Relevant bibliographies by topics / Exports

Academic literature on the topic 'Exports'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Exports"

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Alam, Shaista. "The trade integration and Pakistan’s export performance." International Journal of Development Issues 17, no. 3 (September 3, 2018): 326–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-04-2018-0058.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of trade integration on Pakistan’s export performance (value of exports, number of exporters and number of products per exporter) during 2003 to 2010. Design/methodology/approach Data from the World Bank Exporters Dynamics Database are analysed using fixed effect panel data techniques. Findings The results suggest that trade integration with South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA), China and Iran play remarkable role in improving export value by 73, 29 and 55 per cent, respectively. It is found that on average more than 140 and 339 exporters increase after integration with SAFTA and China, respectively, and during the study period, 1,605 and 606 exporters entered into SAFTA and Chinese market, respectively. Moreover, 182 and 146 additional exporters entered in Malaysian and Iranian export market after integration, which is 19 and 98 per cent, respectively, of initial year’s number of exporters. In addition, Malaysia and Mauritius show positive and considerable effect on diversification of product variety. Originality/value This is an original empirical research. The contributions of the paper are many fold: this paper is first to analyse the effect of Pakistan’s trade integration established during 2000s decade; pioneer contribution of this study is to use the number of exporters and number of products, as well as the value of exports to measure the export performance of Pakistan; and this study uses positive and negative discrepancies in export value data, number of HS6 products exported as a proxy of product diversification, share of industrial exports in total exports and share of textile exports in industrial exports.
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Lemmers, Oscar, and Khee Fung Wong. "Distinguishing Between Imports for Domestic Use and for Re-Exports: A Novel Method Illustrated for the Netherlands." National Institute Economic Review 249 (August 2019): R59—R67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795011924900115.

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Global trade in the 21st century is characterised by complex value chains. Successful exporters usually rely on quality imports, and exported goods cross borders many times before reaching their final consumer. This poses challenges to economic measurement as well as policymaking because it becomes difficult to characterise the true interdependencies between countries. Currently, estimates of the share of imports from a trade partner destined for re-exports, and the share used in the domestic economy, are crude at best. We develop a novel approach to estimate these shares. Instead of assigning imports for re-exports proportionally across all source countries, we consider the origin of imports for each trader who re-exports goods. The method is illustrated for the Netherlands, a major re-exporter. We find that non-European member states export 10 billion euros of commodities to the Netherlands that are destined for re-export to the United Kingdom. We also find that the goods trade deficit between the Netherlands and the United States is drastically reduced when taking re-export flows into account.
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Trisanti Saragih, Maria, Harianto Harianto, and Heny Kuswanti. "Pengaruh Penerapan Bea Keluar Biji Kakao Terhadap Daya Saing Serta Ekspor Produk Kakao Indonesia ke Negara Tujuan Utama." Forum Agribisnis 11, no. 2 (September 23, 2021): 133–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/fagb.11.2.133-152.

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The development of Indonesia's cocoa beans before the export duty policy shows that almost 90 per cent of cocoa beans exports were exported from total production, therefore makes Indonesia as known as one of the biggest cocoa beans exporters in the world. Cocoa exports to destination countries cause the domestic stock of raw materials for cocoa beans Domestic stock has decreased. Afterwards, the Indonesian government implemented a cocoa bean export duty policy. This research aimed to analyze the effect of export duties policy for the competitiveness and exports of Indonesian cocoa products to export destination countries. Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) method is used to measure competitiveness, while Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) is used to analyze the long-term effect of export duties on cocoa beans on competitiveness and exports of cocoa products. Based on the analysis result, all cocoa products have competitiveness, Indonesian cocoa butter has the highest competitiveness in export destination countries. Export duties policy has a long-term effect on competitiveness and exports of cocoa paste and powder, but have no long-term effect on competitiveness and exports of cocoa butter. Therefore, the overall increase in competitiveness and export of cocoa products is due to the implementation of the cocoa bean export duty policy.
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Faiza, Laila Niswatul, Adhitya Wardhono, and Lilis Yuliati. "The PRESCRIPTIVE ON THE IMPACT OF FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND EXPORTS IN INDONESIA." Jurnal Ekuilibrium 8, no. 1 (June 12, 2024): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jek.v8i1.46421.

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Export activities contribute to economic development so it is necessary to make various efforts to increase exports in a country. Exports are influenced by factors that become a country's comparative advantage in conducting international trade. The superior factor discussed in this journal is the development of the financial sector. An advanced financial sector can reduce industrial exporters' barriers to exporting, especially barriers to funding and shipping. This research aims to look at the impact of financial development on exports in Indonesia. This research uses descriptive analysis methods. The results of the descriptive analysis show that the increase in financial development is not accompanied by an increase in exports in Indonesia which is due to a lack of channeling funds to the exporter sector and there are obstacles to carrying out export activities.
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Abukari, Alhassan, and Tan Cunfeng. "The Export Competitiveness of Ghana’s Cocoa Industry in West Africa." Journal of Agricultural Science 13, no. 3 (February 15, 2021): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v13n3p80.

