Journal articles on the topic 'Export sales contracts Bangladesh'
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1
Ozkan, Burhan, Robin G. Brumfield, and Osman Karaguzel. "A Profile of Turkish Export Cut-flower Growers." HortTechnology 13, no. 2 (January 2003): 368–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.13.2.0368.
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Turkish cut-flower exports grew from about $100,000 in 1985 to $11 million in 1995 (not adjusted for inflation). Since this is a growing industry in Turkey, we wanted to examine the production structure and main problems of export-oriented contract growers. We surveyed 33 cut-flower export growers and 30 contract growers between May and July 1997. We conducted the survey in the Antalya province, which is the center of the export-oriented cut-flower production in Turkey. The results indicate that cut-flower companies were not highly mechanized, but did use computerized accounting systems. Transportation of cut flowers to foreign markets was the largest expense item in the cut-flower industry. Despite a high rate of unemployment, cut-flower companies face difficulties in obtaining and keeping qualified employees. Managers tended not to use specific performance indicators such as sales per employee or sales per square foot relevant to the cut-flower industry. The most common method for arranging cut-flower export sales was personal contact with the importers. Contracts between firms which grew and exported flowers and smaller contract growers were common, but some problems existed concerning quality and financial obligations. Growers are using fewer commission contracts and are instead opting to sell on a fixed-price basis. The main concerns raised by managers were related to increased competition, price-cutting, transportation expenses for export, training, and labor supply.
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Kiyoum, Enayat. "Performance Evaluation of Selected Tannery Companies Enlisted in Dhaka Stock Exchange." Asian Accounting and Auditing Advancement 6, no. 1 (December 31, 2015): 26–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/4ajournal.v6i1.34.
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Being a developing country Bangladesh has always been considered as having two natural comparative advantages over its competitors: the domestic livestock population and the low-cost available labor that can help transform this raw material into products suitable for export. The industry employs about 100,000 people directly, producing fine quality crust & finished leather for export as well as for home consumption. In this paper, I have tried to analyze the development and growth of Selected Tannery Companies Enlisted on the Dhaka Stock Exchange. It is observed that all the selected companies are able to experience stable growth in Total Sales, Total Assets, and Net Income during the period of 2007-2011. Sixteen trend equations have been tested for different activities of the Selected Tannery Companies. Among them, the trend value of Fixed Assets, Retained Earnings, Price Earning (P/E) Ratio, and Asset to Equity Ratio are positive in the case of all the selected Tannery Companies. The Square of the correlation coefficient (r2) has also been tested for all trend equations. The r2 of Total Assets, Total Sales, Inventory Turnover Ratio, Net Income, and Export Sales is more than 0.5, which indicates the prospect of selected Tannery Companies in Bangladesh is very bright.
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Chikhachev, Aleksei. "The European Turn in France’s Arms Export." Scientific and Analytical Herald of IE RAS 20, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran220218592.
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This article analyzes a new trend in the arms export policy of modern France – an increasing share of European countries in the geographical structure of sales. Based on statistics and examples, regional priorities of French export before Emmanuel Macron’s presidency are identified; the reasons for the turn towards Europe at present stage and its possible limits are studied. The author draws attention to the fact that until recently, the Middle East and Asia have been key partners of France, providing two thirds of international demand for the products of French defense industry. However, today their role is declining in favor of the EU countries: Belgium, Romania, Greece, etc., with which Paris has signed a series of major contracts in 2018–2021. This development primarily stems from a difficult foreign policy context forcing the EU members to allocate more funds for defense needs, as well as from temporary difficulties in France’s relations with Middle Eastern clients. The author concludes that the «Europeanization» of sales is likely to continue but it is too early to talk about a full reorientation of French exports towards Europe. A more realistic task Paris de facto solves is to balance its export structure by diversifying the range of customers.
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Saenz, Fernando, and Ruerd Ruben. "Export contracts for non-traditional products: Chayote from Costa Rica." Journal on Chain and Network Science 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2004): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jcns2004.x048.
