Books on the topic 'Export market potential'
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1
Bragg, David. Canadian canola production and Washington export market potential. Pullman, WA: International Marketing Program for Agricultural Commodities & Trade, College of Agriculture & Home Economics, Washington State University, 1992.
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2
AMEC, Inc. Analysis of the foreign market potential for Montana processed beef. Bozeman, Mont: AMEC, 1986.
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3
Gelder, Sicco Van. Global brand strategy: Unlocking brand potential across countries, cultures and markets. Sterling, Va: Kogan Page Limited, 2005.
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4
C, Edordu C., and Oramah B. O, eds. Potentials for diversifying Nigeria's non-oil exports to non-traditional markets. Nairobi: African Economic Research Consortium, 1997.
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5
ʻAnthō̜ng, ʻAkkharaphong. Khrōngkān sưksā sakkayaphāp læ ʻōkāt khō̜ng sinkhā songʻō̜k Thai nai talāt klum ʻanuphāk Mǣnām Khōng pī thī 2 =: The study about potential and opportunities of the Thailand's export goods in the greater Mekong sub-region market phase ii : rāingān wic̄hai chabap sombūn. Chīang Mai: Sathāban Wičhai Sangkhom, Mahāwitthayālai Chīang Mai, 2008.
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Alvarez, Jose. Cuba's sugar industry in the 1990s: Potential exports to the U.S. and world markets. Gainesville, Fla: Food and Resource Economics Dept., Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 1992.
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7
Ren, Yang Yang. Explore the potential market development of DIY retailer in China: A case study of B&Q. Oxford: Oxford Brookes University, 2002.
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8
Larsen, Timothy J. The Chinese market for Colorado and U.S. agricultural exports: Analysis of the potential impacts of the establishment of permanent normal trade relations (PNTR) with China and Colorado's agricultural industry. [Denver, Colo.]: Colorado Department of Agriculture, Division of Markets, 2000.
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9
van Kooten, G. Cornelis, and Linda Voss, eds. International trade in forest products: lumber trade disputes, models and examples. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248234.0000.
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Abstract Because of the long-standing Canada-United States lumber trade dispute and the current pressure on the world's forests as a renewable energy source, much attention has been directed toward the modelling of international trade in wood products. Two types of trade models are described in this book: one is rooted in economic theory and mathematical programming, and the other consists of two econometric/statistical models--a gravity model rooted in theory and an approach known as GVAR that relies on time series analyses. The purpose of the book is to provide the background theory behind models and enable readers to easily construct their own models to analyze policy questions, whether in forestry or another sector. Examples in the book illustrate how models can be used to say something about a variety of issues, including identification of the gains and losses to various players in the North American softwood lumber business, and the potential for redirecting sales of lumber to countries outside the United States. The discussion is expanded to include other products besides lumber, and used to examine, for example, the effects of log export restrictions by one naton on all other forestry jurisdictions, the impacts of climate policies as they relate to the global forest sector, and the impact of oil prices on forest product markets throughout the world.
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Inc, Data Consult, ed. The market for biofuel in Indonesia and its export potential: Opportunities and challenges. Jakarta, Indonesia: Data Consult, 2007.
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11
Gent, Stephen E., and Mark J. C. Crescenzi. Market Power Politics. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197529805.001.0001.
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This book explores how market power competition between states can create disruptions in the global political economy and potentially lead to territorial aggression and war. When a state’s firms have the ability to set prices in a key commodity market like oil or natural gas, state leaders can benefit from increased revenue, stability, and political leverage. Given these potential benefits, states may be motivated to expand their territorial reach in order to gain or maintain such market power. This market power motivation can sometimes lead to war. However, when states are economically interdependent, they may be constrained from using force to achieve their market power goals. This can open up an opportunity for institutional settlements. However, in some cases, institutional rules and procedures can preclude states from reaching a settlement in line with their market power ambitions. When this happens, states may opt for strategic delay and try to gradually accumulate market power over time through salami tactics. To explore how these dynamics play out empirically, the authors examine three cases of market power competition in hard commodity markets: Iraq’s invasion and occupation of Kuwait to seize market power in the oil export market, Russia’s territorial encroachment into Georgia and Ukraine to preserve and expand its market power in the natural gas market, and China’s ongoing use of strategic delay and gray zone tactics in the South and East China Seas to maintain its dominant position in the global market for rare earth elements.
