Journal articles on the topic 'Export market selection'
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Miečinskienė, Algita, Viktorija Stasytytė, and Justina Kazlauskaitė. "Reasoning of Export Market Selection." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 110 (January 2014): 1166–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.963.
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Wang, Chia Nan, and Anh Phuong Le. "Application in International Market Selection for the Export of Goods: A Case Study in Vietnam." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (December 5, 2018): 4621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124621.
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International market selection for conducting exports is based on various trade and economic factors. It is very important to understand how to efficiently trade with another country and to maintain consistency. However, such a consistency is not possible in the case of economics. Therefore, using an efficiency measure helps us to explore and benchmark a country’s exportation businesses. The main goal of this study is to develop an integrated data envelopment analysis (DEA) model to explore the most productive manner through which Vietnam exports goods to other countries. Exploring the most productive export business will help us achieve another goal of this study, which is the selection of international market efficiencies. The variables used for this analysis include the exports, total exports, import tariff, dollar exchange, and the ease of doing business. Based on the data collected from an international organization, on the 15 leading export markets in Vietnam, this study applied integrated DEA, which combines the super slack-based measure (Super SBM) and Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) analysis to evaluate the export market efficiency. The findings show that for the selection of the export market, the three countries that were the most consistently efficient during 2014–2017 were Malaysia, Singapore, and the United States. This study indicates that the selection of international markets for developing countries should comply with low tariff rates, low exchange rates, and a higher ease of doing business in order to improve the gross domestic product (GDP) and economy of the country.
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Brewewer, Paul. "Psychic Distance and Australian Export Market Selection." Australian Journal of Management 32, no. 1 (June 2007): 73–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/031289620703200105.
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Nguyen, Nguyen Thi Duc, Luong Phuoc Le, and Lan Hoang Le. "Supplier selection in supply chain management: AHP approach. A case study in the PVM company’s carton supplier selection." Science and Technology Development Journal 18, no. 4 (December 30, 2015): 134–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v18i4.978.
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This study aims to: (1) summarize the criteria for selecting suppliers in the supply chain management from literature review and apply of the found criteria to construct the criteria for selecting carton suppliers for PVM Company expanding export market, and (2) analyze and comparethe strategy offinding the new supplier or developing the existing supplier. The in-depth interviews with experts in supply chain management and AHP approach with the support of the Expert Choice software are used for data collection, data processing, evaluating and selecting supplier alternatives. The results show that there are 6 main significantcriteria in choosing carton suppliers for the PVM Company including: quality, cost, delivery, reliability, financial, service. Also, by this study, there are two suppliers, such as, BH Companyand TA Company. Finally, the analytical results suggest PVM Companyshould choose the BH Company as carton supplier for the PVM Company’s export market development.
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Dow, Douglas. "A Note on Psychological Distance and Export Market Selection." Journal of International Marketing 8, no. 1 (March 2000): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jimk.8.1.51.19563.
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The concept of psychological distance, or psychic distance, was first proposed by Beckerman (1956) and later popularized by Johanson and Vahlne (1977) . However, efforts to test the impact of psychological distance on export market selection have been sporadic and flawed. The author calibrates a single-item indicator of psychological distance using an independent panel of experts. The predictive ability of the resulting instrument is then tested on the order in which Australian exporters select their first five foreign markets. The author then compares this instrument with three other scales that are commonly employed as indicators of psychological distance. Scales based on Sethi's (1971) and Hofstede's (1980) work prove to be inferior predictors of early market selection. Geographic distance is found to be a significant predictor, but its effect is largely independent of psychological distance. The author also explores the dynamic nature of psychological distance. The impact of psychological distance on market selection appears to decrease substantially after the first market entry decision but remains a significant predictor.
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Veselý, T. "Method of export strategy formulation for manufacturing or trading company." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 51, No. 4 (February 20, 2012): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5088-agricecon.
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The objective of the paper is to present one method that solves the problem of election of a suitable export strategy using method of multi criteria evaluation. The initial hypothesis assumes limited financial and personal resources of a company generating necessity of incremental penetration to export markets with dependence on budget and expected results. The method also assumes individual choice of a single export strategy for each market. Number of formulated export strategies equals to the number of penetrated markets. The process of formulation of a new strategy consists of two steps. In the first step, an export market is chosen and in the second step, one of the export strategies is attached to the export market. The company management according to the company orientation and the management experience creates criteria for market selection. The method is supported with software that leads the company management through the entire process of export strategy formulation. The final order of suitable export strategies for the chosen market allows management to elect the best ranked variant or discuss about the order of export strategies and justify the diversion from strict mathematic evaluation of entered data.
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Shapoval, Bohdan. "Assessment MENA countries potential for dairy products export." Ekonomika APK 314, no. 12 (December 28, 2020): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32317/2221-1055.202012112.
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The purpose of the article is to conduct a thorough analysis of the regions of the Middle East and North Africa that are potentially attractive for the export of dairy products, to highlight promising markets for the export of Ukrainian dairy products. Research methods. The study is based on a systematic approach to assessing the situation that has arisen in the global dairy market. Historical and analytical methods are used in the formation and analysis of analytical materials, as well as a comparative method for evaluating its results. The method of analysis highlighted the types of products imported to certain countries and the level of consumption of the products. Due to this, a general picture of the import and consumption of dairy products in certain countries was formulated. Research results. In the course of the research, potential countries for export of dairy products from the regions of the Middle East and North Africa were selected. The most promising product items for export and strategies for working with two types of buyers have been identified. Scientific novelty. A mechanism for selecting the export market among different countries has been developed. Recommendations for negotiations and business with representatives of the Middle East and North Africa region are developed. Practical significance. The recommendations published in this article are aimed to help to get acquainted with the markets selected for export, and consumers and their product selection criteria. The selection of countries can make it easier for dairy producers to choose an export market and a strategy to enter it. Figs.: 5. Refs.: 20.
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Viviers, Wilma, Ludo Cuyvers, Ermie Steenkamp, Sonja Grater, Marianne Matthee, and Waldo Krugell. "Identifying New Product And Service Export Opportunities For South Africa Using A Decision Support Model." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 13, no. 6 (October 31, 2014): 1403. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v13i6.8930.