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This paper focuses on the determinants of market and contract choice for non-traditional crops and the possibilities for involving local producers in global agro-food chains through delivery relationships with packers and brokers. Main attention is given to the importance of quality for entering the export market and the impact of contractual arrangements on loyal behaviour. Core stipulations in the contract regarding the frequency of delivery and the provision of technical assistance are mediating factors between quality and loyalty. The study among traditional and recently established producers of chayote in Costa Rica confirms the importance of production scale and experience for engagement in exports. The export share is positively related to quality performance but inversely related to delivery frequency and sales at the local market. Apparently, traditional producers rely on market diversification to maintain a certain bargaining power vis-à-vis traders and processors. Verbal contractual arrangements are mainly offered to newly established but less-experienced farmers living in settlements that try to reduce risk and demonstrate a high commitment. These farmers cultivate on better soils and have more family labour available. Further quality improvement requires technical assistance and a high frequency of delivery. Supplier arrangements that guarantee timely collection, input support and flexible credit services are therefore of critical importance. Additional support from packers and exporters could enable farmers to improve product quality and is likely to be rewarded. with a high degree of loyalty.
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Kranton, Rachel, and Anand V. Swamy. "Contracts, Hold-Up, and Exports: Textiles and Opium in Colonial India." American Economic Review 98, no. 3 (May 1, 2008): 967–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.98.3.967.
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Trade and export, it is argued, spur economic growth. This paper studies the microeconomics of exporting. We build a heuristic model of transactions between exporters and producers and relate it to East India Company (EIC) operations in colonial Bengal. Our model and the historical record stress two difficulties: the exporter and its agents might not uphold payment agreements, and producers might not honor sales contracts. The model shows when procurement succeeds or fails, highlighting the tension between these two hold-up problems. We analyze several cases, including the EIC's cotton textile venture, the famous Opium Monopoly, and present-day contract farming. (JEL D86, F14, N55, N75)
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Islam, MS, MM Haque, MG Rabbani, and S. Sharmin. "Marketing of shrimp in Bangladesh-A value chain analysis." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 12, no. 2 (July 12, 2016): 359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v12i2.28696.
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Shrimp is an important fisheries resource in the national economy of Bangladesh. It is considered as an exportable item and in each year it shared about 2.75% of the total export earning of Bangladesh. The present study was conducted to examine the marketing system and value chain, and marketing efficiency of shrimp marketed both in domestic and export market. For this study a total of 182 stakeholders (market intermediaries) were selected where shrimp farmers, export oriented farms, depot owners and other market participants and selling agents were included. Data were collected for the period of 2012-13. The study revealed that 80% shrimp is exported and rest 20% is consumed in the local market. Usually shrimp is exported through exporting agencies and firms. Considering all kinds of market, the average gross marketing margin and profit of shrimp in the local market were Tk 171.00/kg and Tk 134.04/kg respectively but for export market, the corresponding amounts were Tk 142.76/kg and Tk 89.51/kg respectively. Shrimp is sold both in domestic and overseas market and accordingly major supply chain and value chain were identified. Shrimp farmers and exporting agencies supply shrimp to ultimate consumers through supply chain. Actually value chain actors added value at each level of market. After processing and adding value, domestic and overseas consumers purchase 1 kg of shrimp at Tk 55.00 and Tk 142.76 respectively. Marketing efficiency was studied only for domestic market. It revealed that shorter supply channel resulted efficient marketing of shrimp where the shrimp producer received the higher percentages of sales price provided by the retailer in consumer market.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 12(2): 359-368, December 2014
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Dighton, P. F. "LNG - PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE." APPEA Journal 39, no. 1 (1999): 671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj98046.
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The first 30 years of LNG export witnessed the development of large movements of natural gas between countries, underpinned by long-term sales contracts and strong relationships. Now the industry has matured, but is faced with the quantum leap of achieving commoditisation of LNG. This would require a break away from long-term contractual ties and the emergence of merchant shipping and merchant plant. This paper examines this trend and the impact upon future Australian exports in the context of emerging markets, low oil prices and intense competition.
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Priddle, R. "Impact of Canadian Regulatory Changes on Cross-Border Trade." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 5, no. 1 (February 1987): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459878700500106.
