Journal articles: 'Export premium'

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Mulangu, Francis. "Exports, Price Transmission, and Wage Inequality: Evidence Using the Case of the Impact of AGOA in Ghanaian Manufacturing Firms." Journal of African Development 17, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 45–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jafrideve.17.1.0045.

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The paper presents evidence of the relationship between exports and wage inequality using manufacturing firm-level data from Ghana. After contextualizing the Ghanaian manufacture sector a dynamic difference-indifferences model was used to compare exporting firms to matched non-exporting ones before and after the African Growth Opportunity Act (AGOA) was enacted. Robustness tests were used to verify if the estimated export premium is associated with AGOA. After estimating the heterogeneous change in wages associated with the export premium, the paper finds that exporting per se may not necessarily lead to wage inequality, but the mechanism by which export premium is transmitted to workers and this mechanism has primarily benefited unskilled male workers with relatively lower pre-AGOA wages working in smaller firms.

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Aditya Rahman Azis, Aditya Rahman Azis, and Vid Adrison. "Pengaruh Implementasi Sertifikasi SVLK, Karakteristik Produk dan Tujuan Ekspor Terhadap Harga Premium Ekspor Kayu Olahan Indonesia." Cendekia Niaga 5, no. 1 (June 23, 2021): 84–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.52391/jcn.v5i1.571.

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Premium price is an indicator of certification market effectiveness. But its existence depends on the eco-consumers in the markets. Ideally, certification is in line with benefits obtained from the market. This research aims to analyze whether the SVLK certification is capable to generate premium price of Indonesian mouldings exports and see if there is a different effect between EU and Non-EU export destinations. The analysis base on transactional exports data from 2006 to 2017 using the hedonic model approach. The regression results show that the price of SVLK certified products is 7% more expensive than non-certificate products. However, there is no significant influence of the export destination to EU or Non-EU to the prices.

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Man Kim, Sang. "Export Credit Guarantee and Prohibited Subsidies Under the SCM Agreement." Journal of World Trade 54, Issue 3 (June 1, 2020): 439–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2020020.

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Export credit guarantee or insurance covers non-payment risks in exports. Many countries have established export credit agencies (ECAs) to promote exports through export credits including export credit guarantee or insurance. Officially supported export credits have brought the concern that they may distort fair competition in international trades. Export credit guarantee or insurance programmes with inadequate premium rates are likely to fall under the prohibited subsidies. ECAs need to understand the requirements of the prohibited subsidies under the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement). This article will discuss features and functions of export credit guarantee or insurance in international trades. This article will also discuss some issues concerning the elements of a subsidy and illustrated list of prohibited export subsidies with regard to export credit guarantee or insurance by analysing the relevant provisions of the SCM Agreement and WTO Panel or Appellate Body Reports. countervailing measure, export credit, export credit insurance, export credit guarantee, prohibited subsidy, the SCM Agreement, subsidy

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Mahmood, Zafar, and Mohammad Azhar. "On Overinvoicing of Exports in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 40, no. 3 (September 1, 2001): 173–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v40i3pp.173-185.

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Whereas the policy incentives were designed to promote exports from Pakistan, the incentive system instead led to illicit export practices, i.e., export overinvoicing due to the weaknesses of implementation. Such practices resulted in a significant financial loss to the country and undermined the effectiveness of the export-promoting policy. This paper has determined the presence of overinvoicing of exports in Pakistan and the geographic and product-wise patterns in export overinvoicing. The paper has applied the ‘partner-country data comparison’ technique. Empirical findings confirm the strong presence of export overinvoicing across trading partner countries and products. This conclusion is further supported by the evidence of a significant difference between the duty-drawback rate and the premium on foreign exchange in the kerb market. Convincing presence of export overinvoicing is the basis for a set of policy recommendations made in the paper.

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Fontes, Luiz Felipe, Igor Granitoff, and Silvio Hong Tiing Tai. "Export wage premium for south Brazilian firms: Interaction between export, human capital, and export destination." EconomiA 21, no. 3 (December 2020): 365–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econ.2020.05.003.

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Brambilla, Irene, Nicolas Depetris Chauvin, and Guido Porto. "Examining the Export Wage Premium in Developing Countries." Review of International Economics 25, no. 3 (May 24, 2016): 447–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/roie.12231.

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Turner, Donald H., and Robin G. Brumfield. "Export Marketing of Fresh Fruits in New Zealand." HortTechnology 4, no. 2 (April 1994): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.4.2.118.

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The development of New Zealand's economy was based largely on exports to England. With the formation of the EEC, New Zealand was forced to find other markets and concentrate on a wider variety of export commodities. Marketing boards for specific products with monopoly power have been at the center of agricultural and horticultural exports in New Zealand. New Zealand has concentrated on developing new varieties, premium quality, research on postharvest handling, branding, and other marketing procedures to compete in the world market and give producers a good return.

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Warr, Peter G. "Welfare Effects of an Export Tax: Thailand's Rice Premium." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 83, no. 4 (November 2001): 903–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0002-9092.00218.

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Lamprinidou, Fani, Anastasios Semos, Efthimia Tsakiridou, and Panagiota Sergaki. "The Influence of an Export Manager on Export Marketing Policies: Evidence from Exporting Olive Oil Companies in Crete." Economies 10, no. 7 (June 22, 2022): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies10070152.

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Cretan olive oil is known for its premium quality worldwide. In the post pandemic international environment, the rising demand for olive oil due to its health benefits has generated greater competition amongst traditionally non-producer and producer countries. Olive oil exports affect both the financial growth and stability of companies that trade it and the economic prosperity of the Crete prefecture. Various factors can influence a company’s export performance, and of those it is widely agreed that the presence of an export manager yields a positive impact. The aim of this paper is to investigate the influence of an export manager on export marketing policies. The application of the Chi-Square Test (χ2) was judged as the most suitable criterion for the elaboration of the research. The χ2 test showed that there are statistically significant correlations between variables. The findings of the research indicate an exports manager’s influence on promotions abroad and in conducting market research before exporting to a new foreign market. The employment of an export manager and the level of his/her certified knowledge appear to have a positive impact on the export marketing policies of companies that export Cretan olive oil.