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Rāingān chabap sombūn khrōngkān sưksā sakkayaphāp læ ʻōkāt khō̜ng sinkhā songʻō̜k Thai nai talāt klum ʻAnuphūmiphāk Mǣnām Khōng =: The study about potential and opportunities of the Thailand' export goods in Greater Mekong subregion market. Chīang Mai: Sathāban Wičhai Sangkhom, Mahāwittthayālai Chīang Mai, 2007.
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13
Centre, International Trade. Information Technology--Country Profile - Export Potential: Armenia (Global Technology Markets). United Nations Publications, 2000.
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Centre, International Trade. Information Technology--Country Profile - Export Potential: Poland (Global Technology Markets). United Nations Publications, 2000.
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15
ʻAnthō̜ng, ʻAkkharaphong, and Mahāwitthayālai Chīang Mai. Sathāban Wičhai Sangkhom., eds. Rāingān wičhai chabap sombūn khrōngkān sưksā sakkayaphāp læ ʻōkāt khō̜ng sinkhā songʻō̜k Thai nai talāt klum ʻAnuphūmiphāk Mǣnām Khōng =: The study about potential and opportunities of the Thailand' export goods in Greater Mekong subregion market. Chīang Mai: Sathāban Wičhai Sangkhom, Mahāwittthayālai Chīang Mai, 2007.
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16
Gelder, Sicco Van. Global Brand Strategy: Unlocking Brand Potential Across Countries, Cultures & Markets. Kogan Page, 2003.
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17
Centre, International Trade. Information Technology--Country Profile - Export Potential: Czech Republic (Global Technology Markets). United Nations Publications, 2000.
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18
Lee, Jun-Yen. An assessment of domestic market outlook and export market potentials for U.S. wood windows and doors. 1994.
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19
Brusse, Wendy Asbeek. 4. Liberalization, Convertibility, and the Common Market. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780199570829.003.0005.
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This chapter examines how the European Payments Union resolved the problem of currency convertibility and unlocked the potential of trade liberalization, thereby paving the way for the European Economic Community (EEC), which in turn spurred further intra-European trade. It first provides an overview of trade and payments before and immediately after World War II and goes on to discuss postwar approaches to convertibility and liberalization. It then considers the degree, speed, and commitment with which countries opened up their domestic markets to each other's exports under the Trade Liberalization Programme. It concludes with an assessment of Britain's efforts to join a wider free trade area with the members of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation.
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Sørensen, Bjørn Bo, Christian Estmann, Enilde Francisco Sarmento, and John Rand. Economic complexity and structural transformation: the case of Mozambique. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/898-6.
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Mozambique is among the world’s least complex economies. By systematically accounting for both supply- and demand-side factors, we identify new products and sectors that can help to diversify and upgrade its economy. In a supply-side analysis, we use network methods from the literature on economic complexity to identify a set of target products that are complex, require productive capabilities useful in the export of other products, and are close to Mozambique’s existing productive structure. In a demand-side analysis, we use gravity models to predict the export potential of target products and markets given product-specific trade resistance and geographically dispersed demand. The broad sectoral focus of Mozambique’s industrial policy is largely consistent with structural transformation and export promotion. The current prioritization of agriculture, agro-industry, and metals is especially important, while there are unexploited opportunities in machinery, vehicles, and transport equipment. We find some potential for Mozambique to export target products to neighbouring countries.
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Eisele, Alexander, and Eric Nowak. Market Innovations for (Non-Bank) Financing of SMEs in Light of the Crisis and New Regulation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815815.003.0012.
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This chapter summarizes and empirically evaluates new regulatory policies as well as market innovations in the financial sector and their potential impact on SME financing. Using survey and balance sheet data for European SMEs, we find empirical evidence in line with the existing literature highlighting a recent deterioration in bank-based SME financing. More importantly, we provide empirical evidence suggesting that the negative macroeconomic effects of future restricted bank lending, due to new regulation, could be mitigated by policies allowing for and supporting new forms of market-based SME financing. To evaluate the financial and real effects of innovations in SME financing, we exploit the staggered introduction of SME equity and bond segments in different European countries, and show that they have been successful in providing non-bank financing to SMEs.
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Chadwick, Anna. Law and the Political Economy of Hunger. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823940.001.0001.