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Ghana in the year 1911 became the world’s largest exporter of cocoa. However, cocoa export in Ghana nearly came to standstill in the 1970s as a result of the outbreak of swollen shoot disease of cocoa. Ghana since then has not been able to rejuvenate its cocoa export as expected. The years 1999 to 2018 have witnessed a downward trend in the export of cocoa in Ghana. This raises questions of whether the phrase “Ghana is cocoa, and cocoa is Ghana” is still valid. The study attempts to analyze the competitiveness of Ghana’s cocoa sector vis-à-vis its neighbors. In doing so, the authors calculate the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) for Ghana to compare with other West African exporters of cocoa and assess the determinants of Ghana’s cocoa exports. The authors adopt a regression framework to explore the determinants of cocoa exports. The results revealed that Ghana is highly competitive in the export of cocoa beans. The study attributed this advantage to the quality of the cocoa beans Ghana exports. The results further showed that Ghana’s cocoa production volumes and the World consumer price of cocoa beans were the major determinants of the volume of cocoa beans exported in Ghana. The study concluded that although Ghana enjoys a comparative advantage in the export of cocoa beans, Ghana’s cocoa production volumes fluctuate thus affecting the volume of cocoa exported. Ghana, therefore, needs to invest in new hybrid climate-smart cocoa cultivation to boost production and export.
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Ajibade, Abraham, and Sayed Saghaian. "U.S. Almond Exports and Retaliatory Trade Tariffs." Sustainability 14, no. 11 (May 24, 2022): 6409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116409.

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The U.S. is the top producer, exporter, and consumer of tree nuts in the world. Tree nuts are a significant part of U.S. agricultural exports to the world. In 2019, the U.S. exported about USD 9.1 billion worth of tree nuts, just behind soybean exports at USD 18.7 billion. Tree nuts, such as almonds and pistachios, are mostly produced in the state of California. California produces 100% of U.S. commercial almonds. Globally, almonds are the leading U.S. tree nut export in both value and volume. Almonds are shipped to over 90 countries annually. This study aimed to investigate factors affecting the export demand function for U.S. almonds in major destination countries and evaluate the impact of the retaliatory trade tariffs policy by some of the importing countries on the U.S. almond exports. The currently available literature does not fully address these issues. We identified the top five almond export destinations, which were in Europe and Asia, namely, China/Hong Kong, Germany, India, Japan, and Spain, which account for more than 50% of U.S. almond imports. We used a double-log export demand equation that is well referenced in the literature and economic theory to identify the significant explanatory variables affecting the U.S. almonds export demand function. We also tried to estimate the impact of retaliatory tariffs on almond exports imposed by the major importing countries. Our results showed that U.S. almond and pistachio prices, real exchange rates, and gross domestic products of importing countries were significant factors that affected U.S. almond exports. The results showed that the imposed retaliatory tariffs had no negative effect on U.S. almond exports. This could have been because the study ended in 2019 and did not involve enough data to fully evaluate the impact of the retaliatory trade tariffs policy. U.S. almond exports have market concentration and strong market power in international markets. The efforts toward more sustainable production of almonds to solidify an already established market share in the world almond markets and against substitutes, such as pistachios, seem to be a sound strategy and focus of the U.S. almond agribusinesses and exporters.
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Ushachev, I. G., V. V. Maslova, and A. V. Kolesnikov. "Increasing the Volume of Agro-Industrial Production to Ensure Food Security and Increase the Export Potential of the Russian Agricultural Sector." Economy of Region 18, no. 4 (2022): 1178–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2022-4-15.

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Currently, the Russian agricultural sector aims to simultaneously achieve two priority goals: to ensure import substitution (or the country’s food security, taking into account rational consumption standards) and to increase exports of agricultural products and food. In this regard, the present study develops proposals for improving agricultural policy and linking these two tasks. The study analysed existing normative legal documents in the field of agricultural policy management and agricultural exports development, relevant foreign experience, as well as Russian and international statistics. It was revealed that an increase in agricultural food production and in the mass of commodities led to export growth. As a result, the negative balance of foreign trade in food decreased, and Russia became a net exporter in 2020-2021. The structure of agri-food exports was examined in order to identify the export potential. Approximately 1/3 of exported goods belong to the group of low-processed products, while only 15 % are highly processed products, which are characterised by a significant negative balance. Competitiveness of products, which plays the most important role in increasing exports, requires the development and implementation of domestic advanced scientific and technological solutions. According to the competitiveness assessment, Russia is a competitive supplier of a wide range of agri-food products, since the prices offered by Russian farmers and exporters are lower or comparable to the prices of major global exporters. Since export growth depends on an increase in agricultural food production, production growth opportunities were considered. The analysis of the consumer purchasing power and food consumption demonstrated their significant differentiation, both by decile groups and by place of residence. The presented findings can be used to improve agricultural policy and adjust state support for the agricultural industry aimed at its effective development.
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Maheswari, Uma, and Dr Palanivelu V.R. "A Study on Difficulties Faced by Entrepreneurs While Exporting Products with Reference to Erode District." International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering 11, no. 05 (May 30, 2024): 664–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.26562/ijirae.2024.v1105.35.

