Journal articles on the topic 'Export market choice'
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Veselý, T. "Method of export strategy formulation for manufacturing or trading company." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 51, No. 4 (February 20, 2012): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5088-agricecon.
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The objective of the paper is to present one method that solves the problem of election of a suitable export strategy using method of multi criteria evaluation. The initial hypothesis assumes limited financial and personal resources of a company generating necessity of incremental penetration to export markets with dependence on budget and expected results. The method also assumes individual choice of a single export strategy for each market. Number of formulated export strategies equals to the number of penetrated markets. The process of formulation of a new strategy consists of two steps. In the first step, an export market is chosen and in the second step, one of the export strategies is attached to the export market. The company management according to the company orientation and the management experience creates criteria for market selection. The method is supported with software that leads the company management through the entire process of export strategy formulation. The final order of suitable export strategies for the chosen market allows management to elect the best ranked variant or discuss about the order of export strategies and justify the diversion from strict mathematic evaluation of entered data.
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Chen, Ruo-Yu, and Yi Sun. "The Dynamic Evolution of Overseas Market Network of Chinese Enterprises: Agglomeration or Dispersion." Complexity 2021 (August 3, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7876724.
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Based on the CEPII-BACI database and China Customs database from 2000 to 2011, this paper combines the degree of export experience of enterprises with their own trade network to study the differential effects of accumulated export experience on the dynamic evolution of enterprises’ overseas market network structure and further explores it from the perspective of community and neighbors. The results of this study show the following. (1) The location choice of Chinese enterprises’ overseas market depends significantly on the structure of export network constructed in the past and tends to choose regions with closer geographical and economic ties as export target countries. There is a significant path dependence effect. However, enterprises with rich export experience are no longer subject to the constraints of geographical space and will make the overseas market layout more “decentralized.” (2) The decision making of export market location depends on the community distribution of export network. The path-dependent effect of export market layout in the export network community is significantly greater than that outside the community and tends to choose the intra-community region for overseas market layout. (3) The export network of adjacent enterprises has a significant impact on the location of enterprises’ overseas market. However, enterprises with rich export experience are less dependent on the geographic network expansion effect of their neighbors and tend to choose markets with close economic links.
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Bai, Lin, Zhanguo Zhu, and Tong Zhang. "How to Improve Food Quality in the Domestic Market: The Role of “Same Line Same Standard Same Quality”—Evidence from a Consumer Choice Experiment in China." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 19, 2021): 5709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105709.
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Consumers are increasingly concerned about food quality. The “Same line Same standard Same quality” (Santong) program has been implemented to improve food quality in the Chinese domestic market. The Santong program means that exporters are encouraged to produce goods on the same production line, following the same standards and the same quality requirements for both the export target market and the domestic market. Using data collected from an online choice experiment on tomatoes, we examine Chinese consumer preferences and their willingness to pay (WTP) for the Santong claim, export target market quality and organic certification. Three types of export target market, indicating different technical regulations and standards, are considered. Our results show that consumers are willing to pay for the Santong quality claim and for export goods with a target market of “EU”. Furthermore, we also identify the substitution effects between the Santong claim and organic certification. The results of our study provide solutions for both Chinese exporters and the Chinese government to meet the need for a high level of food quality accompanied by domestic consumption upgrade, and achieve the transformation from export to domestic sales. Our results may also provide solutions for other emerging economies, where governments raise the level of food quality in domestic markets and support the domestic sales of exporters after the shock of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in 2019.
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Kalafsky, Ronald V. "Export programs and SME market choice: evidence from North West England." GeoJournal 82, no. 6 (July 21, 2016): 1135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10708-016-9733-z.
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Nguyen, Nguyen Thi Duc, Luong Phuoc Le, and Lan Hoang Le. "Supplier selection in supply chain management: AHP approach. A case study in the PVM company’s carton supplier selection." Science and Technology Development Journal 18, no. 4 (December 30, 2015): 134–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v18i4.978.
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This study aims to: (1) summarize the criteria for selecting suppliers in the supply chain management from literature review and apply of the found criteria to construct the criteria for selecting carton suppliers for PVM Company expanding export market, and (2) analyze and comparethe strategy offinding the new supplier or developing the existing supplier. The in-depth interviews with experts in supply chain management and AHP approach with the support of the Expert Choice software are used for data collection, data processing, evaluating and selecting supplier alternatives. The results show that there are 6 main significantcriteria in choosing carton suppliers for the PVM Company including: quality, cost, delivery, reliability, financial, service. Also, by this study, there are two suppliers, such as, BH Companyand TA Company. Finally, the analytical results suggest PVM Companyshould choose the BH Company as carton supplier for the PVM Company’s export market development.
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Wróblewska, Wioletta, and Eugenia Czernyszewicz. "THE LEVEL AND PRICE VOLATILITY OF BLUEBERRY FRUITS (VACCINIUM CORYMBOSUM L.) OBTAINED BY PRODUCER AND ON THE WHOLESALE MARKET DURING 2007-2016." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XIX, no. 2 (June 26, 2017): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.1217.
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The aim of the study was to assess the level and volatility of prices of blueberry obtained in the farm (in wholesale on the domestic market and in export) and on the wholesale market during 2007-2016, due to choice of distribution channel. The level, direction and intensification of price changes were analyzed. The study shows that the prices of blueberry at the producer level were characterized by greater volatility than the wholesale market. Prices obtained by the producers on wholesale on the domestic market were significantly lower than in exports and in the wholesale market, on average in the analyzed period accounted for only 69% of the export price and 52% of the wholesale market price. Regardless of where the price comes from,the highest price for fruits was obtained in September, and the lowest in August, which is the month of the largest supply of fruits on the market.
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Westjohn, Stanford A., and Peter Magnusson. "Export Performance: A Focus on Discretionary Adaptation." Journal of International Marketing 25, no. 4 (December 2017): 70–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jim.16.0114.
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Marketing adaptation strategy has been characterized as a strategic imperative in markets with protectionist and nationalist sentiments, which underscores the need to better understand the effects of adaptation strategy. However, empirical investigations of international marketing strategy have considered mandatory and discretionary adaptations as equivalent. Discretionary adaptations, unlike mandatory adaptations, involve choice; thus, they are more relevant to the selection of an international marketing strategy. This article focuses on the direct and conditional effects of discretionary adaptation on export performance. Analyzing data from 203 U.S. small and medium-sized enterprises, the authors find a positive effect of discretionary adaptation on export performance as well as moderating effects of (1) a market characteristic (psychic distance), (2) a firm characteristic (international experience), and (3) a product characteristic (product positional advantage). The implications suggest that adaptation strategy may be more advantageous than previously thought, and that researchers should focus on discretionary adaptations when investigating the choice of a relatively standardized versus adapted international marketing strategy.