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This book offers the first in-depth analysis of the significance of law in the context of world hunger. The book takes as its starting point the global food crisis in 2007–08—a crisis said to have been exacerbated by financial speculators ‘gambling’ on the price of food via commodity derivatives. Challenging the tendency to attribute the highly differentiated impact of the crisis to an underlying condition of ‘food insecurity’, the author relates the role that international law has played in making some populations ‘food insecure’ in the first instance. The book then examines recent developments in the financialization of agriculture and links these developments to structural changes in the global economy since the 1980s. Food commodity speculation—the practice linked to the causation of the global food crisis—is used as a case study to explore the interaction of regimes of law that attempt to regulate market conduct and legal regimes that create markets and enable them to operate. The tension between efforts to regulate speculative market behaviour and bodies of private law that anticipate and operationalize that same behaviour is exposed. The book concludes with a critical analysis of the potential of a human right to adequate food to address the problem of world hunger. Far from being the result of a lack of regulation, or even unrealized human rights, the book argues that prevalence of hunger in the contemporary period is a product of capitalist political economy and the legal structures that underpin it.
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Miller, Roger, Donald Lessard, and Vivek Sakhrani. Megaprojects as Games of Innovation. Edited by Bent Flyvbjerg. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732242.013.12.
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Megaprojects are intricate solutions shaped over many years to fit specific contexts and market needs. This chapter focuses on megaprojects as games of innovation in which sponsors, experts, and potentially opposing stakeholders interact to shape opportunities into projects and to design and deliver these projects. Each project calls for multiple innovative choices over time in the face of foreseeable and emerging issues, in a design tradespace that reflects multiple dimensions of value. Keeping these trade-offs alive over the life of the project requires that sponsors and experts master the inherent complexity of megaprojects and develop architectures and processes that deliver with requisite complexity.
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Kistler, S. Ashley. Gender, Kin, and Markets in the Land of Peace. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038358.003.0001.
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This chapter examines marketing as the foundation of personhood for market women, their families, and Chamelco as a whole. Chamelco's vendors confront capitalist values, transforming capitalism's potentially alienating social effects into a model of Q'eqchi' identity for all. Although they participate in capitalist exchanges, they do so not simply for financial motives, but because marketing is an ancient occupation central to the town's historical identity. As vendors, Chamelco's women use exchange to define the logics of the Q'eqchi' house (junkab'al), the primary entity through which Chamelqueños define and live personhood. The chapter also sets out the book's purpose, which is to explore the intersections of kinship, global capitalism, indigenous identity, and memory.
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Miller, David, Claire Harkins, Matthias Schlögl, and Brendan Montague. Impact of Market Forces on Addictive Substances and Behaviours. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198753261.001.0001.
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This book examines the ‘web of influence’ formed by industries which manufacture and sell ‘addictive’ products in the EU. The differences between alcohol, food, gambling, and tobacco as consumer products are obvious. However, we explore whether food, alcohol, and gambling industries are merely replicating tobacco tactics or innovating in corporate strategy. Using a new data set on corporate networks formed by the tobacco, alcohol, food, and gambling industries at the EU level, the book shows the interlocking connections between corporations, trade associations, and policy intermediaries, including lobbyists and think tanks. Quantitative data guide qualitative studies on the content of corporate strategy and the attempts of corporations to ‘capture’ policy and three crucial ancillary domains—science, civil society, and the news and promotional media. The effects of these three arenas on policy networks and outcomes are examined with a focus on new forms of policy partnership such as corporate social responsibility and partnership governance. Drawing on our structural data, we show the comprehensive engagement of industry with science-policy issues in the EU, the ways that corporations can dominate agendas and decision making, as well as the potential for popular pressures and public health agendas to be effective. The book concludes by asking what solutions might be possible to the evident public health challenges posed by the addictions web of influence. It proposes key evidence-based transparency and public health reforms that have the best chance of minimizing the burden of disease from addictions in the medium to long term.
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Adams, Zoe. Labour and the Wage. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198858898.001.0001.