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In the face of slow economic growth and development, and the perennial problems of unemployment, poverty and inequality, the South African government and business community have long recognised the importance of growing and diversifying the countrys tangible goods and services export sectors. One of the challenges in designing and implementing effective export promotion strategies is identifying the right markets, given South Africas ever-fluid skills, capacity and trading relationships. The Decision Support Model (DSM) is an export market selection tool that makes use of a sophisticated filtering process to sift through an extensive range of product-/service- and country-related data to reveal those product-/service-country combinations (export opportunities) that are the most realistic and sustainable. The DSM, which has been applied for Belgium, Thailand and South Africa, not only brings greater precision to the export market selection process, but also unveils opportunities that may not have been contemplated before thus supporting the quest for export diversification. This paper examines the role of the DSM for products and the DSM for services, respectively, and illustrates how, using the results from the application of these models, they herald the start of a new era in export market selection and promotion in South Africa.
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He, Xinming, Zhibin Lin, and Yingqi Wei. "International market selection and export performance: a transaction cost analysis." European Journal of Marketing 50, no. 5/6 (May 9, 2016): 916–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-02-2013-0083.
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Purpose This paper aims to provide a transaction cost analysis (TCA) perspective to exporting firms' selection of foreign markets and the performance consequences of this international market selection (IMS) decision. This paper proposes a conceptual framework that hypothesizes the relationship between transaction cost factors, IMS and export performance. Design/methodology/approach This paper tests the proposed framework with a database of Chinese manufacturing firms using regression models and controlling for possible endogeneity. The endogeneity issue may arise due to IMS being influenced by unobserved industrial/firm attributes. Findings The results show that transaction cost factors are able to explain IMS. Furthermore, firms whose decisions have incorporated transaction cost factors perform significantly better than their rivals. Research limitations/implications Understanding transaction costs helps decision-makers formulate more efficient IMS strategy to achieve superior export performance. Future research on IMS may examine “passive exporting”, i.e. exporting initiated by overseas buyers, consider the role of institutional distance and use other approaches toward cultural distance-based IMS. Originality/value This study adds a new theoretical underpinning for IMS by developing a framework based on TCA, and thus broadens the applications of TCA into IMS. Our empirical results support this extension.
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Seleka, Tebogo, and David M. Henneberry. "Alternative Analytical Techniques for Value-Added Agricultural Export Market Selection." Journal of Food Products Marketing 1, no. 4 (February 25, 1994): 81–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j038v01n04_06.
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Cao, Shuhao. "A Novel Optimal Selection Algorithm for Agricultural Trade Export in Blockchain-Enabled Internet of Things." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (January 8, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6646398.
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With the maturity of modern science and technology, such as networks and computers, Internet of Things has been widely used in various fields of industry, opening up a new situation for the development of the industry and creating a broader development platform. This paper systematically analyzes the characteristics and changes of the commodity structure, regional structure, market structure, and main structure of export management of agricultural products. The proposed algorithm uses computer technology, network technology, and remote communication technology, electronic, digital, and network—the entire business process of business. The empirical analysis shows that the structure of agricultural product export trade reflects the endowment and comparative advantage of agricultural resources in China. The proposed blockchain technology supports and guides agricultural export enterprises to develop their own brands, strengthen the quality and safety management of agricultural products, and innovate and expand the policy support system for optimizing the structure of agricultural product export trade. By optimizing the export mode of agricultural trade, we can achieve the purpose of increasing the export volume of agricultural products and the total value of trade exports. The experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, which can greatly improve the volume of trade exports and the total value of trade exports.
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Cao, Shuhao. "A Novel Optimal Selection Algorithm for Agricultural Trade Export in Blockchain-Enabled Internet of Things." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (January 8, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6646398.
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With the maturity of modern science and technology, such as networks and computers, Internet of Things has been widely used in various fields of industry, opening up a new situation for the development of the industry and creating a broader development platform. This paper systematically analyzes the characteristics and changes of the commodity structure, regional structure, market structure, and main structure of export management of agricultural products. The proposed algorithm uses computer technology, network technology, and remote communication technology, electronic, digital, and network—the entire business process of business. The empirical analysis shows that the structure of agricultural product export trade reflects the endowment and comparative advantage of agricultural resources in China. The proposed blockchain technology supports and guides agricultural export enterprises to develop their own brands, strengthen the quality and safety management of agricultural products, and innovate and expand the policy support system for optimizing the structure of agricultural product export trade. By optimizing the export mode of agricultural trade, we can achieve the purpose of increasing the export volume of agricultural products and the total value of trade exports. The experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, which can greatly improve the volume of trade exports and the total value of trade exports.
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Beard, KT. "Efficiency of index selection for dairy cattle using economic weights for major milk constituents." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 39, no. 2 (1988): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9880273.
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A breeding objective (aggregate genotype) for dairy cattle based on returns, net of feed costs, from yield of fat, protein and carrier (the non-fat, non-protein component of the milk) was developed. Returns were estimated using a forecast of the future Australian dairy market structure, and feed costs were estimated from the metabolizable energy required to produce each of three milk components.The effects of erors in forecasting future conditions on economic weights and efficiency of index selection of sires were examined.Economic weights varied widely when subject to errors in the price of milk components within markets, errors in the export price for milk and errors in feed cost.Selection based on an optimal index of sire expected breeding values for fat, protein and milk was sensitive to low export market prices, high feed costs, high protein price and high carrier price. This index was quite insensitive to variation in prices and costs opposite in sign to those above, to variation in milk prices on the domestic markets, and to variation in the size of quotas on domestic markets.
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Brouthers, Lance E., and George Nakos. "The Role of Systematic International Market Selection on Small Firms' Export Performance." Journal of Small Business Management 43, no. 4 (October 2005): 363–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627x.2005.00142.x.
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Cano, José Alejandro, Emiro Antonio Campo, and José Jaime Baena. "Application of DEA in international market selection for the export of goods." DYNA 84, no. 200 (January 1, 2017): 376–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v84n200.63612.