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Bernadt, Morris. "The English market model is not fit for export." International Psychiatry 8, no. 3 (August 2011): 55–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s174936760000254x.
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Commissioning of health services has become an intensely political issue in the UK and there is no reason to believe that the conflicts that have arisen domestically would not be mirrored overseas. A key ideological issue in the UK concerns the relative merits of public and private provision of services. In their guest editorial in this issue, ‘Governance, choice and the global market for mental health’, Sugarman & Kakabadse take a particular ideological stance: they write on the one hand of commercial-style efficiency and on the other of monopoly state provision risking inefficiency and ineffectiveness. This perspective is addressed here.
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Radchenko, T. "Reallocation Effects of Antimonopoly Policy." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 9 (September 20, 2015): 65–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2015-9-65-88.
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The article argues that application of antimonopoly remedies can reallocate costs and benefits between market participants. Efforts of competition authorities to implement “price cap” indicators on concentrated markets do not always lead to reallocation of recourses to more efficient market participants and value added. A static choice of indicator can set up new adaptational risks. Also macroeconomic instability and shifts of distribution channels bring more uncertainty for business. The paper shows how much application of different price indicators for internal markets of export-oriented goods may cost to suppliers and consumers.
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Lee, Seung-Hyun, Paul W. Beamish, Ho-Uk Lee, and Jong-Hun Park. "Strategic choice during economic crisis: Domestic market position, organizational capabilities and export flexibility." Journal of World Business 44, no. 1 (January 2009): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2008.03.015.
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Shane, Elyse, MD Wahid Murad, and Susan Freeman. "Factors influencing price premiums of Australian wine in the UK market." International Journal of Wine Business Research 30, no. 1 (March 12, 2018): 96–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijwbr-02-2017-0009.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine and analyse that factors that could potentially influence price premiums of Australian wine in the UK market. The authors integrated the economic-based hedonic pricing theory and marketing export pricing literature. The authors demonstrate a potential solution to limitations in knowledge of market-level data and industry wide competition, currently lacking in export pricing studies. Design/methodology/approach Using data extracted from wine-searcher.com and using multiple regression as the main analytical technique, the authors examined the relationships between actual retail prices UK consumers pay for Australian wine and product attributes. The authors compared the moderating influence of distribution channel (retail choice) on these relationships. Findings The results provide insights in export pricing literature, and the authors support better theoretical explanations for hedonic pricing studies in export marketing. The authors found two types of wine attributes – “brand” and “region of origin” – that attract price premiums. While relationships between variety and retail price, as well as age and retail price are less clear, the authors provide some support. Research limitations/implications One limitation of this hedonic pricing study is the inability to explain why certain relationships between product attributes and price premiums exist. Studies such as these could be improved by utilising both consumer- and firm-level data. Practical implications Whilst final prices paid by consumers are beyond the control of producers, understanding the relationships between retail prices, retail choices and product attributes are of strategic importance. Understanding the role consumer preferences play in determining prices they ultimately pay is of great value when determining export/retail pricing strategies. Social implications Consumers and firm managers are jointly able to provide comprehensive explanations on why certain attributes attract price premiums. The integration of economic and consumer-based theories provides a holistic understanding of the influence of retail choices and product attributes on retail prices. Originality/value The authors drew on the hedonic pricing theory linking product attributes with retail prices, which is vital for understanding market share and brand image. The authors identified which product attributes and which distribution channels (retail choices) are valuable to consumers. Deeper understanding of these issues is important for producers.
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Ibrahim, Ibrahim, Meily Ika Permata, and Wahyu Ari Wibowo. "THE IMPACT OF ACFTA IMPLEMENTATION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE OF INDONESIA." Buletin Ekonomi Moneter dan Perbankan 13, no. 1 (November 22, 2010): 23–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v13i1.384.
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This study analyze the impact of the implementation of trade agreements within the framework of ACFTA on Indonesia»s export by using the GTAP model; a Multi Regional Computable General Equilibrium Model. Results shows that ACFTA provide opportunities for increased export from Indonesia; Indonesia obtained a net trade creation of international trade amounted to 2% and total exports growth increased by 1.8. However, the export performance of Indonesia in the period showed a decrease of competitiveness, as shown by the decline in share of Indonesian export commodities which are highly competitive and high intra-industry linkage. This paper also find that because the commodity structure of China and the non compeeting behavior of ASEAN countries including Indonesia (tends to complement), China is relatively easier to penetrate export to the ASEAN market. The entering products from China should provide opportunities for domestic producers to increase production capacity in ASEAN, due to wider choice of relatively cheap capital goods imports.JEL Classification: C67, F14, R12Keywords: ACFTA, trade, export, GTAP, Revealed Comparative Advantage, CGE.
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Volodin, Yu V., and P. A. Podkovyrov. "INTERNATIONAL MARKET EXPANSION." Strategic decisions and risk management, no. 4 (December 24, 2018): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17747/2078-8886-2018-4-20-35.
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In article various theoretical aspects of an exit of the companies on the foreign markets are considered. Influence of globalization on productivity of the companies is considered, ways and factors of a choice of strategy of an exit to the world market are analysed. The behavioural and cultural aspects influencing strategy of an exit to the world market are analysed. The analysis of strategy of the companies which have entered the foreign markets, is carried out taking into account the previous researches in this area.The following conclusions became result of research: 1) globalization positively influences the companies as the market increases, however the small companies and the companies in emerging markets lose in competitive fight; 2) the companies with considerable experience are inclined to choose strategy of opening of own enterprise while the organizations without similar experience prefer export or joint venture in the host country territory; 3) the strategy choice with a bigger involvement of resources is directly proportional to knowledge of culture of the country to which there is a company. At entry into the market with other culture smooth adaptation is necessary for successful realization of strategy. At last, people are inclined to make behavioural mistakes, and knowledge of them and continuous control will help to achieve successful results; 4) for an exit and successful work in the foreign markets of the company important not only to possess competences, but also to be able to protect them and to keep in time; 5) on the market with high political and investment risks, and also adverse economic conditions of the company are inclined to choose strategy with the minimum investment of money (franchizes, licensing).
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Maletić, Radojka, and Slobodan Ceranić. "Small and medium enterprises as development factor of agribusiness in Republic of Serbia." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 4, no. 3-4 (October 30, 2010): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2010/3-4/7.