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In the year following oil deregulation Canada's crude oil productive capacity grew by 5%, but production was unchanged due to a lack of pipeline capacity, the effects of prorationing and a lack of price flexibility. While Canadian oil demand remained stable, exports of crude oil increased by one-third and imports by one-half. Export prices followed world trends with light crude oil export prices declining from $C 40/bl to $C 15 in July 1986. Natural gas exports were down by 17% in the first nine months of the 1986 contract year. This period coincides with the implementation of the Agreement on Natural Gas Markets and Prices, but was also a period marked by declines in US gas prices, declining US gas demand, and significant changes in US gas industry regulation. Prices for gas exports by licence have been renegotiated and some short-term interruptible sales have been made. Export prices approached those for interprovincial sales, which typically offered a better load factor. Licence holders have been able to average export prices over all sales under a licence to satisfy the minimum export price requirement in relation to the domestic reference price. As a result, since the Agreement of 31 October 1985, all renegotiated prices for exports of gas by licence have been approved. The factors having the most impact on gas exports by licence appear to be the 6% decline in US gas demand, limitations on pipeline access during the period of transition in US pipeline regulation, priority given by US pipelines to managing lower-48 take-or-pay obligations, and the changing role of US pipelines to being transporters rather than merchants of gas to the detriment of some Canadian gas export contracts. Exports by licence were at a level of 42% of authorized volumes for most of 1986. Volume authorizations were therefore, not an impediment to exports by licence. There was no volume restriction for short-term exports by order. Gas exports by short-term interruptible order faced US pipeline access restrictions but were affected by the domestic reference price floor. Short-term interruptible exports grew rapidly after the Agreement, peaking in January 1986 and then declined as US competitive prices fell below comparable Canadian domestic prices. Short-term interruptible exports have accounted for only 3% of total exports in the first nine months of the current contract year. Canada's disappointing 1985–6 gas export performance was attributable to weak US gas markets, changing US market structures, and delayed US regulatory change. Although there has been some impact on short-term interruptible sales, the overall decline in gas exports was not significantly relatable to Canadian gas export regulation.
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Jamieson, Eric D. "Crunch Mining: The Logistics of Western Canadian Export Coal Supply." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 12, no. 5 (October 1994): 393–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459879401200506.
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Since its revitalization in 1968 the Western Canadian bituminous coal industry has operated almost exclusively in export markets. As a result, coal sales have been subject to external demand and pricing forces beyond the control of Canadian companies and governments. The recession that affected all industrialized nations in the early 1980s compounded by the world oil price collapse of 1986 initiated a period of low coal prices, intensified competition among producers and oversupply of internationally traded coal. The attritional effects of this adverse marketing regime became serious for Western Canadian metallurgical coal producers after 1989 and reached crisis proportions in 1992. Major coal industry restructuring involving corporate consolidation and substantial write-downs of financial assets quickly followed. Four companies emerged from the restructuring process with 90–95% of potentially reduced regional production capacity and appear to be in reasonably solid positions to compete viably under current marketing conditions. The next major crunch for the industry looms in 1998 when initial 15 year contracts come up for renewal at several mines and serious concerns arise over their ability to operate economically beyond then.
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Ecchia, Stefania. "Informal rural credit markets and interlinked transactions in the district of late Ottoman Haifa, 1890–1915." Financial History Review 21, no. 1 (March 4, 2014): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096856501400002x.
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By examining the acts of the Public Notary of Haifa (1890–1915), this article shows that it was the traditional informal market of credit, run by local notables, which financially supported the development of the small-landholding-based agricultural sector of the Haifa district in late Ottoman Palestine. In seeking to ascertain what led to the success of the informal rural credit market as compared with the formal credit market, the article finds that the local notables, who acted as financial intermediaries for small landholders, enjoyed an information advantage over the banks stemming from the establishment of interlinked credit market transactions connected to the stipulation of bay' wafā, salam and muzara‘ah contracts. In a context of land privatisation and growing commercialisation of agriculture, these contracts became the instruments used by notables to invest in peasants' landholdings and to manage a sales network for agricultural products on a local and international scale, hence representing an efficient financial institution to support the ‘agricultural export-led growth’ of late Ottoman Palestine.
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Trachova, Darya, Iryna Belova, Svitlana Stender, Olena Tomchuk, and Oksana Danilochkina. "Rationale for the need to use blockchain technology to record and control operations for the export of grain (the example of Ukraine)." Independent Journal of Management & Production 13, no. 3 (May 1, 2022): s347—s360. http://dx.doi.org/10.14807/ijmp.v13i3.1980.
