Journal articles on the topic 'Export market screening'
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Green, Robert T., and Arthur W. Allaway. "Identification of Export Opportunities: A Shift-share Approach." Journal of Marketing 49, no. 1 (January 1985): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224298504900108.
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The search for new export markets is a high priority for firms in the 1980s. This article considers a technique that could be useful in screening markets and products for possible export opportunities. The technique is called shift-share analysis and has been heretofore employed primarily in regional analysis studies. We demonstrate the manner in which shift-share analysis can aid in the generation of product/market sets having high export potential.
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Karunaratna, Amal R., and Lester W. Johnson. "Initiating and Maintaining Export Channel Intermediary Relationships." Journal of International Marketing 5, no. 2 (June 1997): 11–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069031x9700500203.
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Firms exporting via foreign channel intermediaries, such as import agents or distributors, trade off a lack of control of the foreign channel for a low-risk market entry. Agency theory and transaction cost analysis suggest that a lack of control manifests itself in the foreign channel intermediary (FCI) having opportunities to behave in its own interests, rather than those of the exporter. Even so, management strategies that result in an alignment of the exporter's and FCI's goals are more likely to result in a perception of satisfaction in the relationship than if only one party's goals were met. Such management strategies should commence with an extensive precontractual screening step to find an intermediary whose goals are complementary to those of the exporter. After forming a trading relationship, an exporter can better coordinate the relationship by noncoercive monitoring of the exporter, and reduce the potential for opportunistic behavior and achieve a relationship that performs to the satisfaction to both parties. Greater monitoring is also likely to maintain a state of goal congruence between the parties. Conditions of environmental uncertainty may, however, create difficulties in precontractual screening by the exporter. A conceptual framework explaining the interaction between these variables has been presented, along with nine testable propositions and directions for future research.
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Van Niekerk, Antoinette, and Wilma Viviers. "Promoting sustainable economic growth in South Africa through the production and export of low-carbon environmental goods." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 17, no. 4 (August 29, 2014): 427–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v17i4.607.
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Many countries, particularly those in the developing world, are under increasing pressure to improve their growth rates in order to tackle pressing economic problems at the domestic level. Increasing export volumes can make a positive contribution to a country’s economic growth rate, but it can also endanger the environment. How to reconcile the often conflicting phenomena of increased export activity, stronger economic growth and a lower carbon footprint is the focus of this study. A core outcome of the study was the creation of a single list using a cross-section of international sources, of low-carbon environmental goods, and their ranking according to their inherent ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, South Africa’s capacity to produce them, and their economic benefits, as reflected in the export opportunities they present. These export opportunities were revealed through the application of the Decision Support Model (DSM), an export market selection tool that incorporates a systematic filtering and screening system. The results of the analysis should help guide policymakers in their strategic deliberations on which export sectors to incentivise and support with a view to encouraging more ‘green’ growth in South Africa in the years ahead. diffusion of such goods. If the production and export of environmental goods were to increase, it could have a potentially positive effect on economic and environmental objectives, such as raising economic growth rates and lowering greenhouse gas intensity, respectively. For the purpose of this study, an analysis of four existing lists of environmental goods led to the identification of 39 core environmental goods. These 39 goods were ranked according to three criteria: i) the potential environmental benefits of each environmental good, using consensus among role players as a proxy; ii) South Africa’s capacity to produce each environmental good, using the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) of each good as a proxy; and iii) the potential economic benefits of each environmental good, using the potential export value as calculated by Steenkamp (2011) in the Decision Support Model (DSM) as a proxy. It emerged that the top five low-carbon environmental goods are: photosensitive semiconductors (HS-6: 854140); towers and masts (HS-6: 730820); electrical control and distribution boards (HS-6: 853710); gearing and screws (HS-6: 848340); and static converters (HS-6: 850440). In addition, the intensive and extensive product-country export opportunities for these top five low-carbon environmental goods were identified.
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Monnaie, Bernard F. "Subsidisation and Sustainability Impacts on Contract Producers." Business and Management Studies 3, no. 4 (October 29, 2017): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/bms.v3i4.2739.
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Production subsidies tend to be provided as government development support instruments. This paper examines their potential impacts on lower-tier producers. Those impacts are partly elucidated by a mixed-methods study of small-scale fish producers of Seychelles targeting foreign fish markets. Scale disadvantages tend to prevent such producers from overcoming the entry barriers of foreign markets without government assistance, including subsidisation. In the study, a screening survey helped assign a group of 34 randomly-selected fish producers to a Managed Value Chain (MVC) – buyers and producers engaging in supply-demand matching coordination, and another 32 randomly-selected fish harvesters to an Open-market Value Chain (OVC) – comprising buyers and harvesters without intentional supply-demand matching coordination. Using 5 months of production-related data, the study first compared the means of the production capacity, level and efficiency of the producers. Four highest-producing MVC producers subsequently gave an interview on their operations. Results inter alia indicate that a gradually increasing range of fisheries subsidies have been helping MVC producers to raise their production capacity, standard and level. However, the subsidies have also been indicatively decreasing the productivity of commercial stocks. The study inter alia suggests that unless marine biological resources are carefully managed, export-oriented production subsidies threaten their environmental sustainability.
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Kopecký, Oldřich, Anna Bílková, Veronika Hamatová, Dominika Kňazovická, Lucie Konrádová, Barbora Kunzová, Jana Slaměníková, Ondřej Slanina, Tereza Šmídová, and Tereza Zemancová. "Potential Invasion Risk of Pet Traded Lizards, Snakes, Crocodiles, and Tuatara in the EU on the Basis of a Risk Assessment Model (RAM) and Aquatic Species Invasiveness Screening Kit (AS-ISK)." Diversity 11, no. 9 (September 13, 2019): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11090164.
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Because biological invasions can cause many negative impacts, accurate predictions are necessary for implementing effective restrictions aimed at specific high-risk taxa. The pet trade in recent years became the most important pathway for the introduction of non-indigenous species of reptiles worldwide. Therefore, we decided to determine the most common species of lizards, snakes, and crocodiles traded as pets on the basis of market surveys in the Czech Republic, which is an export hub for ornamental animals in the European Union (EU). Subsequently, the establishment and invasion potential for the entire EU was determined for 308 species using proven risk assessment models (RAM, AS-ISK). Species with high establishment potential (determined by RAM) and at the same time with high potential to significantly harm native ecosystems (determined by AS-ISK) included the snakes Thamnophis sirtalis (Colubridae), Morelia spilota (Pythonidae) and also the lizards Tiliqua scincoides (Scincidae) and Intellagama lesueurii (Agamidae).
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Hua, S. S. T., J. L. Baker, and M. Flores-Espiritu. "393 The Potential of Saprophytic Yeasts Antagonistic to Aspergillus flavus in Reducing Aflatoxin Contamination of Tree Nuts." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 511E—511. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.511e.
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California is the major state for producing almonds, pistachios, and walnuts, with a total market value of $1.6 billion. Both domestic and export markets of these nuts presently allow a maximum level of aflatoxin B1 contamination in the edible nuts to be 20 ppb. Even very low degrees of infection of the nuts by A. flavus can result in aflatoxin levels above the mandatory standards. Biological control to reduce the population of and to inhibit the biosynthesis of A. flavus in orchards may be useful to decrease infection and thus aflatoxin content in the edible nuts. Certain saprophytic yeasts were shown to effectively compete with postharvest fungal pathogens such as Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea. The potential of saprophytic yeasts to reduce aflatoxin contamination in tree nuts has not been hitherto extensively explored. A safe visual bioassay for screening yeasts antagonistic to A. flavus has been developed. The nor mutant of A. flavus has a defective norsolorinic acid reductase and blocks the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway, resulting in the accumulation of norsolorinic acid, a bright red-orange pigment. We used the nor mutant in the assay to screen yeasts strains for their ability to inhibit aflatoxin production by visually scoring the accumulation of this pigment as well as the growth and sporulation of the fungus. Yeast strains that reduced the red-orange pigment accumulation in the nor mutant were identified and shown to inhibit aflatoxin biosynthesis of several toxigenic strains of A. flavus.
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Redden, R. J., P. M. Kroonenberg, and K. E. Basford. "Adaptation analysis of diversity in adzuki germplasm introduced into Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 63, no. 2 (2012): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp11327.
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Adzuki bean germplasm was introduced to Australia from China as part of a program to develop better adapted varieties for the Australian sub-tropics than the current standard varieties derived from Japan, and to develop an export industry targeting Japan. Since adzuki was a new crop in Australia, the key questions were whether suitably adapted genotypes could be obtained from China, and whether these were higher yielding than the Japanese derived local standards and of acceptable seed quality. A geographically stratified core collection of adzuki bean (Vigna angularis) landraces from China was field evaluated for agronomic and phenologic traits at sites in China in a related study, and also at Hermitage Research Station, Queensland, in the main target region for adzuki cultivation in Australia. A relationship was found between the regional patterns of adaptation in the core collection grown in China and yield performance at Hermitage. In particular, the late maturing gene pool which originated from South China had the greatest yield at the lower latitude location in Australia, and a gene pool from central China combined both high yield and acceptable seed quality. These lines from China were superior in yield to the local standards, and many also had suitable seed quality for the Japanese market. In further screening of these selections from Hermitage, they were also superior in yield to the local standards in central Queensland, but not in central New South Wales. The breeding of higher yielding varieties for Queensland with suitable quality for the Japanese market is suggested, both by direct releases of identified Chinese accessions and by further crossing of the medium and late maturing superior selections from China with the local standard varieties Erimo and Bloodwood, which have the large red seed desired in Japan. For New South Wales, one accession from China was comparable to the local checks and appears useful for gene pool diversification, however a separate introductory screening evaluation of Chinese germplasm in New South Wales is suggested to better identify promising accessions with phenology suited to the more temperate latitudes. Thus characterisation of genetic diversity for adaptation can assist with the introduction of germplasm for a new crop. The diversity in the adzuki germplasm from China provided the needed phenologic flexibility for introduction of the crop to southern Queensland, with superior yield to the standard varieties from Japan and acceptable seed quality.
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Hanif, Marwa Irfan, Delianis Pringgenies, and Gunawan Widi Santosa. "Potential Application of Consortium Microbe from Sea Cucumber Intestinal Symbiont as Preservatives for Vaname Shrimp." Indonesian Journal of Environmental Management and Sustainability 3, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.26554/ijems.2019.3.3.93-99.