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Development of strong and competitive sector of small and medium enterprises has very important role in process of total transition in Republic of Serbia. This sector should be one of the guidelines of economical development and future, like in developed countries. Within the Strategy of development of SME and entrepreneurship in Republic of Serbia from 2003 to 2008 government of the Republic of Serbia, not accidentally, placed among many sectors which are expected to contribute and boost economical development, increase the employment rate, and realize increased influx of means deriving from export, the priority is on sector of processing of agricultural products. It can be concluded that significant contribution from agriculture to improvement of total economical situation is expected. Accession to EU should be considered primarily not only as the opportunity but serious task in regard to restructuring of the agriculture. However, impeding circumstance,in regard to export ofagricultural-foodproducts,first ofallto EU countries, isthefact that thismarket is under strict protective measures within the policy of agriculture and measures of agrarian protectionism. In such conditions it is very difficult for producers and processors of food to enter such closed markets. Small and medium enterprises are facing the choice of the business strategy:
– to place the existing product on current market;
– to place the existing product on new markets, including export;
– to sell the new product on existing market;
– to place the new product on new markets, including export.
Therefore, based on analysis of domestic market, volume and structure of import and export of agricultural and food products, as well as analysis of food industry and agricultural production in Serbia, it is necessary to define potential programs for small and medium enterprises with production which could be economically efficient and profitable from the aspect of investment.
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Stouraitis, Vassilios, Mior Harris Mior Harun, and Markos Kyritsis. "Motivators of SME initial export choice and the European Union regional effect in manufacturing." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 23, no. 1 (January 9, 2017): 35–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-05-2015-0120.
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Purpose A global reach in exporting has been linked to profitability. The purpose of this paper is to answer the influence of EU regulations on exporting decisions of UK manufacturing small- and medium-sized firms (SMEs) by investigating the home and host country-based motivators behind SMEs’ choice to export, and export regionally, within the EU. Design/methodology/approach Contrasting the Uppsala and resource-based view perspectives (using a sample of UK independent manufacturing SMEs and utilizing a survey, correlation analysis and factor analysis), the paper finds and describes the effect of the most recurrent motivators from the literature on the SMEs’ decision to export within the EU or not. Findings The paper finds that SMEs whose latest international market entry was not in the EU scored significantly higher in the factor scorings for the motivators in the external dimension than participants whose latest entry was in the EU. Several motivators show an association with the choice to export per se. The importance of regionalization to export initiation (and EU membership) within the EU is emphasized in the results. Research limitations/implications The sample size is limited. Practical implications In the current climate, how can SMEs reduce market research costs for managers by relying solely and proactively on home country and internal advantages and motivators and being more aware of their surroundings? Managers and policymakers can direct their strategy, resources and policy more efficiently according to motivators; internal home country motivators (e.g. strengths of prices of products) direct the SME to overcome inter-regional liability of foreignness, while host country motivators (e.g. legal restrictions in the host country) direct them to regional ventures. Originality/value The theoretical and empirical work on the topic, until recently, has been fragmented and inconsistent focusing on specific motivators but not necessarily justifying the selection or origin of variables even less on SMEs.
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Saenz, Fernando, and Ruerd Ruben. "Export contracts for non-traditional products: Chayote from Costa Rica." Journal on Chain and Network Science 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2004): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jcns2004.x048.
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This paper focuses on the determinants of market and contract choice for non-traditional crops and the possibilities for involving local producers in global agro-food chains through delivery relationships with packers and brokers. Main attention is given to the importance of quality for entering the export market and the impact of contractual arrangements on loyal behaviour. Core stipulations in the contract regarding the frequency of delivery and the provision of technical assistance are mediating factors between quality and loyalty. The study among traditional and recently established producers of chayote in Costa Rica confirms the importance of production scale and experience for engagement in exports. The export share is positively related to quality performance but inversely related to delivery frequency and sales at the local market. Apparently, traditional producers rely on market diversification to maintain a certain bargaining power vis-à-vis traders and processors. Verbal contractual arrangements are mainly offered to newly established but less-experienced farmers living in settlements that try to reduce risk and demonstrate a high commitment. These farmers cultivate on better soils and have more family labour available. Further quality improvement requires technical assistance and a high frequency of delivery. Supplier arrangements that guarantee timely collection, input support and flexible credit services are therefore of critical importance. Additional support from packers and exporters could enable farmers to improve product quality and is likely to be rewarded. with a high degree of loyalty.
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Stoyanov, Andrey. "The Role of Export Market Participation in the Choice of Organizational Form of Production Technology*." Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 73, no. 3 (February 21, 2011): 365–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2010.00628.x.
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Du, Hongping, Liliana Mitkova, and Na Wang. "The Paths of Internationalization of Chinese Innovative Firms." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 24, 2020): 2575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062575.
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Innovative enterprises from emerging markets, such as China, are a group of understudied enterprises, which could generate new and important views on internationalization. Some unique characteristics of Chinese innovative enterprises are creating new ideas that help to a better understanding of entry mode choice, market location choice, and entry speed in the paths of internationalization. Drawing on an unbalanced panel of Chinese innovative enterprises’ outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) event data, we analyzed the tendency of the paths of internationalization of Chinese innovative enterprises and the determining factors that influence the Chinese innovative enterprises’ choice in entry mode, market location, and entry speed. The results show that: (1) Chinese innovative enterprises are more likely to choose developing countries than developed countries. (2) When these firms conduct investment activities in developed countries, the probability rank (from high to low) of entry mode choice is acquisition, along with the wholly-owned subsidiary, exporting and joint venture. When these firms expand the business in developing countries, the entry mode of export is most likely to be chosen and the acquisition is least likely to be chosen. (3) This tendency and paths choice of internationalization in entry mode, market location and entry speed are influenced by the international experience, the multidimensional proximity, psychic distance, internationalization motivation, ownership structure, and innovation ability. Finally, we discuss these contributions and make some suggestions for future research.
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Alia, Didier Yelognisse. "Geographical Orientation of Export in Manufacturing Sector in Sub-Sahara Africa." Global Economy Journal 15, no. 3 (September 2015): 337–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2014-0029.
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This paper analyses firm’s decision to export and the geographical orientation of manufacturing firms in selected countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. It uses a dataset collected by Rankin, Söderbom, and Teal (2006) on manufacturing firms in Kenya, Ghana, Tanzania Nigeria and South Africa over the period 1991–2004. The paper develops a multinomial choice model of export destination in which profit maximizing firms choose between selling only on domestic market, export only to another African country, and export only outside Africa or export to both destinations. The model is estimated using a multinomial logistic regression. The paper finds evidence of a positive effect of firm size and firm efficiency on export decision and its geographical orientation, especially for the decision to export outside Africa. There is also significant industry, country and time effects in explaining export orientation. Unlike many previous studies, this paper finds that foreign ownership does not substantially determine firm decision to export. Using non-parametric regression, the paper finds that there is a lot of heterogeneity in the relation between the explanatory variables and the propensity to export or to export to various geographical destinations.
