutron efficiency (provided by heavy water moderation and careful selection of core materials), on-line fuelling capability and simple fuel bundle design mean that PTR reactors can use not only natural and enriched uranium, but also a wide variety of other fuels including thorium-based fuels and those resulting from the recycle of irradiated fuel. In addition, the PTR can be optimized as a very effective “intermediate burner” to provide efficient fuel cycles that remove residual minor actinides. This inherent fuel cycle flexibility offers many technical, resource and sustainability, and economic advantages over other reactor technologies and is the subject of this paper. The design evolution and intent is to be consistent with improved or enhanced safety, licensing and operating limits and global proliferation concerns, and sustainable energy futures.
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Mozammel Hoque, Shahab Sokhansanj*, Tony Bi, Sudhagar Mani*, Ladan Jafari, Jim Lim, Parisa Zaini, Staffan Melin, Taraneh Sowlati, and M Afzal. "ECONOMICS OF PELLET PRODUCTION FOR EXPORT MARKET." In 2006 CSBE/SCGAB, Edmonton, AB Canada, July 16-19, 2006. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.22062.
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Popchenko, M. I. "Legal regulation of crop seed with weed seeds in Canada." In Растениеводство и луговодство. Тимирязевская сельскохозяйственная академия, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1762-4-2020-151.
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The quality control of crop seed lots for the content of weed seeds for sale in Canada, export or import is carried out the basis of two legislative acts: the Seed Regulations and the Weed Seeds Order. The Seed Regulations contain information about sampling of various crops and requirements for seeds depending on the culture and crop seeds class. The Weed Seeds Order contains list of divided into classes of noxious weed species, whose seeds are counted in seed lots of agricultural crops.
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Song, Meihui. "Exporter Competition in China’s Soybean Market and the Chance for Canada." In 2020 2nd International Conference on Economic Management and Cultural Industry (ICEMCI2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.201128.033.
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Mathewson, Andrew. "“Show-Stopper” — Effectively Managing Project Social Risks: Improved Approaches to Aboriginal Engagement and Consultation." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90145.
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A number of proposed pipelines in western and northern Canada have highlighted critical path social risks associated with effectively engaging and consulting with impacted Aboriginal rightsholders along pipeline rights-of-way. Opening up new markets for Canada’s oil sands, shale and off-shore gas resources will require an expansion of the pipeline system in northern British Columbia, Alberta and the Northwest Territories. While navigating the regulatory approval process can be a formidable hurdle, a far greater challenge is how proponents manage the process of building relationships and consulting with affected Aboriginal communities. Failing to earn Aboriginal support for proposed projects can be a “show-stopper”. Exploration of new basins in Canada, driven by increased demand for energy in Asia, may compete with other land uses and constitutionally-protected rights and practices of indigenous peoples. Public, media and environmental response to new pipelines is often lead by the reaction of impacted communities. The task of identifying the social risks to a project, understanding the engagement process, fulfilling the regulatory consultation requirements of different jurisdictions, balancing impacts with benefits, managing issues and resolving disputes, communicating with the public and media effectively all require improved skills and approaches. The paper surveys the stakeholder engagement experience and differences in approaches for recently proposed major arctic gas and western oil pipeline projects, as well as pipelines to service Liquefied Natural Gas export facilities on the Pacific north coast, providing practical insights with possibly international application. Utilizing decision and risk analysis and scenario planning methodologies, applied to development of an Aboriginal engagement and consultation strategy, the paper examines how multi-billion dollar investments in new pipelines can be better secured by integrating stakeholder engagement into a project’s risk management design. With greater precision and improved approaches proponents can effectively manage social risks, reduce stakeholder conflict and associate project uncertainties.
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Nash, Ian. "Arctic Development of the Canadian Beaufort Sea, Geohazards and Export Route Options." In OTC Arctic Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/25563-ms.
Full textReports on the topic "Exports – Canada"
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Dudoit, Alain, Molivann Panot, and Thierry Warin. Towards a multi-stakeholder Intermodal Trade-Transportation Data-Sharing and Knowledge Exchange Network. CIRANO, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/mvne7282.