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Despite the steady export of Ukrainian grain growth, the net profit from its sales does not increase, and most times, even falls. That is why it became necessary to find out the reasons for the current situation and find ways out of it. The most common method for solving such problems in the modern world is the implementation of blockchain and related technologies (smart contracts, cryptocurrencies, etc.). This article is devoted to studying the economic need for the use of blockchain technologies to monitor grain for export in Ukraine and the analysis of foreign experience blockchain implementation to agricultural supply chains to adapt the best practices to Ukrainian realities. As a result of a theoretical study, the article identified problems in Ukrainian grain export, analyzed the results of using blockchain to solve similar problems in foreign countries, and also identified ways to use world experience in this area. In addition, the authors offered practical recommendations for changing and complementing the existing technological and logistic stages of grain export in Ukraine. It was also found that blockchain technologies, because of their properties such as decentralized control, security, traceability, and control of transactions, could solve most of the problems that arise in the grain supply chain from grower to end consumer. The authors have proposed a generalized multilayer system that includes a "Data input layer", a "Data store layer", and a "User's layer", which most fully considers the peculiarities of agriculture in Ukraine. However, the question of these technologies introducing cost and the economic feasibility of their use for farms of various sizes remains is still unclear, and will be considered by the authors in their following works.
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Latif, Abdul, and Rezaul Kabir. "Profitability and Consistency of Ceramics Industry- A Financial and Statistical Analysis on Selected Companies of Bangladesh." Journal of Business and Technology (Dhaka) 9, no. 2 (December 31, 2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbt.v9i2.26192.
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This paper examines the profitability and consistency of the second leading export oriented industry of Bangladesh. The secondary data of the five leading companies namely, Fu-Wang, Monno, Shinepukur, Standard and RAK Ceramics are collected from the annual reports of 2006-2012 from their websites. The collected data are processed and analyzed by SPSS 19 to make interpretations by ANOVA outputs. Different financial tools like Gross profit margin, Operating profit margin, Net profit margin, Return on assets, Return on equity are calculated along with the liquidity ratios and turnover ratios to find out the causes of unexpected results, if any. The researchers find that two of the five companies (Standard and Monno) are performing very poorly, one (Fu-Wang) is performing moderate level and other two (RAK and Shinepukur) are performing comparatively better. The asset and sales management of the poor performers are to be improved immediately, the liquidity position of all the companies is to be improved and the capital structure of Shinepukur is to be reconstructed.Journal of Business and Technology (Dhaka) Vol.9(2) 2014; 1-13
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Lapinova, Svetlana, Alena Anikina, and Alexander Osharin. "Analysis of export and import structures using network methods (on the example of the agricultural market)." St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies 36, no. 3 (2020): 421–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu05.2020.304.
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Analysis of trade cooperation between countries and identification of the most significant market participants is of great importance, both theoretically and empirically. The global trading community forms a network of international relations defined by trade contracts in various industries. Export-import trade flows are one of the key indicators of the level of cooperation among countries and the state of the global economy. The high intensity of such contacts across groups of countries suggests the existence of clusters in this market segment,consisting of central players — exporters and importers, who often define rules for other participants.Understanding the existence and identification of such a center helps to develop an optimal international trade strategy. The purpose of this contribution is to identify factors affecting trade flows among different countries. Statistical analysis of the international trade relations does not always reveal all the essential aspects of cooperation. This paper combines the methods of graph theory and econometric analysis to study the parameters of trade flows among countries. The parameters used in the network analysis make it possible to obtain additional characteristics of market participants, which help to evaluate their significance in the world trade. The paper also identifies some key mathematical and economic characteristics of export-import flows connecting destination countries. We have analyzed the directions of changes in world trade and established correspondences between metric characteristics of graph vertices and parameters of world trade models. The Russian indicators in export/import categories and its largest sales agents are estimated. The identification of the key intermediaries and importers (centers and authorities) on each of the markets in question has been carried out. As an example for this identification the market of agricultural products among the world’s largest exporters and importers of the product were used.