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Vaname shrimp is one of the most profitable export commodities in Indonesia. However, the shrimp meat undergoes rapid quality degradation when shipped without any preservatives. This is an issue since the preservatives commonly found on the market are formalin-based. This study aims to discover a natural preservative solution by utilizing microbes. The objective of the study is to discover natural preservatives made of symbiont microbe in sea cucumber's intestinal organ by antimicrobial activity screening. Sea cucumber samples were collected from Bandengan waters of Jepara. There are 3 symbiotic microbe form intestinal cucumber that can inhibit the growth from Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These three microbes are Listeria sp., Staphylococcus sp., and Rothia sp. Consequently, tested microbial samples were prepared into a consortium microbe and were tested further as a preservative agent for shrimp with a positive control parameter (cooling). The observations conducted in this study include organoleptic properties, acidity, total colony, proximate test (protein, water, ash, fat, and carbohydrate contents), and Total Volatile Base-Nitrogen (TVBN). The results found 3 active isolates are synergic one to each other as a bacterial consortium. Acidity test of sample extract treatment measured a pH of 7.44, compared to the non-treatment result of 7.14. Organoleptic test results of the shrimp indicated that the shrimp was acceptable for consumption. Proximate test of the treatment did not show a significant difference compared to the positive control treatment. Total colony and TVBN test on treated samples resulted in 48 x 105 CFU/ml and 39.62 mgN% respectively, whereas a similar test on non-treatment sample showed 119 x 105 CFU/ml and 45.31 mgN% respectively. It was concluded that the extract of sea cucumber symbiont microbe consortium showed potency in preventing meat quality degradation in shrimp, although treatment by freezing still produces a better result.
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Rahmatullah, Indra. "LEGAL OPINION AHLI SYARIAH PASAR MODAL (ASPM) DALAM INDUSTRI PASAR MODAL SYARIAH DI INDONESIA." Law and Justice 3, no. 1 (November 2, 2018): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/laj.v3i1.6107.
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To ensure that the sharia capital market keeps value of sharia, legal opinion from Sharia Capital Market Expert (ASPM) is required. ASPM provides legal opinion (sharia) for parties planning to conduct transaction in sharia capital market with 2 (two) stages: filtering from financial aspect and business screening. In financial screening, ASPM will ensure financial company is free from usury while business screening, ASPM will assess the business company activity is not against the sharia. ASPM task is almost same with other supporting professions namely Legal Consultant in the Capital Market (Conventional) which provides legal opinion when there are parties conducting transaction in the capital market. But ASPM has differentiation because legal opinion (sharia) made it must consider the Islamic law (sharia).
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DeLisa, Matthew P., Philip Lee, Tracy Palmer, and George Georgiou. "Phage Shock Protein PspA of Escherichia coli Relieves Saturation of Protein Export via the Tat Pathway." Journal of Bacteriology 186, no. 2 (January 15, 2004): 366–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.2.366-373.2004.
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ABSTRACT Overexpression of either heterologous or homologous proteins that are routed to the periplasm via the twin-arginine translocation (Tat) pathway results in a block of export and concomitant accumulation of the respective protein precursor in the cytoplasm. Screening of a plasmid-encoded genomic library for mutants that confer enhanced export of a TorA signal sequence (ssTorA)-GFP-SsrA fusion protein, and thus result in higher cell fluorescence, yielded the pspA gene encoding phage shock protein A. Coexpression of pspA relieved the secretion block observed with ssTorA-GFP-SsrA or upon overexpression of the native Tat proteins SufI and CueO. A similar effect was observed with the Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803 PspA homologue, VIPP1, indicating that the role of PspA in Tat export may be phylogenetically conserved. Mutations in Tat components that completely abolish export result in a marked induction of PspA protein synthesis, consistent with its proposed role in enhancing protein translocation via Tat.
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Reosti, Anna. "“We Go Totally Subjective”: Discretion, Discrimination, and Tenant Screening in a Landlord’s Market." Law & Social Inquiry 45, no. 3 (February 28, 2020): 618–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lsi.2019.81.
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AbstractThis article examines the challenges that the contemporary political economy of rental housing poses for new efforts to regulate tenant screening using antidiscrimination law. I draw on a case study of landlord practices in Seattle, Washington, where policy makers have been on the forefront of legal efforts to regulate how landlords screen and select rental applicants in the face of an acute housing crisis. The case study investigates tenant screening and selection practices from the divergent perspectives of the targets and intended beneficiaries of new fair housing regulations, using forty-six in-depth interviews with spokespersons or experts from the rental housing industry, independent landlords and property managers, and renters with criminal, eviction, and/or damaged credit histories. I use these data to examine how landlords’ discretionary decision-making and responses to regulation are shaped by the broader legal, institutional, and economic context in which they operate. The findings illuminate how a “landlord’s market” amplifies the power imbalance that is characteristic of landlord-tenant relations, exacerbates the housing access problems posed by the proliferation of background checks, and frustrates new legal efforts to dismantle screening-related barriers to rental housing.
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El-Shazly, M., B. Trainor, W. G. Kernohan, I. Turner, P. E. Haugh, A. F. Johnston, and R. A. B. Mollan. "Reliability of the Barlow and Ortolani Tests for Neonatal Hip Instability." Journal of Medical Screening 1, no. 3 (July 1994): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096914139400100306.
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To investigate if those responsible for screening for neonatal hip instability are using acceptable manual hip stress tests as described by Ortolani and Barlow. A video camera was used to record the technique of 35 personnel who were responsible for screening. They examined both a baby and a simulator. The study comprised five groups, classified by experience and practice: senior orthopaedic surgeons, senior paediatric staff, junior paediatric staff, nurses, community staff. The seven authors together with six independent expert observers viewed the video and marked the performance with the aid of a specially designed proforma. Although there was some variation between these expert observers, the results showed differences in the scores obtained by the different groups of examiners over all aspects of the test procedure. Video recording for criticalanalysis and feedback is a useful technique in this situation. Overall, the results suggest that testing for neonatal hip instability was inadequate. A variety of hip stress manoeuvres were being performed. The ability of each subject to perform satisfactory tests seemed to depend on their experience and education. More “hands on” training and experience of testing might provide the necessary competency for screening.
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Ivandić, M., W. Hofmann, and W. G. Guder. "Development and evaluation of a urine protein expert system." Clinical Chemistry 42, no. 8 (August 1, 1996): 1214–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/42.8.1214.
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Abstract Based on the quantitative determination of creatinine, total protein, albumin, alpha 1-microglobulin, IgG, alpha 2-macroglobulin, and N-acetyl-beta, D-glucosaminidase in urine in combination with a test strip screening, the findings of hematuria, leukocyturia, and proteinuria can be assigned to prerenal, renal, or postrenal causes. Using this graded diagnostic strategy as a knowledge base, we developed a computerbased expert system for urine protein differentiation ("UPES") as a decision-supporting tool. The knowledge base was implemented as a combination of "if/then" rules and two-step bivariate distance classification of marker proteins. The knowledge for this form of pattern recognition was derived from the results for a set of 267 patients with clinically and histologically documented nephropathies. To determine the diagnostic value of UPES, we tested another set of data: results for 129 urine analyses from 94 patients. Using these data, the system reached 98% concordance with the clinical diagnoses for the patients and was superior to the diagnostic interpretations of four human experts. UPES has been successfully integrated into the laboratory routine process, including automated data import.
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Marchi, Gianluca, Marina Vignola, Gisella Facchinetti, and Giovanni Mastroleo. "International market selection for small firms: a fuzzy-based decision process." European Journal of Marketing 48, no. 11/12 (November 4, 2014): 2198–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-09-2012-0512.
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Purpose – This study aims to build and test an International Market Selection (IMS) decision process method that is able to capture, within a small firm’s risk-averse setting, the entrepreneur's experience, reduce cognitive biases, and preserve the flexibility of the decision, by combining the advantages of systematic and behavioural-based international market selection approaches. Design/methodology/approach – The unit of analysis is the IMS decision process of a small firm venturing abroad. We adopt a ranking approach based on three-step screening. We assess the markets through a multi-criteria approach with a wider set of variables aggregated within a tree-shaped model. To obtain the ranking, we use a Fuzzy Expert System (FES) as an evaluative tool. Findings – The results show that the proposed decision method is consistent with the entrepreneur’s strategic orientation and experience, while preserving the flexibility requested for decision-making in small firms. Unlike traditional behavioural IMS approaches, the method demonstrates an ability to reduce the cognitive biases associated with the use of a limited set of variables and unreliable evaluation models. Research limitations/implications – The single-case-study approach limits generalization of the findings. Practical implications – The proposed methodology helps the decision-maker to improve the quality of the IMS decision by reducing the effect of cognitive biases that usually affect traditional behavioural models. Originality/value – For the first time, a decision-process methodology based on an FES is applied to a small firm’s IMS problem.
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Thornton, Robert, and John Ward. "The Economist in Tort Litigation." Journal of Economic Perspectives 13, no. 2 (May 1, 1999): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.13.2.101.
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In recent decades, the involvement of economists as consultants and expert witnesses in civil tort actions has grown rapidly. In this article, the authors discuss the reasons for this phenomenon and the extent to conflicts of interest to arise in the practice of what is frequently called ‘forensic economics.’ They argue that, although conflict-of-interest pressures exist, the limited evidence does not indicate that unethical practices are rampant within the profession. Moreover, market correctives, judicial screening, codes of ethical behavior, and the dissemination of knowledge concerning proper forensic practice help to serve as (arguably imperfect) safeguards against unethical practice.
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Ardiansyah, M., Ibnu Qizam, and Abdul Qoyum. "Telaah kritis model screening saham syariah menuju pasar tunggal ASEAN." IJTIHAD Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam dan Kemanusiaan 16, no. 2 (January 24, 2017): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/ijtihad.v16i2.197-216.