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Chung, Henry F. L., Zhujun Ding, and Xufei Ma. "Organisational learning and export performance of emerging market entrepreneurial firms." European Journal of Marketing 53, no. 2 (February 11, 2019): 257–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-08-2017-0496.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to integrate the resource-based view (RBV) with organisational learning theory by investigating the role of the RBV mechanism in the preceding performance-current performance linkage. The authors further examine the role of the decision-making approach on the RBV-prior-current performance paradigm. Using China as the research setting, they empirically test the theoretical model based on 229 firms selected from a nation-wide survey. Design/methodology/approach This study has used China as the research setting. The authors empirically test the theoretical model based on 229 firms selected from a nation-wide survey. Findings This study reveals that prior export performance is a key determinant of current export performance, and this effect is enhanced by product certification (an internal RBV mechanism) and the intention to make an initial public offering (and external RBV mechanism). Moreover, the internal RBV-prior-current performance paradigm is positively moderated by the delegated decision-making approach, while the external RBV-prior-current performance paradigm is negatively moderated by this decision-making approach. Research limitations/implications The results related to RBV and prior organisational learning also extends the extant literature and offer implications in two important ways. One, this research advances existing research that has only considered the direct effect of organisational learning on current performance ( Lages et al., 2008 ). In addition to its direct effect, this study suggests that the interplay of organisational learning and resource commitment also provides important determinants of export performance. These new results imply that future research should not only explore the effect of organisational learning theory but also that of firm resource in the research on the prior-current performance dyad ( Lages et al., 2008 ). Two, this study also advances the theoretical development of the export venture resource and management commitment research by revealing two new factors ( Cavusgil and Zou, 1994 ). As a result, when conducting exporting activity from an emerging economy, exporting firms should consider committing their resources on acquiring international certification and seeking external funding. These new findings provide new guidance on the choice of the type of resource commitments and their roles in the prior-current performance conceptualisation when operating in the emerging markets. Practical implications The results also contribute to the conceptualisation of the decision-making literature in the context of emerging economies ( Garnier, 1982 ; Kao, 1993 ; Redding, 1993 ; Solberg, 2000 ), where an owner decision-making approach is associated with a number of negative effects ( Kao, 1993 ; Redding, 1993 ). This study suggests that an owner decision-making approach can actually help firms to implement the effect of external RBV’s influence in the prior-current performance framework. As a result, the findings imply that researchers and managers of EMEFs should now consider including the effect of decision-making governance when exploring the interactive effect of RBV and organisational learning in export performance research ( Lages et al., 2008 ). Originality/value This three-way interaction results have implications for the development of organisational learning theory, the RBV, decision-making, export performance and emerging market literature.
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Arifin, Zainal, Agus Suman, and Moh Khusaini. "Optimization of Selected Agricultural Export Commodities to Improve Indonesia's Weaponry Countertrade." International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 10 (April 30, 2021): 579–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.67.
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In an increasingly open global economy, international trade, including exports, is an inseparable part of economic activity between countries. This paper aims to analyze the choice of commodities that have the potential to encourage the implementation of defense equipment trade-in Indonesia along with some optimization efforts. Using the literature review and library research by exploring data of national agricultural export and arms trade, this article identifies selected commodities that have the potential to be exchanged with defense equipment in trade returns, and also attempts to optimize exports to encourage the implementation of trade returns themselves. The results showed that trade return is one of the schemes in international trade in the form of two-way sales. The weaponry system is a strategic product that is still imported by Indonesia from abroad so that it has the potential to be implemented in a trade return scheme. On the other hand, Indonesia is known to excel in agricultural products, especially the plantation subsector, and has succeeded in becoming the top exporters for many agricultural commodities in the global market.
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Vaillant, Yancy, and Esteban Lafuente. "The increased international propensity of serial entrepreneurs demonstrating ambidextrous strategic agility." International Marketing Review 36, no. 2 (April 8, 2019): 239–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imr-01-2018-0015.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze whether business owners that simultaneously demonstrate past entrepreneurial experience and process agility have greater export propensity levels.Design/methodology/approachThe proposed hypotheses are tested using binary choice models relating past entrepreneurial experience and reported process agility on a unique sample of 246 Catalan business owners for the year 2010.FindingsConsistent with the theoretical arguments on the relevance of generative-based cognitive agility, the results of this paper reveal that serial entrepreneurs demonstrate a greater export propensity. Additionally, the authors found that serial entrepreneurs who also demonstrate process agility show superior export propensity levels, compared to the group of business owners outside this ambidextrous group (first-time business owners without process agility).Research limitations/implicationsThe findings of this study indicate that traits characterizing international marketing agility, decisional speed and accuracy are also linked with greater export propensity levels. The added export market expansion resulting from the opportunity responsiveness of serial entrepreneurs is found to be amplified by the accuracy of internal adaptation capabilities of process agility.Practical implicationsTherefore, the promotion of ambidextrous strategic agility coming from the complementarities between the benefits of entrepreneurial experience and adaptive process abilities is essential for increasing businesses’ internationalization.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to the literature by further exploring the influence of different sources of agility on the internationalization of entrepreneurial ventures and opens a link between entrepreneurs prone toward export market expansion and international marketing agility.
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Entringer, Geovana Cremonini, Julio Cesar Fiorio Vettorazzi, Jocarla Ambrozim Crevelari, Nayara Norrene Lacerda Durães, Renato Santa Catarina, and Messias Gonzaga Pereira. "SUPER SWEET CORN BREEDING BY BACKCROSS: A NEW CHOICE FOR THE BRAZILIAN MARKET." BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE - Revista de Agricultura 92, no. 1 (May 29, 2017): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37856/bja.v92i1.3269.
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The sweet corn market has been expanding in recent years and the trend is to maintain this growth, targeting mainly the export market. The goal was to evaluate the agronomic performance per se and hybrid backcrosses of four sweet corn populations and to estimate genetic parameters inherent in these populations, in order to achieve promising lines to obtain hybrids. The following genotypes were used for a test: the donor population sh gene, two recurring populations interpopulation hybrids of common maize, four sweet corn populations, and four sweet corn interpopulation hybrids. The traits evaluated were: plant height, stand, number of ears, prolificacy, number of grain rows, as well as average ear diameter, average diameter cobs, average husked ear length, average unhusked ear length, average unhusked ear weight, average husked ear weight, ear relationship, unhusked ear yield and husked ear yield. The backcross method was efficient for obtaining sweet corn populations with good agronomic performance. Because the sweet corn interpopulation hybrid presents agronomic performance similar toP8 x C8 interpopulation hybrid, it can be inferred that all sweet corn populations backcrossed are recommended for use in obtaining lines, in order to obtain productive hybrids, or even directly as hybrid trade after further assessments.
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Miloloža, Helena. "Organizational Capacity for Export Activities: How Important it is to Accomplish Positive Business Results?" KnE Social Sciences 1, no. 2 (March 19, 2017): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kss.v1i2.663.