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REZNIK, Nadiia, and Аnatolii YARMOLIUK. "ANALYSIS OF PROVIDING FUTURES TRADE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS IN UKRAINE." Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics 5, no. 4 (December 2, 2020): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2020-4-15.
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Introduction. The basis for the advancement of the rank is legislative and normative, legislative acts, regulations, instructive materials, informational staff, and special literature. The gross scientific method for the analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, convergence from the abstract to the concrete were used, as well as specific methods of analysis: grouping, ruling, systematic, etc. The purpose of the article is to justify the development of futures trading and its introduction into the sale of agricultural products in Ukraine in modern conditions. Results. This article proves that an important condition in ensuring the transparency of pricing and sales of agricultural products in Ukraine should be the creation of an exchange market for commodity derivatives for agricultural products. Low volumes of trade in forward contracts in Ukraine make it impossible for small and medium-sized commodity producers to understand better the essence of trade in commodity derivatives for agricultural products. Analysis of the state of the commodity exchange market in the country shows that quantitative and qualitative indicators do not match in Ukraine, according to the State Statistics Committee at the beginning of 2014. 586 commodity exchanges were registered (excluding stock exchanges), which is 95 times more than in 1992 (62 exchanges) and almost 2 times more than in 1999 (300 exchanges). Among these universal exchanges – 107, commodity and commodity exchanges – 391 exchanges, agro-industrial – 25, others – 39. It is highlighted that the Ukrainian stock market has not taken its rightful place as required by the market economy. It was created without a clear legal framework, weak understanding and uncertain behavior of the state in relation to exchange activities, as well as the absence of a state regulator that would coordinate, supervise and organize the work of commodity exchanges. Conclusions. It is proved that the increase in sales of agricultural products on commodity exchanges has been largely achieved through the registration of export contracts on accredited exchanges in recent years, which had no practical impact on the pricing process and stabilization of the agricultural market. Keywords: futures, futures market, agricultural products, agricultural sector, stock market, world market.
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Kravet, Donald J. "Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States." American Journal of International Law 83, no. 1 (January 1989): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2202798.
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In Claim 4, one of several in Case No. Bl before the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal, claimant, the Islamic Republic of Iran, sought to recover from the United States possession of certain military equipment that had been sold to Iran pursuant to contracts forming part of the U.S. “Foreign Military Sales” (FMS) program. In the alternative, Iran sought compensation from the United States in the amount of U.S. $143,290,948, plus interest, for the alleged replacement value of the property at issue. In this partial award, the Full Tribunal held: that the United States was not obliged to deliver the equipment and that Iran’s request for specific performance must be denied, but that the United States was still required to compensate Iran for the value of the properties as of March 26, 1981, the date the United States communicated its decision not to permit their export to Iran. The Tribunal did not make an award of damages at this stage, since neither party had provided evidence as to the value of the goods on that date. American Arbitrators Howard H. Holtzmann and Charles N. Brower each filed an opinion concurring in part and dissenting in pArt. The three Iranian arbitrators concurred in the award, but without filing an opinion.
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Primakov, Denis, Anton Rudokvas, and Inese Tenberga. "The Salam transaction in the Islamic tradition and its application in Islamic banking." Pravovedenie 66, no. 4 (2022): 408–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu25.2022.404.
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This article reveals some features of the “Salam” contract which refers to the purchase of a commodity for deferred delivery in exchange for immediate payment. The structure of the Salam Contract changes the logic of ordinary sales contracts, hereby article focuses on differentiation between pre-paid Salam Contract on the one hand and the sales of goods contract (bay’) and the concept of advanced payment on the other hand. Part 2 of the article highlights the Salam Contract as a type of pre-delivery finance instrument based on the Islamic banking theory and practice. As a banking instrument, the salam agreement is primarily aimed at implementing pre-delivery financing of the real sector of the economy, which makes it possible to adjust, plan, replenish and accelerate the turnover of funds of both Islamic banks themselves and their counterparties. Nevertheless, the mechanism of implementing salam in the activities of Islamic banks is primarily aimed at forming contractual relations with reliable and financially stable counterparties. With the help of salam, the Islamic bank acts as a participant in trade in the domestic and foreign markets. Under the Salam agreement, the Islamic bank mainly buys goods whose prices are quoted on international commodity exchanges or on Islamic financial and trading platforms. Along with cooperation with companies operating in the export-import industry, this type of purchase and sale is an effective way of pre-delivery financing of agricultural producers. The article observes also a discussion over Salam Contract application for the market of shares. One point of view on this issue is that the shares have the signs of the individually defined things and thus do not meet the mandatory feature of the salam transaction. Another opinion insists that the shares correspond to all the characteristics of generic items, including the ability to determine their properties and the ability to order (deliver) them. There are also other intermediate points of view.