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Shariah stocks is one of the financial sectors that experienced with most significant growth in recentyears. the most important issue in Shariah stock is Stock screening mechanism. The aim of this study isto examine the screening models of Shariah stocks in ASEAN countries. This study is very crucialespecially in the era of ASEAN economic community (AEC). In addition, this study aims to examinesome of the factors that contribute to the differences in screening models applied in five ASEANcountries. By using descriptive method and literature studies approach, this study found a few things.Firstly, there are various models of Shariah stock screening in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailandand Philippines. In this context, the model screening in ASEAN countries have two tendencies, namely;for the country in the majority of the population is Muslim whereby there are many Sharia expert, thenthey will use the specific screening model and applied only in the country, while for the country that themajority is not Muslim, then they will tend to use models of screening that has been used globally forexample DJIM, FTSE, etc. This second pattern has been applied by Singapore, Thailand and Philippines.Secondly, differences in shariah screening models influenced by several factors, namely; differencesin social structure of a country where the Islamic stock market is located; the difference in the financialindustry that exist in the country will affect on the difference of screening models; and differences sectembraced by most scholars in a country is one of the fundamental factors in determining stock screeningmodel of sharia in 5 ASEAN Countries.
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Wang, Ming-Kuen, and Kevin P. Hwang. "Using FAHP Methods Evaluation and Screening of Intellectual Property Rights Managers in Taiwan." Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research 31, no. 06 (December 2014): 1450048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217595914500481.
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This research uses the fuzzy Delphi and Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP) to analyze the key factors involved in evaluating and screening industry managers of intellectual property (IP) rights within Taiwan. Firms can utilize the key factors of human resource management to provide self-growth opportunities and obtain competitive advantage opportunities that can expand their global market share. This study summarizes the evaluation and screening criteria used for IP rights managers via a questionnaire distributed to 29 management experts, from the governmental departments related to IP rights body, and scholars with backgrounds in IP rights related teaching, who had actually participated in IP rights managers' specialty decisions, and who had employed fuzzy Delphi screening criteria, uses Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) calculate relative weight. The findings include five key competency factors: Evaluating IP rights, locating the core patent group, calculating the chance that patents will be granted, deciding the best time to patent, and deciding whether to apply for patents inland or overseas.
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Monti, Barbara. "p57kip2 nuclear export as a marker of oligodendrocytes differentiation: Towards an innovative phenotyping screening for the identification of myelin repair drugs." EBioMedicine 66 (April 2021): 103298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103298.
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Kim, Hoonmil. "How interpreter-translators are assessed and hired in the market." APTIF 9 - Reality vs. Illusion 66, no. 4-5 (October 9, 2020): 689–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.00184.kim.
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Abstract In South Korea where there is no national accreditation system for translators and interpreters, it is left to the respective employers to devise and administer an assessment instrument for hiring translators and interpreters. While studies calling for reliable and valid testing and assessment in the field of Translation and Interpretation Studies have increased during the past decade, empirical research on how tests and assessments are carried out in the marketplace, especially outside of Europe and North America, remain scarce. This study closely examines how tests and assessments are carried out at hiring by tapping into questions of how tests are developed, by whom, and who rates the tests and on which criteria. Then, the soundness of the overall hiring process is evaluated based on the six qualities of Bachman and Palmer’s Test Usefulness Model; construct validity, reliability, authenticity, interactiveness, impact, and practicality. The study found that (1) the hiring process involves three stages of assessment: document screening, interpreting and translation tests, and one-on-one interview; (2) the interpreting and translation tests are developed, administered and rated by a combined group of experts: professors of interpreting and translation studies; professional interpreters/translators; subject-matter experts at the institutions; (3) the overall usefulness of the tests based on Bachman and Palmer’s Test Usefulness Model is medium to high; and (4) the employers of interpreter-translators look for qualities beyond interpreting/translation skills upon hiring. The implications of the findings on professional translators and interpreters and educators are discussed, followed by suggestions for future research.
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Benjamin, Emelia J., Alan S. Go, Patrice Desvigne-Nickens, Christopher D. Anderson, Barbara Casadei, Lin Y. Chen, Harry J. G. M. Crijns, et al. "Research Priorities in Atrial Fibrillation Screening." Circulation 143, no. 4 (January 26, 2021): 372–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.120.047633.
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Clinically recognized atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with higher risk of complications, including ischemic stroke, cognitive decline, heart failure, myocardial infarction, and death. It is increasingly recognized that AF frequently is undetected until complications such as stroke or heart failure occur. Hence, the public and clinicians have an intense interest in detecting AF earlier. However, the most appropriate strategies to detect undiagnosed AF (sometimes referred to as subclinical AF) and the prognostic and therapeutic implications of AF detected by screening are uncertain. Our report summarizes the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s virtual workshop focused on identifying key research priorities related to AF screening. Global experts reviewed major knowledge gaps and identified critical research priorities in the following areas: (1) role of opportunistic screening; (2) AF as a risk factor, risk marker, or both; (3) relationship between AF burden detected with long-term monitoring and outcomes/treatments; (4) designs of potential randomized trials of systematic AF screening with clinically relevant outcomes; and (5) role of AF screening after ischemic stroke. Our report aims to inform and catalyze AF screening research that will advance innovative, resource-efficient, and clinically relevant studies in diverse populations to improve the diagnosis, management, and prognosis of patients with undiagnosed AF.
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Bolatbekova, Raikhan, Dilyara Kaidarova, Alma Zhylkaidarova, Tolkyn Sadykova, Yerlan Kukubassov, Alima Satanova, and Askar Aidarov. "Cervical cancer screening: Twelve years experience of the Kazakhstan National Screening program." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2021): e17520-e17520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.e17520.
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e17520 Background: Cervical cancer (CC) is the most common gynecological cancer in Kazakhstan (KZ). Standardized incidence rate of CC was 16.7 per 100, 000, while the mortality rate was 5, 9 per 100, 000, in 2020. The National Cervical Screening program in KZ uses cytology (Pap test) from 2008, which is free of charge for women aged 30 to 70 years of age with an interval of 4 years. In 2017 Experts from ImPact Mission and analyzed existing CC screening revealed a number of recommendations aimed at reducing the screening interval and increasing the coverage. The purpose of this study was to analyze results of CC screening in KZ and his impact on CC incidence and mortality. Methods: Coverage, the number of screened women, the level of pre-cancer detection and cervical cancer during screening have been obtained from specific reports (form № 025, № 08) for 2008-2020. Results: The total number of screened women for 2008 were 554 283 women. There is a decrease in screening coverage to 45.9% in 2017 due to a decrease in funding. in this regard, in 2017, a number of changes were made to the existing screening program. In 2020 after the CC screening improvement 786 690 women were examined during the screening program, coverage rate was 66, 2%, . Analysis of screening results showed a marked increase in the detection of precancerous lesion from 0, 136 in 2008 to 0, 87 with an increasing by 37%. The analysis of CC incidence revealed significant changes: after the introduction of screening, an increase in the incidence rate is noted from 15.5 in 2008 to 20.1 per 100, 000 female population in 2015. Since 2015, there has been a significant decrease to 16.7 per 100, 000 women. Conclusions: Despite the positive results of screening, an increse the screening coverage, improvement in the detection of the initial stage of CC, mortality rate from CC and a one-year mortality remain high, which makes it necessary to improve the screening of CC in KZ through the introduction of HPV-screening
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Tegegn, Henok Getachew, Hailemariam Lemma Reda, and Yared Tilahun. "Access to Cancer Medicine Issues: Implication for Policy and Practice in Ethiopia." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 1 (March 2018): 21s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.14000.
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Abstract 55 Purpose Cancer currently is a major public health problem in developing countries. In Ethiopia, cancer is responsible for 5.8% of total national deaths. Patients often present with advanced stage cancer and have limited access to screening, diagnosis, and treatment. Access to affordable cytotoxic medicines is a major challenge in the care of patients with cancer, especially in resource-poor settings, such as Ethiopia. This aim of this study was to explore perceived challenges in the accessibility of cancer chemotherapy drugs among different stakeholders in Ethiopia. Methods A qualitative study was performed using face-to-face in-depth interviews with such key informants as health care providers, supply chain management experts, and decision makers working in the Ministry of Health. Results A total of six key informants participated in this case report, with two oncology pharmacists, two supply chain management experts, one expert from the Ministry of Health, and one private supplier. Challenges were explored and viewed from the perspectives of policy, supply chain management, and health service. The most frequently identified challenges were the presence of inconsistent services and few currently active cancer centers, such as Tikur Anbesa Specialized Hospital, Gondar University Hospital, and Jimma University Hospital; difficulties in cancer commodity management; implementation challenges with cancer medicine cost subsidy programs; lack of an efficient stock status reporting system; supplementary medicine requirements; an inefficient market (costly, few suppliers, and noneconomic quantities); the need for combinations of cancer medicines; and a lack of national treatment guidelines. Conclusion Respondents suggested ways forward that included the participation of relevant and specific stakeholders, such as government and private pharmaceutical suppliers, the Ministry of Health, nongovernmental organizations, and hospitals. Strengthening supply chain management at all levels and sustainable subsidy programs for cancer medicines should be sought to avoid frequent interruptions in the availability of chemotherapy drugs. AUTHORS' DISCLOSURES OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST No COIs from the authors.
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Viviers, Suzette. "21 years of responsible investing in South Africa: Key investment strategies and criteria." Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences 7, no. 3 (October 31, 2014): 737–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jef.v7i3.236.
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The year 2013 marked the 21st anniversary of responsible investing (RI) in South Africa. No systematic analysis of the nature of RI strategies and criteria has, however, been conducted. Content analysis of the investment mandates of 73 RI funds has revealed that the majority of asset managers employ impact investing strategies which address social issues such as infrastructure development and economic empowerment. Semi-structured interviews with eight experts in the RI field have highlighted growing interest in impact investing and screening strategies. If RI in South Africa is to reach its full potential, then a broader range of investment strategies and criteria needs to be adopted. Asset managers can capitalise on gaps in the current RI offering by creating RI-orientated property funds, dedicated green funds, and funds which employ a best-in-sector screening strategy. A clear need for focused RI research, training and education in South Africa has furthermore been identified.
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Kaidarova, Dilyara, Raikhan Bolatbekova, Alma Zhylkaidarova, Tolkyn Sadykova, Yerlan Kukubassov, Askar Aidarov, and Alima Satanova. "Opportunities and challenges in cervical cancer screening program in Kazakhstan: Results after imPACT review." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): e18020-e18020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e18020.