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The performance of supply chains used to be mainly the concern of academics and professionals who studied the potential efficiencies and risks associated with this aspect of globalisation. In 2021, major disruptions in this critical sector of our economies are making headlines and attracting the attention of policy makers around the world. Supply chain bottlenecks create shortages, fuel inflation, and undermine economic recovery. This report provides a transversal and multidisciplinary analysis of the challenges and opportunities regarding data interoperability and data sharing as they relate to the ‘Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Seaway Trade Corridor’ (GLSLTC)’s intermodal transportation and trade data strategy. The size and scope of this trade corridor are only matched by the complexity of its multimodal freight transportation systems and growing urbanization on both sides of the Canada-US border. This complexity is exacerbated by the lack of data interoperability and effective collaborations between the different stakeholders within the various jurisdictions and amongst them. Our analytical work relies on : 1) A review of the relevant documentation on the latest challenges to supply chains (SC), intermodal freight transport and international trade, identifying any databases that are to be used.; 2) A comparative review of selected relevant initiatives to give insights into the best practices in digital supply chains implemented in Canada, the United States, and the European Union.; 3) Interviews and discussions with experts from Transport Canada, Statistics Canada, the Canadian Centre on Transportation Data (CCTD) and Global Affairs Canada, as well as with CIRANO’s research community and four partner institutions to identify databases and data that they use in their research related to transportation and trade relevant data availabilities and methodologies as well as joint research opportunities. Its main findings can be summarized as follow: GLSLTC is characterized by its critical scale, complexity, and strategic impact as North America’s most vital trade corridor in the foreseeable further intensification of continental trade. 4% of Canadian GDP is attributed to the Transportation and Logistics sector (2018): $1 trillion of goods moved every year: Goods and services imports are equivalent to 33% of Canada’s GDP and goods and services exports equivalent to 32%. The transportation sector is a key contributor to the achievement of net-zero emissions commitment by 2050. All sectors of the Canadian economy are affected by global supply chain disruptions. Uncertainty and threats extend well beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic. “De-globalization” and increasing supply chains regionalization pressures are mounting. Innovation and thus economic performance—increasingly hinges on the quantity and quality of data. Data is transforming Canada’s economy/society and is now at the center of global trade “Transport data is becoming less available: Canada needs to make data a priority for a national transportation strategy.” * “How the Government of Canada collects, manages, and governs data—and how it accesses and shares data with other governments, sectors, and Canadians—must change.”
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Bernstein, Jeffrey, and Pierre Mohnen. Price-Cost Margins, Exports and Productivity Growth: With an Application to Canadian Industries. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3584.
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S. Abdellatif, Omar, Ali Behbehani, Mauricio Landin, and Mohanad Safadi. Canada COVID-19 Governmental Response. UN Compliance Research Group, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52008/can0501.
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The International Health Regulations (2005) are legally binding on 196 States Parties, Including all WHO Member States. The IHR aims to keep the world informed about public health risks, through committing all signatories to cooperate together in combating any future “illness or medical condition, irrespective of origin or source, that presents or could present significant harm to humans.” Under IHR, countries agreed to strengthen their public health capacities and notify the WHO of any such illness in their populations. The WHO would be the centralized body for all countries facing a health threat, with the power to declare a “public health emergency of international concern,” issue recommendations, and work with countries to tackle a crisis. Although, with the sudden and rapid spread of COVID-19 in the world, many countries varied in implementing the WHO guidelines and health recommendations. While some countries followed the WHO guidelines, others imposed travel restrictions against the WHO’s recommendations. Some refused to share their data with the organization. Others banned the export of medical equipment, even in the face of global shortages. The UN Compliance Research group will focus during the current cycle on analyzing the compliance of the WHO member states to the organizations guidelines during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Cummings, John. Geese, Ducks and Coots. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, August 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7208739.ws.