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Difficulties faced while exporting are challenging and can delay the exporting process a lot, because of which the importer can easily switch to another exporter, even though having experience of exporting of more than 5year with frequency of regular export, major difficulties faced by exporters are complex Export procedure as the export procedure includes some of the complex paper-work sometime the quality also played major role in export as the standard set by the importing country does not match exported goods quality. Language was also one of the barriers for communication which leads to misleading of information’s. Letter of credit and documents against payment was most trusted method of payment of majority of the respondents, for the respondents who exports raw material are not more affected with cultural difference whereas exporters with finished goods are affected with cultural difference.
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Man Kim, Sang. "Case Study on Fraud in Export Credit Insurance for Export Financing Against Account Receivables." Global Trade and Customs Journal 14, Issue 6 (June 1, 2019): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2019031.

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The Korean government introduced Export Credit Guarantee (‘ECG’) and Export Credit Insurance (‘ECI’) programs to support national exports. A typical ECG and ECI not only covers the risks of non-payment by importers, but also enables export financing for an exporter. Although, these programs provide various benefits, they can however be misused by fraudulent exporters. Such fraud not only contravenes the intended purpose of the programs, but also harms honest exporters by increasing insurance premiums.
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Wardah, Siti. "Implementasi Metode Fuzzy Time Series Untuk Meramalkan Jumlah Ekspor Produk Kopi Dari Indonesia." Industrika : Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Industri 7, no. 2 (July 10, 2023): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37090/indstrk.v7i2.1022.

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The current trade era opens up opportunities for trading Indonesian coffee in the international market. The number of future exports can be predicted by knowing past export prices. The method that can be used to predict the number of Indonesian coffee exports to various countries is the Fuzzy Time Series method. The Fuzzy Time Series method, the forecasting technique, utilizes fuzzy sets as the basis for the prediction process. In this study, the forecasting stages include defining Xmax and Xmin, determining how many and how long class intervals are, defuzzification and defining fuzzy sets, fuzzifying data on the number of coffee exports, determining fuzzy logic relationships (FLR), establishing fuzzy logical groups (FLRG) relationships, defuzzification, and perform forecasting calculations. Using the Fuzzy Time Series Method, the results of forecasting Indonesia's coffee exports for the following year are 376371.3 tons of coffee products to be exported so that exporters can see this opportunity Keywords: Coffee, export, forecasting, fuzzy time series
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Exports"

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Perez, Elizabeth D. "The Export Administration Act of 1979 and computer exports to China." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2002. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/02Dec%5FPerez.pdf.

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NGUYEN, Hang Thi Thu. "Export Structure of ASEAN-4 and Contributions of Exports to Economic Growth." 名古屋大学大学院国際開発研究科, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/10588.

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Gouws, Andre. "The determinants of South African exports critical policy implications /." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-04182005-141139.

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Razzaque, Mohammad Abdur. "Essays on Bangladesh's exports." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.394257.

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Eriksson, Maria, and Malin Karlsson. "The Garment Export Boom : An analysis of Swedish exports of ready-made clothing." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Economics, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-1205.

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This essay is investigating the increasing Swedish garment export during the period 1997-2003. Despite a long-lasting national production decrease and stronger global competition Swedish designed clothing are exported at higher rates than ever. The hypothesis that this increase is due to increased trade and changed production stage specialization is investigated.

The theory used to investigate this is basic trade theory including Hecksher-Olin and New Trade theory with a focus on comparative advantage and specialization. This is completed with production theory that is particularly relevant for the garment industry: product and price competition, fashion cycles and vertical specialization.

Trade, production and labor data is analyzed according to this and the main results are based on the unit price development: exports had a much higher growth in unit prices than imports. This is indicating that Sweden has a revealed comparative advantage in capital intensive production stages, a fact further supported by high education levels and high production value per worker. The industry has chosen to focus on product competition rather than price competition and has managed to shorten its product cycles in order to better exploit the fashion

cycles. In some garment groups the image is more complex and one of the main theories of a design heavy garment such as jeans being the core of the success is revised. The export success is to a large extent due to an increasing specialization in the industry’s strong areas.


Den här uppsatsen undersöker tillväxten av Sveriges export i klädindustrin från 1997-2003. Trots att Sveriges klädproduktion har minskat i flera år och globalisationen tränger sig på så går svenska design plagg på högexport. Vår hypothes är att ökningen härstammar från ökad handel och specialisering i produktionsleden.