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e18020 Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide, where the majority of registered patients are in developing countries. Screening programs in developed countries have reduced morbidity and mortality from cervical cancer by more than 2 times. Cervical cancer (CC) is the most common gynecological cancer in Kazakhstan (KZ). Standardized incidence rate of CC was 18.2 per 100,000, while the mortality rate was 6.2 per 100,000, in 2019. The National Cervical Screening program in KZ uses cytology (Pap test) from 2008. Screening program funded by the State budget. In 2016, Experts of imPACT Mission analyzed the CC screening and made recommendations for improvement. Since 2018 target age of CC screening expanded to 30-70 years and shortened the interval to 4 years, strengthened the control of patients with pre-cancerous pathology. Until 2018, people came to a fixed age; today we start CC screening within the target age at any age at the time of the first visit. The purpose of this study is to analyze cytological screening results in KZ after imPACT recommendations. Methods: Coverage, the number of screened women, the level of pre-cancer detection and cervical cancer during screening have been obtained from specific reports (form № 025, № 08) for 2008-2019. Results: The total number of screened women was in 6.775.975. There is a decrease in the number of screened women by 32% from 2008 to 2017. Since improvement of CC screening we increased coverage from 49.9% in 2017 (abs. number 409.124) to 89% in 2019 (abs. number 954.322). According to the results of screening, 2603 cases of CC were registered in 12 years. Analysis of screening results showed a marked increase in the detection of CC with an increasing by 67%. The persentage of registered cases of ASH+HSIL increased from 0.136% to 0.673%. Conclusions: there has been an increase in the coverage by screening of the target population since the screening update. During the study period, there has been an improvement in the detection of precancerous pathology and cancer in the early stage. Despite the positive results of screening, sufficient coverage by screening, certain successes in detecting the initial stage of CC, mortality rate from CC remain high, which makes it necessary to improve the screening of CC in KZ through the introduction of HPV-screening.
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Lo, Pechin, Matthew S. Brown, Jonathan Goldin, Eran Barnoy, Hyun J. Kim, Michael F. McNitt-Gray, and Denise R. Aberle. "Computer-aided lung cancer screening with CT: A clinically usable nodule detection and assessment system." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): 7562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.7562.
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7562 Background: The National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) recently demonstrated that lung cancer screening with low-dose CT reduces mortality. Current protocols use 4–8 mm nodules as positive screens. While there are some computer-aided nodule detection (CAD) systems currently available, they are rarely used in clinical practice because they generate too many false positives and lack reliable measurement tools. The purpose of this work is to develop a new CAD system to overcome these limitations and evaluate it against an expert panel of radiologists. Methods: The CAD system developed for lung nodule detection and measurement incorporates computer vision techniques including intensity thresholding, Euclidean Distance Transformation, and watershed segmentation. Rules pertaining to volume and shape were applied to automatically discriminate between nodules and bronchovascular anatomy. CAD system performance was assessed using 108 consecutive cases from the publically available Lung Imaging Database Consortium (LIDC), in which four radiologists reviewed each case. CT slice thickness ranged from 0.6–3.0 mm. Nodules were included that were: (a) ≥ 4mm, and (b) marked by a majority of the LIDC readers, and (c) ≥ 4 x CT slice thickness (to ensure adequate spatial resolution). Results: 44 of 108 subjects had one or more nodules meeting criteria. Median CAD sensitivity per subject for these 44 cases is reported for all nodules ≥ 4mm and the subset of nodules ≥ 8mm. The false positive (FP) rate per subject is reported for all 108 cases. The overall concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) between the CAD volume of each nodule and the LIDC reference volume was measured. Conclusions: Based on clinical CT screening protocols, a CAD system has been developed with high nodule sensitivity and a much lower false positive rate than previously reported systems. Automated volume measurements show strong agreement with the reference standard, providing a comprehensive detection and assessment workflow for lung cancer screening. [Table: see text]
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Silva, Roberta Borges, Cecilia Farinasso, Daniela Rego, Dalila Fernandes Gomes, Aurelina Aguiar de Aguiar, Betânia Leite, Lenilson Goncalves, Luciana Simões, Camara Leão, and Camile Giaretta Sachetti. "VP71 Barriers To Access Biologic Products: A Rapid Review." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 35, S1 (2019): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462319003271.
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IntroductionThe elevated costs with biologic products threaten the sustainability of health services, and, therefore, the access to these medicines in the perspectives of user, health professional, health manager and system. The entry of biosimilar products in the market could be an option to subsidize the search for solutions to those problems.MethodsWe conducted a rapid review using the databases Medline (via PubMed), EMBASE, Cochrane Library and CRD. The eligibility criteria were HTAs, systematic reviews and cross-sectional studies.ResultsLiterature search retrieved 640 registries and, after duplicate removal, screening of titles and abstracts and full text reading, nine cross-sectional studies were selected. From a user's point of view, the following barriers were identified: lack of knowledge about the medicine, distance between the place of living and the health service (especially in the rural area), long waiting periods for service, passivity in regard to treatment. From a health professional's point of view the barriers were: acceptability of the expert in regard to treatment, interchangeability and substitution, the perception of lack of data showing efficacy and safety. Finally, from the payer's (or health manager) point of view, the barriers were: high cost of medicine, problems with reimbursement and bureaucracy. We did not retrieve any barriers from the health system's perspective from the selected studies.ConclusionsThe entry of biosimilar medicines in the market can induce competition and, therefore, reduce prices of biologic treatments. It is necessary to search for potential solutions to the access barriers identified in this rapid review.
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Sciortino, Giuseppa, Emanuela Orlandi, Cesare Valenti, and Domenico Tegolo. "WAVELET ANALYSIS AND NEURAL NETWORK CLASSIFIERS TO DETECT MID-SAGITTAL SECTIONS FOR NUCHAL TRANSLUCENCY MEASUREMENT." Image Analysis & Stereology 35, no. 2 (April 14, 2016): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5566/ias.1352.
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We propose a methodology to support the physician in the automatic identification of mid-sagittal sections of the fetus in ultrasound videos acquired during the first trimester of pregnancy. A good mid-sagittal section is a key requirement to make the correct measurement of nuchal translucency which is one of the main marker for screening of chromosomal defects such as trisomy 13, 18 and 21. NT measurement is beyond the scope of this article. The proposed methodology is mainly based on wavelet analysis and neural network classifiers to detect the jawbone and on radial symmetry analysis to detect the choroid plexus. Those steps allow to identify the frames which represent correct mid-sagittal sections to be processed. The performance of the proposed methodology was analyzed on 3000 random frames uniformly extracted from 10 real clinical ultrasound videos. With respect to a ground-truth provided by an expert physician, we obtained a true positive, a true negative and a balanced accuracy equal to 87.26%, 94.98% and 91.12% respectively.
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Baumgartner, Christian, and Daniela Baumgartner. "Biomarker Discovery, Disease Classification, and Similarity Query Processing on High-Throughput MS/MS Data of Inborn Errors of Metabolism." Journal of Biomolecular Screening 11, no. 1 (October 18, 2005): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087057105280518.
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In newborn errors of metabolism, biomarkers are urgently needed for disease screening, diagnosis, and monitoring of therapeutic interventions. This article describes a 2-step approach to discovermetabolic markers, which involves (1) the identification ofmarker candidates and (2) the prioritization of thembased on expert knowledge of diseasemetabolism. For step 1, the authors developed a new algorithm, the biomarker identifier (BMI), to identifymarkers fromquantified diseased versus normal tandemmass spectrometry data sets. BMI produces a ranked list ofmarker candidates and discards irrelevant metabolites based on a quality measure, taking into account the discriminatory performance, discriminatory space, and variance ofmetabolites’ concentrations at the state of disease. To determine the ability of identified markers to classify subjects, the authors compared the discriminatory performance of several machine-learning paradigms and described a retrieval technique that searches and classifies abnormal metabolic profiles from a screening database. Seven inborn errors of metabolism— phenylketonuria (PKU), glutaric acidemia type I (GA-I), 3-methylcrotonylglycinemia deficiency (3-MCCD), methylmalonic acidemia (MMA), propionic acidemia (PA), medium-chain acylCoAdehydrogenase deficiency (MCADD), and 3-OH longchain acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (LCHADD)—were investigated. All primarily prioritized marker candidates could be confirmed by literature. Somenovel secondary candidateswere identified (i.e., C16:1 andC4DCfor PKU, C4DCfor GA-I, and C18:1 forMCADD), which require further validation to confirmtheir biochemical role during health and disease.
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Manegold-Brauer, Gwendolin, Johanna Buechel, Alexandra Knipprath-Mészaros, Andreas Schoetzau, Neville F. Hacker, Sevgi Tercanli, Olav Lapaire, and Viola Heinzelmann-Schwarz. "Improved Detection Rate of Ovarian Cancer Using a 2-Step Triage Model of the Risk of Malignancy Index and Expert Sonography in an Outpatient Screening Setting." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 26, no. 6 (July 2016): 1062–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/igc.0000000000000718.
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ObjectivePreoperative assessment of adnexal masses with ultrasound has been shown to be time-, cost-effective, and specific. When used in combination with the menopausal status and the tumor marker CA125, the risk of malignancy index (RMI) can be calculated, allowing appropriate preoperative triage of patients to a gynecologist or a gynecological oncologist. Moreover, it allows for accurate planning of the required surgical procedure (laparoscopy vs laparotomy).MethodsA large general gynecologic ultrasonic database retrospectively identified 5218 patients for a 14-year period who presented to the outpatient clinic with an adnexal mass. Additional data (menopausal status, histology, CA125 values) were available in 1108 of these patients. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated. The results were then compared with previously published data from a large Australian gynecological cancer center (GCC, n = 204).ResultsWith the use of an RMI cutoff of 200, malignant ovarian tumors were correctly triaged to a gynecologic oncologist in 123 of 172 cases, leading to a sensitivity of 72% and specificity of 92% in our general outpatient clinic population compared with a sensitivity of 84% and a specificity of 77% in the GCC high-risk population. The negative predictive value was 95% compared with only 85% in the GCC cohort. We hypothesize that improvement of the overall detection rate of malignancy could be improved from 72% to 85% using a 2-step model, referring patients with an ultrasonic score of 3 to an experienced sonographer who uses pattern recognition.ConclusionsThe RMI is an easy and reliable tool for the accurate triage of adnexal masses. Its value is higher in an unselected gynecological outpatient setting. Our proposed 2-step model including expert pattern recognition could influence particularly the detection rate in borderline and early-stage ovarian cancers and overcome the limitations of the tumor marker CA125.