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Rossi, David, Jun Zhai, and Olli-Pekka Kuusela. "Measuring the Value of Softwood Log Exports: Evidence from Oregon." Journal of Forestry 119, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 351–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jofore/fvab009.

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Abstract Oregon softwood log exports experienced a resurgence during years after the Great Recession. Using an empirically grounded partial equilibrium model, the purpose of this study is to assess the net effects of log exports on total economic surplus by measuring the effects of a hypothetical absence of export markets from 2010:Q1 to 2015:Q4. Based on our modeling results, the net economic losses would have amounted to $248 million during the study period in total. Oregon mills would have gained $1.66 billion in total, whereas landowners would have lost $1.91 billion in total had there not been export markets. Furthermore, additional losses would have occurred from the forgone export premium. Our modeling results suggest that harvests would have been 1.97 billion board feet lower in the absence of export markets. However, Oregon mills would have used an additional 3.0 billion board feet. We also provide estimates for potential employment effects.

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Kong, Dongmin, Gaowen Kong, Lirang Pang, and Jian Zhang. "Who gets the wage premium from export: Top managers or employees?" International Review of Economics & Finance 58 (November 2018): 356–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2018.04.006.

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Fu, Dahai, and Yanrui Wu. "Export wage premium in China's manufacturing sector: A firm level analysis." China Economic Review 26 (September 2013): 182–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2012.05.009.

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Wardono, Budi, Rizky Muhartono, Tenny Apriliani, Hikmah, and Armen Zulham. "Traditional Fisheries Supply Chain Management in The Border Area: The Natuna Islands, Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 147 (2020): 02009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014702009.

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Fisheries have an important role in the economic and security aspects of the border region. Fishing in Natuna is carried out by local fishermen using small vessels with simple fishing gear. The distribution system with ships was hampered due to the Natuna sea area factors and the limited number and frequency. The research aimed to find out the supply chain management of fish in the Natuna Island border area to meet local, regional and export needs. The research used a qualitative approach and snowball information. The result showed that market formation was based on the type and quality of fish caught. Production of local fishermen was sold to the Natuna market, regional markets (Pontianak and Tanjung Pinang), and export market to Singapore, Mainland China, Hongkong, and Malaysia. Type of fish with premium quality (grouper, red snapper) was exported and sold to restaurants, with oligopolistic market characteristics. The premium quality fish market share was controlled by a large trader (Tauke) who has links to islands far Natuna (Pulau Laut, Pulau Tiga, Midai and Serasan). Non-premium quality fish marketing was carried out by fishing boat owners or collectors for local consumption and regional markets.

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Sunny, R., S. F. Ayu, and Rahmanta. "Coffee export insurance premium estimates from Sumatera Utara Province in international market." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 454 (April 15, 2020): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/454/1/012014.

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15

Cahn, A. T. "The EC sheep meat regime — the political dimension." BSAP Occasional Publication 14 (January 1990): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00001993.

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AbstractThe European Community (EC) sheep meat regime, introduced in 1980, was designed to resolve a conflict of interest between British and French sheep producers and originally sought to preserve the status quo, which included widely varying production systems, market prices and policy objectives. Although Britain's sole use of the variable premium focused discontent of other member states on its system of support, its production in the 1980s expanded continuously and its exports increased. However, the EC regime came under further pressure from the accession of Spain in 1986 and the inclusion of goats in the regime in 1985 added to budgetary problems. The cost of the regime has increased greatly and. this fact, together with the move towards a single market by 1992, meant that the fragmented market solution of 1980 could not last.The agreement of July 1989 on a reform of the regime marked a major change. The transitional phase will see the phasing out of the special national provisions, including variable premium. Lower rates of premium for larger flocks, private storage aid, an EC standard quality and a differentiation between milk and meat producers will come into force in 1990 and 1991. By the end of 1992, a single premium will be applicable throughout the community and a single market will be in force.This poses both challenges and opportunities for the British industry. Export markets will be more open. The variable premium, both a straight jacket and a safety net, will disappear and demands for price, quality and even supply will be more urgent. Traditional patterns of production will have to prove their efficiency. Options, such as more extensive/‘natural’ production, more intensive production, meat/wool dual production and organic production will need to be considered.

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16

Kim, Hee Ho, and 김미 화. "Optimal Indirect Hedging and Price Conditions." Journal of Derivatives and Quantitative Studies 14, no. 1 (May 31, 2006): 61–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jdqs-01-2006-b0003.

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This study examines the indirect hedging strategy and its price ccndition against exchange risk for the export firms which can not directly hedge due to non-existence of appropriate futures market for the export market currency. The export firms would manipulate their mark-up rate as real hedging against exchange risk in the incomplete export market. Real options tend to reduce the uncertainty of an export profit curve in nonlinear manner and thus, substitute for the financial hedging. As a result, the optimal hedging strategy for the firms exporting to the incomplete market is an under hedge combining short futures and long put. The long put is a substitute with short futures and required to cover the nonlinear risk of export profit derived by real options. Indirect hedging would increase the expected profit by reducing risk, while a sufficient and necessary condition for the optimal indirect hedging depends on exchange volatility and a magnitude of put premium relative to an expected excercise loss.

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17

Arora, Kashika, and Areej Aftab Siddiqui. "Export guarantees and firm performance in the context of corporate governance." Corporate Ownership and Control 18, no. 3 (2021): 136–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv18i3art11.

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Micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) the forerunners of the Indian economy equipped with the greatest potential of growth and employment opportunities are the focus of this paper. By examining firm-level data for years 2007-2008 and 2017-2018, this paper captures the simultaneous expenditure on insurance premium and export earnings on the technical efficiency of firms. On applying stochastic frontier production function, results reveal that Indian MSMEs although being labour intensive have high average technical efficiency in the two comparative years. Results also indicate that factors such as firm size, age, ownership, technological imports both embodied and disembodied, expenditure on R&D, and export guarantees contribute to the technical efficiency of MSMEs. The top 25 percent of efficient MSMEs in 2017-2018 rely more on exports, have higher forex earnings with higher expenditure on marketing & advertising, and expenditure on export guarantees. This thus warrants a further improvement in technical efficiency through access to financial services, skilled labour, training of labour, enhancing and attracting foreign investment for operational collaborations, and incentives for easier and risk-free penetration in the world market

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Salman, Zara, and Mariam Javed. "The Impact of Trade Liberalisation on Wage Inequality: Case of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 50, no. 4II (December 1, 2011): 575–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v50i4iipp.575-595.