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The book uses a Marxian inspired social ontological framework, and a genealogic method to explore the relationship between labour law, the market, and capitalist social relations. It advances a constitutive conception of the law–market and law–society ‘relationship’ that stresses law’s contradictory roles in the emergence and reproduction of capitalist social relations—and, relatedly, in the emergence, and reproduction, of the (capitalist) market, and explores this role in depth through a genealogical analysis of the social category of the wage. Tracing the evolution of the wage through legal discourse and the shifting repertoire of legal concepts (the ‘wage’, the ‘salary’, ‘remuneration’) through which it has been denoted over time, the book sheds new light on the problems of low pay and under-inclusive employment status, and on the role of the legal system in perpetuating, and potentially constituting, these problems. Spanning from the Norman conquest to the present day, and exploring issues as diverse as the decasualization of the docks; sweated labour; the truck system; tax credits, tips, and minimum wages, the book provides one of the most in-depth and comprehensive analyses of the wage to date, while, at the same time, offering a number of practical suggestions for labour law reform.
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Clift, Ben. French Economic Policy. Edited by Robert Elgie, Emiliano Grossman, and Amy G. Mazur. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199669691.013.23.
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This chapter explores contemporary economic policy and state–market relations in France against the backdrop of comparative political economy debates about interventionism in the economy and international political economy debates about capital mobility and policy autonomy. Charting contemporary theoretical and empirical developments in the French case and beyond, the chapter explores how to situate economic policy within institutional and ideational context, and how interests can be brought into explanation. These three “i”s, it argues, represent different but not mutually exclusive ways to explore economic policy autonomy amidst international liberalization. It argues that insights from each of the three “i”s’ literatures have enhanced understandings of French economic policy, and informed its conduct to different degrees across the decades. It concludes with the potential for “post-dirigisme” to frame future research exploring the tension between the creeping influence of rules-based policymaking, co-existing and conflicting with enduring dirigiste practices and aspirations within French economic governance.
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Isaacson, Nathaniel. Orientalism, Scientific Practice, and Popular Culture in Late Qing China. Edited by Carlos Rojas and Andrea Bachner. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199383313.013.4.
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As the sequel to a translation of a translation, Xu Nianci’s “New Tales of Mr. Braggadocio” is a case study in the linguistic negotiations central to Lydia Liu’s reflections on translation. The story is marked by a double consciousness through which the narrator’s body and soul explore alternate explanations for evolution and scientific knowledge, thus engaging in many of the thematic and historical hallmarks of colonial modernity, situated at the junction of a number of intellectual realms. Thematically and linguistically, the text suggests a number of potential points of resistance to western epistemology, attempting to subsume science under the umbrella of Daoist cosmology. Especially prominent in the story is the degree to which the narrator’s resistance to Western science contrasts with his ready appropriation of the tenets of capitalist accumulation of wealth as his success in perfecting the techniques of “brain electricity” ultimately results in a global economic crisis.
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Hardt, Yvonne. Engagements with the Past in Contemporary Dance. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036767.003.0014.
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For a long time, what has been considered “avant-garde” embodied the “new” and was perceived as different from those dance forms considered traditional, historical, or marked by ethnic inheritance. This chapter traces how contemporary dance performances and dance historical writing have challenged these demarcations as one detects a remarkable trend toward evoking the past in contemporary dance. Numerous artists and festivals increasingly feature works that address the past, having discovered the potential for a self-reflexivity of dance in conversation with its history. From this larger group of artists, the chapter focuses on four contemporary European choreographers: Jér ô me Bel, Xavier Le Roy, Eszter Salamon, and Martin Nachbar to discuss what working with the past in contemporary performance can entail. These choreographers expose different modes of taking up the past; however, they all engage a concept of history understood as a construction based on the needs of the present.
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Howes, Andrew, Xiuli Chen, Aditya Acharya, and Richard L. Lewis. Interaction as an Emergent Property of a Partially Observable Markov Decision Process. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799603.003.0011.
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In this chapter we explore the potential advantages of modeling the interaction between a human and a computer as a consequence of a Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) that models human cognition. POMDPs can be used to model human perceptual mechanisms, such as human vision, as partial (uncertain) observers of a hidden state are possible. In general, POMDPs permit a rigorous definition of interaction as the outcome of a reward maximizing stochastic sequential decision processes. They have been shown to explain interaction between a human and an environment in a range of scenarios, including visual search, interactive search and sense-making. The chapter uses these scenarios to illustrate the explanatory power of POMDPs in HCI. It also shows that POMDPs embrace the embodied, ecological and adaptive nature of human interaction.
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Bouët, Antoine, Getaw Tadesse, and Chahir Zaki, eds. Africa Agriculture Trade Monitor 2021. AKADEMIYA2063, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54067/9781737916406.