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<p class="KeywordsTitle">In a diversified global business, there is presence of international competition and many hidden risks. Still, internationalization of business represents the only sustainable long-term strategic choice for a company. Since the organizational capacities are recognized as the only irreplaceable resource in a company, their relevance emerges in modern economy. However, business praxis is such that only one person is responsible for most business decisions in a company, especially smaller ones. Therefore, export often represents a secondary activity because the management is limited to leading the businesses on the local market. Consequently, the goal of this paper is to test the consistency of organizational capacities involved around export activities, as well as their influence on the export result. Survey, researched on a sample of export companies in Croatia, showed that organizational capacities for export activities have a two sided effect on business. In fact, the support of management in bringing different, risky decisions have a negative effect, while controlling standard procedures and encouraging creativity and efficiency of employers have a positive effect.</p>
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Rafoneke, L. P., P. M. Mshenga, G. Owuor, and A. M. Rantlo. "Influence of transaction costs on choice of marketing outlets among smallholder peach farmers in Lesotho." African Crop Science Journal 28, s1 (October 2, 2020): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/acsj.v28i1.13s.
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Peach (Prunus persica) production is a major agro-economic activity in Lesotho. However, most smallholder peach farmers in Lesotho still fail to reap the benefits that are in line with peach commercialization. This is because of high transaction costs, which vary along with different peach marketing outlets. This study was conducted to determine the influence of transaction costs on the choice of marketing outlets of peaches in Lesotho. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 90 respondents for this study. Cross-sectional data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. A Multivariate probit model was used to analyse transaction costs influencing the choice of marketing outlets among smallholder peach farmers. The study revealed that gender and communication costs positively influenced the choice of farm gate; while the time taken to reach other outlets and average monthly income negatively influenced the choice of farm gate outlets. Sorting, grading and communication costs negatively impacted the local market; whereas, the average monthly income positively influenced it. Household size influenced farmers’ export market choice negatively. Evidence from the results suggests that the improvement of roads and communication infrastructure could enhance farmers’ income through the proper selection of marketing outlets. Access to market information regarding both distance and the time taken to reach each of the outlets should also be improved.
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HOLOVANOVA, Hanna. "EXPORT ORIENTATION AND COMBINATION OF BRANCHES OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN AGRARIAN ENTERPRISES." Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics 4, no. 3 (August 30, 2019): 317–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2019-3-35.
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The research is devoted to substantiation of theoretical, methodological and practical principles of managing the process of combining agrarian industries. Its practical importance lies in the formulation and implementation of an export-oriented strategy for agricultural enterprises. One of the key factors of increasing agricultural export potential is the sectoral structure of agriculture. The strategic orientation of agricultural enterprises to the foreign market actualizes the combination of agricultural production within one economic unit, and therefore raises the issue of production specialization. Within the framework of scientific analysis of the diversification degree of production activity in accordance with reasonable specialization, deepening of integration processes and cooperation of activity, the agricultural enterprises typology by specialization criterion has been proposed by allocating deeply specialized, specialized and non-specialized enterprises on the basis of setting the parameters of their division of enterprise production market potential and its products. The indicators system of the specialization level of agricultural enterprises, the efficiency criterion of agricultural production specialization are presented. The comparing method the effectiveness of several specialization options in the long run is presented. Strategic directions of rationalization of export orientation processes on the basis of effective commodity specialization and combination of agrarian enterprises branches are revealed. The conclusion is made that the choice of the optimal export-oriented strategy of agricultural enterprises should be evaluated taking into account the advantages of combining the agricultural production branches, their successful combination, adequacy to regional natural and climatic conditions of management. This will allow to realize the influence of agro-climatic and agro-technological potential on the products quality, will provide enterprise competitive advantages by reducing the production cost, which in turn will allow to win price competition in the market. Keywords: agricultural enterprises, specialization, agricultural production, export orientation, competitive advantages.
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Aslani, Alireza, Maryam Hamlehdar, and Reza Saeedi. "Robustness of Norway Economy and Energy Supply/Demand." International Journal of Green Computing 8, no. 2 (July 2017): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijgc.2017070101.
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Energy has a strategic role in the social and economic development of the countries all over the world. Due to the high dependency on fossil fuels, fluctuations in prices and supply have macro/micro-economics effects for both energy exporters and importers. Therefore, understanding economic stability based on energy market changes is an important subject for policy makers and researchers. Norway, as a fossil fuel export country, is a good choice for the analysis of the relationships between the economics robustness and fossil fuel economics fluctuations. While the country is one of the pioneers in the field of sustainable energy utilization, they have tried to provide a robust economic situation for the oil exports revenues. In this article, the effects of energy changes on the economy are investigated in Norway. In this regard, first, the impact of oil price on macro-economic parameters is discussed. Afterwards, the main issues related to the energy economics including resilience of the energy sector, energy policies, economics analysis of the energy sector, and the electricity markets are discussed.
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CHOO, STEPHEN, and TIM MAZZAROL. "AN IMPACT ON PERFORMANCE OF FOREIGN MARKET ENTRY CHOICES BY SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES." Journal of Enterprising Culture 09, no. 03 (September 2001): 291–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021849580100016x.
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A firm's performance in the host country to a great extent depends on its mode of market entry. Most research in the area of foreign market entry mode choice has concentrated on large firms or multi-national enterprises. This paper examines the effects of different foreign market entry modes on the performance of small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs) in Australia and Singapore. The data from a sample of 104 SMEs suggests that four market entry modes - licensing, manufacturing/wholly-owned subsidiary, franchising, and acquisition significantly impact performance. It was found that Singaporean firms were more likely to use these market entry modes than their Australia counterparts. This study also reveals that good performers tend to be relatively internationalised, in better control over their export channels, less dependent on industry information sources, and more concerned over loss of proprietary rights to knowledge. Implications of the findings for research and practice are also discussed.
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Butov, A. V. "Development Strategy of a Car Manufacturing Company in the Russian Car Market at the example of Sollers PJSC." World of Transport and Transportation 18, no. 6 (July 30, 2021): 170–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.30932/1992-3252-2020-18-6-170-183.
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The article analyses the dynamics of development of the Russian market of passenger cars and light commercial vehicles, investigates the strategy and competitive advantages of Sollers group of companies, which is successfully operating despite volatility of development of the Russian car market, as well as the need for a radical renewal of the model range of the company’s cars, the presence of excess production capacity and the departure from Russia of three foreign partners of Sollers group of companies in joint ventures: Fiat, SsangYong and Ford. Particular attention in the article is paid to Ford, a joint venture partner with Sollers PJSC, which left the Russian domestic market in 2019. This event, which had a negative impact on partners and clients of the company, was caused by severalcircumstances. Besides, the article identifies the main directions of development of joint ventures Mazda Sollers and Ford Sollers (in terms of Ford Transit minibus, the only locally manufactured Ford model) and the possibility of expanding their export potential, including due to export of engines, spare parts and components.The article pays close attention to introduction of new technologies in Sollers PJSC and other companies, development of digitalisation in development and production of new models, creation of its own telematics platform that allows to connect a car to the Internet and control it remotely, including starting the engine.The author examines in detail a new consumption model in the car market associated with refusal of buyers to own a car and with emerging choice of new services regarding subscription and exchange of cars, their development in foreign and domestic markets, as well as offers the analysis of successes and failures of foreign automakers in providing subscription services.The main purpose of the article is to study the strategy of Sollers PJSC in the domestic and foreign markets, auxiliary purposes refer to the analysis of the domestic market, change in the consumption model and provision of new services, study of reasons for departure of foreign partners of the company.