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This paper examines whether trade liberalisation played a role in shaping the wage structure of Pakistan in the late 1990s and early 2000. It uses manufacturing workers data from LFS supplemented by external information to analyse the impact of trade liberalisation. In general, the results show that trade liberalisation, measured through import penetration ratio, export penetration ratio and relative prices of each industry, not only impacted wages but also increased wage inequality across skill levels from 1996-97 to 2005-06. The econometrics analysis confirms that increase in import penetration raises skilled premium while simultaneously reducing unskilled premium; a result in contention with the findings of the Stolper-Sameulson Theorem.

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Sampson, Thomas. "Selection into Trade and Wage Inequality." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 6, no. 3 (August 1, 2014): 157–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.6.3.157.

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This paper analyzes how intra-industry trade affects the wage distribution when both workers and firms are heterogeneous. Positive assortative matching between worker skill and firm technology generates an employer size-wage premium and an exporter wage premium. Fixed export costs cause the selection of advanced technology, high-skill firms into exporting, and trade shifts the firm technology distribution upwards. Consequently, trade increases skill demand and wage inequality in all countries, both on aggregate and within the upper tail of the wage distribution. This holds when firms receive random technology draws and when technology depends on firm-level R&D. (JEL F16, J23, J24, J31)

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Yang, Yong, and Sushanta Mallick. "Export Premium, Self-selection and Learning-by-Exporting: Evidence from Chinese Matched Firms." World Economy 33, no. 10 (October 2010): 1218–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2010.01277.x.

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Broll, Udo, Kit Pong Wong, and Peter Welzel. "The Impact of Regret on Exports." German Economic Review 17, no. 2 (May 1, 2016): 192–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geer.12076.

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Abstract We examine optimal production and export decisions of a firm facing exchange rate uncertainty, where the firm’s management is not only risk averse but also regret averse, i.e., is characterized by a utility function that includes disutility from having chosen ex post suboptimal alternatives. Experimental and empirical results support the view that managers tend to be regret averse. Under regret aversion a negative risk premium need not preclude the firm from exporting which would be the case if the firm were only risk averse. Exporting creates an implicit hedge against the possibility of regret when the realized spot exchange rate turns out to be high. The regret-averse firm as such has a greater ex ante incentive to export than the purely risk averse firm. Finally, we use a two-state example to illustrate that the firm optimally exports more (less) to the foreign country than in the case of pure risk aversion if the low (high) spot exchange rate is more likely to prevail. Regret aversion as such plays a crucial role in determining the firm’s optimal allocation between domestic sales and foreign exports.

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MCKENZIE, ANDREW M., BRADLEY J. ISBELL, and B. WADE BRORSEN. "THE COST OF FORWARD CONTRACTING IN THE CIF NOLA EXPORT BID MARKET." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 51, no. 1 (January 16, 2019): 164–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aae.2018.30.

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AbstractThe CIF NOLA “river market” represents an important but opaque forward market that serves Gulf exporters and elevators. CIF NOLA bids function similarly to traditional forward contracts; however, like a futures market, firms can offset their forward contractual obligations by offsetting positions in a liquid off-exchange paper market. Analysis shows grain sellers pay a risk premium for fall harvest delivery contracts. However, outside of fall harvest, contract liquidity, coupled with a good institutional balance of long and short market participants, mostly removes the pricing bias commonly found in farmer forward contracting in corn and soybeans.

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Dai, Mi, and Jianwei Xu. "The Skill Structure of Export Wage Premium: Evidence from Chinese Matched Employer-Employee Data." World Economy 40, no. 5 (May 20, 2016): 883–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/twec.12397.

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Delate, Kathleen, Andrea McKern, Robert Turnbull, James T. S. Walker, Richard Volz, Allan White, Vincent Bus, et al. "Organic Apple Production in Two Humid Regions: Comparing Progress in Pest Management Strategies in Iowa and New Zealand." HortScience 43, no. 1 (February 2008): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.1.12.

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By 2003, organic apple [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] production had increased to 5626 ha in the United States and to 2964 ha in New Zealand by 2002. Common problems facing organic apple growers in the humid regions of New Zealand and the United States include effective management strategies for apple scab [Venturia inaequalis (Cooke)] and insect pests. Experiments conducted in Iowa in 2003–2004 demonstrated the effectiveness of a kaolin clay- and spinosad-based insecticide program in maintaining codling moth [Cydia pomonella (L.)] damage levels to less than 5% in the scab-resistant cultivars Enterprise, Liberty, Redfree, and Gold Rush. Similar pest management systems have been developed in New Zealand to comply with export standards and quarantines. The use of codling moth granulosis virus and a spinosad-based insecticide have led to reduced pest pressure and to an increase in organic exports with a 41% premium price over conventional apples. However, an association between spinosad use and woolly apple aphid [Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann)] population increase was observed in organic orchard surveys in 2006. An alternative to spinosad applications, insect disinfestation through controlled atmosphere (CA) treatment, was investigated to control quarantined pests and to extend the storage potential of scab-resistant cultivars. A CA treatment of 9 weeks of 2% O2 and 2% CO2 at 0.5 °C was determined to maintain firmness ratings to export standards in CA-stored, scab-resistant ‘Pinkie’ apples and to decrease internal ethylene concentration by 84% compared with apples stored in air. In addition, new scab-resistant cultivars with ‘Pinkie’ background under development in New Zealand show promise for organic production in humid regions. Few fruit quality differences were determined between ‘Pinkie’ fruits from integrated fruit production and organic production systems, although premium prices exist only for certified organic apples.

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Iriarte, Alfredo, Maria Gabriela Almeida, and Pablo Villalobos. "Carbon footprint of premium quality export bananas: Case study in Ecuador, the world's largest exporter." Science of The Total Environment 472 (February 2014): 1082–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.072.