Teorier vi har använt för att undersöka fenomenet är grundläggande

handelsteorier så som Hecksher-Ohlin och New trade theory med fokus på

komperativa fördelar och specalisation. Vi har valt att komplettera med produktions theorier som vi känner är relevanta för klädindustrin: produkt och pris konkurrens, mode cykler och vertikal specialisering.

Handels-, produktions- och arbetskrafts- statistik har analyserats och

huvudresultaten är baserade på utvecklingen av enhetspris: exporten har en högre tillväxt i enhetspris än importen. Detta indikerar att Sverige har en uppenbar komperativ fördel i de kapitalintensiva produktionsleden, detta bekräftas ytterligare genom höga utbildningsnivåer och en hög produktion per arbetare. Den svenska klädindustrin har valt att fokusera mer på produktkonkurrens än priskonkurrens, den har också lyckats med att minska sina produktions cykler för att unyttja marknaden bättre. I en del grupper är bilden mer komplex och en av våra huvudteorier var att jeans stod för stora delar av exportsuccen, denna teori fick vi dock avfärda. Vad vi kom fram till var att stora delar av exportsucceen kommer ifrån en ökning av specialiseringen.

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Masakure, Oliver. "Export supply chains and small-scale producers in Africa : horticultural exports from Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Reading, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.412182.

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Wanchek, Tanya Nicole. "Exports and legal property rights : exploring the connection /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7475.

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Che, Loveline. "Cameroon's export performance : the role of infrastructure, output activity and export prices on Cameroon's cocoa and coffee exports." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5770.

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Wilkman, Mats. "Determinants of Swedish Pharmaceutical Exports." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-19325.

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In this thesis factors that explain Swedish pharmaceutical export as been analyzed. The period investigated is from 1995 to 2010. The investigation is concluded through the use of a gravity model. It investigates not only the GDP and distance variable but also the effects of GDP/capita, exchange rates and the effect of being a part of the internal market of EU. The effects of having access to the ocean and if the country has English as its official language is investigated as well as the effect of sharing the same religion. The results show that only a smaller subset of countries make up for most of the pharmaceutical export. The results also shows that the pharmaceutical export can be explained by the same variables as most other goods.
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Alves, Gonçalo Ferreira da Silva. "Determinants of high-tech exports." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/1829.

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Books on the topic "Exports"

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M, Tekere, ed. The rise and fall of Zimbabwe exports comparative advantage: ESAP throuh [sic] to ZIMPREST. Harare, Zimbabwe: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 2000.

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Brambilla, Irene. Exports, export destinations, and skills. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2010.

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Chistokhvalova, Daria. The Russian exports and exporters. Lappeenranta: Lappeenranta University of Technology, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, 2003.

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Engibarov, A. V. Vykhodim na mirovoĭ rynok: Voprosy i otvety : sovetskie predprii͡a︡tii͡a︡ v mezhdunarodnom biznese. Moskva: Izd-vo polit. lit-ry, 1990.

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United, States Congress Senate Committee on Agriculture Nutrition and Forestry Subcommittee on Production and Price Competitiveness. U.S. export market share: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Production and Price Competitiveness of the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, United States Senate, One Hundred Seventh Congress, first session, August 1, 2001. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2003.

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Engibarov, A. V. Vykhodim na mirovoi rynok: Voprosy i otvety : sovetskie predpriyatiya v mezhdunarodnom biznese. Moskva: Politizdat, 1990.

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Carlos, Barros. Cómo exportar a la región: Una guía informativa y práctica para exportar desde Uruguay : el marco normativo, el MERCOSUR, los costos y precios, los trámites y la financiación, las zonas francas. Montevideo: CID, 1991.

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Nebraska. Dept. of Economic Development., ed. Governor's summit on export opportunities, October 21, 1988: Proceedings report. Lincoln, NE: The Department, 1988.

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Zofia, Wysokińska, and Witkowska Janina, eds. Szanse eksportowe polskich przedsiębiorstw na rynkach zagranicznych: Uwarunkowania globalne i regionalne. Łódź: Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, 1997.

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Québec (Province). Horizon 2005: Towards full employment : about exports : better support for business for greater success in foreign markets. [Québec]: Ministère des finances, de l'économie et de la recherche, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Exports"

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Sundrum, R. M. "Exports." In Economic Growth in Theory and Practice, 199–230. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230376816_10.

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Rubner, Alex. "Exports." In The Economy of Israel, 194–211. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032676784-24.

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Reddy, Moola Atchi. "Exports." In East India Company and Trade in South India, 19–52. London: Routledge India, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003432494-2.

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Neves, Marcos Fava, Vinícius Gustavo Trombin, Frederico Fonseca Lopes, Rafael Kalaki, and Patrícia Milan. "Citrus exports." In The orange juice business, 25–26. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-739-4_4.