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Baah Annor, Prince. "Smallholder farmers’ compliance with GlobalGAP standard: the case of Ghana." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 8, no. 1 (January 19, 2018): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-03-2017-0043.
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Subject area Agricultural Trade, Farm Management, Economics of Food Safety Study level/applicability Both undergraduate and postgraduate studies in Agribusiness and Agricultural Economics. Case overview The pineapple production sector plays a very significant role in the Ghanaian horticultural industry. Production and export of fresh pineapple has been Ghana’s most developed high-value supply chain. However, the introduction of the GlobalGAP food safety standard in 2007 resulted in a fall in smallholder farmers’ participation in exportable pineapple production and subsequently led to declining trends in pineapple exports. The Ghanaian horticultural industry received quite a number of interventions over the years aimed at revitalizing the horticultural export sector and enhancing international competitiveness. However, the pineapple export sub-sector is still constrained with production and market access challenges meaning the sector struggles to survive. Expected learning outcomes The GlobalGAP standard compliance case is an appropriate way of explaining how smallholder farmers make informed decisions concerning the adoption of new farm practices. The case presents a careful evaluation of technical, institutional and socio-economic factors influencing a farmer’s decision to comply or not to comply with the GlobalGAP standard. Students should be able to apply farm management decision-making concepts and tools such as profit maximization and binary choice modelling techniques to explain a farmers’ final decisions on GlobalGAP standard compliance. This case should enable students to appreciate key factors constraining agricultural export trade performance in developing countries. The case should also contribute to students’ understanding of smallholder farmers’ decisions on food safety standards compliance, particularly GlobalGAP, and the challenges associated with the entire compliance process. Moreover, this case should provide students with possible policy considerations geared towards making food safety standards compliance easier, effective and sustainable in developing countries so as to enhance market access while ensuring food quality and safety along high-value food supply chains. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 7 Management Science
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Li, Ai. "Analysis on the Current Situation and Future Outlook of Coal Market in Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 214 (2020): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021402004.
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Based on the coal reserves, coal quality, geographical location and policy support of Indonesia, this paper discusses the prospect of coal resource development in Indonesia, and holds that Indonesia is rich in coal resources, has good coal quality index, is easy to opencast mining, and has a good coal export location, which can be the first choice for coal resource development in southeast Asia. At the same time, the advantages and problems of coal industry in Indonesia are analyzed, and it is suggested that joint ventures can be established with local companies to reduce investment risks caused by backward infrastructure and weak government supervision. Coal and electricity joint venture is an ideal investment and development model in the process of coal mine development in Indonesia.
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Dinda, Soumyananda. "China integrates Asia with the world: an empirical study." Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies 7, no. 2 (May 27, 2014): 70–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcefts-06-2013-0022.
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Purpose – The aim of this paper was to focus on China’s economic integration with Asia region and the world. It also attempts to find the long-run relation with short-run dynamics of China’s trade in Asia and the world. Design/methodology/approach – The augmented Dickey–Fuller and Phillips–Perron methods are applied to test the time-series properties of the variables. Co-integration technique is used to detect the economic integration of China’s export to the USA and its import from Asian nations using monthly aggregate data from December 2005 to July 2010. Findings – This study observed that empirically China’s export to the USA depends on exchange rate and China’s import from Asia depends on China’s export to the USA. China has double role in international trade – China acts as an attractor of all inputs from Asia, and China exports the final products in international market. This study also reveals that the speed of China’s import from Asia is faster than that of China’s export to the USA. Research limitations/implications – This study has some limitation in terms of data availability, and choice of methodology like the Gravity model Practical implications – The results imply that China’s trade should be treated as an engine of growth in the Asian developing countries and the trade promotion policies should be encouraged. The emerging China will create other opportunities through trade integration with Asia and the world. Social implications – These empirical findings will help policy-makers formulate their policy and design the mechanism for application as per their targets. Originality/value – China is economically integrated with the region and the world. The paper contributes to measure the speed of China’s export and import in short run within Asia and the world. These empirical findings will help policy-makers to formulate their policy and design the mechanism for application as per their targets.
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Sethi, Rajiv. "Rationalizing Choice: A Review Essay on Peter Leeson’s WTF?!: An Economic Tour of the Weird." Journal of Economic Literature 57, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 988–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.20181509.
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The methodology of economics has been applied with increasing frequency to non-market behavior and interactions. Peter Leeson’s book WTF?!: An Economic Tour of the Weird illustrates both the promise and the perils of this practice. When applied judiciously to environments in which the strategic obfuscation of true motives is widespread, the economic approach can yield valuable insights. But when applied without proper attention to prevailing norms and values, the attempt to rationalize behavior can fall flat and invite ridicule. Economists seeking to understand cultural practices would do well to import insights from other disciplines, and temper their eagerness to export narrow conceptions of rationality. (JEL A12, B41, D01, D10, D23, Z13)
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Rossokha, Volodymyr, and Oleksandr Petrychenko. "Wine market potential in Ukraine." Ekonomika APK 311, no. 9 (September 28, 2020): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32317/2221-1055.202009017.
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The purpose of the article is to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the raw material market of wine products, production and distribution of wine through sales channels, opportunities and restrictions on the sale of wine in domestic and foreign markets; to determine the state and potential volumes of wine consumption in Ukraine; to elaborate ways and directions of development of production and consumer potential of the domestic wine market to ensure supply and demand formation. Research methods includes an abstract-logical method to substantiate the production and consumer potential of the market; analysis and synthesis – to establish the size of the area, yield, gross harvest, processing of grapes into wine materials, range of products, geography of export and import and wine consumption; economical and statistical and balance methods – for identifying trends and patterns of production and factors influencing the market of wine products, imbalances in the production and consumption of wine in the domestic market; comparative and calculation-constructive methods – to compare the levels of wine consumption in Ukraine and EU countries and substantiation of the consumer potential of the wine market in Ukraine; standard-cost method - for determining the amount of investment in the raw material base of the wine industry to develop production capacity and ensure supply in the wine market. Research results. Analysis of the market dynamics in the segments of grape growing and processing, the nomenclature of production, distribution and consumption of wine showed the discrepancy between the supply of raw materials on the market for loading the capacity of wineries, accompanied by the filling the domestic market with imported products. The ratio of wine exports to imports, production volumes to exports and imports, the share of domestic production and imports in the consumption fund and per capita has been established. The capacity of the domestic market for wine consumption in Ukraine at the level of European countries and the amount of investment to ensure its supply of wine products is determined. The ways and directions of development of production and consumer potential of the domestic wine market are outlined. Scientific novelty. The disproportions in the production and consumption of wine in the domestic market, the differences in the consumption of wine per capita in Ukraine and European countries are grounded. The production and consumer potentials of the domestic wine market have been determined. The volumes of investments, ways and directions of development of the production and consumer potential of the market for the interaction of supply and demand have been established. Practical significance. The investigated trends in the development of the production and consumer potential of the wine market serve as a guideline for making rational management decisions on the choice of ways and directions for increasing production and domestic consumption of products of the wine industry.