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Li, Ruiqin, Yipeng Liu, and Oscar F. Bustinza. "FDI, service intensity, and international marketing agility." International Marketing Review 36, no. 2 (April 8, 2019): 213–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imr-01-2018-0031.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide a nuanced understanding of international marketing agility by connecting organizational capability literature with that of standardization and adaptation. The focus of the research is to clarify whether managing the tension between product standardization and service customization generates an extra premium in international markets.Design/methodology/approachTwo disaggregated Chinese data sets, the Annual Survey of Industrial Enterprises and the China Customs Database, are used for developing an econometric model. Export quality improvement is the outcome variable in reflecting the effect of international marketing agility on performance.FindingsInternational marketing agility is reached through upstream FDI intensity, particularly in the context of service FDI. Manufacturing sectors with higher service intensity have more agility, being more likely to generate export quality.Research limitations/implicationsThis study makes three theoretical contributions by clarifying the concept of international marketing agility as an organizational capability generated by manufacturing standardization and service customization; investigating the influence of upstream FDI intensity for export quality while taking into account the industry contexts; and obtaining an enhanced understanding of the service intensity of manufacturing firms on export quality.Originality/valueThe authors offer a nuanced and contextualized understanding of international marketing agility and explore the complex relationships between FDI, service intensity and export quality.

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Daykhes, Arkady Nikolaevich, Vladimir Anatolievich Reshetnikov, Olga Aleksandrovna Manerova, and Ilya Aleksandrovich Mikhailov. "Analysis of Current Practices of Organizing the Export of Medical Services in the United Kingdom, Italy, South Korea and China." Medical Technologies. Assessment and Choice (Медицинские технологии. Оценка и выбор), no. 1 (39) (May 1, 2020): 30–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31556/2219-0678.2020.39.1.030-042.

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Aim of the study. Analysis of medical tourism’s organizational features based on the example of the large medical organizations in the United Kingdom, South Korea, Italy and China. Materials and methods. The data were collected by the authors by interviewing the heads of medical organizations and their deputies in the United Kingdom, South Korea, Italy and China (3–4 respondents per medical organization) using the developed questionnaire to identify the main mechanisms and tools for organizing the export of medical services. SWOT-analysis (Strengths; Weaknesses; Opportunities; Threats) was performed in order to comprehensively evaluate the received information. Results. Along with weaknesses and threats that slow down the development of medical services exports, strengths (internal factors) and opportunities ( external factors) that contribute to the development of medical tourism were also identified: the widespread popularity of the brand of medical organizations abroad which is associated with the provision of premium medical services; versatility and ability to conduct high-tech surgical operations; the presence of a separate premium class building and an international department for working with foreign patients and promoting a medical organization in the world market; well-established business relationships with assistance companies; foreign medical personnel who speak foreign languages and possess necessary skills to treat foreign patients; developed electronic medical care system; developed system of quality control of medical care; the presence of branches in other countries; the presence of a medical visa in the system of legislation; established cooperation with many countries at the embassy level; state licensing and accreditation for the provision of medical services to foreign citzens; the availability of a state website on the provision of medical assistance to foreign citizens; the possibility of the age of value added tax. Conclusion. We identified main patterns in the organization of export of medical services that can be applied to develop this direction in medical organizations of the Russian Federation during the analysis the strengths and weaknesses of four large medical organizations abroad, as well as external factors that affect the work of these medical organizations.

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Bittner, E. P., H. Ashman, M. Hastie, R. J. van Barneveld, A. H. Hearn, N. Thomson, and F. R. Dunshea. "Innovation in an expanding market: Australian pork is not a commodity." Animal Production Science 57, no. 12 (2017): 2339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an17299.

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The growing Asian middle class, the proliferation of export markets and a more discerning domestic consumer base are creating new opportunities and challenges for the Australian pork industry. To fully capitalise on these opportunities and face these new challenges, the right questions need to be asked by the Australian pork industry. We need to know not only what our consumers want, but who our consumers are. The present paper aims to demonstrate that novel approaches to investigate consumer attitudes will be required, and it cannot be assumed that current productions systems, products and marketing strategies are optimal for the changing environment and the creation of new premium market opportunities. With new markets and new products come new consumers; identifying who those consumers are, the networks they operate within as food consumers, and what influences their purchasing decisions are the key to their adopting Australian pork as premium produce in a new global market.

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Agbada, Andrew O., and Casmir C. Osuji. "Fundamental Analysis of Insurance Industry Operations and GDP Increase in Nigeria." International Journal of Financial Research 11, no. 4 (June 28, 2020): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v11n4p275.

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This study evaluated Insurance Industry Operations (IIO) and GDP Increase in Nigeria. Insurance company core functions, namely: ‘Offering of financial protection to Consumers ‘Investment of Funds from Premium charged’ and ‘Provision of Foreign Insurance Services’ served as proxies for IIO. Survey design was adopted for the collection of data which were analyzed using Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient (r). The findings showed that the models for hypotheses one and two passed the test of significance but hypothesis three failed it. Thus we concluded that the variables ‘Offering of financial protection to Consumers’ and ‘Investment of funds from Premium’ can be considered relevant to policies formulated to affect GDP Increase in Nigeria but the variable ‘Provision of Foreign Insurance Services’ cannot. We therefore recommend that Managers of Insurance companies should seek to employ innovative strategies in service delivery and sustained efforts should be made by stakeholders to export insurance products across borders to other countries.