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Canada geese, snow geese, ducks, and American coots all have been implicated in agricultural crop and turf damage. Generally, goose, duck, and American coot damage to crops, vegetation and aircraft can be difficult to identify. Usually the damage to crops or vegetation shows signs of being clipped, torn, or stripped. Tracks, feces, or feathers found neat the damage can be used to help identify the species. Damage to aircraft is obvious if the bird is recovered, but if not, and only bird parts are recovered, a scientific analysis is required. Canada geese, snow geese, ducks, and American coots are federally protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA), which stipulates that, unless permitted by regulation, it is unlawful to “pursue, hunt, take, capture, kill, possess, sell, barter, purchase, ship, export, or import any migratory birds alive or dead, or any part, nests, eggs, or products thereof.” Generally, geese, ducks, and coots can be hazed without a federal permit in order to prevent damage to agriculture crops and property with a variety of scare techniques. In most cases, live ammunition cannot be used.
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Russo, Margherita, Fabrizio Alboni, Jorge Carreto Sanginés, Manlio De Domenico, Giuseppe Mangioni, Simone Righi, and Annamaria Simonazzi. The Changing Shape of the World Automobile Industry: A Multilayer Network Analysis of International Trade in Components and Parts. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp173.
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In 2018, after 25 years of the North America Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the United States requested new rules which, among other requirements, increased the regional con-tent in the production of automotive components and parts traded between the three part-ner countries, United States, Canada and Mexico. Signed by all three countries, the new trade agreement, USMCA, is to go into force in 2022. Nonetheless, after the 2020 Presi-dential election, the new treaty's future is under discussion, and its impact on the automo-tive industry is not entirely defined. Another significant shift in this industry – the acceler-ated rise of electric vehicles – also occurred in 2020: while the COVID-19 pandemic largely halted most plants in the automotive value chain all over the world, at the reopen-ing, the tide is now running against internal combustion engine vehicles, at least in the an-nouncements and in some large investments planned in Europe, Asia and the US. The definition of the pre-pandemic situation is a very helpful starting point for the analysis of the possible repercussions of the technological and geo-political transition, which has been accelerated by the epidemic, on geographical clusters and sectorial special-isations of the main regions and countries. This paper analyses the trade networks emerg-ing in the past 25 years in a new analytical framework. In the economic literature on inter-national trade, the study of the automotive global value chains has been addressed by us-ing network analysis, focusing on the centrality of geographical regions and countries while largely overlooking the contribution of countries' bilateral trading in components and parts as structuring forces of the subnetwork of countries and their specific position in the overall trade network. The paper focuses on such subnetworks as meso-level structures emerging in trade network over the last 25 years. Using the Infomap multilayer clustering algorithm, we are able to identify clusters of countries and their specific trades in the automotive internation-al trade network and to highlight the relative importance of each cluster, the interconnec-tions between them, and the contribution of countries and of components and parts in the clusters. We draw the data from the UN Comtrade database of directed export and import flows of 30 automotive components and parts among 42 countries (accounting for 98% of world trade flows of those items). The paper highlights the changes that occurred over 25 years in the geography of the trade relations, with particular with regard to denser and more hierarchical network gener-ated by Germany’s trade relations within EU countries and by the US preferential trade agreements with Canada and Mexico, and the upsurge of China. With a similar overall va-riety of traded components and parts within the main clusters (dominated respectively by Germany, US and Japan-China), the Infomap multilayer analysis singles out which com-ponents and parts determined the relative positions of countries in the various clusters and the changes over time in the relative positions of countries and their specialisations in mul-tilateral trades. Connections between clusters increase over time, while the relative im-portance of the main clusters and of some individual countries change significantly. The focus on US and Mexico and on Germany and Central Eastern European countries (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia) will drive the comparative analysis.
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Smit, Amelia, Kate Dunlop, Nehal Singh, Diona Damian, Kylie Vuong, and Anne Cust. Primary prevention of skin cancer in primary care settings. The Sax Institute, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/qpsm1481.