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Romero, Ryan Lee, Frederick Kates, Mark Hart, Amanda Ojeda, Itai Meirom, and Stephen Hardy. "Quality of Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Mobile Apps: Evaluation Using the Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS) With Additional Criteria From a Content Expert." JMIR mHealth and uHealth 7, no. 10 (October 30, 2019): e14198. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/14198.
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Background The spread of technology and dissemination of knowledge across the World Wide Web has prompted the development of apps for American Sign Language (ASL) translation, interpretation, and syntax recognition. There is limited literature regarding the quality, effectiveness, and appropriateness of mobile health (mHealth) apps for the deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHOH) that pose to aid the DHOH in their everyday communication and activities. Other than the star-rating system with minimal comments regarding quality, the evaluation metrics used to rate mobile apps are commonly subjective. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the quality and effectiveness of DHOH apps using a standardized scale. In addition, it also aimed to identify content-specific criteria to improve the evaluation process by using a content expert, and to use the content expert to more accurately evaluate apps and features supporting the DHOH. Methods A list of potential apps for evaluation was generated after a preliminary screening for apps related to the DHOH. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were developed to refine the master list of apps. The study modified a standardized rating scale with additional content-specific criteria applicable to the DHOH population for app evaluation. This was accomplished by including a DHOH content expert in the design of content-specific criteria. Results The results indicate a clear distinction in Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS) scores among apps within the study’s three app categories: ASL translators (highest score=3.72), speech-to-text (highest score=3.6), and hard-of-hearing assistants (highest score=3.90). Of the 217 apps obtained from the search criteria, 21 apps met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Furthermore, the limited consideration for measures specific to the target population along with a high app turnover rate suggests opportunities for improved app effectiveness and evaluation. Conclusions As more mHealth apps enter the market for the DHOH population, more criteria-based evaluation is needed to ensure the safety and appropriateness of the apps for the intended users. Evaluation of population-specific mHealth apps can benefit from content-specific measurement criteria developed by a content expert in the field.
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Babu, Bincy, R. J. Hemalatha, A. Josephin Arockia Dhivya, T. R. Thamizhvani, and R. Chandrasekaran. "A comparative study on segmentation methods of micro calcification in mammogram." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.25 (May 3, 2018): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.25.16571.
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The primary indication of breast cancer is the presence of calcification clusters. It is challenging and lengthy process for radiologists to identify and classify micro calcifications as non-cancerous or cancerous. In this proposed work, a novel method for the detection of micro calcification clusters in mammograms is explained that consists of two main sections. First, mammogram preprocessing is done. Second, micro calcification are segmented out. In preprocessing noise and label are removed as well as contrast is enhanced. Then various segmentation methods are used for comparison of calcification region. Watershed segmentation, Marker controlled watershed segmentation (MCWS), Texture segmentation and Level set segmentation methods are applied to Digital Database for Screening Mammography (DDSM) database. Results show that the MCWS provides quite acceptable detection performance. The major advantage of this method is its capability to detect micro calcifications perfectly even in case of very dense mammograms. The performance of different methods is evaluated by comparing the obtained segmented image with expert radiologist data. The comparison study aptly shows that the micro calcifications can be exactly segment and can avoid over segmentation problem of existing method.
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Živitere, Marga, Zaiga Oborenko, and Elina Konstantinova. "ENHANCEMENT OF THE STRATEGY FOR THE EMPLOYMENT AND INTEGRATION INTO THE WORK ENVIRONMENT OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 4 (May 26, 2017): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2017vol4.2301.
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The paper is prepared as a forecast of the employment strategy towards to the EU Lisbon goals - to promote employment and social inclusion for all people. The problems are the inadequate employment of persons with disabilities. The objectives of the research study were as follows: to clarify the problem of above mentioned attitude of employers and the main reasons for not hiring people with disabilities several problems can be identified. Information for the paper is gathered through contacting experts - respondents and conducting extensive literature reviews. The research approach was based on the premise that employers with professional training of employees with disability are responsible for recruitment, pre-employment screening and other workplace practices that positively affect the hiring and retention of this group. It is hoped that the outcome of the research study will assist in reducing all forms of existing barriers with special emphasis on attitudinal barriers against prospective employees with disabilities. Furthering the integration of persons with disabilities into the mainstream activities will promote the employment of people with disabilities and thereby would make a considerable effort to integrate inactive labour resources into the labour market to promote the achievement of the EU Lisbon goals.
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Schmidt, Jessica, Esteban Braggio, Marta Chesi, Jan Egan, Yuan Xiao Zhu, Chang-Xin Shi, Stephen Palmer, et al. "Genome Wide Studies in Multiple Myeloma Identify XPO1/CRM-1 As a Critical Target Validated Using the Selective Inhibitor of Nuclear Export (SINE) KPT-276." Blood 120, no. 21 (November 16, 2012): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v120.21.573.573.
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Abstract Abstract 573 Using high throughput RNA interference screening on 6,722 druggable genes we previously identified XPO1/CRM1 as one of the 50 most vulnerable targets in Multiple Myeloma (MM)1. XPO1 knockdown proved lethal in MM cell lines, but had no effect on human embryonic kidney (293) cells or lung cancer (A549) cells, showing that XPO1 is a specific myeloma vulnerability, and that myeloma cell survival is dependent upon XPO1 expression. XPO1 encodes the protein exportin 1, a nuclear transport protein that exports tumor suppressor proteins from the nucleus, where they are active, to the cytoplasm, where they become inactive. We next analyzed XPO1 in MM via gene expression profiling (GEP). XPO1 expression is up-regulated as the disease progresses: patients with active MM have a higher level of XPO1 compared to normal plasma cells (p<0.04) and to patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance or smoldering MM (p<0.0001). The highest levels were in human MM cell lines. TC classification revealed highest levels in t(11;14) and lowest levels in t(4;14) disease. Selective inhibitors of nuclear export (SINE) compounds have recently been developed that irreversibly inhibit XPO1/CRM1 and its nuclear export function. One such inhibitor, KPT-276, decreased the viability of all 12 MM cell lines tested in vitro, as shown by MTT assay. After 72 hours of drug treatment, a median IC50 value of approximately 175 nM (range 30–1000 nM) was observed. No synergy with other commonly used anti-MM therapeutics was observed in vitro. In contrast, the drug had little effect in 8 solid tumor cell lines with the exception of the B cell lymphoma line Ramos. KPT-276 was also consistently active in inducing apoptosis against MM primary patient samples. Using an IC80 dose of KPT-276, drug-treated samples had a reduced population of cells in S phase (8%) compared to cells treated with DMSO (21%). Using the vkappa*myc transgenic MM model, KPT-276 reduced monoclonal spikes (by a mean of 56%) in all mice treated orally with 150 mg/kg dose three times per week for 4 weeks. Furthermore, KPT-276 significantly reduced tumor growth in a xenograft MM1.S mouse model. GEP was performed in the presence or absence of drug in two different MM cell lines. Two genes of probable relevance, cell division cycle 25 homolog A (CDC25A) and Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4), were dysregulated by SINE treatment. Both are involved in cell cycle control and have been linked to MYC. RT-PCR and western blotting confirm that MYC, CDC25A and BRD4 are down-regulated, as soon as six hours, after treatment with KPT-276. KPT-276 has shown marked anticancer activities against B cell malignancies in vitro and is active and tolerated in Phase I canine studies. KPT-330, a close analog of KPT-276, is currently in Phase 1 studies in human with advanced hematological and solid tumors. Disclosures: Schmidt: Karyopharm: Research Funding. McCauley:Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc: Employment. Shacham:Karyopharm Therapeutics: Employment. Kauffman:Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc: Employment. Stewart:Millenium: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Onyx: Consultancy; Celgene: Consultancy.
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Novikova, Valeriya P., and Alexey N. Drygin. "Fecal blood tests-screening methods for identification of pre-tumor changes and tumors at the early stage." Pediatrician (St. Petersburg) 10, no. 5 (January 28, 2020): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ped10573-78.
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Mortality due to cancer of the rectal colon is currently increasing in all groups of the adult population. Various screening methods are used to identify the pre-tumor and early stages of the development of tumor pathology of the colon: occult blood tests in feces, computer colonography (virtual colonoscopy), colonoscopy, DNA testing, tumor marker M2-PK (tumor fractional pyruvate kinase fraction M2). All of these colorectal cancer screening methods give good results, but there is no consensus among experts regarding the choice of the most optimal method. One of the first tests to detect hidden blood in the stool was biochemical tests: guaiac test (gFOBT guaiac fecal occult-blood test ), in which hemoglobin in the stool was detected by a biochemical method that exploited the pseudoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin and the Gregersen reaction, which is a benzidine test in which benzidi was used instead of guaiac resin And instead of a hydrogen peroxide barium peroxide. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, in contrast to biochemical ones, use antibodies specific only to human hemoglobin, which excludes false-positive results obtained using the biochemical method. The FIT test (Fecal Immunochemical Test or Immunochemical Fecal occult blood test) specifically determines human hemoglobin in feces at lower threshold values (40300 g HB/1 g feces) compared to g-FOBT. Due to its high accuracy, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays are successfully used to detect occult blood in inflammatory bowel diseases, allergic enteropathies, acute intestinal infections, and erosive gastritis.
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Mittag, Jens, Thomas Behrends, Kristina Nordström, Joao Anselmo, Björn Vennström, and Lutz Schomburg. "Serum copper as a novel biomarker for resistance to thyroid hormone." Biochemical Journal 443, no. 1 (March 14, 2012): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20111817.
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Thyroid hormone action is mediated by the thyroid hormone receptors TRα1 and TRβ. Defects in TRβ lead to RTH (resistance to thyroid hormone) β, a syndrome characterized by high levels of thyroid hormone and non-suppressed TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone). However, a correct diagnosis of RTHβ patients is difficult as the clinical picture varies. A biochemical serum marker indicative of defects in TRβ signalling is needed and could simplify the diagnosis of RTHβ, in particular the differentiation to TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas, which present with clinically similar symptoms. In the present paper we show that serum copper levels are regulated by thyroid hormone, which stimulates the synthesis and the export of the hepatic copper-transport protein ceruloplasmin into the serum. This is accompanied by a concerted reduction in the mRNA levels of other copper-containing proteins such as metallothioneins 1 and 2 or superoxide dismutase 1. The induction of serum copper is abolished in genetically hyperthyroid mice lacking TRβ and human RTHβ patients, demonstrating an important role of TRβ for this process. Together with a previously reported TRα1 specific regulation of serum selenium, we show that the ratio of serum copper and selenium, which is largely independent of thyroid hormone levels, volume changes or sample degradation, can constitute a valuable novel biomarker for RTHβ. Moreover, it could also provide a suitable large-scale screening parameter to identify RTHα patients, which have not been identified to date.