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PETIT, MARIA-LUISA, FRANCESCA SANNA-RANDACCIO, and BOLESLAW TOLWINSKI. "INNOVATION AND FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN A DYNAMIC OLIGOPOLY." International Game Theory Review 02, no. 01 (March 2000): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219198900000032.
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The paper examines the impact of the firms' choice between export and foreign direct investment on the incentive to innovate, as well as the effects of innovation and technological spillovers on the firms' international strategy and on its changes over time. The innovation process is analysed in the context of a two-country imperfect competition market, modelled as an infinite horizon, non-linear dynamic game, for which Markov perfect equilibria are computed. Where the models are not tractable by analytical techniques, equilibria are calculated by using a computational procedure based on a policy iteration method.
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McCluskey, Jill J., Kristine M. Grimsrud, Hiromi Ouchi, and Thomas I. Wahl. "Consumer Response to Genetically Modified Food Products in Japan." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 32, no. 2 (October 2003): 222–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500005992.
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In Japan, a large U.S. export market, there has been growing public opposition against genetically modified (GM) foods. Using a dichotomous choice contingent valuation method, findings show the discount needed for Japanese Seikyou consumers to purchase GM food products is positively affected (i.e., a greater discount is required) by higher levels of self-reported risk perceptions toward GM food, higher levels of concern about food safety and the environment, higher self-reported knowledge about biotechnology, education levels, and income. Interestingly, gender does not significantly affect the discount needed for GM food. Further, it can be inferred from the results that a transformation of Japanese consumers’ perceptions and attitudes is needed for GM food products to successfully enter the Japanese market.
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Goldstein, Judith. "The impact of ideas on trade policy: the origins of U.S. agricultural and manufacturing policies." International Organization 43, no. 1 (1989): 31–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300004550.
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Since the close of World War II, the United States has supported contradictory trade policies. In manufacturing, the United States has fostered a liberal trade regime, spurning government involvement in market transactions. In agriculture, it has sanctioned policies of import restrictions, export subsidies, and import fees. This variation is rooted in decisions that were made in the 1930s and institutionalized in the 1940s. In the wake of the Great Depression, policymakers concluded that state intervention helped agriculture and hurt industry. This article argues that the choice of government policy and its appropriateness to the economic problems faced by each sector reflect the accepted knowledge at the time. Neither liberalization nor subsidization was inevitable; both were economically viable options. However, central decision-makers made choices that were often based on inaccurate beliefs about the utility of different policy options.
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HAHN, MICHAEL, and KIRTIKUMAR MEHTA. "It's a Bird, It's a Plane: Some Remarks on the Airbus Appellate Body Report (EC and Certain Member States – Large Civil Aircraft, WT/DS316/AB/R)." World Trade Review 12, no. 2 (April 2013): 139–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745612000468.
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AbstractThe emergence of Airbus transformed the market structure of the LCA industry into a duopoly of similar-sized full-range manufacturers. The financing of Airbus's upfront investment expenditures came in a significant proportion from public funds, which violated, in the US's opinion the SCM Agreement. While the Appellate Body follows this view of things to a large extent, it does so in a measured way: the category of per se illegal export subsidies is interpreted with a view to the manipulation of normal market conditions; the distortion on competitive conditions matters, not the increase of exports as such. Other aspects of subsidies law clarified are the relationship between effect and subsidy. They are closely related but not identical; rightly, the report operates from the premise that the SCM Agreement's regime focuses on the effect, and not on the subsidy as such, which is a manifestation of a political choice by a sovereign Member state. The Appellate Body affirms that a subsidy has a ‘life’, a shorthand for a beginning and an end: it follows that the effect of a subsidy is not bound to be permanent but is bound to terminate. It is to be regretted that the Appellate Body avoided clarifying to what extent partial privatization, hence sale of assets at market prices to private investors, ‘extinguish’ subsidies.
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Ghifarini, Anindila Fitria, Ujang Sumarwan, and Mukhamad Najib. "Application of theory of planned behavior in shrimp consumer behavior analysis." Independent Journal of Management & Production 9, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 984. http://dx.doi.org/10.14807/ijmp.v9i3.705.
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Although the export orientation of shrimp commodities in developing fisheries sector is very influential and has a great contribution in the country's economic development, but there are still many obstacles encountered in shrimp exports. Besides, domestic market can be an alternative choice for shrimp market. Understanding consumer behavior towards shrimp is very important for producers and government in order to know how consumers’ intention in shrimp consumption. Therefore, in this study conducted a consumer behavior analysis of shrimp to determine intention in shrimp consumption in Indonesia by using The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). This research aimed to analyze the characteristics of shrimp consumers, to analyze the contribution of attitudes toward behavior, subjective norms, and behavioral control and formulate market education strategy which can increase the consumption of shrimp. Descriptively, the results of the distribution of questionnaires showed that majority of shrimp consumers were less than 30 years old, with private employment type and housewives. The result of model Theory of Planned Behavior toward shrimp consumer behavior shows that there is a significant affects directly to intention which is from Subjective Norm. The influence of the environment are greatly affects consumers in taking decisions before making a purchase of shrimp products. The government in its program or policy has initiated an approach to the domestic consumers of seafood products in order to create high attention of people to consume fishery products.
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Mazo, Royce Sitshonile, and Elias Munapo. "The impact of the presence on global markets of calcium carbide originating from China on other industry role players: The case of calcium carbide (PTY) LTD." Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions 7, no. 4-2 (December 28, 2017): 234–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rgc7i4c2art6.