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Overview Skin cancer prevention is a component of the new Cancer Plan 2022–27, which guides the work of the Cancer Institute NSW. To lessen the impact of skin cancer on the community, the Cancer Institute NSW works closely with the NSW Skin Cancer Prevention Advisory Committee, comprising governmental and non-governmental organisation representatives, to develop and implement the NSW Skin Cancer Prevention Strategy. Primary Health Networks and primary care providers are seen as important stakeholders in this work. To guide improvements in skin cancer prevention and inform the development of the next NSW Skin Cancer Prevention Strategy, an up-to-date review of the evidence on the effectiveness and feasibility of skin cancer prevention activities in primary care is required. A research team led by the Daffodil Centre, a joint venture between the University of Sydney and Cancer Council NSW, was contracted to undertake an Evidence Check review to address the questions below. Evidence Check questions This Evidence Check aimed to address the following questions: Question 1: What skin cancer primary prevention activities can be effectively administered in primary care settings? As part of this, identify the key components of such messages, strategies, programs or initiatives that have been effectively implemented and their feasibility in the NSW/Australian context. Question 2: What are the main barriers and enablers for primary care providers in delivering skin cancer primary prevention activities within their setting? Summary of methods The research team conducted a detailed analysis of the published and grey literature, based on a comprehensive search. We developed the search strategy in consultation with a medical librarian at the University of Sydney and the Cancer Institute NSW team, and implemented it across the databases Embase, MEDLINE, PsycInfo, Scopus, Cochrane Central and CINAHL. Results were exported and uploaded to Covidence for screening and further selection. The search strategy was designed according to the SPIDER tool for Qualitative and Mixed-Methods Evidence Synthesis, which is a systematic strategy for searching qualitative and mixed-methods research studies. The SPIDER tool facilitates rigour in research by defining key elements of non-quantitative research questions. We included peer-reviewed and grey literature that included skin cancer primary prevention strategies/ interventions/ techniques/ programs within primary care settings, e.g. involving general practitioners and primary care nurses. The literature was limited to publications since 2014, and for studies or programs conducted in Australia, the UK, New Zealand, Canada, Ireland, Western Europe and Scandinavia. We also included relevant systematic reviews and evidence syntheses based on a range of international evidence where also relevant to the Australian context. To address Question 1, about the effectiveness of skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings, we summarised findings from the Evidence Check according to different skin cancer prevention activities. To address Question 2, about the barriers and enablers of skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings, we summarised findings according to the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). The CFIR is a framework for identifying important implementation considerations for novel interventions in healthcare settings and provides a practical guide for systematically assessing potential barriers and facilitators in preparation for implementing a new activity or program. We assessed study quality using the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) levels of evidence. Key findings We identified 25 peer-reviewed journal articles that met the eligibility criteria and we included these in the Evidence Check. Eight of the studies were conducted in Australia, six in the UK, and the others elsewhere (mainly other European countries). In addition, the grey literature search identified four relevant guidelines, 12 education/training resources, two Cancer Care pathways, two position statements, three reports and five other resources that we included in the Evidence Check. Question 1 (related to effectiveness) We categorised the studies into different types of skin cancer prevention activities: behavioural counselling (n=3); risk assessment and delivering risk-tailored information (n=10); new technologies for early detection and accompanying prevention advice (n=4); and education and training programs for general practitioners (GPs) and primary care nurses regarding skin cancer prevention (n=3). There was good evidence that behavioural counselling interventions can result in a small improvement in sun protection behaviours among