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Este artículo propone una metodología para apoyar la toma de decisiones en la selección de mercados internacionales. Para esto, se utiliza un modelo de análisis envolvente de datos (DEA) orientado a salidas. La metodología utilizada tiene en cuenta múltiples variables como el arancel de importación, costos logísticos, facilidad de hacer negocios, diferencias culturales, valor de importaciones, PIB per cápita, desempeño logístico, entre otros, a los cuales se les aplica un análisis de correlación para su validación. Se aplica la metodología para la carne de res congelada exportada desde Colombia, y se evalúa la eficiencia de los posibles países destinos en los cuales podría comercializarse el producto. Se concluye que DEA ofrece modelos robustos y fáciles a aplicar para identificar los países y regiones que generan mayores beneficios en el acceso a mercados internacionales.
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Hong, Dingjun. "Channel Selection in a Gray Market Setting: Considering the Export Tax Rebate." International Journal of u- and e- Service, Science and Technology 9, no. 10 (October 31, 2016): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijunesst.2016.9.10.03.
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Cheng, Hsiang-Lin, and Ming-Chang Huang. "The trade-off between institutionally proximal and distal markets: The impact of home market pressures on firms’ export market selection." Industrial Marketing Management 76 (January 2019): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2018.08.005.
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Viviers, Wilma, Martie Lubbe, Ermie Steenkamp, and Douglas Olivier. "The Identification Of Realistic Export Opportunities For The South African Pharmaceutical Industry." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 13, no. 2 (February 27, 2014): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v13i2.8438.
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South Africa needs to advance its industrialisation process and diversify its exports if it is to enhance its global competitiveness ranking and meaningfully tackle the double scourge of unemployment and poverty. The pharmaceutical industry makes a significant contribution to the countrys economy, and has a growing international footprint. However, export activity is largely centred on Southern and Eastern Africa, while markets in other parts of the world remain largely untapped. A longstanding concern of the government has been that export market selection has not been conducted in a scientific manner. Added to this is the problem of limited resources on the part of export promotion organisations. A Decision Support Model (DSM), originally conceived by Cuyvers et al. (1995) and then developed for the South African environment by Viviers, Steenkamp, Rossouw, and Cuyvers (2009, 2010), was used in this study to identify those export opportunities with the greatest potential for the South African pharmaceutical industry. Through a systematic filtering and elimination process, the DSM revealed that there are a large number of export opportunities for South African pharmaceutical products, particularly in Western Europe, North America, and Africa. Such information constitutes an important basis for strategic decision making on the part of industry and government stakeholders.
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BALDACCHINO, GODFREY. "ISLAND ENTREPRENEURS: INSIGHTS FROM EXCEPTIONALLY SUCCESSFUL KNOWLEDGE-DRIVEN SMES FROM 5 EUROPEAN ISLAND TERRITORIES." Journal of Enterprising Culture 13, no. 02 (June 2005): 145–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495805000100.
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Developing successful, indigenously-owned, small scale, export-oriented, manufacturing firms from small island locations is difficult but not impossible. This paper describes key outcomes of a research project which is reviewing a selection of such successful firms from 5 European island territories. Operating in the information and communication technology sector allows small island firms to compete successfully in export markets. They often do so by depending on the wide, 'extra-island' contacts and experiences of their 'global-local' entrepreneurial founder-owners, who often leverage start-up funds from private and personal sources. The absence of notable local market opportunities induces island entrepreneurs to 'export or perish', obliging a competitive strategy from inception.
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Mallick, Sushanta, and Helena Marques. "Export prices, selection into exporting and market size: Evidence from China and India." International Business Review 26, no. 6 (December 2017): 1034–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2017.03.009.
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Gomes, Emanuel, Ferran Vendrell-Herrero, Kamel Mellahi, Duncan Angwin, and Carlos M. P. Sousa. "Testing the self-selection theory in high corruption environments: evidence from African SMEs." International Marketing Review 35, no. 5 (September 10, 2018): 733–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imr-03-2017-0054.
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Purpose Whilst substantial evidence from low-corruption, developed market environments supports the view that more productive firms are more likely to export, there has been little research into analysing the link between productivity and exports in high corruption, developing market environments. The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, to test the premise of self-selection theory whether the association between productivity and export is maintained in high-corruption environments, and second to identify other variables explaining export activity in high-corruption contexts, including cluster networks and firms’ competences. Design/methodology/approach The authors draw on the World Bank Enterprise survey to undertake a cross-section analysis including 1,233 small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) located in nine African countries. The advantage of this database is that it contains information about the level of perceived corruption at firm level. Logistic regressions are performed for the full sample and for subsamples of firms in high- and low-corruption environments. Findings The findings demonstrate that the self-selection theory only applies to low-corruption environments, whereas in high-corruption environments, alternative factors such as cluster networks and outward-looking competences (OLC) exert a stronger influence on the exporting activity of African SMEs. Research limitations/implications This research contributes to the theory as it provides evidence that contradicts the validity of self-selection theory in high-corruption environments. The findings would benefit from further longitudinal investigation. Practical implications African SMEs need to consider cluster networks and OLC as important strategic factors that might enhance their international competitiveness. Originality/value The criticism of the self-selection theory is distinctive in the literature and has important implications for future research. The authors show that the contextualisation of existing theories matters and this opens a research avenue for further more sensitive contextualisation of existing theories in developing economies.
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Westjohn, Stanford A., and Peter Magnusson. "Export Performance: A Focus on Discretionary Adaptation." Journal of International Marketing 25, no. 4 (December 2017): 70–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jim.16.0114.
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Marketing adaptation strategy has been characterized as a strategic imperative in markets with protectionist and nationalist sentiments, which underscores the need to better understand the effects of adaptation strategy. However, empirical investigations of international marketing strategy have considered mandatory and discretionary adaptations as equivalent. Discretionary adaptations, unlike mandatory adaptations, involve choice; thus, they are more relevant to the selection of an international marketing strategy. This article focuses on the direct and conditional effects of discretionary adaptation on export performance. Analyzing data from 203 U.S. small and medium-sized enterprises, the authors find a positive effect of discretionary adaptation on export performance as well as moderating effects of (1) a market characteristic (psychic distance), (2) a firm characteristic (international experience), and (3) a product characteristic (product positional advantage). The implications suggest that adaptation strategy may be more advantageous than previously thought, and that researchers should focus on discretionary adaptations when investigating the choice of a relatively standardized versus adapted international marketing strategy.