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Kibona, Cornel Anyisile, Zhang Yuejie, and Lu Tian. "Towards developing a beef meat export oriented policy in Tanzania: -Exploring the factors that influence beef meat exports-." PLOS ONE 17, no. 6 (June 17, 2022): e0270146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270146.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors that influence beef meat exports in Tanzania, with a particular focus on the years 1985 to 2020, in enhancing the development of beef meat export-oriented policy in Tanzania, thereby enhancing beef exports in Tanzania. A time-series panel dataset was analyzed using both descriptive statistics and ordinary least squares (OLS) linear regression analyses models. As per the descriptive analyses, beef meat exports reached the highest pick of 4,300 tons per year in 1990, whereas from 1991 to date, beef meat exportation in Tanzania has been in declining trends despite an increase in beef meat output and trade openness from 162,500 to 486,736 tons and 7.6 to 98.7%, respectively. Nevertheless, while the prospect of Tanzanian beef meat exports appears bright and promising, the industry will continue to encounter trade barriers and must stay competitive to produce enough volume and quality beef meat to meet the needs of its existing and expanding markets. This is because, Tanzanian beef meat competes for market share with beef meat from other countries in the global markets, where customers pay a premium for lines of beef meat that meet quality standards while discarding those that do not. This indicates that the quantity of beef meat produced has no relevance to its world market share, but its quality standards do. Furthermore, the econometric results revealed that the coefficients of the terms of trade, Tanzania GDP per capita, global beef meat consumption, trade openness, and beef meat outputs were found to be significantly positive (P < 0.05) influencing beef meat exports in Tanzania, whereas the trading partners’ GDP per capita and exchange rate were not. The findings have varying implications as to what factors need to be addressed to further improve beef meat exports. From the farmer’s perspective, better access to adequate funds as a result of increased income benefit from export will assist in improving beef cattle productivity and quality to compete effectively in the global markets. From the government’s perspective, because trade openness promotes economic growth through export benefits, the Tanzania government and policymakers need to establish balanced policies to strengthen bilateral trade relationships to generate more opportunities in global markets.

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Martinez Fritscher, André C., and Aldo Musacchio. "Endowments, fiscal federalism and the cost of capital for states: evidence from Brazil, 1891–1930." Financial History Review 17, no. 1 (March 23, 2010): 13–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565010000041.

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There is a large literature that aims to explain what determines country risk (defined as the difference between the yield of a sovereign's bonds and the risk free rate). In this article, we contribute to the discussion by arguing that an important explanatory factor is the impact that commodities have on the capacity to pay. We use a newly created database with state-level fiscal and risk premium data (between 1891 and 1930) to show that Brazilian states with natural endowments that allowed them to export commodities that were in high demand (e.g. rubber and coffee) ended up having higher revenues per capita and lower cost of capital. We also explain that the variation in revenues per capita was both a product of the variation in natural endowments (i.e. the fact that states cannot produce any commodity they want) and a commodity boom that had asymmetric effects among states. These two effects generated variation in revenues per capita at the state level thanks to the extreme form of fiscal decentralisation that the Brazilian government adopted in the constitution of 1891, which gave states the sole right to tax exports. We also run instrumental variable estimates using indices of export prices for each state. These estimates confirm our findings that states with commodities that had higher price increases had lower risk premia.

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Fukase, Emiko. "Export Liberalization, Job Creation, and the Skill Premium: Evidence from the US–Vietnam Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA)." World Development 41 (January 2013): 317–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.05.035.

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Usanova, Z. I., S. P. Migulev, and M. N. Pavlov. "Export-oriented intensification of potato production in the central non-chernozem region of Russia." BIO Web of Conferences 36 (2021): 08008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213608008.

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The results of studies (2019-2020) in a two-factor field experiment on sod-podzolic light-loamy well-cultivated soil on the of study the effect of non-root fertilization on the productivity of potato varieties are presented. The following factors were studied: A – Variety: 1 - Colomba, 2 - Red Scarlett, 3 - Gala. B - Preparation for foliar dressing: 1 - Control (water, 300 l/ha), 2 - Zircon (30 ml/ha), 3 - Epin-Extra (15 ml/ha), 4 – Folirus Premium (7 l/ha), 5 – Aquamix (220 g/ha), 6 – Mixture of Zn-EDDA + Cu – EDDA complexates (7 l/ha). It was revealed that the Red Scarlett variety had the highest productivity. Methods have been developed to increase the productivity of potato varieties by using the growth regulator Zircon, which provides the highest yield of dry matter and starch (an increase of 19.3 and 18.9 % to the control), and fertilizers - mixture of Zn-EDDA + Cu EDDA complexates (an increase of 14.4 and 11.8 % to the control).

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Patrick, Ologbenla. "Determinants of domestic energy prices in Nigeria (1980-2020)." Resources and Environmental Economics 3, no. 2 (2021): 305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.25082/ree.2021.02.006.

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The study examined the factors that influence the domestic prices of petroleum using the price of premium motor spirit (PMS) in Nigeria from 1980 to 2020. The study employed Autoregressive Distributed Lag model for the data analysis. The scope of the data used from the analysis of the study ranges from 1980 to 2020. The study found out that there exist a positive relationship between petroleum pump price and inflation and the result is statistically significant at 5% level of significance. The study also discovered that both oil output and oil import are the prime factors affecting the prices of domestic energy in Nigeria. The study recommended that our refineries should be put in good shape so we can save the cost of having to export to other countries for refining as this contributed to the high cost of selling the product in Nigeria. The study also recommended diversification of the economy in favour of the real sectors as this will help provide more goods for exports thereby improving on the balance of payment.

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Breau, Sébastien, and David L. Rigby. "Is There Really an Export Wage Premium? A Case Study of Los Angeles Using Matched Employee-Employer Data." International Regional Science Review 29, no. 3 (July 2006): 297–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160017606289899.

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Török, Áron, Lili Jantyik, Zalán Márk Maró, and Hazel V. J. Moir. "Understanding the Real-World Impact of Geographical Indications: A Critical Review of the Empirical Economic Literature." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 12, 2020): 9434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229434.

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In our study, we tried to collect empirical studies focusing on the economic impact of Geographical Indications (GIs). Using a systematic literature review approach, we investigated three different aspects: market size, price premium and impacts on rural development. Based on the findings of studies both from the grey and academic literature, the results are quite mixed. Though the number of GI-related empirical studies has risen in recent years, there is a lack of economic data to support policies related to GIs, even in the European Union (EU), where the most important GI system exists. Overall, it is impossible to draw any general conclusions about the economic impact of GIs. Some countries have remarkable GI market size, and some GI products have a determinative role in both domestic and export markets; however, it is not general. Again, some particular GI products of some regions could gain significant price premiums, but due to the associated higher production costs and unequal distribution in the value chain, it might not result in higher producer incomes. The most conflicting empirical results were found in how GIs can contribute to regional prosperity, as evidences of the harmful effects of GIs on rural development were also identified.