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African countries have diversified both their exports and trade partners over the last decade, African agricultural trade still suffers from structural problems as well as exogenous shocks. Against this backdrop, the 2021 Africa Agriculture Trade Monitor (AATM) analyzes continental and regional trends in African agricultural trade flows and policies. The report finds that many African countries continue to enjoy the most success in global markets with cash crops and niche products. At the intra-African level, countries are becoming more interconnected in trade of key commodities, but there remain many potential but unexploited trade relationships. The report examines the livestock sector in detail, finding that despite its important role in Africa, the sector is concentrated in low value- added products that are informally traded. The report also examines trade integration in the Arab Maghreb Union (AMU), which remains limited due to factors including tariffs, nontariff measures, poor transport infrastructure, and weak institutions. Finally, the report discusses the implications of two major events affecting African trade in 2020 and 2021: the COVID-19 pandemic and the implementation of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA).
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Hundloe, Tor, Sarah Blagrove, and Hannah Ditton, eds. Australia's Role in Feeding the World. CSIRO Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486305902.
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Earth's human population currently exceeds 7 billion, and by the year 2050 our planet will have at least two billion more mouths to feed. When faced with providing food for so many people, the idea is often advanced that Australia will become the 'food bowl' of Asia. Australia currently grows enough food to feed about three times its population and agricultural exports are important to our economy; however, Australia's role in feeding the world needs careful consideration.
This highly topical book draws together the latest intelligence on the sustainable production and distribution of food and other products from Australian farms. It examines questions that policy-makers, farmers, politicians, agricultural scientists and the general public are asking about the potential productivity of our arable land, the environmental and economic impacts of seeking to increase productivity, and the value of becoming cleaner and greener in our agricultural output. With chapters on the emergence of new markets, consumer trends in China, the biophysical constraints on agricultural expansion, and the various products of Australian agriculture and aquaculture, Australia's Role in Feeding the World provides valuable insight into the future of agriculture in this nation.
The book is ideal reading for academics and students in agriculture, environmental sciences, economics, Australian studies, international development studies; agricultural practitioners; and the food production industry.
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Agarwal, Bina. Food Security, Productivity, and Gender Inequality. Edited by Ronald J. Herring. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195397772.013.002.
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This chapter examines the relationship between gender inequality and food security, with a particular focus on women as food producers, consumers, and family food managers. The discussion is set against the backdrop of rising and volatile food prices, the vulnerabilities created by regional concentrations of food production, imports and exports, the feminization of agriculture, and the projected effect of climate change on crop yields. The chapter outlines the constraints women face as farmers, in terms of their access to land, credit, production inputs, technology, and markets. It argues that there is substantial potential for increasing agricultural output by helping women farmers overcome these production constraints and so bridging the productivity differentials between them and male farmers. This becomes even more of an imperative, given the feminization of agriculture. The chapter spells out the mechanisms, especially institutional, for overcoming the constraints and the inequalities women face as producers, consumers, and home food managers. Institutionally, a group approach to farming could, for instance, enable women and other small holders to enhance their access to land and inputs, benefit from economies of scale, and increase their bargaining power. Other innovative solutions discussed here include the creation of Public Land Banks that would empower the smallholder, and the establishment of agricultural resource centers that would cater especially to small-scale women farmers.
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Gedacht, Joshua, and R. Michael Feener, eds. Challenging Cosmopolitanism. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474435093.001.0001.
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The temptation to invoke idealised histories of Islamic cosmopolitanism as the antithesis to the militancy associated with contemporary groups, such as the Islamic State (IS), is quite powerful. Many writers have pointed to the flourishing of al-Andalus on the Iberian Peninsula and the mobile societies of the premodern Indian Ocean as paradigmatic examples both of the storied past and the potential future of cosmopolitan forms of religious vitality. However, if one pushes beyond nostalgic images of coexistence, pluralism and mobility, it is also possible to discern more complex stories. The chapters in Challenging Cosmopolitanism, specifically direct attention to the historical experiences of Muslims in China and Southeast Asia to explore such complexities. Marked by considerable inflows of Muslim migrants that further complicated the demographics of already heterogeneous populations, the experiences of Muslim communities in these regions provide insights into contests to define legitimate forms of difference. Spanning from the 16th through 21st centuries, this volume presents case studies of itinerant Sufis who overthrew governments in the Indian Ocean and religious shrines patronized by warlords in early Java; of thinkers who promoted ‘Islamic military cosmopolitanism’ in Qing-era China and Americans who supported US-Ottoman cooperation in the pacification of the Philippines; of Muslim rebels in early 20th-century Malaya who resisted borders and Afghan refugees in China whose experience reflects contemporary dynamics of ‘armoured’ forms of 21st century cosmopolitanism. Through such explorations, this volume illuminates the fraught relationships between mobility, coercion and border-crossing, thereby contributing to more nuanced frameworks of analysis for Islamic cosmopolitanism.