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Tang, Zhao-You, and Giammaria Fiorentini. "Hepatoma Today: Therapeutic Experiences of Multimodal Approach." Tumori Journal 79, no. 3 (June 1993): 166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089169307900302.
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Aims and Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks third of cancer deaths in China, it kills 100,000 patients every year. In Italy HCC is an increasing malignant tumor and kills about 7000 patients every year. Fortunately, due to a multimodal approach to the treatment of this fatal disease, HCC has been changed from « Incurable » to « partly curable ». The authors report and comment the methods and the strategies that have been used to increase the cure-rate of HCC. Methods The actual approaches, developed in the last thirty years mainly in China, included: screening of cirrhotic patients, early resection, new surgical criteria for cirrhotic liver, early detection of subclinical recurrence and re-resection, multimodality treatment for cytoreduction of huge HCC, sequential resection after cytoreduction of unresectable HCC, targeting therapy using radiolabelled antibodies and lipiodol, transarterial embolization, radiotherapy combined with Chinese herbs, other regional cancer therapy and biological response modifiers. Results Are that these methods have reached a marked increase series 5-year survival rate and number of 5-year survivors in more expert institutions. Conclusions We conclude that further biological and genetic studies on HCC are warranted and that it is mandatory to perform large clinical randomized trials comparing the more promising treatments.
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Artz, Andrew S., Mark R. Somerfield, Jordan J. Feld, Andrew F. Giusti, Barnett S. Kramer, Anita L. Sabichi, Robin T. Zon, and Sandra L. Wong. "American Society of Clinical Oncology Provisional Clinical Opinion: Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection Screening in Patients Receiving Cytotoxic Chemotherapy for Treatment of Malignant Diseases." Journal of Clinical Oncology 28, no. 19 (July 1, 2010): 3199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2010.30.0673.
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Purpose An American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) provisional clinical opinion (PCO) offers timely clinical direction to ASCO's membership following publication or presentation of potentially practice-changing information. This PCO addresses recommendations for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection screening in patients receiving cytotoxic or immunosuppressive chemotherapy for treatment of malignant diseases. Clinical Context The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued Recommendations for Identification and Public Health Management of Persons with Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection, recommending screening for hepatitis B infection (hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg], antihepatitis B core antigen [anti-HBc], and antibodies to HBsAg [anti-HBs]) for “persons receiving cytotoxic or immunosuppressive therapy (eg, chemotherapy for malignant diseases…).” Provisional Clinical Opinion The evidence is insufficient to determine the net benefits and harms of routine screening for chronic HBV infection in individuals with cancer who are about to receive cytotoxic or immunosuppressive therapy or who are already receiving therapy. Individuals with cancer who undergo certain cytotoxic or immunosuppressive therapies and have HBV infection or prior exposure to HBV may be at elevated risk of liver failure from HBV reactivation. As such, HBV screening requires clinical judgment. Physicians may consider screening patients belonging to groups at heightened risk for chronic HBV infection or if highly immunosuppressive therapy is planned. Highly immunosuppressive treatments include, but are not limited to, hematopoietic cell transplantation and regimens including rituximab. Screening based on a high risk of prior HBV exposure or risk of reactivation due to planned therapeutic regimens should include testing for HBsAg as a serologic marker for HBV infection. In some populations, testing for anti-HBc should also be considered. There is no evidence to support serologic testing for anti-HBs in this context. When evidence for chronic HBV infection is found, antiviral therapy before and throughout the course of chemotherapy may be considered to reduce the risk of HBV reactivation, although evidence from controlled trials of this approach is limited. Screening and/or treating HBV infection should not delay the initiation of chemotherapy. NOTE. ASCO's provisional clinical opinions (PCOs) reflect expert consensus based on clinical evidence and literature available at the time they are written, and are intended to assist physicians in clinical decision-making and identify questions and settings for further research. Due to the rapid flow of scientific information in oncology, new evidence may have emerged since the time a PCO was submitted for publication. PCOs are not continually updated and may not reflect the most recent evidence. PCOs address only the topics specifically identified in the PCO and are not applicable to interventions, diseases or stages of disease not specifically identified. PCOs cannot account for individual variation among patients, and cannot be considered inclusive of all proper methods of care or exclusive of other treatments. It is the responsibility of the treating physician or other health care provider, relying on independent experience and knowledge of the patient, to determine the best course of treatment for the patient. Accordingly, adherence to any PCO is voluntary, with the ultimate determination regarding its application to be made by the physician in light of each patient's individual circumstances. ASCO PCOs describe the use of procedures and therapies in clinical practice and cannot be assumed to apply to the use of these interventions in the context of clinical trials. ASCO assumes no responsibility for any injury or damage to persons or property arising out of or related to any use of ASCO's PCOs, or for any errors or omissions.
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Yi, Candy So Suk, Eric Yung, Christopher Fong, and Shilpi Tripathi. "Benefits and Use of Blockchain Technology to Human Resources Management: A Critical Review." International Journal of Human Resource Studies 10, no. 2 (April 29, 2020): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v10i2.16932.
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Globalization brings advantages to worldwide awareness and cross-border technology dissemination in two respects to enable nations to readily access foreign expertise and enhance international competition from the increase of emerging market companies, as well as innovation and the introduction of foreign innovations (Aslam et al., 2018). Human Resources (HR) nowadays generally faces various difficulties in the world internet era and spends a lot of time connecting, screening, and verifying the resume of applicants, conducting credentials verifications, and checking backgrounds to reduce the likelihood of poor recruitment. For example, recruiters connect the profile of candidates from different channels such as direct application, recruitment agency, and social media; and hiring resume verifications is therefore a bottleneck. Hong Kong's telecommunications industry is totally privately-owned and faces no restriction on foreign investment, and it is also open for competition. Use of blockchain in the twenty-first for the period from 2004 to 2014, an instance of international expertise and technology will increase innovation ability and labour productivity development. Experts say that obtaining verification of credentials using blockchain can reduce costs and delays, increase confidence and increase hiring automation (Han, 2017). Background checks on shortlisted candidates / applicants’ lies are used to find increasing numbers of companies on their profiles to get job opportunities (Wood et al., 2007 cited in Brody, Richard G, 2010).
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Yang, Pei-Chi, Kevin R. DeMarco, Parya Aghasafari, Mao-Tsuen Jeng, John R. D. Dawson, Slava Bekker, Sergei Y. Noskov, Vladimir Yarov-Yarovoy, Igor Vorobyov, and Colleen E. Clancy. "A Computational Pipeline to Predict Cardiotoxicity." Circulation Research 126, no. 8 (April 10, 2020): 947–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circresaha.119.316404.
Full textAbstract:
Rationale: Drug-induced proarrhythmia is so tightly associated with prolongation of the QT interval that QT prolongation is an accepted surrogate marker for arrhythmia. But QT interval is too sensitive a marker and not selective, resulting in many useful drugs eliminated in drug discovery. Objective: To predict the impact of a drug from the drug chemistry on the cardiac rhythm. Methods and Results: In a new linkage, we connected atomistic scale information to protein, cell, and tissue scales by predicting drug-binding affinities and rates from simulation of ion channel and drug structure interactions and then used these values to model drug effects on the hERG channel. Model components were integrated into predictive models at the cell and tissue scales to expose fundamental arrhythmia vulnerability mechanisms and complex interactions underlying emergent behaviors. Human clinical data were used for model framework validation and showed excellent agreement, demonstrating feasibility of a new approach for cardiotoxicity prediction. Conclusions: We present a multiscale model framework to predict electrotoxicity in the heart from the atom to the rhythm. Novel mechanistic insights emerged at all scales of the system, from the specific nature of proarrhythmic drug interaction with the hERG channel, to the fundamental cellular and tissue-level arrhythmia mechanisms. Applications of machine learning indicate necessary and sufficient parameters that predict arrhythmia vulnerability. We expect that the model framework may be expanded to make an impact in drug discovery, drug safety screening for a variety of compounds and targets, and in a variety of regulatory processes.
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Artyukhov, I. P., S. Yu Li-Gi-Ru, Natalya A. Gorbach, V. F. Kapitonov, and V. B. Tskhay. "The health of pregnant female migrants: analysis and possibilities of management." Health Care of the Russian Federation 60, no. 1 (May 24, 2019): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0044-197x-2016-60-1-27-30.
Full textAbstract:
The analysis of the results of complex study of health ofpregnant female migrants demonstrated that their health condition is significantly worse than in comparison group. The most of female migrants suffered from complications during pregnancy and delivery. The percentage of newborns delivered by female migrants without pathologic manifestations was 1.3 times less in comparison with similar percentage in women from comparison group. The developed situation is in many ways is caused by more unfavorable conditions of work and life of female migrants. Besides, it was established that percentage of female migrants without observation in maternity clinic was 19.7 times higher the similar percentage of women from comparison group. The registration prior to 12 weeks ofpregnancy was marked only in every forth female migrant. The percentage of female migrants with biochemical screening applied was three times lower. The analysis of medical social problems ofpregnant female migrants permitted to develop proposals related to management of their health at the expense of amelioration of medical social care including number of organizational, social and medical activities. The experts determined priorities in realization of proposed activities. The developed activities can be used as a background of program on health support of pregnant women from families of migrants as am integral part ofprograms ofpopulation health support.
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Lee, Young Ju, Jiyoon Kwon, Sanggyeong Shin, Young-Gyu Eun, Jae Ho Shin, and Gi-Ja Lee. "Optimization of Saliva Collection and Immunochromatographic Detection of Salivary Pepsin for Point-of-Care Testing of Laryngopharyngeal Reflux." Sensors 20, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20010325.