adults with fair skin types (defined as ivory or pale skin, light hair and eye colour, freckles, or those who sunburn easily), which would include the majority of Australians. It was found that clinicians play an important role in counselling patients about sun-protective behaviours, and recommended tailoring messages to the age and demographics of target groups (e.g. high-risk groups) to have maximal influence on behaviours. Several web-based melanoma risk prediction tools are now available in Australia, mainly designed for health professionals to identify patients’ risk of a new or subsequent primary melanoma and guide discussions with patients about primary prevention and early detection. Intervention studies have demonstrated that use of these melanoma risk prediction tools is feasible and acceptable to participants in primary care settings, and there is some evidence, including from Australian studies, that using these risk prediction tools to tailor primary prevention and early detection messages can improve sun-related behaviours. Some studies examined novel technologies, such as apps, to support early detection through skin examinations, including a very limited focus on the provision of preventive advice. These novel technologies are still largely in the research domain rather than recommended for routine use but provide a potential future opportunity to incorporate more primary prevention tailored advice. There are a number of online short courses available for primary healthcare professionals specifically focusing on skin cancer prevention. Most education and training programs for GPs and primary care nurses in the field of skin cancer focus on treatment and early detection, though some programs have specifically incorporated primary prevention education and training. A notable example is the Dermoscopy for Victorian General Practice Program, in which 93% of participating GPs reported that they had increased preventive information provided to high-risk patients and during skin examinations. Question 2 (related to barriers and enablers) Key enablers of performing skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings included: • Easy access and availability of guidelines and point-of-care tools and resources • A fit with existing workflows and systems, so there is minimal disruption to flow of care • Easy-to-understand patient information • Using the waiting room for collection of risk assessment information on an electronic device such as an iPad/tablet where possible • Pairing with early detection activities • Sharing of successful programs across jurisdictions. Key barriers to performing skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings included: • Unclear requirements and lack of confidence (self-efficacy) about prevention counselling • Limited availability of GP services especially in regional and remote areas • Competing demands, low priority, lack of time • Lack of incentives.
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Ports and Logistics Scoping Study in CAREC Countries. Asian Development Bank, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/spr210103-2.
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Members of the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) Program rely on open-sea ports of third-party countries outside borders as conduits for exports and imports. These open-sea ports are located mostly in non-CAREC countries and act as international oceanic trade nodes to connect CAREC freight across cross-border railways, highways, inland sea shipping, and on river and canal barges. This study analyzes seaports and multimodal corridors serving CAREC landlocked countries. It aims to provide sufficient background about ports and logistics developments in the region. It also seeks to identify areas and potential activities that will require cooperation among member countries and development partners within the framework of the CAREC Program.
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Informe de Política Monetaria - Abril 2022. Banco de la República de Colombia, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-spa.tr2-2022.