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Yadav, Niru. "The Role of Internet Use on International Trade: Evidence from Asian and Sub-Saharan African Enterprises." Global Economy Journal 14, no. 2 (February 22, 2014): 189–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2013-0038.
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Internet use is expected to reduce fixed information-related costs of entering international markets. This paper looks at the impact of internet use by developing country firms from Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa on their export and input import behavior. Using the enterprise survey dataset from the World Bank, the paper finds that e-mail and own website use have a positive impact on the extensive margin of enterprise export and input import behavior but not on the intensive margin. In addition, both these internet tools affect export and input import likelihood of manufacturing enterprises only and not of service enterprises. These results are robust after controlling for self-selection bias and for factors that may affect both internet adoption and international market participation.
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Cuyvers, Ludo, Ermie Steenkamp, Wilma Viviers, Riaan Rossouw, and Martin Cameron. "Identifying Thailand’s high-potential export opportunities in ASEAN+3 countries." Journal of International Trade Law and Policy 16, no. 1 (March 20, 2017): 2–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jitlp-09-2016-0019.
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Purpose This paper aims to identify Thailand’s realistic export opportunities (REOs) in the ASEAN+3 countries (i.e. ASEAN, Greater China, Japan and South Korea), which together constitute an economically dynamic region and a strategic export destination for Thailand. Furthermore, the paper seeks to determine the extent to which Thailand already has a share in ASEAN+3 countries and where new opportunities lie. This allows the formulation of appropriate export promotion strategies for Thailand. Design/methodology/approach The methodology used is a decision support model (DSM) which uses an extensive data-filtering system to systematically screen and eliminate less-promising product–country combinations to ultimately reveal high-potential REOs. Product–country combinations are screened on the basis of country risk; macro-economic country performance; market potential in terms of import growth and import market size; and market access conditions, including market concentration and the existence of trade barriers. The thus narrowed-down REOs are categorised according to Thailand’s relative market share in, and the characteristics of, the identified import markets. Findings The study reveals that the ASEAN+3 countries account for about 40 per cent of the total potential export value of Thailand’s REOs in the world, with China leading the way (12.45 per cent), followed by Japan (8.56 per cent) and South Korea (6.23 per cent). However, Thailand has a relatively small or intermediately small market share in the majority of these REOs, pointing to the need for more offensive and exploratory export promotion strategies. Research limitations/implications The ASEAN+3 countries – given that they are an abundant source of REOs for Thailand and are in Thailand’s “backyard” – should receive more focused attention and resources in government export promotion efforts. The recent launch of the ASEAN Economic Community and the proposed establishment of an East Asia Free Trade Area lend weight to the idea of Thailand adopting a strong regional focus in its export activities. Practical implications The insights derived from the study are valuable for export promotion officials, industry representatives and practising exporters alike, as they constitute an easy-to-digest snapshot of high-potential REOs for Thailand in the ASEAN+3 region. This makes for more efficient planning and prioritising of export development activities, and a more streamlined approach to resource allocation. Originality/value Export promotion shows diminishing returns and requires sustainable strategies and interventions. The value in this paper lies in its description of an innovative market selection tool, the DSM, which is able to process and filter high volumes of information and arrive at a shortlist of high-potential REOs for Thailand in the ASEAN+3 countries. The paper represents a concise case study of the DSM in practice, which should be of particular interest to export promotion agencies, industry associations and both new and more established exporting countries.
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Moen, Øystein, and Per Servais. "Born Global or Gradual Global? Examining the Export Behavior of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises." Journal of International Marketing 10, no. 3 (September 2002): 49–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jimk.10.3.49.19540.
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Over the past decade, several studies have questioned the stage models of the internationalization process. Many of these studies concentrate on the exporting versus nonexporting factor, identifying an increasing number of firms that are active in international markets shortly after establishment. Limited empirical evidence exists as to whether this actuality indicates simply a reduced time factor in the preexport phase or an important change in the export behavior of firms. Using small and medium-sized exporting firms from Norway, Denmark, and France, the authors focus on the concept of gradual development. The results suggest that export intensity, distribution, market selection, and global orientation are not influenced by the firm's year of establishment or first year of exporting activity. One-third of the firms sampled reported that the time period between establishment and export commencement was less than two years. In terms of export intensity, these firms outperform those that waited several years before exporting. The results indicate that the future export involvement of a firm is, to a large extent, influenced by its behavior shortly after establishment. The results further indicate that the development of resources in support of international market competitiveness may be regarded as the key issue and that the basic resources and competencies of the firm are determined during the establishment phase. The authors review how the management challenges differ depending on the type of firm (age and export involvement) in question.
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Civi, Emin, Elif S. Persinger, and Aziz Sunje. "Gaining Strength For A New Future: Bosnia And Herzegovinas Export Opportunities." Journal of Diversity Management (JDM) 2, no. 4 (October 1, 2007): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jdm.v2i4.5022.
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International trade is crucial for Bosnia and Herzegovinas (B&H) economic prosperity. In this study guidance to B&H exporters is provided by identifying potential markets and products to focus on when designing future trade strategies. To this end trends in the world trade and trade patterns are examined using various approaches.First approach to identify the potential markets for the B&H exports called for identifying the countries with highest general demand for Bosnia and Herzegovinas current export products. The products Bosnia and Herzegovina exports most along with the countries that demand these products the most in the world are identified. The second approach for identifying the potential export markets for B&H products examine the import volumes of other countries in the world. Still a more fruitful approach for the B&H exporters, at least in the short term, is to target the markets with the fastest growth of import volumes (the third approach). In the fourth approach, untapped trade and highly untapped trade countries that should be targeted by B&H exporters are presented. The fifth approach for identifying the potential export markets for B&H products is based on examining the products whose imports increased fastest in recent years and the countries that imported these products most.The products/product groups that have the highest potential for B&H export success are also identified. First, most imported products as well as the products/product groups whose exports increased the fastest in recent years are examined. Second, the import volumes ten countries with the highest total imports are examined on a product basis to identify the products they import most as well as the products with the highest growth rate of imports. Third, product categories with untapped trade potential and highly untapped trade potential along with their respective markets are presented.Long term sustainable success in the ever changing global economy requires a close and continuous scanning of the trends in the environment. The analysis approaches described above provide B&H exporters a starting point in evaluating their product and market selection strategies and designing new ones for the future.