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He, Canfei. "Industrial Exports." In Industrial Geography in Contemporary China, 537–72. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003279105-16.

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Officer, Lawrence H. "Merchandise Exports." In A New Balance of Payments for the United States, 1790–1919, 115–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66099-4_6.

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Liefert, William M., and Olga Liefert. "Chapter 2: Russia’s Development as a Top Player in World Grain Trade." In Palgrave Advances in Bioeconomy: Economics and Policies, 69–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77451-6_3.

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AbstractDuring the late Soviet period, Russia (along with the Soviet Union as a whole) was a major importer of grain, as well as soybeans and soybean meal, which were used to help feed the country’s growing livestock sector. The substantial reform-driven contraction in the livestock sector during the 1990s largely eliminated the need for grain imports. Beginning around 2000, Russia began to export grain, and into the 2010s it became major supplier on the world market. During 2016–2019, Russia exported on average 44 million metric tonnes a year, 10–14 percent of total world grain exports. The country’s dominant grain export is wheat, with Russia providing in the late 2010s around 20 percent of world market sales, thereby supplanting the United States as the world’s top wheat supplier. This chapter examines how Russia has developed into a major grain exporter, with the focus on how growing grain production since 2000 has generated surpluses for foreign sale.
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O’Malley, Eoin. "Sectoral Growth and Export Earnings." In Palgrave Studies in Economic History, 83–122. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-53070-8_4.

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AbstractThis chapter analyses the contributions of different sectors to economic growth during the boom, focusing particularly on the contributions of sectors to exports because, in a small and very open economy, export growth makes an essential contribution that drives the rest of the economy. As an essential part of this, it examines the net foreign earnings accruing to the Irish economy after deducting the profit outflows and payments for imported inputs that were associated with each sector’s exports. Most manufacturing sectors looked less important in terms of net foreign earnings than they appeared when seen in terms of exports, while the reverse was true for market services and the food sector. Although export growth weakened substantially after 2000, the composition of exports was changing in a way that allowed the growth of net foreign earnings to remain strong for about the next five years. It was only in the final few years of the boom—2005–2007—that the pace of economic growth was not genuinely sustainable and became dependent on a debt-fuelled property and construction boom.
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Dhiman, Rahul, and Manoj Sharma. "Export performance and direction of textile exports." In The Textile Industry and Exports in Post-Liberalization India, 33–70. New York, NY : Routledge, 2020.: Routledge India, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003050292-3.

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de Jong, Michiel. "Arms Exports and Export Control of the Dutch Republic 1585–1621." In NL ARMS, 289–309. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-471-6_16.

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AbstractThe Dutch Republic underwent a process of state formation, accelerated economic growth and military reforms during the Eighty Years War. In particular between 1585 and 1621, Dutch merchant-entrepreneurs built up a burgeoning arms industry and sector of arms exports. These exports required a system of passports, still an under-researched theme in current literature, organized by the States-General and admiralties in order to support exports to neutral and allied states, but to forestall these did not fall into enemy hands. In particular, the system of passports shows how merchants, acting as intermediaries between allies and the States-General and the admiralties, could meet the volatile demand of war materials. As a result, the supply side of the export market was oligopolistic, but the composition of the group of oligopolists varied depending on the region and the prevailing market conditions in question. From this study it can be concluded that the system of export control had only a limited effectiveness regarding the creative arms exports to Spanish Habsburg destinations, due to divergent central and local interests. However, the major part of the Dutch arms exports flowed to allies such as France, Venice, Sweden and the German protestant states. Dutch merchants provided them with batches of strategic materials and total package-deals of armaments for entire army and navy units. From 1621, the States-General supported these transactions by supplying war materials from the state arsenals fostering timely and largescale deliveries, meeting volatile demand conditions.
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Conference papers on the topic "Exports"

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Bal, Harun, Shahanara Basher, Abdulla Hil Mamun, and Emrah Akça. "Export-led Growth Hypothesis in MINT Countries: A Panel Cointegration Analysis." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c09.01989.

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The contribution of exports to GDP in MINT countries that improve substantially just after their implantation of export promotion strategy in the late 1980s raises the issue of whether the growth in these countries is led by export or not. While a good number of studies have been found investigating whether economic growth is promoted by exports for developing countries having an outstanding share of export in GDP, no study investigating the export-led growth hypothesis for MINT countries has been found until recent times. The main purpose of this study is to fill up the void. The study employs panel cointegration technique with an aim to examine whether the export is the key factor of economic growth for MINT countries employing yearly secondary data that covers the period. Results of the study imply that economic growth of these countries is considerably exports driven. Moreover, there is an indication of improvement of efficiency as exports work along with the rise capital formation. As the employment opportunity of an economy is expanded through capital formation, the emerging MINT countries endowed with large population and favorable demographics are expected to become the major exporters with strong GDP growth by being able to attract adequate foreign investment.
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Hošková, Elena, and Iveta Zentková. "The Impact of Import and Export on the Domestic Trade of Fruit in the SR." In Liberec Economic Forum 2023. Technical University of Liberec, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.15240/tul/009/lef-2023-27.