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Hamblin, Jacob Darwin. The Wretched Atom. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197526903.001.0001.
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After the Second World War, the United States offered a new kind of atom that differed from the bombs that destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This atom would cure diseases, produce new foods, make deserts bloom, and provide abundant energy for all. It was an atom destined for the formerly colonized, recently occupied, and mostly non-white parts of the world that were dubbed the “wretched of the earth” by Frantz Fanon. The “peaceful atom” had so much propaganda potential that President Dwight Eisenhower used it to distract the world from his plan to test even bigger thermonuclear weapons. His scientists said the peaceful atom would quicken the pulse of nature, speeding nations along the path of economic development and helping them to escape the clutches of disease, famine, and energy shortfalls. That promise became one of the most misunderstood political weapons of the twentieth century. It was adopted by every subsequent US president to exert leverage over other nations’ weapons programs, to corner world markets of uranium and thorium, and to secure petroleum supplies. Other countries embraced it, building reactors and training experts. Atomic promises were embedded in Japan’s postwar recovery, Ghana’s pan-Africanism, Israel’s quest for survival, Pakistan’s brinksmanship with India, and Iran’s pursuit of nuclear independence. As The Wretched Atom shows, promoting civilian atomic energy was an immense gamble, and it was never truly peaceful. American promises ended up exporting violence and peace in equal measure. While the United States promised peace and plenty, it planted the seeds of dependency and set in motion the creation of today’s expanded nuclear club.
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Syrris, Petros, and Alexandros Protonotarios. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: genetics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0359.
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Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a disorder of the heart muscle which is typically inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. It is believed to be familial in over 50% of cases. A recessive mode of inheritance has also been reported in syndromic cases with cardiocutaneous features. The classic form of the disorder is considered to be ‘a disease of the desmosome’ as pathogenic variants have been identified in five genes encoding key desmosomal proteins: plakoglobin, desmoplakin, plakophilin-2, desmoglein-2, and desmocollin-2. Mutations in these genes account for 30–50% of ARVC cases. A further eight non-desmosomal genes have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of the disorder but only account for rare cases. Studies of patients with ARVC-associated gene mutations have revealed marked genetic heterogeneity and very limited genotype–phenotype correlation. Disease expression often varies significantly amongst individuals carrying the same mutation. It has been proposed that the presence of more than one sequence variant is required to determine overt clinical disease and patients with multiple variants have a more severe phenotype compared to single variant carriers. Identification of a potentially pathogenic variant comprises a major criterion in the diagnosis of ARVC but informative integration of genetic testing into clinical practice remains challenging. Gene testing should be used to identify asymptomatic family members at risk and only aids diagnosis in cases of high suspicion for ARVC, along with other evident features of the disease already present. However, genetic findings should be used with caution in clinical practice and their interpretation must be performed in expert centres.
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Trepulė, Elena, Airina Volungevičienė, Margarita Teresevičienė, Estela Daukšienė, Rasa Greenspon, Giedrė Tamoliūnė, Marius Šadauskas, and Gintarė Vaitonytė. Guidelines for open and online learning assessment and recognition with reference to the National and European qualification framework: micro-credentials as a proposal for tuning and transparency. Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7220/9786094674792.