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Ayob, Abu H., and Zizah Che Senik. "The role of competitive strategies on export market selection by SMEs in an emerging economy." International Journal of Business and Globalisation 14, no. 2 (2015): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijbg.2015.067436.
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Budeva, Desislava, and Gladys Torres Baumgarten. "The effect of institutional distance on international market selection: comparing export to foreign direct investment." International Journal of Export Marketing 4, no. 2 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijexportm.2021.10037134.
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Budeva, Desislava, and Gladys Torres Baumgarten. "The effect of institutional distance on international market selection: comparing export to foreign direct investment." International Journal of Export Marketing 4, no. 2 (2021): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijexportm.2021.115288.
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Roberts, Mark J., Daniel Yi Xu, Xiaoyan Fan, and Shengxing Zhang. "The Role of Firm Factors in Demand, Cost, and Export Market Selection for Chinese Footwear Producers." Review of Economic Studies 85, no. 4 (November 20, 2017): 2429–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdx066.
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Manzoor, Asma, and Nasreen Aslam Shah. "Labour Laws And Women Workers Of The Export Processing Zones In Karachi." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 7, no. 1 (June 8, 2013): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v7i1.266.
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The selection of Karachi Export Promotion Zone (EPZ) is inspired by the fact that this city being the centre of industrial and economic activity attracts an everincreasing number of job seekers from across the country. EPZs are an integral part of the expanding global market. Procurement of cheap and easy-to-control labour are the prerequisites of a market-based economy. Concentration of markets in developed countries and the establishment of production units in the less developed or slow developing countries mirrors political power imbalance. As women are the focus of this study, the assessment of the status of female factory workers is the centre point of this paper. Whereas women have always been part of waged-work outside the home, the phenomenon of women factory workers is a product of the World Wars, which encouraged women to work in factories as men were on the war front. This paper draws upon a research whose findings are not dramatically different from similar studies conducted elsewhere, however it presents a fresh perspective on the experiences of women working in a poor country. This paper presents both quantitative as well as qualitative data about 330 women working in 25 industrial units of varying production capacities. The paper also examines the absence of the phenomenon of labour laws in the Karachi Export Processing Zone and examines its impact on the lives of women workers.
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Imiru, Getie Andualem. "The Effect of Export Promotion Programs on Export Performance with the Mediating Role of Marketing Implementation Capability: An Empirical Study on Exporting Companies in Ethiopia." International Journal of Marketing Studies 13, no. 2 (May 13, 2021): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijms.v13n2p36.
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The area of export performance has been attracting both academic and managerial attention at an increasing pace. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of Export Promotion Programs on Export Performance mediated by marketing implemenattion capbaility in the case of Exporting Companies in Ethiopia. The target repsondnets of this study were Exporting companies operating in Ethiopia. The total number of exporting companies operating in the country are 938. The number of questionnaires distributed were 280 and 218 (78%) of the collected questionnaires were used for anlaysis. The validity of the data was tested by measuring construct validity and discriminant validity. Data were analyses using partial least squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The study findings showed that the use of export promotion programmes has a positive and significant effect on export Performance. Results of the total model also revealed that market implementation capability mediated the effect of Education, Training and Development-related EPPs, Legal-Related EPPs, Marketing Selection-Related EPPs on export performance positively and significantly. On the other hand, Market Implementation Capability didn’t mediate the effect of Information-Related EPPs, Financial Aid-Related EPPS, Marketing Strategy-Related EPPs and Miscellaneous EPPs on export performance. Marketing implementation capabilities was found to have a partial mediation role between EPPs and Performance. The findings of the study are expected to provide a source of information for policy makers, researchers and exporters and marketing professionals to understand link between Export Promotion Programs, with the immediate role marketing implementation capability in exporting companies operating in Ethiopia.
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Estrada Chavira, María Eugenia, Guillermo Arredondo Villanueva, Maribel Hernández Velázquez, and Sylja Viridiana Guerrero García. "Requerimientos de exportación de piñatas para pymes de Acolman, estado de México a España." Revista Relayn - Micro y Pequeñas empresas en Latinoamérica 3, no. 2 (August 5, 2019): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.46990/relayn.2019.3.2.40.
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En el presente trabajo el objetivo principal fue investigar los requerimientos de exportación para piñatas de Acolman a España, con beneficio del tratado de libre comercio existente con Europa (TLCUEM). Los principales requerimientos fueron: Registro Federal de contribuyentes, análisis del entorno nacional e internacional, selección del mercado meta, descripción del producto que se desea comercializar y documentos necesarios para exportar. La conclusión fue que la industria piñatera del municipio de Acolman, Estado de México tiene un gran potencial de exportación para el mercado de España ya que ofrece una gran accesibilidad para poder adquirir las piñatas provenientes del mercado mexicano. AbstractIn The present work the main objective was to investigate the export requirements for piñatas from Acolman to Spain, with the benefit of the existing free trade agreement with Europe (EU FTA). The main requirements were: Federal taxpayer Registry, analysis of the national and international environment, selection of the target market, description of the product to be marketed and documents necessary for export. The conclusion was that the Piñatera industry in the municipality of Acolman, State of Mexico has great export potential for the Spanish market because it offers great accessibility to be able to buy the piñatas from the Mexican market.
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Kushnirenko, Оksana, and Olga Zarudna. "Тrade policy as an instrument to promote industrial development in Ukraine." University Economic Bulletin, no. 42 (June 19, 2019): 90–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2019-42-90-102.