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Falgenti, K., Y. Arkeman, E. Hambali, and K. Syamsu. "The design of blockchain network of palm oil FFB supply from certified farms and traceability system of CPO from independent smallholders." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1034, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1034/1/012001.
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Abstract Mills produce Crude Palm Oil (CPO) from procurement channels of their plantation, plasma farm, and independent smallholders’ farm. The mill manufactures Fruit Fresh Bunch FFB from all channels and sells CPO with low Free Fatty Acid (FFA) CPO for foods and CPO for industrial. CPO with low FFA for export consists of premium-grade CPO with FFA level < 2% and super-grade CPO with FFA level <3.5%. This Low FFA CPO is exported for food to developed countries. The food industry as a CPO customer needs a lot of information about the origin of the CPO commodity and information about sustainable oil palm agriculture governance. The challenges of building low FFA CPO traceability system raw material of CPO come from three-channel of FFB procurement and produce the various quality of CPO. This study aims to map the FFB supply at PT. RSI from Roundtable on Sustainability Palm Oil (RSPO) certificate farm in independent smallholders groups channel in the Hyperledger Fabric blockchain network and smart contract. The interaction of entities with smart contracts is described in the ERD diagram, and the form of collaboration between entities is illustrated in the sequence diagram. The design of blockchain network of FFB supply and traceability of FFB from independent smallholders group procurement channel was based on CPO sales data from the exporter. The contribution of independent smallholders group channels to produce low FFA CPO was calculated. By presenting the CPO supply system on a map, independent smallholders’ farms’ source of low FFA CPO can be identified. Finally, various sustainable information in the farms can be shared.
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Zharun, Olena, Mykola Korotieiev, Oleksandr Nepochatenko, and Oksana Tupchiy. "ORGANIZATION OF FUTURE EXCHANGE TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS IN UKRAINE." Development of Management and Entrepreneurship Methods on Transport (ONMU) 76, no. 3 (2021): 92–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.31375/2226-1915-2021-3-92-103.
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In this article was found that the Ukrainian stock market did not take the right place as required by the market economy. It was created without a clear legal framework, weak understan-ding and uncertain behavior of the state in relation to exchange activities, as well as the absence of a state regulator that would coordinate, supervise and organize the work of commodity exchanges.It should be noted that the increase in sales of agricultural products on commodity exchanges in recent years has been largely achieved through the registration of export contracts on accredited exchanges, which had no practical impact on the pricing process and stabilization of the agricultural market.Proven low activity of participants in the use of forward contracts in exchange trade leads to restraint of the development of exchange trade in commodity derivatives for agricultural products. The main directions of development of the exchange agricultural market, which should be: stabilization of the political and economic environment in the country; improvement of the mechanism of regulation of the domestic exchange agricultural market; creation of favorable organizational and legal conditions for attracting foreign speculative capital; increasing the financial stability of agricultural market participants; availability of an effective exchange infrastructure of commodity markets; providing access to the electronic information field; development of requirements for licensing of professional participants of the exchange commodity market; creation of the necessary level of material and technological support of domestic commodity exchanges.The process of implementation of the latter should take place in stages and requires the creation of the above organizational and economic conditions.Theoretical and methodical bases of formation of organizational and economic model of effective functioning of the commodity exchange market of Ukraine aimed at effective regulation of the wholesale market of agricultural products, as a whole, and creation of system of self-regulation of such market which will provide activation of turnover of pro-ducts and money at exchange auctions economic conditions of the shadow market, will contribute to thenecessary increase in efficiency of production and sale of products on the stock market, staff elimination of the agricultural sector and the creation of a system of effective state regulation of market prices for agricultural products, food and consumed by the agricultural sector material and technical resources circulating in the wholesale market and the formation of market infrastructure for effective management of reproduction and sale of marketable products.Keywords:futures; futures trading; agricultural products; world market; grain; stock market.