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The aim of the paper is to find out the impact of import and export of fruits on the domestic market through the trends of import and export of selected fruits in the Slovak Republic. The period under study is 2010-2022. The data are from the DataCube database (SUSR), Situational and Outlook Commodity Reports for Fruit and Vegetable Commodities (VUEPP) and Eurostat. Descriptive analysis and regression analysis are used in the paper. During the period under review, the consumption of southern fruits exceeded that of temperate fruits. The amount of fruit imported was higher than the amount exported. Twice as much southern fruit was imported into Slovakia as temperate fruit in the period under review. Bananas, apples, mandarins and oranges accounted for the largest share of fruit imports. Imports of all fruits are on an increasing trend. As far as fruit exports are concerned, exports of temperate and southern fruits from Slovakia were almost balanced during the period under review. Apples and bananas accounted for the largest share of fruit exports. Exports of all fruits, except plums and sloes, are on an increasing trend.
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Aras, Osman Nuri, and Elchin Suleymanov. "The Importance of Azerbaijan's Energy Revenues in its Exports Volume and the Effects on the National Economy." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00464.

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Large energy reserves have been a major contributor to the Azerbaijan economy, and effected the country's exports volume, and have become a main determinant of the country's economic structure. Azerbaijan is a country that has major oil and gas based economy with the completion of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Oil Pipeline in 2005 and Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum Gas Pipeline in 2007. First export oil was pumped into Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan in May 2005, and the oil reached Ceyhan in May 2006. On the other hand, first export gas was pumped into Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum in March 2007. The importance of country energy source revenues on Azerbaijan's export volume and the effects on national economy has increased with the completion of these pipelines year after year. Azeri export’s reliance on energy source revenues keeps dominant position in Azerbaijan’s exports despite efforts to diversify Azerbaijan’s economy away from oil. Finally, crude oil made 86 percent and oil products made 6 percent, so oil and oil products made 92 percent of Azerbaijan’s export in 2011. Non-oil products made up only 8 percent of the country’s export last year. Thus, non-oil sector contribution to Azerbaijani export was lower than Georgian export in 2011. This means that increasing of total export volume of Azerbaijan is not sustainable.
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Karn, Arodh Lal, and Rakshha Kumari Karna. "Supply line engineering on importation and exportation: bimstec perspective." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibmee.2019.016.

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Purpose – the purpose of this paper is to investigate whether supply line engineering strategies of goods and service exports, exports transport services and export time have a significant impact on GDP growth of BIMSTEC countries or not. Research methodology – the study employed a panel vector error correction model (VECM) instead of loose VAR to examine the short and long-run relationship among the selected indicators and GDP growth. Findings – in the long-run, the time of export negatively and suggestively associate with GDP. Conversely, VECM based Granger causality test signposted that in short-run only unidirectional causality running from goods and service exports (GSE), trade duration like exports time (ET) toward GDP and for the rest of the variables no causality found. Research limitations – this study is contextualized only on Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Thailand. Practical implications – to investigate the current position of the link between supply line logistics strategies and economic growth by using annual data for the period of 1980 to 2014 and possible weaknesses and logistics presence. Originality/Value – this paper is an attempt, first of its kind, to fill up this shortfall, to estimate the relationship of exports transport services, exports time, and goods and services exports with GDP growth of BIMSTEC countries.
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Sidorenko, O. V. "IMPLEMENTATION RESULTS OF THE NATIONAL PROJECT «INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND EXPORT» IN THE KHABAROVSK KRAI." In Problems and mechanisms of implementation of national priorities of socio-economic development of Russia. Khabarovsk State University of Economics and Law, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.38161/978-5-7823-0740-0-2020-132-138.

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As part of the implementation of the national project «International cooperation and export» in order to assess the effectiveness of the regional authorities to create conditions to stimulate non-resource exports in the Khabarovsk Territory, the results of the implementation of the regional export standard were assessed. It was found that during the analyzed period, there are negative structural changes in the commodity structure of the region's exports and the region has not formed a strategic vision for the development of export activities
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Ata, Sezai. "Turkey’s Export Potential: A Gravity Model Analysis." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00389.