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Relevance of the research topic is due to the rapid growth in world trade, which leads to new challenges for Ukraine’s industry in the context of deepening economic globalization and increasing international competition. Under these conditions, the development and application of effective industrial policy instruments aimed at supporting promising sectors of the processing industry in the process of integration into the world market is very important. Formulation of the problem. New opportunities associated with the further liberalization of foreign trade in an increasingly open and competitive environment require the creation of a favorable environment for promoting the export activities of Ukrainian industrial producers under the constraints of international trade agreements. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. In the context of increasing the influence of integration processes on the development of production, the problem of choosing the most effective instruments of state regulation, which most of all contributed to active cooperation with foreign partners for export-oriented industrial producers of Ukraine, in particular for products with a higher degree of processing, remains insufficiently studied. Setting the task, the purpose of the study. The objective of the study is to develop proposals for effective trade policy instruments aimed at supporting the export of industrial products with higher added value within the framework of the existing restrictions of international agreements. Method or methodology for conducting research. General scientific methods are used in the work: abstract-logical, systemic; analysis and synthesis, statistical comparisons, grouping, sampling; expert assessments. The field of application of results. The results of this study can be applied in the process of government policy formation on the main aspects of the export development of industry in the context of integration processes. Conclusions. Based on the analysis of quantitative and qualitative indicators of international trade, its geographical vectors, trends in exports and imports of Ukrainian-made industrial goods are disclosed, and effective trade policy instruments are proposed: namely, non-tariff regulatory methods aimed at creating effective policies and institutions and can be used for the eliminating restrictions upon integration of the Ukrainian manufacturer to the international markets.
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Tulcheev, Vladimir, Roman Nekrasov, Sergey Zhevora, Elena Oves, and Natalia Gordienko. "Ensuring the accelerated implementation of achievements of selection and seed-producing of potatoes in the conditions of market economy." Agro-Innovation, no. 2 (December 30, 2019): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.35244/22-06.
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The article provides a brief overview of the accelerated implementation of the achievements of selection and seed production in a developing market economy. The authors describe the main possible constraints to the spread of the achievements of Russian breeding and seed production using the example of the potato-food subcomplex. Thus, the authors believe that in the new competitive market conditions, the role of breeding, seed growing and accelerating innovation in the potato-food subcomplex of the agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation is increasing, including the relationship of originators of varieties, seed-growing farms with other horizontal and vertical integrated potato-growing units, export and other structures. Resolution of contradictions between these parties is a necessary condition for successfully overcoming difficulties in the development of domestic selection and seed production.
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Frodey, Carol, and Yamini Naidu. "Pure Fiji Export Limited: A Skin Care Company In Harmony With Nature And Culture." Journal of Business Case Studies (JBCS) 4, no. 2 (June 27, 2011): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jbcs.v4i2.4753.
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Pure Fiji is a privately-held, Fijian-owned company providing quality, USA niche market, botanical skin care products, while passionately concerned for the local environment and development of rural women in Fiji. This paper explores the companys success factors and its contribution to local development, while establishing a profitable, rapidly growing company with an international reputation for its environmentally friendly, botanical products targeted at the rich and famous, particularly in the USA. The paper also explores Pure Fijis international expansion approach, which is cautious and based on careful supplier selection and relationship management.
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Maggioni, Daniela. "Learning by Exporting in Turkey: An Investigation for Existence and Channels." Global Economy Journal 12, no. 2 (April 25, 2012): 1850262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/1524-5861.1865.
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Using a rich longitudinal database at the plant level, I shed new light on the causal nexus between exports and productivity for Turkey, a middle-income country. I find evidence for both self-selection into exporting and learning-by-exporting. My main focus is on post-entry effects. To test this hypothesis I follow recent empirical literature and I apply the Propensity Score Matching and a Difference-in-Difference estimator. I find a higher labour productivity and TFP growth for exporting firms in the entry year and some years following the entry. Exports seem to place firms on a superior productivity path. My main contribution is to show the strict linkage between export and import activity: export starters often start also importing. Learning by exporting effects hold when I control for the role of imports and I verify larger productivity gains for firms which start exporting and importing at the same time. Finally, in order to verify if post-entry effects are not only scale effects but work through competition channel and/or technology transfers, I look for a heterogeneity according to the sectoral productivity gap between the domestic market and foreign trade partners. I verify a different timing of efficiency improvements between comparative advantage and disadvantage sectors.
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Fursov, S. "WHEAT ROLE IN REALIZATION OF THE EXPORT POTENTIAL OF THE GRAIN MARKET ON THE BASIS OF SELECTION ACHIEVEMENTS." AIC: economics, management, no. 5 (2018): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.33305/185-40.
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Kazhieva, Zh Kh, and Sh D. Zhailaubayeva. "The analysis of the state and development of the vegetable oil market of East Kazakhstan." Bulletin of "Turan" University, no. 3 (October 4, 2020): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.46914/1562-2959-2020-1-3-103-108.
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The current state and development of the oilseed market of the East Kazakhstan region, which is the country's main supplier of sunflower seeds, as well as raw materials for oil refineries, is investigated. This article analyzes the development of the oil and fat industry of East Kazakhstan region for 2015-2019 by the following indicators: gross yield of oilseeds; productivity; sown area; level of utilization of average annual production capacity. Volumes of vegetable oil production by their types, which are the main factor resources and sources of oilseed raw materials and their processing, are presented. Along with this, the main problems of the oil and fat industry of the region are identified, ways to solve them, also prospects for the development of internal and external sales markets are proposed. In order to increase the efficiency of the oil and fat industry in the region and Kazakhstan, the need for the production of high-quality raw materials, also the solution of other issues related to ensuring food security, was noted.Particularly, the formation and maintenance of the production cycle: selection - growing - storage, as well as oilseed processing. Providing state support in providing farmers with quality seeds and modern technology, monitoring the export of high-quality oilseeds, as well as stimulating the export of final products.
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Petrovic, M. M., M. P. Petrovic, M. Petrovic, S. Aleksic, D. Ostojic-Andric, V. Pantelic, and Z. Novakovic. "How to increase production of beef, lamb and pork in Serbia for domestic market and export." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 27, no. 3 (2011): 293–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1103293p.
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The present situation in livestock production and production of meat is presented in this paper, as well as directions for future work aimed at bringing changes to this branch of economy. In the last decade, a drop in the number of animals was recorded of approx. 2 to 3% at annual level. Also, drop in production of meat was recorded from 444.000 tons (1990) to 384.000 tons (2010). In order to have planned progress in production of meat it is necessary to define more clearly breeding goals with precise determination of all economically relevant and indicator traits. In addition to growth and body development traits which have so far been in focus of selection work, for production of meat also maternal traits are important, food conversion and quantity and quality traits of carcasses and meat.