Full textAbstract:
Salivary pepsin is a promising marker for the non-invasive diagnosis of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR). For reliable results regarding pepsin in saliva, it is critical to standardize the collection, storage, and pre-processing methods. In this study, we optimized the saliva collection protocols, including storage conditions, i.e., solution, temperature, and time, and the pre-processing filter for pepsin. Moreover, we prepared a simple immunochromatographic strip for the rapid detection of pepsin and evaluated its sensing performance. As a result, we selected a polypropylene (PP) filter as the pre-processing filter for salivary pepsin in low resource settings, such as those where point of care testing (POCT) is conducted. This filter showed a similar efficiency to the centrifuge (standard method). Finally, we detected the pepsin using gold nanoparticles conjugated with monoclonal pepsin antibody. Under optimized conditions, the lower limit of detection for pepsin test strips was determined as 0.01 μg/mL. Furthermore, we successfully detected the salivary pepsin in real saliva samples of LPR patients, which were pre-processed by the PP filter. Therefore, we expect that our saliva collection protocol and pepsin immunochromatographic strip can be utilized as useful tools for a non-invasive diagnosis/screening of LPR in POCT.
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Мамматов, Vladimir Mammatov, Мохирев, and Aleksandr Mokhirev. "THE TECHNIQUE OF FORMATION OF SYSTEM OF FORESTRY MACHINES." Forestry Engineering Journal 7, no. 1 (August 15, 2017): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/25201.
Full textAbstract:
A variety of natural-production conditions, which is necessary to conduct logging activities largely complicates the choice of forest machines for each individual company in the industry having logging sites in its composition. Depending on many natural and production conditions such as: slope, bearing capacity of soils, ambient temperature, maximum investments, etc., and the wide range of forestry equipment on the market, engineering divisions of the company solving a problem about the purchase of new or replacement of lost its performance machines are more and more difficult to make the right choice. This work presents a methodology for forming the system of forest machines with the natural and production conditions in a convenient form, not requiring special expert knowledge from the field of mathematical modeling or other areas of science. According to the methodology the first step is selection of basic machine and performing the first major operation in felling trees, then switch to the auxiliary machines which are linked to the underlying performance, to reduce the number of in-process stock. Selection of basic and auxiliary machines is provided that candidates and excludes important indicators. If in the process of selecting the logging machine does not meet the screening criteria for excluding indicators then it does not participate in the selection. Significant index can be neglected in case of discrepancy of candidates to stated requirements. The performance of the model was tested on the example of harvesting sites of the enterprises of the Krasnoyarsk region in spring 2016. In the course of the experiment the system of forest machines, meeting the required selection criteria, was obtained.
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Warnick, G. Russell, Gary L. Myers, Gerald R. Cooper, and Nader Rifai. "Impact of the Third Cholesterol Report from the Adult Treatment Panel of the National Cholesterol Education Program on the Clinical Laboratory." Clinical Chemistry 48, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/48.1.11.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background: The US National Cholesterol Education Program has recently released the third report of the Adult Treatment Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Incorporating new evidence and more consistent with other international intervention programs, these more complex guidelines will considerably expand indications for treatment. The implications for clinical laboratories are summarized in this report. Content: LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) remains the major focus for classification and treatment, whereas diabetes, the presence of multiple risk factors, including the metabolic syndrome, and increased triglycerides (TGs), will now require more intensive management. For screening, a fasting lipoprotein profile is recommended, adding LDL-C and TGs to the previous measurements of total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C). Lowering the cutpoints defining optimal LDL-C [100 mg/dL (2.58 mmol/L)] and normal TGs [150 mg/dL (1.70 mmol/L)] and raising the cutpoint for low HDL-C to 40 mg/dL (1.03 mmol/L) will select more patients for treatment. A new marker, non-HDL-C, becomes a secondary target in treating high TGs. Conclusions: Laboratories will need to adjust reporting formats and interpretations and can expect more requests for tests to characterize secondary causes of dyslipidemia, e.g., diabetes, and for the so-called “emerging risk factors”, e.g., lipoprotein(a), homocysteine, and C-reactive protein.
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Jacobson, Amanda E., Sara K. Vesely, Terah Koch, Janis Campbell, and Sarah H. O'Brien. "Von Willebrand Disease Screening in Women Undergoing Hysterectomy for Heavy Menstrual Bleeding." Blood 130, Suppl_1 (December 7, 2017): 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v130.suppl_1.674.674.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background Bleeding disorders in women are under-recognized and under-treated. Women are equally as likely as men to have bleeding disorders other than hemophilia and are disproportionately affected by these diseases due to the bleeding challenges of menstruation and childbirth. The most common bleeding disorder identified in women is von Willebrand disease (VWD). Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) is the most common symptom in women with VWD, occurring in up to 93% of patients. Among women with HMB, the reported prevalence of VWD ranges from 5─20%. Women with VWD are also more likely to be diagnosed with hemorrhagic ovarian cysts due to ovulation-associated bleeding and endometriosis due to increased retrograde menstruation. As a result, women with bleeding disorders are more likely to undergo hysterectomy and also undergo hysterectomy at an earlier age than women without bleeding disorders. In 2001, the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG) recommended VWD screening prior to hysterectomy in women with HMB. The actual frequency of VWD screening in clinical practice is unknown. Objectives In this study, we assess patterns of VWD screening in a nationally representative sample of women undergoing hysterectomies for HMB. Methods We used the Truven Health MarketScan® Research Databases which include the medical prescription claims of over 109 million covered lives as well as Medicaid data on 8.6 million patients from 14 states. The MarketScan Databases contain patient demographics, physician and facility claims and pharmacy claims. Procedure codes were used to identify women ages 10-44 years undergoing hysterectomy or hysterectomy alternative (HA) from 2011-2013. Subjects were required to have 12 months of continuous enrollment prior to surgery date. We utilized ICD-9 codes to categorize hysterectomy indications and only included women with a diagnosis of excessive bleeding as the indication for surgery. Women with fibroids, genital tract malignancy, and previously diagnosed bleeding disorders were excluded. We defined VWD screening as a laboratory claim for either VWF:Antigen and/or VWF:Activity within the 12 months preceding hysterectomy. To determine if patient and facility level characteristics impacted access to specialty hematology care and/or screening for VWD, we collected the following information: 1) known bleeding disorder diagnosis and/or endometriosis prior to surgery; 2) age; 3) whether patient was living in metropolitan statistical area (MSA; used as a surrogate marker for urban vs rural inhabitance); 4) number of miles and approximate travel time to nearest Hemophilia Treatment Center (HTC). We used ArcMAP® software to calculate distance between the MSA and nearest HTC. MSA data was only available for commercially-insured patients. (Figure 1) Logistic regression was used to assess factors related to the occurrence of VWD screening. Results We identified 13,790 women who underwent hysterectomy/HA for HMB. We excluded 138 with known bleeding disorders leaving 13,652 women in our final analysis (Table 1). Of these, 74 (0.5%) were screened for VWD within 12 months preceding surgery. There were 2,000 women (15%) who underwent other coagulation tests, most commonly prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time. We had MSA data on 11,557 commercially-insured women, of whom 72.4% lived within a MSA. Women living in a MSA were screened more often than those outside of a MSA (p=0.013). For those living within a MSA, the odds of being screened for VWD was lower in women with endometriosis (OR=0.54, 95% CI 0.31, 0.97; p=0.038) and women living >100 miles from the nearest HTC (OR=0.29, 95% CI 0.11, 0.81; p=0.017). Discussion This study demonstrated that despite ACOG expert recommendations, the frequency of VWD screening in a nationally-representative population of publically and commercially-insured women undergoing hysterectomy for HMB was very low. Greater distance from a HTC or a prior diagnosis of endometriosis further reduced the likelihood of VWD screening. It is important to increase awareness that a diagnosis of endometriosis does not rule out the presence of a bleeding disorder. This study brings to light the need for the hematology community to improve education and awareness among women's health providers in order to identify women with bleeding disorders and allow for optimal medical management of HMB prior to surgical consideration. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Eagles, HA, AG Bedggood, JF Panozzo, and PJ Martin. "Cultivar and environmental effects on malting quality in barley." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 46, no. 5 (1995): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9950831.
Full textAbstract:
Improvements in malting quality are important if barley from south-eastern Australia is to remain competitive on export markets. Grain is desired that will produce high levels of malt extract and diastatic power but has moderate levels of grain protein. To examine cultivar and environmental effects, especially nitrogen (N) fertilizer, on levels of malting quality parameters and their correlations, seven cultivars of barley were grown in a fallow and pea stubble rotation with five levels of N fertilizer in the Wimmera region of Victoria in 1990 and 1991. The first season was relatively dry and warm, while the second was wetter and cooler. Grain yield and malt extract were markedly lower in 1990 than 1991, and grain protein concentration, grain screenings and diastatic power were significantly higher. Grain protein and diastatic power increased almost linearly with increasing N application, with a higher rate of increase in 1990 than in 1991. Malt extract declined almost linearly with increasing N application, but the change in rate of decline between seasons was less than the change of rate of increase of grain protein. Environmental correlations between protein concentration and malt extract, and between malt extract and diastatic power, were negative. They were close to -1.0 when the environmental factor varying was restricted to N fertilizer, but were of a smaller absolute magnitude when seasons and rotations were also allowed to vary. In contrast, genotypic correlations were of intermediate magnitude. Broad-sense heritabilities for malt extract and diastatic power were relatively high, even with such contrasting seasons. This indicates that it should be possible to develop cultivars for south-eastern Australia which have high malt extract and high diastatic power at low protein levels. However, applications of N fertilizer that raise grain protein concentration will reduce malt extract, with the effect much greater in drier, warmer seasons.
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Ortiz, Luz, Héctor Tillerias, Christian Chimbo, and Veronica Toaza. "Impact on the video game industry during the COVID-19 pandemic." Athenea 1, no. 1 (September 25, 2020): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.47460/athenea.v1i1.1.
Full textAbstract:
This work presents trends and comparisons that show a change in the consumption and production of video games in times of confinement due to the health emergency. The video game industry has modified its philosophy and adapted its products to the new requirements and trends of consumers who see in this activity a way to appease the psychological and social impact due to quarantine and isolation. There is evidence of a 65% increase in the use of online video games, which has broken a world record. Products that have new aspects and considerations never before proposed by this great industry have been developed and offered, such as thematic games related to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Keywords: Video game, pandemic, online games, confinement.
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Wang, S. H., X. Z. Sun, F. R. Ding, K. Zhang, R. Zhao, S. Li, R. Li, et al. "310 MARKER-GENE EXCISION IN TRANSGENIC CLONED SOMATIC CELLS AND EFFECTS ON RECLONED EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT IN CATTLE." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 1 (2009): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv21n1ab310.