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Given the high level of integration of the world economy, foreign trade has become very important for the development of a country. Even though Turkey exports goods and services to the majority of countries in each continent, until recently Turkey has basically focused on exports to developed European countries. The main purpose of this study is to analyze Turkey's export potential with the help of the gravity model. For this purpose, first a gravity model has been set up using panel data which consists of bilateral data for 68 countries for the period 1980-2009, and then Turkey’s exports potential to 67 countries, accounting for more than 90 percent of Turkey’s total exports, has been calculated. The most important finding of the study is that Turkey’s exports in general is below potential and there is a further room for increasing exports. In this context, according to our analysis, while Turkey’s export potential has been used up especially for developed European countries, high levels of untapped export potential exists for the majority of neighboring countries and for some of the developing countries. Another finding from this study is that trade between two countries increases proportional to their GDPs and decreases proportional to the distance between them. While the existence of features such as common language, contiguity, being parts of the same state in the past and using the same currency increases the trade between two countries, the effect of some variables on trade such as the real exchange rate depends on countries' level of development.
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Цвиль, Мария, Mariya Tsvil, Елена Гришина, and Elena Grishina. "ESTIMATION OF THE VOLUME OF NATURAL GAS EXPORTS RUSSIA WITH THE USE OF A MULTIPLICATIVE TIME SERIES MODEL." In Mathematics in Economics. AUS PUBLISHERS, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.26526/conferencearticle_5c24b1d0bac002.81258719.

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This article is devoted to the analysis of the export structure of Russia. The paper assesses the volume of natural gas exports as one of the main resources for the export of this country. A multiplicative time series model is constructed. The forecast of the expected volume of natural gas exports for the second half of 2018 is made, according to which the conclusions and forecasts of the state of the studied sphere of the Russian economy are drawn.
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Darie, Tatiana. "External trade of the Republic of Moldova." In Simpozion stiintific al tinerilor cercetatori, editia 20. Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/9789975359030.54.

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The concept and theoretical approaches to external trade, the evolution of commercial export-import flows of the Republic of Moldova. The structure of exports und imports, the grade of coverage of imports with exports of goods are analyzed. A great attention is accorded to the examination of trade balance in Republic of Moldova in 2016-2020.
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Çeviker, Abdullatif, H. Murat Mutlu, and İsmail Taş. "Turkey's Trade with Central Asian Countries: A Comperative Analysis with Iran and Germany." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c01.00135.

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In this study, composition and volume of goods traded will be analyzed by using proportions and trends, to determine the level of commercial partnership of Turkey, Iran and Germany with central Asian countries. Moreover, Turkey's relative position against Iran and Germany will be determined and introduced by using technological structure of export and import data. In the study covering the years of 1999-2008, data for the foreign trade at the level of the SITC 2 was collected from COMTRADE. According to the findings, approximately 70% of Turkey’s exports to Central Asia occur lower and middle technology product groups but Germany's exports consist of medium and high technology product groups. Iran’s exports from the region include primary, source based and low-tech product group. Turkey and Germany's import from the region is dominated by raw material product groups. Iran’s structure of import is similar with export structure.
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Bal, Harun, Hakkı Çiftçi, Erhan İşcan, and Duygu Serin Oktay. "The Export-Led Growth: A Technological View." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01787.

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The details of the impact of exports on economic growth have been one of the most important topics in the literature. Numerous studies asserted that open economies grow faster than the closed ones because of the effect of the exports on GDP and increase of productivity and efficiency through foreign competition. Concurrently, these studies indicated that there are strong correlation exists between exports and economic growth. On the other hand, high share of production of technology in today's economies is the key for sustainable and high rates of growth and the relationship between technology exports and economic growth has been a topic of interest among economists. Many studies in the literature published on export-led hypothesis in recent years but only few studies addressed the technological issues. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the impact of technology exports on economic growth of selected OECD countries using dynamic panel method. We established the model by using the yearly data of 2003-2015 periods for selected OECD countries provided by OECD.Stat. As a conclusion, it is revealed that technology exports have positive and statistically significant impact on economic growth. These results implied that high-tech exports led to growth in selected OECD countries. These results suggested that promoting the production of technology is one the drivers of the economic growth.
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Reports on the topic "Exports"

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Brambilla, Irene, Daniel Lederman, and Guido Porto. Exports, Export Destinations, and Skills. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w15995.

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Pierola, Martha Denisse, and Caroline Freund. The Origins and Dynamics of Export Superstars. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011771.

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This paper uses firm-level data on manufacturing trade from 40 developing countries to explore how the five largest exporters in a country contribute to export growth and diversification. The origins of these firms are also studied. The data show that the top five exporters account for on average one third of exports, over half of export growth, and almost all of export diversification over a five-year period. Controlling for country and industry fixed effects, the share of exports in the top five firms increases significantly as exports grow. Most top five exporters were already large five years ago or are new firms; it is extremely rare for these export superstars to emerge from the bottom half of the firm-size distribution. They are producers, not traders, and are primarily foreign owned.
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Blyde, Juan S. The Impact of ISO 14001 environmental standards on exports. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003745.