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Kahi, A. K., S. A. Barwick, and H.-U. Graser. "Economic evaluation of Hereford cattle breeding schemes incorporating direct and indirect measures of feed intake." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, no. 10 (2003): 1039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar03025.
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A deterministic approach was used to evaluate the effect of incorporating direct and indirect measures of feed intake as additional selection criteria in breeding schemes for Hereford cattle. A 2-tier nucleus breeding scheme consisting of a nucleus and a commercial sector was assumed. Four breeding objectives specific to Australian Hereford cattle were considered. These addressed production systems that targetted 4 markets (Domestic Supermarket, 'Hereford Prime', Short-fed Export, and Long-fed Export). The breeding objectives differed especially in the feed cost involved for differing amounts of grain finishing and in the extent to which marbling is valued by the market (from none to quite a lot). The breeding schemes evaluated differed in the measures available for use as selection criteria. The schemes ranged from one that utilised growth, scanned carcass and fertility criteria currently available to Australian cattle breeders (Scheme 1) to one which also incorporated residual feed intake (RFI) and blood serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) criteria (Scheme 5). The latter scheme included selection of sires for the nucleus using a 2-stage selection process, with a proportion of bulls selected after weaning for measurement of RFI. Schemes utilising either IGF-1 or RFI or both as criteria generated additional genetic gain and profitability for each breeding objective. Profit was optimal across all the Hereford cattle breeding objectives when the top 5% of bulls was measured for RFI after being selected on an index incorporating IGF-1 and other information available on the bull and its relatives at a young age. Further increase in the proportion of bulls measured for RFI for consideration in the second selection stage resulted in a slow decline in profit per cow in the population and a flat response in genetic gain. In the absence of more breed-specific information, these results may also have application in breeds other than Herefords.
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Sann, Alan, and Edward C. Wayment. "PROTECTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT FROM HYDROCARBON POLLUTION—AN INTEGRATED PLANNING APPROACH FOR OIL TERMINALS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1985, no. 1 (February 1, 1985): 589–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1985-1-589.
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ABSTRACT In South Australia, the newest Australian liquid hydrocarbon marine export terminal has been completed in record time. The terminal services domestic and export trade in crude oil, condensate and liquified petroleum gases while operating within a gulf which supports a major shellfish and scalefish industry, and a small but growing recreation market. The Terminal Operator has undertaken an integrated, rational, and cost-effective environmental protection strategy based on planning studies designed to ensure government and community approval for the facility. The study subject areas include: oil slick trajectory forecasting, ballast water diffuser outfall performance, prawn taint testing, coastal habitat sensitivity rating and mapping, oil spill response equipment selection and deployment strategies, equipment field trials, and industry-government consultative groups.
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Gupta, Apoorva, Ila Patnaik, and Ajay Shah. "Exporting and firm performance: evidence from India." Indian Growth and Development Review 12, no. 1 (April 8, 2018): 83–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/igdr-04-2018-0036.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the direction of causality between firm productivity and export status. The correlation can arise from multiple alternative causal models, and the authors study if more productive firms export, and/or if firms learn to export, and/or if firms learn by exporting. Design/methodology/approach The authors investigate these relationships, harnessing the natural experiments offered by firms which transitioned into exporting, in a dataset of Indian firms from 1989 to 2015. Each firm which made the transition is matched against a control which did not. The transitions take place across many years, thus permitting a matched event study in firm outcomes. Findings The authors find there is self-selection of more productive firms into exporting. Firms that make the transition into exporting become bigger, but there is little evidence of learning by exporting, of improvements in productivity right after exporting commences. However, there is evidence of learning to export, that is there is improvement in productivity of export starters in comparison to their productivity a couple of years before they begin to export. Originality/value The strength of the paper lies in an opportunity for sound measurement: we observe firms make a transition from domestic market into exporting. The transitions take place across many years, thus permitting a matched event study in firm outcomes. Using this methodology, the authors find that firms become more productive a few years before they export, that is they learn to export. They contribute to the literature by bringing evidence of “learning to export” from a developing country.
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Stouraitis, Vassilios, Mior Harris Mior Harun, and Markos Kyritsis. "Motivators of SME initial export choice and the European Union regional effect in manufacturing." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 23, no. 1 (January 9, 2017): 35–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-05-2015-0120.
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Purpose A global reach in exporting has been linked to profitability. The purpose of this paper is to answer the influence of EU regulations on exporting decisions of UK manufacturing small- and medium-sized firms (SMEs) by investigating the home and host country-based motivators behind SMEs’ choice to export, and export regionally, within the EU. Design/methodology/approach Contrasting the Uppsala and resource-based view perspectives (using a sample of UK independent manufacturing SMEs and utilizing a survey, correlation analysis and factor analysis), the paper finds and describes the effect of the most recurrent motivators from the literature on the SMEs’ decision to export within the EU or not. Findings The paper finds that SMEs whose latest international market entry was not in the EU scored significantly higher in the factor scorings for the motivators in the external dimension than participants whose latest entry was in the EU. Several motivators show an association with the choice to export per se. The importance of regionalization to export initiation (and EU membership) within the EU is emphasized in the results. Research limitations/implications The sample size is limited. Practical implications In the current climate, how can SMEs reduce market research costs for managers by relying solely and proactively on home country and internal advantages and motivators and being more aware of their surroundings? Managers and policymakers can direct their strategy, resources and policy more efficiently according to motivators; internal home country motivators (e.g. strengths of prices of products) direct the SME to overcome inter-regional liability of foreignness, while host country motivators (e.g. legal restrictions in the host country) direct them to regional ventures. Originality/value The theoretical and empirical work on the topic, until recently, has been fragmented and inconsistent focusing on specific motivators but not necessarily justifying the selection or origin of variables even less on SMEs.
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Deng, Chuang. "Analysis of Trade Diversion Effect Under Sino-us Trade Friction - Taking Developing Countries and Developed Countries As Examples." E3S Web of Conferences 275 (2021): 01031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127501031.