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Recently, it has become common to produce transgenic cattle by somatic cell nuclear transfer. As a major step, donor cells are transfected with expression vectors that contain not only the target gene but also marker genes such as neomycin resistant gene (neoR) used for subsequent cell screening. However, such markers in transgenic animals may be undesirable for further researches (Kuroiwa et al. 2004 Nature Genetics 36, 775–780). Therefore, the aim of this study was to excise the marker gene (neoR) in transgenic cattle by using transiently expressed CRE recombinase. Initially, the presence of loxP sites flanking neoR was confirmed in fibroblast cells derived from human lysozyme transgenic cloned cattle. By using cassettes from plasmids PBS185, pIRES-EGFP and pIREShyg3, IRES-EGFP element was inserted downstream of the CRE coding region, and the co-expression vector, which permits translation of GFP and CRE from one messenger RNA, was constructed. Then transgenic fibroblast cells were transfected by the CRE expression vector in circular format by Lipofectamine™ 2000 and screened by FACS after 48 h. GFP positive cells were selected to culture for 7 to 9 days, and removal of neoR was confirmed by PCR with 2000 to 3000 cells from each colony and the remaining cells used as donors for recloning. Then cleavage and blastocyst rate were evaluated; neoR excision was identified by single blastocyst PCR. Some blastocysts were harvested for differential staining and some used to conduct embryo transfer to evaluate in vitro and in vivo developmental ability. Data were analyzed using SAS (version 9.1) with one-way ANOVA. All experiments were replicated at least three times. We confirmed that loxP sites are correctly located at two sides of neoR. After transfection, neoR was removed from transgenic cloned fibroblast cells and cre was found to be expressed transiently. Additionally, neoR excision was confirmed by single blastocyst PCR. Furthermore, no significant difference was found on cleavage (P = 0.15) and blastocyst rate (P = 0.73) between cloned embryos when using neoR free donors and neoR included donors. The differential staining study showed similar numbers in terms of total cell number (P = 0.69) and the ratio of ICM to total cell number (P = 0.96). After embryo transfer, successful establishment of pregnancies were observed and pregnancy rate on Day 90 and Day 120 (Day 1 is the 1st day after embryo transfer) are similar with control (P > 0.05). In conclusion, we successfully excised resistant marker gene from transgenic cloned cattle by transient expression of CRE recombinase and we expect it will benefit bioreactor and animal transgenic research in the future.
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Peoples, M., S. Sadeghieh, E. Hwang, S. Chen, G. Hannon, C. Long, and M. Westhusin. "5 INHIBITION OF FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS IN VITRO USING RNA INTERFERENCE." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 1 (2009): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv21n1ab5.
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The use of short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting viral genomes has shown great promise in human medicine and in vitro research in animal agriculture. However, this research has not been extrapolated into livestock applications. Foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a world-wide disease resulting in decreased production and export limitations in countries with endemic FMDV, as well as severe economical impacts if an outbreak occurs in an FMDV-free country. The long-term goal for this project is to produce transgenic cattle that express shRNA targeting the FMDV genome resulting in resistance to infection. As a starting point, five siRNA and one non-targeting control siRNA (Null) were developed targeting different highly conserved regions of a FMDV type-A based replicon. The siRNA were transfected into BHK cells 48 h before viral RNA challenge. Eighteen hours post challenge the cells were lysed and analyzed. Three siRNA targeting the non-structural polymerase protein exhibited severe knockdown of 87, 90, and 92% when compared with the Null siRNA transfected control. The siRNA targeting the VPG3 cap protein reduced activity by 59%, and the siRNA targeting the internal ribosomal entry site had a minimal effect of 15% reduction. Based upon these results, we produced recombinant lentiviral particles designed to deliver the shRNA sequence targeting the FMDV genome and the fluorescent marker, dsRed, into a bovine fetal fibroblast cell line. This transgenic cell line expressing the most effective shRNA (based on initial siRNA screening) was used for somatic cell nuclear transfer to create bovine embryos. One hundred and sixty oocytes were enucleated, of which 149 had successful fusion resulting in 35 blastocysts after in vitro culture. Two embryos per recipient were transferred into five recipients. At Day 40 of pregnancy three of the five recipients had a fetus, but no heart beat could be detected. We are currently in the process of creating another cell line and repeating this experiment. If successful, transgenic calves will be visually and genetically analyzed for expression of dsRed and shRNA targeting FMDV. Transgenic and control animals/tissues will then be analyzed for resistance to infection with FMDV.
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Gray, R., F. Baldwin, and S. Bruemmer-Smith. "Diagnostic echocardiography in an unstable intensive care patient." Echo Research and Practice 2, no. 1 (February 2015): K11—K16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/erp-14-0040.
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SummaryA previously fit and well 57-year-old gentleman who had recently undergone a colonoscopy and biopsy of a polyp presented with a 4-day history of progressive breathlessness and abdominal discomfort. The day after admission, he became haemodynamically unstable, developed ischaemic legs and suffered a brief cardiac arrest. Blood tests demonstrated a coagulopathy and hypoglycaemia. Continued haemodynamic instability post-arrest and clinical findings of high right-sided heart pressures were investigated by bedside screening echocardiogram. This demonstrated a massive pericardial effusion causing tamponade of the right ventricle. Heavily blood stained pericardial fluid was drained, with marked improvement in haemodynamic stability. Retrospective review of the admission-electrocardiogram (ECG) and chest X-ray demonstrated electrical alternans and cardiac enlargement. The differential diagnosis included bowel malignancy causing a haemorrhagic metastatic pericardial effusion and a type A aortic dissection. Therefore a computerised tomography (CT) scan of chest, abdomen, pelvis and aorta was performed. This was negative for disseminated malignancy and showed a type B aortic dissection, but was inconclusive for a type A aortic dissection. A subsequent transoesophageal echocardiogram confirmed the diagnosis of type B dissection and ruled out a type A dissection. The histology of the colonic polyp was negative for malignancy, but it was subsequently discovered that the patient had metastatic adenocarcinoma from a primary lung cancer diagnosed from pleural fluid cytology. With hindsight the presenting clinical picture was of type B aortic dissection with concurrent but not directly related pericardial tamponade.Learning pointsBasic echocardiography skills are increasingly being used acutely by physicians' as part of resuscitative care in intensive care unit (ICU) patients.The availability of expert skills in transoesophageal echocardiography are essential in ICU, as demonstrated in this case, where it was needed for discriminating between sub types of aortic dissection.Cardiac tamponade is a clinical diagnosis, although the presence of electrical alternans on an ECG with associated tachycardia is highly suggestive of cardiac tamponade.
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Roberti, Maria do Rosario Ferraz, Tiago Paiva Prudente, Renato Gomes Castro, Marcos Antonio Candido, Roberta Luiza Rodrigues, Maria Cunha Ribeiro Morelli, Alexandra Vilela Gonçalves, et al. "The Challenge of Recruiting Convalescent Plasma Donors during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Preliminary Results from a Single Center in Midwest Brazil." Blood 136, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2020): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-143058.
Full textAbstract:
In Brazil, until the 1980s, the context of blood as transfusion therapy was marked by paid donations. Thus, self-interest has surpassed solidarity as a motivator to donate. Recruiting donors involves advising the population due to the difficulties related to the myths around donation. With the COVID-19 pandemic, recruiting convalescent plasma (CP) donors has been a hard. This is an observational, prospective and non-interventionist study carried out in a hemotherapy unit of the Unified Health System, in central-western Brazil. Data collection was carried out from 06/19/2020 to 07/31/2020. The subjects were contacted by the Recruitment and Collection (CR) sector, through an active search, using lists of patients previously diagnosed with COVID-19. The study was also published on social and traditional networks, which resulted in self-reference. Convalescent COVID-19 patients tested, of both genders, aged between 18 and 60 years, weight over 60 kg, without symptoms for more than 14 days, and nulliparous donors were invited to the study. Those who met the criteria were scheduled for clinical and serological screening. The subjects eligible for donation, with IgG reagent, signed the Free and Informed Consent Form. Individuals with positive RT-PCR and / or non-reactive IgG were excluded. During the study period, RC made 308 and received 1,797 calls (2,105 contacts), generating 242 (11.5%) screening appointments, 173 (8.2%) of which resulted from self-referral and 69 (3.2%) from active search. Of these, 131 (6.2%) subjects attended the appointment. After clinical screening, 37 (28.25%) subjects were ineligible, 37 (28.25%) after serological tests and 57 (43.5%) were eligible for donation. The ineligibility causes in clinical and serological screening are described in table 1. Many countries face difficulties in meeting the demand for blood and its components during the pandemic (Barone & DeSimone. Transfusion, 2020), especially in those where blood commercialization is prohibited, as in Brazil. The purpose of recruiting donors is to make blood donation habitual to Brazilians, as it occurs in developed countries. Figure 2 shows self-referral rates after dissemination in traditional media. The ads focused on the donor's ability to save lives by encouraging altruism (Ronse, et al. 2018).On the other hand, despite attracting more people, most were not eligible for donation, demonstrating a great capacity to raise awarenessamong the population, but it was necessary to improve criterias and demonstrate them clearly for the likely donor. Of the 26 donors, 22 (84.6%) are older than 29. For these, awareness-raising occurred mainly through the television media 9(34.6%) and 5(19.3%) through personal contact. In the youngest 4(15.4%), the stimulus was social networks (Sümnig, et al. Transfusion, 2018). Marketing was important for recruitment. As blood donation is not usual for most brazilians, it is essential to plan, develop, evaluate strategies, enabling new forms of collection. Another difficulty encountered was the logistics for this donation type. As the donor is convalescent, the recruitment, screening, and collection was restricted to a physical space, isolated from conventional donos (Bloch, et al. J Clin Invest. 2020). In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic has become a public health challenge worldwide. Many recovered patients could donate CP. However, it is necessary to define the ideal requirements for donor selection to ensure the therapeutic viability and efficacy of PC transfusion. Blood collection teams need to strengthen strategies to inform the population about blood donation needs. The information available in the traditional and digital media about the donation process can increase the donation rate and guarantee a safe blood component. Strategies such as a greater number of insertions in social networks with well-defined criteria for donating plasma from a convalescent donor, clarification of exclusion criteria in the means of greater reach, creation of easily accessible channels to the donor (registrations, central doubts),in addition to stratifying by age group and proposing different dissemination strategies and thanksgiving for the donation, forming a network of donations. The combined efforts of these actions will contribute with expert advice and experience, technical guidance and additional support to potentially save more lives. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.