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Korotiuk, O. "Criminal responsibility for the most basic typical forms of compliance of copyright and associated rights over the foreign legislation." Herald of criminal justice, no. 3 (2019): 110–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2413-5372.2019.3/110-123.
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The article analyzes the criminal law of foreign countries, which reflect the main types of forms of encroachments on objects of copyright and related rights. It has been established that the criminal responsibility for the above-mentioned acts was foreseen in the most countries of the world. The purpose of the article is to investigate the issue of criminal responsibility for the most basic typical forms of compliance of copyright and associated rights over the foreign legislation. Extremely widespread forms of socially dangerous encroachments on copyright objects are "appropriation of authorship", "plagiarism" and "coercion to co-authorship". Offenses that encroach on copyright objects are usually placed in the sections "Crimes against the constitutional rights and freedoms of man and citizen", "Crimes against property", and in some cases are placed in a separate section "Crimes against Intellectual Property». Analysis of the criminal legislation of foreign countries suggests that the typical forms of encroachments on objects of copyright and related rights include acts related to: a) the illegal entry into the circulation of objects of copyright and related rights contrary to the established legislation procedure. These types of encroachments are represented by the following wording of the criminal law of foreign law: the wording indicating the act of import or other movement of objects of copyright and related rights (for example, transportation, movement, import, export, etc.); wording indicating acts concerning the acquisition and storage of objects that could not be in circulation (in particular, acquisition, storage, conscious possession for the purpose of trade or inclusion in trade, illicitly created objects, goods, including if they were imported, receiving etc.); the wording indicating the acts related to the introduction of objects to commodity circulation or the commission of any actions for the purpose of further introduction into circulation, including acts concerning the putting into circulation of equipment for the illegal creation of copyright and related rights objects (for example, the use of objects without a check mark and in the absence of author's contracts; introduction into business turnover; introduction into circulation; change, removal from copies of objects of symbols and signs of protection of rights etc.); b) illegal production (creation) and / or illegal use of such objects. The following wording of the criminal law provisions refers to these attacks: the wording which denotes actions related to the illegal creation of the object of intellectual property rights, the introduction of certain changes to the object or information about the object, as well as acts of unlawful gain rights to the object (for example, attribution or coercion, plagiarism, reproduction, copying, forgery or imitation etc.); wording that denotes acts of unlawful use and distribution of objects (in particular, illegal use, illegal distribution, sale or offer for sale, sales etc.); general wording indicating any of the above-mentioned encroachments, as well as other attacks on the objects of copyright and related rights (for example violation of the law, any other form of use of objects, other infringement of rights, violation of any which of the rights etc.).
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Judit, Glavanits. "Changing Rules of Sales: International and Hungarian Regulation of Export Contracts." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2531228.
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Pankratova, L., and S. Hrabina. "Price position of Ukrainian wheat on the world market." Bioeconomics and Agrarian Business 11, no. 4 (December 18, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/bioeconomy2020.04.014.
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The arƟcle analyzes price posiƟons of Ukrainian wheat on the world market, detects main compeƟtors and its target market. Also, tasks for cereal market operators in connecƟon with an increase of Ukrainian share in world trade due to surge in Ukrainian wheat sales more than 3 Ɵmes for the last 7 years is considered in the arƟcle. The Ukrainian share in wheat sales of the Black Sea basin countries was 23,1%, Russian share – 48,4%, Romania – 10,1% in 2019/2020 markeƟng year. The main compeƟtor of Ukraine among the Black Sea basin countries is Russia that has increased its wheat exports more than 3 Ɵmes and has enough poliƟcal and economic moƟvaƟons to use predatory pricing strategies. Other worthy compeƟtors are France and Romania. They have strong market posiƟons because of the European Union protecƟonist policy. The rise in stock for crops in 2020 caused price escalaƟon on the world market. We should use internal and external methods such as macroeconomic stabilizaƟon, in parƟcular exchange rate, opƟmizing technology for producƟon and storing to prevent losses, adherence to the principles of business ethics in the execuƟon of contracts, improvement of the remaining infrastructure, logisƟcs and informaƟon-based promoƟon to provide raising the image of Ukrainian products on the world market. Today the agricultural businesses should make informed decisions regarding further export of Ukrainian wheat, realisƟcally assess the capaciƟes of its sales considering world market demands and own economic acƟvity results.