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Resumen macroeconómico En el primer trimestre la inflación anual (8,5 %) continuó aumentando y superó de nuevo los pronósticos del promedio del mercado y del equipo técnico del Banco. En lo corrido del año todas las grandes canastas del índice de precios al consumidor (IPC) se aceleraron, y a marzo sus variaciones anuales se sitúan por encima del 3 %. El grupo de alimentos (25,4 %) continuó siendo el que más contribuyó al incremento de la inflación, afectado, en gran parte, por deterioros en la oferta externa y por costos crecientes de los insumos agrícolas. El aumento en los precios de algunos servicios públicos (energía y gas) y del transporte explicaron la aceleración en la canasta de regulados (8,3 %). Por su parte, la mayor persistencia de los choques de oferta y de costos externos, los efectos de la indexación, las presiones inflacionarias acumuladas provenientes de la tasa de cambio y un cierre de los excesos de capacidad productiva más rápido de lo previsto explicarían el aumento en la inflación sin alimentos ni regulados (4,5 %). Dentro de esta última canasta, las presiones externas alcistas han impactado de forma importante el grupo de bienes (6,4 %), el cual se viene acelerando desde el último trimestre de 2021. En el caso de los servicios (3,8 %), su variación anual por encima de la meta obedece principalmente al comportamiento de las comidas fuera del hogar (14,1 %), afectadas por el fuerte incremento en los precios de los alimentos, de los servicios públicos y del salario mínimo mensual legal vigente (SMMLV). Los precios de los arrendamientos y el resto de servicios registran aumentos crecientes, si bien aún inferiores al 3 %. El pronóstico y las expectativas de inflación aumentaron y se mantienen por encima de la meta como consecuencia, en parte, de unas presiones externas (precios y costos) más persistentes de lo estimado en el Informe de enero (gráficos 1.1 y 1.2). La invasión de Rusia a Ucrania ha intensificado estas presiones alcistas, en particular sobre los precios internacionales de algunos bienes e insumos agrícolas, la energía y el petróleo. Así, la nueva proyección de la inflación supone unos precios internacionales de alimentos que aumentarían hasta mediados de año y que se mantendrían altos y relativamente estables en el resto de 2022. Supone, asimismo, una recuperación menos dinámica de la oferta de alimentos perecederos como resultado de los altos precios de los insumos agrícolas. También, que los precios del petróleo empiecen a ceder desde el segundo semestre del presente año, pero desde valores superiores a los considerados en el Informe anterior. Frente al mismo, una senda proyectada de inflación más alta podría acentuar la indexación y elevar las expectativas de inflación. Adicionalmente, la reversión de la rebaja del impuesto al valor agregado (IVA) aplicada a productos de aseo e higiene por cuenta del vencimiento de la emergencia sanitaria generaría aumentos en los precios de estos bienes. A todo esto se suma la ausencia de excesos de capacidad productiva en el horizonte de pronóstico, con niveles de brecha de producto cercanos a cero y algo más altos de lo proyectado en enero pasado. Así, hasta junio la inflación anual continuaría en niveles altos similares a los actuales, para luego descender, aunque de una forma más lenta que la proyectada en el informe anterior. El proceso de ajuste de la tasa de interés de política monetaria contribuiría a que la inflación y sus expectativas retomen su convergencia a la meta en el horizonte de pronóstico. Así, al finalizar 2022 la inflación terminaría alrededor del 7,1 % para luego descender al 4,8 % en 2023. La actividad económica volvió a sorprender al alza y el pronóstico de crecimiento económico para 2022 aumentó desde el 4,3 % al 5 % (Gráfico 1.3). En el cuarto trimestre de 2021 el aumento anual del producto (10,7 %), superior al estimado, estuvo impulsado por la dinámica de la demanda interna, principalmente por el significativo desempeño del consumo privado, con niveles muy superiores a los registrados antes de la pandemia. La inversión también registró una recuperación importante, pero sin alcanzar los niveles de 2019 y con comportamientos mixtos en sus componentes. El déficit de la balanza comercial se amplió, con un notable crecimiento de las importaciones similar al de las exportaciones. Frente al Informe de enero, el índice de seguimiento a la economía (ISE) de enero y febrero sugiere que el nivel del producto del primer trimestre alcanzaría registros superiores a los estimados y que el choque de demanda positivo observado al final de 2021 podría estar desvaneciéndose más lentamente de lo anticipado. En el caso particular del consumo, las importaciones de bienes de este tipo, las cifras de comercio al por menor, los ingresos reales de restaurantes y hoteles, y las compras con tarjeta de crédito indican que el gasto de los hogares sigue dinámico, con niveles similares a los registrados a finales de 2021. Las cifras de lanzamientos e iniciaciones de obras y las importaciones de bienes de capital sugieren que la inversión se seguiría recuperando, pero mantendría valores inferiores a los de prepandemia. Para lo que resta del año se espera que el consumo se desacelere desde los altos niveles alcanzados en los últimos dos trimestres en el entorno de unas condiciones financieras internas y externas menos holgadas, agotamiento del efecto de demanda represada y deterioro