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Cernat, Lucian, and Alessandro Antimiani. "Untapping the Full Development Potential of Trade Along Global Supply Chains: ‘GVCs for LDCs’ Proposal." Journal of World Trade 55, Issue 5 (September 1, 2021): 697–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2021029.

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There is clear evidence that existing preferential schemes contributed significantly to boosting least-developed country (LDC) exports (Klasen et al., 2016). Many seem to believe the multilateral trading system could offer little to LDCs as they have already obtained market access to critical markets under the current preferential schemes. Despite the LDCs’ reluctance to positively engage in recent WTO discussions, there is room for the global trading system and new multilateral initiatives to promote the participation of LDCs in global value chains (GVCs). Given that LDC exports are often further processed and ‘travel’ down the GVCs as part of third-country exports still facing tariffs, one could envisage a global preferential scheme based on LDC value-added, i.e., products originating in any WTO members should receive an ‘LDC preferential treatment’ proportionate to the value of LDC’s inputs content embodied in their exports, whenever exported to any other WTO member. We conceptualize this new ‘GVCs for LDCs’ proposal and estimate its economic potential using a dynamic Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) modelling framework. If LDC preferential market access is changed from the simple ‘direct export’ approach (e.g., the Generalised Scheme of Preferences (GSP)-like schemes currently in operation) to a GVC approach, LDC exports would receive a considerable boost (a 2.5% annual increase worth over USD 10 billion per year) and increased market premium for their products. WTO, World Trade Organisation, CGE modelling, GTAP, development, Least Developed Countries, LDCs, global value chains, GVC, Generalized System of Preferences, GSP

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Quyen, Nguyen Thi Kim, Huynh Van Hien, Le Nguyen Doan Khoi, Nobuyuki Yagi, and Anna Karia Lerøy Riple. "Quality Management Practices of Intensive Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Farming: A Study of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (June 2, 2020): 4520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114520.

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Continuous warnings on quality and food safety of shrimp products from importers have led to increases in port rejections. This has increased awareness amongst Vietnamese farmers for conducting shrimp farming according to specific certification guidelines. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the situation of quality control and effectiveness of Good Aquaculture Practices (GAP) in Vietnam (VietGAP) for intensive shrimp systems by making a comparison between VietGAP and non-GAP applied farms. The farmers in the GAP system performed well on seven control points related to quality management, especially regarding reservoir construction, water monitoring, and chemical use. Of the farms, 49% reported disease, and the ratio of safety rejections was low. The farmers in non-GAP farms appeared to have weak practices in quality control with high usage of antibiotics, leading to 64% of farmers reporting disease and 20% of tested shipments being rejected. The VietGAP applied system has the potential to deal with disease and quality problems to increase export opportunity for Vannamei shrimp. However, VietGAP does not generate a high price premium in itself because it is not a recognized certificate in the global markets. The results reinforce previous findings regarding eco-certification and how it can be a useful tool to reduce small-scale producers’ risk, even though it does not necessarily generate a price premium.

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Toivonen, P. M. A. "INTEGRATED ANALYSIS FOR IMPROVING EXPORT OF SWEET CHERRIES AND HOW A SMALL INDUSTRY CAN COMPETE BY FOCUSING ON PREMIUM QUALITY." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1079 (March 2015): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2015.1079.6.

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Nguyen, Quyen Thi Kim, Long Thanh Nguyen, and Hien Van Huynh. "CURRENT SITUATION AND ROLES OF VietGAP CERTIFICATION TO SHRIMP FARMING: A CASE STUDY OF WHITE LEG SHRIMP FARMING IN SOC TRANG PROVINCE, VIET NAM." Scientific Journal of Tra Vinh University 1, no. 37 (March 25, 2020): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.35382/18594816.1.37.2020.381.

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This study was conducted from February to May 2019 through interviewing 105 white leg shrimp intensive farming households according to VietGAP certification in Soc Trang Province in Vietnam, and aimed to evaluate current situation and the efficiency of VietGAP practices regarding disease and quality management. VietGAPhas been operated since 2013 and has grown dramatically. Due to good practices and positive influence of VietGAP guidance, such as reservoir construction (94%); post-larvae testing (100%); reasonable stocking density(40 PL/ m2); and monitoring water using toolkits (100%); disease outbreaks were reduced (40%). Adhering to these measures, the results have been shown that harvest yield has resulted in 2.7 to 5.6 ton/ha/cycle, andprofit being 179 million VND/ha/non-disease cycle and 324 million VND/ha/diseased cycle. Up to 49% VietGAP shrimp was sold directly to the processing companies or their purchasing network, 98% of transactions metrequirements for export, and receiving premium price at two to five thousand VND/kg. Therefore, VietGAP has improved the quality of shrimp for export. However, the ratio of farmers being awarded certification is smallbecause farmers lack financial motivation (no difference in price between GAP vs nonGAP shrimp products) and external support from related organizations.

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Burova, Elena Sergeevna. "Greater Mekong subregion should become a green farm in Asia: prerequisites, plans, implementation." Mezhdunarodnaja jekonomika (The World Economics), no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 302–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-04-2104-06.

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The agriculture remains a strategic sector of the economy, despite the widespread decline in its share in GDP production and employment. Its development is observed as a key factor in maintaining food security, as well as reducing poverty. That is why various farming methods are subject of particular interest, including organic production, which can maintain the ecological balance, preserve and increase the productivity of the main and most valuable resource of this sector — land, thus providing a longterm sustainable model of agricultural development. In addition, organic products are in great demand in the world market, which certainly makes impressive prospects for export development. "Green products" have a higher value added, which contributes to labor productivity increase and enhance the profi ts of farms. As a result, the development of organic production is a direct path to increase exports in monetary terms and to raise the living standards of the rural population, which is especially important in the GMS countries.The article highlights the advantages of organic farming, considers the stages of the emergence of "green agriculture", shows its dynamics in the GMS countries, the sectoral structure, and their export potential in the world and the region. The author concludes that GMS countries have great potential to become a major supplier of safe and environmentally friendly agricultural products, having already earned trust in premium markets and built up a reputation. However, despite all the advantages described and the gradual increase in the number of lands transferred to organic "rails", the current share of organic farms in the total lands does not exceed 0.5 %. In addition, the development of organic production is faced with a number of problems and contradictions. The key factor restraining the transition to "green production" is the duration of its conversion, causing the risks of farms falling into the "poverty trap".