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"Investigation of Vegetable Market Integration System in Dhaka City: A Study on Effective Supply Value Chain Analysis." International Journal of Management and Accounting, November 4, 2020, 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.34104/ijma.020.01310146.
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Vegetable cultivation in our country is growing day by day. We are now planting vegetables in our cultivable land area of 2.63 percent. Vegetables benefit farmers even more than other crops. It can play a vital role in improving the nutritional status of the chronically malnourished population of Bangladesh. There are various types of agricultural markets in Bangladesh through which agricultural products are traded. These are rural primary markets, rural assembly markets, rural secondary markets, and urban retail market. Before reaching the customers, vegetables are sold to wholesalers and retailers in Bangladesh. There is effectively a complete shortage of sophisticated vegetable handling equipment and facilities on the markets. Sorting, displaying, and selling are often performed from and into baskets at the ground level. Though Bangladeshi fruits and vegetables are exported to about 38 market destinations, the key buyers are primarily located in two regions: the United Kingdom and the Middle East. Bangladesh mostly exports fresh fruits and vegetables. However, during recent years export of processed as well as frozen vegetables had underway on a limited scale. The regular supply chain is for intermediaries to collect orders from exporters, go to production areas, collect crops from farmers/local markets, and arrange to deliver the same to exporters on the day of shipment. Owing to the opportunistic actions of sellers and consumers, the marketing cost rises, each seeking to take advantage of the other by means such as adulteration of the goods, cheating on weights and measures, and violating distribution contracts. In Bangladesh, the vegetable marketing system is challenging, awkward, and unorganized and needs to be established for the well-being of common citizens.
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Amin, Venkatesh S. "Case Study of V. K. Sofa Makers Customization Process." International Journal of Case Studies in Business, IT, and Education, April 16, 2022, 202–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47992/ijcsbe.2581.6942.0160.
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Purpose: Many successful businesses in India were less documented; hence this is an attempt to create a document of a company started by a young entrepreneur in Mangalore with a determination to create jobs for himself and others; documenting is an essential process for others to learn and understand and hence this analysis of VK Sofa makers is an attempt as a case study document for anyone and everyone who wishes to know in-depth about the company process. Similar case studies have been studied on young entrepreneurs, to know various types of entrepreneurs; therefore, it is critical to understand the process followed by departments as a Manu-Retailer organization, from manufacturing to selling, a value chain that generates customer value and a great business. Retail is a competitive business and needs to be managed and modified as per the seasons and customer needs; therefore, the purpose is to know; the depth of this mastery by the team over the years' Manufacturing is a challenge and a, strength in terms of standardization in sofa making; hence can Indian Companies like VK sofa makers export like other nations like Africa, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and many more nations. Keep global customer needs in mind as customization; for Global markets where requirements are unique: foldable sofas, metal sofas, garden sofas. Marketing both online and offline, channelizing the marketing and sales effort would be the key; pure leather sofas for business or just pleasure or daily use at home or office made. Hence can, VK Sofa Makers; make sofas'; that can be shaped and be user-friendly, as well as a match; the needs of business travelers who stay in Hotels for business, touring, and just sightseeing. Are the VK sofa products designed ergonomically, and how best can they be further customized along with metal or garden furniture is also being analyzed. Hence the purpose is to study- VK Sofa Makers is in-depth with a comparative study of enterprises; that are similar across the markets. Design/Methodology/ Approach: The approach followed in making this case study was observations of the processes followed, speaking to various employees, vendors, and the owner himself. Open questions were asked to many of them, either directly or indirectly, involved in sofa- the making process. Findings/ Results: It has been seen and learned; that the model is a replicable model by any person who garners and attempts the same kind of effort, results are to be achieved; in the process. Originality: This is a first attempt to study VK Sofa Makers; as a case study; that is not known to the academic world, as well as the world in general. The research scholar; has put- in efforts to make sure the saga of success is- spread; for the greater glory of such business models that could be; replicated in other areas of products or services. Paper Type: Case study method of understanding customization process at VK Sofa makers.