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These Guidelines are one of the results of the four-year research project “Open Online Learning for Digital and Networked Society” (2017-2021). The project objective was to enable university teachers to design open and online learning through open and online learning curriculum and environment applying learning analytics as a metacognitive tool and creating open and online learning assessment and recognition practices, responding to the needs of digital and networked society. The research of the project resulted in 10 scientific publications and 2 studies prepared by Vytautas Magnus university Institute of Innovative Studies research team in collaboration with their international research partners from Germany, Spain and Portugal. The final stage of the research attempted creating open and online learning assessment and recognition practices, responding to the learner needs in contemporary digital and networked society. The need for open learning recognition has been increasing during the recent decade while the developments of open learning related to the Covid 19 pandemics have dramatically increased the need for systematic and high-quality assessment and recognition of learning acquired online. The given time also relates to the increased need to offer micro-credentials to learners, as well as a rising need for universities to prepare for micro-credentialization and issue new digital credentials to learners who are regular students, as well as adult learners joining for single courses. The increased need of all labour - market participants for frequent and fast renewal of competences requires a well working and easy to use system of open learning assessment and recognition. For learners, it is critical that the micro-credentials are well linked to national and European qualification frameworks, as well as European digital credential infrastructures (e.g., Europass and similar). For employers, it is important to receive requested quality information that is encrypted in the metadata of the credential. While for universities, there is the need to properly prepare institutional digital infrastructure, organizational procedures, descriptions of open learning opportunities and virtual learning environments to share, import and export the meta-data easily and seamlessly through European Digital Hub service infrastructures, as well as ensure that academic and administrative staff has digital competencies to design, issue and recognise open learning through digital and micro-credentials. The first chapter of the Guidelines provides a background view of the European Qualification Framework and National Qualification frameworks for the further system of gaining, stacking and modelling further qualifications through open online learning. The second chapter suggests the review of current European policy papers and consultations on the establishment of micro-credentials in European higher education. The findings of the report of micro-credentials higher education consultation group “European Approach to Micro-credentials” is shortly introduced, as well as important policy discussions taking place. Responding to the Rome Bologna Comunique 2020, where the ministers responsible for higher education agreed to support lifelong learning through issuing micro-credentials, a joint endeavour of DG Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion and DG Research and Innovation resulted in one of the most important political documents highlighting the potential of micro-credentials towards economic, social and education innovations. The consultation group of experts from the Member States defined the approach to micro-credentials to facilitate their validation, recognition and portability, as well as to foster a larger uptake to support individual learning in any subject area and at any stage of life or career. The Consultation Group also suggested further urgent topics to be discussed, including the storage, data exchange, portability, and data standards of micro-credentials and proposed EU Standard of constitutive elements of micro-credentials. The third chapter is devoted to the institutional readiness to issue and to recognize digital and micro-credentials. Universities need strategic decisions and procedures ready to be enacted for assessment of open learning and issuing micro-credentials. The administrative and academic staff needs to be aware and confident to follow these procedures while keeping the quality assurance procedures in place, as well. The process needs to include increasing teacher awareness in the processes of open learning assessment and the role of micro-credentials for the competitiveness of lifelong learners in general. When the strategic documents and procedures to assess open learning are in place and the staff is ready and well aware of the processes, the description of the courses and the virtual learning environment needs to be prepared to provide the necessary metadata for the assessment of open learning and issuing of micro-credentials. Different innovation-driven projects offer solutions: OEPass developed a pilot Learning Passport, based on European Diploma Supplement, MicroHE developed a portal Credentify for displaying, verifying and sharing micro-credential data. Credentify platform is using Blockchain technology and is developed to comply with European Qualifications Framework. Institutions, willing to join Credentify platform, should make strategic discussions to apply micro-credential metadata standards. The ECCOE project building on outcomes of OEPass and MicroHE offers an all-encompassing set of quality descriptors for credentials and the descriptions of learning opportunities in higher education. The third chapter also describes the requirements for university structures to interact with the Europass digital credentials infrastructure. In 2020, European Commission launched a new Europass platform with Digital Credential Infrastructure in place. Higher education institutions issuing micro-credentials linked to Europass digital credentials infrastructure may offer added value for the learners and can increase reliability and fraud-resistant information for the employers. However, before using Europass Digital Credentials, universities should fulfil the necessary preconditions that include obtaining a qualified electronic seal, installing additional software and preparing the necessary data templates. Moreover, the virtual learning environment needs to be prepared to export learning outcomes to a digital credential, maintaining and securing learner authentication. Open learning opportunity descriptions also need to be adjusted to transfer and match information for the credential meta-data. The Fourth chapter illustrates how digital badges as a type of micro-credentials in open online learning assessment may be used in higher education to create added value for the learners and employers. An adequately provided metadata allows using digital badges as a valuable tool for recognition in all learning settings, including formal, non-formal and informal.