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Analyses that examine the role of international standards on export performance has been concentrated on quality certifications. Very little is known about the impact of environmental certifications on exports. In this paper we employ firm-level data from Ecuador to assess the impact of the ISO 14001 environmental certification on export outcomes. The results show that holding an ISO 14001 increases the likelihood of becoming an exporter by 0.31 percentage points (equivalent to 4%), and that this positive effect is concentrated among large firms. We did not find evidence that the environmental certification has a causal impact on the level or the growth rate of exports. Consequently, the results suggest that the ISO 14001 certification is most useful in reducing information frictions, allowing firms to initiate export transactions.
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Volpe Martincus, Christian, Antoni Estevadeordal, Andrés Gallo, and Jessica Luna. Information Barriers, Export Promotion Institutions, and the Extensive Margin of Trade. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011219.

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This paper assesses role played by export promotion institutions in shaping the extensive margin of Latin American and Caribbean countries' exports over the period 1995-2004. The authors find that the presence of offices of export promotion agencies abroad favors an increase in the number of differentiated goods that are exported, whereas a larger number of diplomatic representations in the importer countries seem to be associated with exports of a larger number of homogeneous goods.
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Kholoshyn, Ihor, Svitlana Mantulenko, Accola Sharon Joyce, Daniel Sherick, Talgat Uvaliev, and Victoria Vedmitska. Geography of agricultural exports from Ukraine. EDP Sciences, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4618.

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Based on the generalization and systematization of scientific and accounting data, the article considers agriculture as one of the leading sectors of the Ukrainian economy, providing 50% of foreign exchange earnings from exports of all goods from the country. The structure and geography of agricultural exports from Ukraine are analyzed. The existing export potential of the studied sector of the national economy and the level of self-sufficiency of Ukraine in agri-food products are revealed. Four specialization types of agricultural exports from Ukrainian regions are established: areas with dominance in export of animal origin products; areas with a dominance in the export of plant products; areas with a predominance in the export of animal or vegetable origin fats and oils; area, with mixed export specialization. Recommendations for the re-profiling of agricultural production in a number of the country’s regions in order to increase exports of this product type.
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Kholoshyn, Ihor, Svitlana Mantulenko, Accola Sharon Joyce, Daniel Sherick, Talgat Uvaliev, and Victoria Vedmitska. Geography of agricultural exports from Ukraine. EDP Sciences, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4618.

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Based on the generalization and systematization of scientific and accounting data, the article considers agriculture as one of the leading sectors of the Ukrainian economy, providing 50% of foreign exchange earnings from exports of all goods from the country. The structure and geography of agricultural exports from Ukraine are analyzed. The existing export potential of the studied sector of the national economy and the level of self-sufficiency of Ukraine in agri-food products are revealed. Four specialization types of agricultural exports from Ukrainian regions are established: areas with dominance in export of animal origin products; areas with a dominance in the export of plant products; areas with a predominance in the export of animal or vegetable origin fats and oils; area, with mixed export specialization. Recommendations for the re-profiling of agricultural production in a number of the country’s regions in order to increase exports of this product type.
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Cornot-Gandolphe, Sylvie. US Coal Exports. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, March 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.26889/9781784670252.

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Hall, Marshall. Norwegian gas exports. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, March 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.26889/9781784671037.

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Erickson, Zachary K., Erik Fields, Melissa M. Omand, Leah Johnson, Andrew F. Thompson, Eric D’Asaro, Filipa Carvalho, et al. EXPORTS North Atlantic eddy tracking. NASA STI Program and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/29464.

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The EXPORTS North Atlantic field campaign (EXPORTS-NA) of May 2021 used a diverse array of ship-based and autonomous platforms to measure and quantify processes leading to carbon export in the open ocean. The success of this field program relied heavily on the ability to make measurements following a Lagrangian trajectory within a coherent, retentive eddy (Sections 1, 2). Identifying an eddy that would remain coherent and retentive over the course of a monthlong deployment was a significant challenge that the EXPORTS team faced. This report details the processes and procedures used by the primarily shore-based eddy tracking team to locate, track, and sample with autonomous assets such an eddy before and during EXPORTS-NA.
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Pinheiro, Armando Castelar, and Regis Bonelli. New Export Activities in Brazil: Comparative Advantage, Policy or Self-Discovery? Inter-American Development Bank, July 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006866.

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This paper examines Brazil's export discoveries in aircraft, cell phones and swine meat. All cases confirm the importance of efficiency gains and sunk costs in the expansion of exports and lead to the following conclusions: both economic policy and comparative advantage played important roles in the emergence of new export activities; economies of scale were a crucial determinant of competitiveness; and a well-known brand helped to overcome information asymmetries and facilitate entry into export markets. Exporters concentrated on design, marketing, R&D, and product assembly, making coordination with suppliers an important element in their strategies. Public policy additionally had a strong if sometimes unintended influence. While governments can foster discoveries, especially in the presence of market failures, policy alone cannot produce a successful exporter.
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