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Under the background of sino-us trade friction, what kind of trade diversion effect will china produce to the third country market. Based on the monthly import and export data of China and its 11 major trading partners from January 2014 to December 2019, this paper analyzes the trade diversion of sino-us trade frictions to China’s neighboring countries by using the double-difference and panel quantile methods, and through the selection of developing countries and developed countries as a control group for the spillover effects of trade transfer analysis. Empirical analysis: under the background of China’s trade frictions, China’s imports and exports to the United States have been significantly negatively affected, the trade conflict between China and the United States has a significant trade diversion effect on the third country, and the spillover effect on the developing country is larger and longer-term than that on the developed country.
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Ramaiah, Suresh, and Gopal Krishna Roy. "Determinants of Exports Behaviour of India’s Agro-processing Firms: Role of Technology, Imported Raw Materials and Logistics Infrastructure." Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective 25, no. 2 (February 16, 2021): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972262920981440.
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Despite accounting for a sizeable share in the overall output and employment of the manufacturing sector, the export potential of India’s Agro-processing firms has received less attention. This article investigates the determinants of export propensity and intensity of relatively labour-intensive agro-processing firms in India with a focus on the role of technology adopted, the proportion of imported raw materials used and status of the logistics infrastructure at the location of the firm. The article makes use of the CMIE-PROWESS dataset to obtain a cross-section of agro-processing firms for the year 2016–2017 and the Logistic Ease Across Different States (LEADS) database. The empirical strategy involves the Heckman two-step process to address the sample selection bias originating in modelling export behaviour. The article finds that the likelihood of an agro-processing firm to enter the exporting market increases with an increase in technology enhancing investment in terms of expenditure on research and development and import of capital goods. Moreover, a better level of logistics infrastructure enhances the likelihood of exporting. The likelihood of a firm to export also increases with the increase in the use of imported raw materials, firm size, age and superior managerial quality. However, the paper finds only the expenditure on imported capital goods and imported raw materials to be positively and significantly associated with the export intensity of the exporting firms.
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Mascarenhas, Robson de Jesus, Silvanda de Melo Silva, Maria Auxiliadora Coêlho de Lima, Rejane Maria Nunes Mendonça, and Heinz Johann Holschuh. "Characterization of maturity and quality of Brazilian apirenic grapes in the São Francisco river Valley." Food Science and Technology 32, no. 1 (February 6, 2012): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-20612012005000010.
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The objective of this study was to characterize and correlate maturity and quality of the first varieties of Brazilian seedless grapes 'BRS Clara', 'BRS Linda', 'BRS Morena', and 'Advanced Selection 8' compared with the American variety 'Crimson Seedless' in compliance with the Brazilian Normative/2002 and export standards Advanced Selection 8' is dark reddish, has large clusters, and is a very large ellipsoid berry; 'BRS Morena' is black with medium sized clusters and large berry shaped as ellipsoid to globoid; 'BRS Linda' is light green and has large sized clusters; 'Crimson' is pink and has small clusters with berries varying from medium to large sizes and ellipsoid shaped; and 'BRS Clara' is green yellowish has medium sized clusters and small berry of elongated ellipsoid shape. All varieties evaluated meet the standard for domestic market established as berry size minimum diameter 12 mm. 'BRS Clara' does not meet the export requirements of diameter. Berries of the red grapes 'BRS Morena' and 'Crimson Seedless' are firmer. The pH, titratable acidity, and soluble solids meet the official standards. Larger clusters are less acidic and present higher soluble solids/titratable acidity ratios implying that they are the sweetest type when ripe.
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Bach, Mirjana Pejić, Sandro Juković, Ksenija Dumičić, and Nataša Šarlija. "Business Client Segmentation in Banking Using Self-Organizing Maps." South East European Journal of Economics and Business 8, no. 2 (November 1, 2014): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jeb-2013-0007.
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Abstract Segmentation in banking for the business client market is traditionally based on size measured in terms of income and the number of employees, and on statistical clustering methods (e.g. hierarchical clustering, k-means). The goal of the paper is to demonstrate that self-organizing maps (SOM) effectively extend the pool of possible criteria for segmentation of the business client market with more relevant criteria, including behavioral, demographic, personal, operational, situational, and cross-selling products. In order to attain the goal of the paper, the dataset on business clients of several banks in Croatia, which, besides size, incorporates a number of different criteria, is analyzed using the SOM-Ward clustering algorithm of Viscovery SOMine software. The SOM-Ward algorithm extracted three segments that differ with respect to the attributes of foreign trade operations (import/export), annual income, origin of capital, important bank selection criteria, views on the loan selection and the industry. The analyzed segments can be used by banks for deciding on the direction of further marketing activities.
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Adinugraha, Hamdan Adma, and Mahfudz Mahfudz. "Development of Vegetative Propagation Technology of Teak Plant in Small Holder Forest." Jurnal Wasian 1, no. 1 (June 26, 2014): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/jwas.v1i1.847.
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Teak (Tectona grandis) is one of popular and important carpentry wood in Indonesia. However teak production for carpentry material cannot balance the increasing need for domestic and export market. The increased production from small holder forest can be alternative way to supply national wood need. Therefore science and technology play role to support forest productivity eg superior seedling from vegetative propagation. The preparing of superior seed took several steps i.e. selection from mother tree, genetic material extraction, grafting activity using budding technique, hedge orchard establishment, and mass production used cutting rotted or tissue culture. From clonal test we can derive superior seed which adaptive with development location and has better productivity.
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Van Der Heyden, C. R., P. Holford, and G. D. Richards. "A New Source of Peach Germplasm Containing Semi-freestone Nonmelting Flesh Types." HortScience 32, no. 2 (April 1997): 288–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.2.288.
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A freestone, nonmelting flesh peach would offer the opportunity to transport freestone peaches to distant markets, and so open lucrative export opportunities. Peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] germplasm segregating for semi-freestone and clingstone has been identified among the nonmelting flesh, open-pollinated progeny of the Univ. of Florida selection, Fla. 9-20C. The segregation approached a 1 : 1 ratio. No significant differences were detected between the two categories for titratable acidity, soluble solids concentration, or skin color. However, the semi-freestone progeny had significantly softer flesh than their clingstone siblings, although not soft enough to justify reclassification of the flesh texture. No simple genetic model can be proposed for the inheritance of this new phenotype. The semi-freestone, nonmelting germplasm represents a step towards a less perishable, freestone cultivar for the fresh market, as well as an opportunity to study the reason for the rarity of the freestone/nonmelting phenotype among peaches.