del ingreso disponible debido al aumento de la inflación. La inversión continuaría recuperándose, mientras que el déficit comercial se reduciría, favorecido por los altos precios del petróleo y de otros bienes básicos que exporta el país. Con todo esto, se proyecta un crecimiento económico del 7,2 % (antes 5,2 %) para el primer trimestre y del 5,0 % (antes 4,3 %) para todo 2022. En 2023 el crecimiento del producto continuaría moderándose (2,9 %, antes 3,1 %), convergiendo a tasas cercanas a las de largo plazo. Las nuevas estimaciones sugieren que, en el horizonte de pronóstico, la brecha del producto se mantendría en niveles cercanos a cero, pero más cerrada que lo proyectado en enero (Gráfico 1.4). Estos pronósticos de actividad económica continúan enfrentando niveles altos de incertidumbre asociados con las tensiones geopolíticas y las condiciones del financiamiento externo, la incertidumbre propia del ciclo electoral y la evolución de la pandemia. La proyección del crecimiento de la demanda externa se redujo, en un contexto de mayores presiones sobre la inflación global, de altos precios del petróleo y de condiciones financieras internacionales menos holgadas que las estimadas en enero. La invasión de Rusia a Ucrania y sus efectos alcistas sobre los precios de algunos bienes e insumos agrícolas y las cotizaciones del petróleo acentuaron las presiones inflacionarias globales originadas por restricciones de oferta y aumento de costos internacionales. La caída en la oferta de crudo desde Rusia, los niveles bajos de inventarios y la persistencia de recortes de producción por parte de la Organización de Países Productores de Petróleo y sus aliados (OPEP+) explican el alza en el supuesto del precio del petróleo para 2022 (USD 100,8 por barril, antes USD 75,3 por barril) y 2023 (USD 86,8 por barril, antes USD 71,2 por barril). En los Estados Unidos el aumento de la inflación y de sus expectativas, junto con el buen desempeño del mercado laboral y de la actividad económica, incrementaron la senda esperada de la tasa de interés de la Reserva Federal (Fed) para el presente y el siguiente año. La normalización de la política monetaria en varias economías desarrolladas y emergentes, los choques más persistentes de oferta y de costos, y los rebrotes del Covid-19 en algunos países de Asia contribuyeron a reducir el pronóstico promedio de crecimiento de los socios comerciales del país para 2022 (2,8 %, antes 3,3 %) y 2023 (2,4 %, antes 2,6 %). En este contexto, la senda proyectada de la prima de riesgo para el país aumentó, en parte como reflejo de las mayores tensiones geopolíticas globales, una política monetaria menos expansiva en los Estados Unidos, el incremento en la percepción de riesgo para los mercados emergentes y por factores internos, como los desbalances macroeconómicos acumulados y la incertidumbre política. Todo esto se resume en unas condiciones de financiamiento externo menos holgadas que las estimadas en enero. No obstante, los niveles de incertidumbre de los pronósticos externos y su impacto sobre el escenario macroeconómico del país se mantienen elevados, dada la imprevisible evolución del conflicto entre Rusia y Ucrania, así como de la pandemia. Este escenario macroeconómico, caracterizado por una alta inflación, pronósticos y expectativas de inflación superiores al 3 %, además de una brecha de producto cercana a cero, implica un mayor riesgo de desanclaje de las expectativas de inflación y un espacio muy limitado para una política monetaria expansiva. Frente a los pronósticos del Informe de enero, el desempeño de la demanda interna ha sido más dinámico y los excesos de capacidad productiva se habrían cerrado más rápido. Además de este factor, las sorpresas al alza de la inflación total y básica son el reflejo de unos choques externos más fuertes y persistentes de oferta y costos. La invasión de Rusia a Ucrania hizo más agudas y persistentes las restricciones de oferta y las presiones de costos internacionales, y explicó, en parte, el incremento en la senda de pronóstico de la inflación, a niveles que superan la meta en los siguientes dos años. Las expectativas de inflación volvieron a incrementarse y superan el 3 %. Todo lo anterior aumentó el riesgo de desanclaje de las expectativas de inflación y podría generar procesos de indexación generalizados que alejen aún más la inflación de la meta. Este nuevo contexto macroeconómico sugiere que habría un espacio muy reducido para una política monetaria expansiva. 1.2 Decisión de política monetaria La Junta Directiva del Banco de la República (JDBR) decidió continuar con el proceso de ajuste de la política monetaria y en sus reuniones de marzo y abril de 2022 decidió, por mayoría, incrementar la tasa de política monetaria en 100 puntos básicos (pb) en cada una, llevándola al 6,0 % (Gráfico 1.5).