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Aakyiir, M. N., and J. R. Dankwah. "Application of Microwave Energy for Production of Iron Nuggets from the Pudo Iron Ore using ‘Pito’ Waste and its Blend with HDPE as Reductant." Ghana Mining Journal 17, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gm.v17i1.9.

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The local steel industry is currently facing stiff competition from South East Asia and elsewhere for high grade scrap iron, culminating in a ban by central Government on the export of ferrous scrap. In this work we investigate the potential for producing high grade iron nuggets from the Pudo iron ore in the Upper West Region of Ghana, using carbonaceous materials generated from locally available ‘pito’ waste and its blend with high density polyethylene (HDPE) as reductant. Composite pellets of the ore containing various blends of uncharred ‘pito’ and charred ‘pito’ waste with HDPE were irradiated in a domestic microwave oven and the extent of reduction was determined after 40 min of irradiation. It was observed that highly carburised premium grade iron nuggets can be produced from the Pudo iron ore using ‘pito’ waste (both charred and uncharred) and its blends with HDPE as reductant. The measured extent of reduction ranged from about 47 % to about 96 %, suggesting that the Pudo iron ore is a potential source of iron from which premium grade metallic iron can be produced commercially to feed the local steel industry. From the point of view of chemical reactivity, it appears the effect of hydrogen is more pronounced than the amount of fixed carbon in the ‘pito’ waste and this effect was felt in all the HDPE-‘pito’ waste blends utilised for the investigation. Accordingly dry ‘pito’ waste may be used directly with HDPE as reductant without the need to char the biomass. Keywords: Reduction, Pudo Iron Ore, Waste Biomass, Pito Waste, Extent of Reduction

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López-Leyva, Josué Aarón, Carolina Barrera-Silva, Luisa Fernanda Sarmiento-Leyva, and María Fernanda González-Romero. "Active Buildings Based on Passivhaus Standard to Reduce the Energy Deficit of Regional Electric Network: Proposal Analysis." Electronics 10, no. 19 (September 28, 2021): 2361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10192361.

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This manuscript presents the analysis of a real distributed generation network considering the integration of Active Buildings that meet the Passivhaus standard criteria at the Premium level, as a base case model. The novelty aspect presented in this paper is the interconnection of Active Buildings based on the Passivhaus standard at the Premium level with the National Electricity System (particularly, in Mexico’s North Baja California region) to mitigate the energy deficit. The objective of the proposal grid is to reduce the energy deficit (≈600 MW) due to the high energy demand in the region and the reduced energy generation through conventional and renewable energy sources. In a particular way, the energy rehabilitation of some buildings was analyzed with the aim of reducing the energy demand of each one and then adding energy generation through renewable sources. As a result, all Passivhaus standard criteria (i.e., heating and cooling demands, heating and cooling loads, among others) were met. Regarding the Active Buildings performance in each distributed generation circuit, an overall installed power capacity of ≈2.3 MW was obtained, which corresponds to ≈19.1% of the maximum capacity, and ≈34.30% of the recommended integration capacity. In addition, adequate results were obtained related to the import and export of energy between distributed generation circuits, i.e., the energy exchange is up to ≈106.8 kW, intending to reduce the energy contribution of the utility electrical network. Finally, the analysis of the Active Buildings showed an increase in the net generation forecast, up to ≈2.25 MW.

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Baiano, Antonietta, and Carmela Terracone. "Physico-Chemical Indices, Iso-alpha-Acid, Phenolic Contents and Antioxidant Activity of Commercial Beers." Journal of Food Research 2, no. 4 (July 25, 2013): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v2n4p107.

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<p>The effects of brewing style on physicochemical indices, iso-a-acids and antioxidant contents of commercial beers were investigated. A great variability was highlighted for all the considered parameters (sugar and alcohol contents, density, pH, titratable acidity, iso-a-acids, phenolic content, antioxidant activity). The beers having the highest iso-a-acids contents were Guinness Special Export Stout (which also showed the highest phenolic content), Chimay Pères Trappistes Triple, and Greene King IPA whereas the lowest values were detected in Cuveè De Ranke, Heineken Premium Quality Lager, and Riedenburger Brauhaus gluten free. The latter also had the lowest phenolic concentration. The antioxidant activity values strictly correlated with the total phenolic content but not with the iso-?-acid amount. The Principal Component Analysis failed in distinguishing beers based on their declared type/styles. This was a predictable result since the beer styles don’t represent a compositional classification but they are rather used to indicate commercial types.</p>

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O’Brien, B., and D. Hennessy. "Scientific appraisal of the Irish grass-based milk production system as a sustainable source of premium quality milk and dairy products." Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research 56, no. 1 (December 29, 2017): 120–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijafr-2017-0011.

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AbstractThe Irish dairy industry is critically important to the economy and general well-being of a large section of the Irish population. Its quality, sustainability and maintenance are the key for a vibrant rural society in the future. Two important elements for the future of this industry include (a) the quality, marketing and sale of dairy products on the export market and (b) sustainability from the perspectives of people, planet and profit. This paper provides a short review of current scientific evidence in relation to a number of topics, each of which is important in maintaining and developing dairy product quality and the sustainability of the Irish dairy industry. The topics addressed in the paper are as follows: the parameters of milk composition; milk processing; hygiene quality and safety; farm management practices and the regulations that govern such practices; animal health and welfare; environmental impacts; economic implications for farm families and rural communities; and the overall future sustainability of the family-based dairy farm structure.

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Kassali, Rabirou, and Lateef Olatunbosun Jimoh. "COMPETITIVENESS IN RICE PRODUCTION IN OSUN STATE, NIGERIA: THE POLICY ANALYSIS MATRIX APPROACH." Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development 48, no. 2 (August 5, 2018): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17306/j.jard.2018.00411.

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This study assessed the competitiveness of rice productionunder different varietal technologies in Osun State.A multistage sampling technique was adopted to select the respondentsfor the study. Both primary and secondary data, includingprices of inputs and outputs, rice yields, import tariff,transportation cost, port loading and unloading charges andofficial exchange rate, foreign exchange premium, etc., werecollected and analyzed using descriptive statistics and thePolicy Analysis Matrix (PAM) approach. The results revealedthat effective protection coefficients (EPC) for the three identifiedrice varieties (Local, FARO53 and FARO54) were 0.89,0.98 and 0.97, respectively. The Domestic Resource Cost(DRC) was 0.84, 0.48 and 0.48; the Nominal Protection Coefficient(NPC) on tradable inputs and outputs was 0.89, 0.98and 0.97; while the Social Cost Benefit (SCB) was 0.85, 0.52and 0.52 for the three varietal technologies, respectively. Theresults indicate that rice farmers using the three varieties havea comparative advantage (DRC < 1) in rice production in thestudy area, and the two improved varieties provided a greatercompetitiveness. The study concluded that Osun State hasa comparative advantage in rice production under the importparity prices regime which, however, is not true under the assumptionsof export parity.

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Zazykina, L. "Russian organic fertilizers market." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 937, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): 032104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/937/3/032104.

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Abstract The paper discusses the issues of import and export of domestic organic fertilizers over the past three years. The main Russian exporters and producers of organic fertilizers from poultry manure are given. The legislative normative acts concerning the Russian market of biofertilizers in terms of the production of these fertilizers are also cited. The issues of European legislation regarding the export of organic fertilizer products for producers are considered. Nowadays, Russian poultry farms are experiencing difficulties with the sale of secondary products due to the fact that not all poultry farms have land plots, and the number of poultry on them is increasing, which is confirmed by statistics. Therefore, in this study, a SWOT-analysis of organic fertilizers from poultry manure is provided in order to find out what other opportunities there are in the sale of this product, what threats may arise when selling this product on the market. The study also analyzes new innovative dung processing projects. Despite the high cost of the investment project, about 1 billion rubles, the poultry farm produces a completely new product, which has not yet been on the Russian market and, possibly, on the global market. The new product is called “biocoal” and is produced at high temperature and pressure using a special technology. This product may take a place in the premium organic fertilizer sector in the near future. The main internal competitive advantages of the industry are: high demand for products, an optimal level of unification and standardization of products, a high degree of competitiveness of personnel in the industry, access to raw materials, product certification, and the exclusivity of industry products.

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Rigby, I. "Once-bred heifer systems." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1989 (March 1989): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600010096.

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Major changes are taking place in the UK beef industry, as a result of the reduction in dairy cow numbers due to milk quotas. Similar reductions are taking place throughout Europe and have resulted in a strong export market for UK calves. Consequently in 1988 there were 800,000 fewer calves available for beef production than there were when quotas were introduced. This downward trend is forecast to continue and by 1990 the EEC will no longer be self-sufficient for veal and beef.At times of calf shortages the concept of once-bred heifer beef (producing one calf out of a heifer otherwise destined for slaughter as clean beef, and then slaughtering her shortly after calving) has been considered as a way of generating extra calves and meeting the shortfall. Historically low fertility in young heifers, and high levels of dystokia have limited the commercial uptake of the technique. In addition returns have been low because heifers that have produced a calf are not eligible for Variable Beef Premium payments and, being unfamiliar with this type of slaughter animal the meat trade has regarded tham as cull cows and paid a reduced price.

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Török, A., and J. Tóth. "Open characters of innovation management in the Hungarian wine industry." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 59, No. 9 (October 4, 2013): 430–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/24/2013-agricecon.

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The paper examines the relationship between the use of specific knowledge and economic success among Hungarian grape growers and wine makers. In the last decade, Hungary has been left behind by world trends as represented by the increasing share of the premium and super-premium wines (which utilise higher knowledge) in the export development. According to our survey, one cause of this might be the inappropriate use and management of knowledge and skills which is ‘conditio sine qua non’ for wine making. The Hungarian wine regions (usually with resource-based, fordist type resource endowment) are rather knowledge users. We have found (based on the PCA estimation) that two principal components cover 77% of the total variance: ‘Size’ and ‘Innovation capabilities’. However, although the use and spread of skills is a basic component in explaining the differences of variation among the companies, it is not unambiguous in formulating the business success measured in different indicators. Because the small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) have limited resources in capital accumulation and knowledge creation, they need to maintain living network connections in order to expand their constrained innovation capabilities. Instead of the ‘closed’ type of innovation and knowledge accumulation, they utilise the ‘open’ way of acquiring knowledge, where they necessarily share their specific information with their partners, but at the same time, they are supplied with new knowledge which might be vital for their own progress. The majority of the Hungarian vine- and wine makers are not open enough in the different phases of the innovation process. However, our analysis proves that if they showed up mutuality especially in knowledge sharing with their competitors, they could improve their positions significantly. We conclude that the Hungarian wine enterprises – keeping the idea generation as well as its further development, elaboration and the adequate use within the frame of the company – can achieve market success.  

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Raynolds, Laura T. "Fairtrade Certification, Labor Standards, and Labor Rights." Sociology of Development 4, no. 2 (2018): 191–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sod.2018.4.2.191.

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Fairtrade International certification is the primary social certification in the agro-food sector intended to promote the well-being and empowerment of farmers and workers in the Global South. Although Fairtrade's farmer program is well studied, far less is known about its labor certification. Helping fill this gap, this article provides a systematic account of Fairtrade's labor certification system and standards and compares it to four other voluntary programs addressing labor conditions in global agro-export sectors. The study explains how Fairtrade International institutionalizes its equity and empowerment goals in its labor certification system and its recently revised labor standards. Drawing on critiques of compliance-based labor standards programs and proposals regarding the central features of a ‘beyond compliance’ approach, the inquiry focuses on Fairtrade's efforts to promote inclusive governance, participatory oversight, and enabling rights. I argue that Fairtrade is making important, but incomplete, advances in each domain, pursuing a ‘worker-enabling compliance’ model based on new audit report sharing, living wage, and unionization requirements and its established Premium Program. While Fairtrade pursues more robust ‘beyond compliance’ advances than competing programs, the study finds that, like other voluntary initiatives, Fairtrade faces critical challenges in implementing its standards and realizing its empowerment goals.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Export premium'

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