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This research assesses how the presence of calcium carbide originating from China has impacted on the operations of other role players in the industry. SA Calcium Carbide (Pty) Ltd. located in Newcastle, South Africa, was used as a case study. The study spanned all markets where the company has a footprint meaning domestically, regionally and internationally. The aim of the study was to discern the extent to which companies like SA Calcium Carbide have been affected by the presence of products from China on the global market with special focus being put on the competitiveness in terms of pricing of products. The study used a survey strategy, and was exploratory in nature. The choice of the survey strategy was motivated by the need to collect both quantitative and qualitative data in order to meet the research objectives. The data was gathered, with an 80 percent response rate, using a questionnaire method from more than 70 current SA Calcium Carbide customers both from the domestic and the export side of the business. In order to consider the different perspectives of the whole scenario, 10 companies involved in either manufacturing or trading of Chinese manufactured calcium carbide were interviewed, some face to face and some telephonically. The study revealed that current customers, who are predominantly from the African continent, buy product from SA Calcium Carbide primarily because of its high quality. It also evident from the results that the export volumes of SA Calcium Carbide were on a gradual downward trend due to loss of market share to Chinese companies.
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Shnyrkov, O., and O. Chugaiev. "ECONOMIC INTEGRATION OF UKRAINE WITH THE EU UNDER DISINTEGRATION WITH RUSSIA." Actual Problems of International Relations, no. 130 (2017): 82–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apmv.2017.130.0.82-94.
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The purpose of research is to analyze the reasons and effects of disintegration with Russia for Ukraine and its association with the EU. Expected results of the Association Agreement with the EU and conflict with Russia in previous research are compared with the actual effects. Export losses of the opposing countries from the economic conflict are calculated and compared. The EU-Ukraine Association Agreement has marked the choice of Ukraine to follow the European social and economic development model. It aimed at decreasing trade barriers, making reforms and engaging Ukraine in international production networks by foreign investment inflows. But the EU and Ukraine did not foresee the severe economic, political and military reaction of Russia, which is a barrier to efficient implementation of the Association Agreement. Decrease in exports to Russia and other CIS countries has not been offset by better access to the EU market. Severe reaction of Russia is politically motivated and is not substantiated economically. All the conflicting parties faced losses from the economic war. Ukraine and Russia were the most affected countries, while Western countries faced minor losses. Restoring cooperation and integration is not possible without changes in foreign policy of Russia or / and other parties.
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Ali, Muhammad Moaaz, Raheel Anwar, Ahmed F. Yousef, Binqi Li, Andrea Luvisi, Luigi De Bellis, Alessio Aprile, and Faxing Chen. "Influence of Bagging on the Development and Quality of Fruits." Plants 10, no. 2 (February 13, 2021): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10020358.
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Fruit quality is certainly influenced by biotic and abiotic factors, and a main quality attribute is the external appearance of the fruit. Various possible agronomical approaches are able to regulate the fruit microenvironment and, consequently, improve fruit quality and market value. Among these, fruit bagging has recently become an integral part of fruits’ domestic and export markets in countries such as Japan, China, Korea Australia and the USA because it is a safe and eco-friendly technique to protect fruits from multiple stresses, preserving or improving the overall quality. Despite increasing global importance, the development of suitable bagging materials and, above all, their use in the field is quite laborious, so that serious efforts are required to enhance and standardize bagging material according to the need of the crops/fruits. This review provides information about the effects of bagging technique on the fruit aspect and texture, which are the main determinants of consumer choice.
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Kaufmane, Edīte, Māra Skrīvele, and Laila Ikase. "Fruit-Growing in Latvia – Industry and Science." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 71, no. 3 (June 27, 2017): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/prolas-2017-0040.
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Abstract In all times, fruit trees for family use have been grown at Latvian farms. Yet these fruits obtained market value only after the land ownership reform in 19th century. This facilitated rapid area increase of different fruit crops, allowing supply with fruits not only the local market, but also for export to the largest cities of Russia. Especially fast development of fruit-growing was observed during the first independent republic (1919–1940). The demand for planting material increased, and plants were imported from Western Europe. Choice of unsuitable cultivars and rootstocks was the main reason of the massive orchard area loss during the following severe winters. After the Second World War, the Soviet powers supported only the establishment of large orchards for processing needs, 200-300 ha, which were unsuitable for the Latvian climate and terrain. At the same time, numbers of allotment gardens rapidly increased and part of their produce was sold also on the market. After regaining of independence and private property, interest in fresh fruit and berry production for market, as well as processing, renewed. It was hindered by lack of continuity in experience and knowledge. Diversity of terrain, soils and climate all demand considerate choice of suitable orchard location and cultivars. Direct use of foreign experience often led to failure. At present, development of the fruit industry is most of all hindered by lack of qualified specialists of different levels, which does not allow to establish an appropriate consulting system. Cooperation of growers for easier marketing also is developing too slowly. Insufficient economic and market research does not allow to balance the demand with increase of plantation area, especially for large-scale processing and export, so strategic guidance of the fruit industry is not possible. Development of fruit-growing is hindered also by a lack of continuous long-term support to horticultural science. As a result of research by the Institute of Horticulture: 1) new local breeding fruit crop cultivars were obtained and recommended for commercial orchards; variety testing including growing technologies was initiated in different regions of Latvia; 2) monitoring of harmful and favourable organisms was conducted in plantations, with development of a system for prognosis and control; and 3) research results were transferred to growers through practical recommendations, publications, seminars and demonstrations.
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Berbel-Pineda, Juan M., and José M. Ramírez-Hurtado. "DOES THE FOREIGN MARKET ENTRY MODE CHOICE AFFECT EXPORT PERFORMANCE? THE CASE OF THE SPANISH HOTEL INDUSTRY / AR ĮĖJIMO Į UŽSIENIO RINKĄ STRATEGIJOS PASIRINKIMAS TURI ĮTAKOS EKSPORTO SKATINIMUI? ISPANIJOS VIEŠBUČIŲ SEKTORIAUS PAVYZDYS." Journal of Business Economics and Management 12, no. 2 (June 9, 2011): 301–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2011.573270.
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Knowing the factors that affect the export performance has become one of the most recent research lines in the literature relative to business internationalisation. In this sense, several works based on the meta-analysis technique have come up in the two last decades in order to recapitulate the set of studies which have analysed such a topic. Taking these reviews as a starting point, we may establish that there is not a clear relationship between the entry mode and export performance variables. With a study on a sample of 122 Spanish hotels all over the world, we have the intention of analysing the existence and sense of the relationship between both variables. As a conclusion, we may state that the market entry mode has a positive and significant influence on export performance. Santrauka Veiksniai, turintys įtakos eksportui ir jo skatinimui, buvo vienas svarbiausių aspektų atliekant mokslinės literatūros analizę verslo internacionalizacijos tematika. Remdamiesi atliktais moksliniais darbais, reziumuojančiais atliktų tyrimų per keletą dešimtmečių rezultatus būtent šia tematika, autoriai kaip atskaitos tašką ėmė prielaidą, kad nėra aiškaus ir stipraus ryšio tarp pateikimo rinkai bei eksporto skatinimo. Straipsnyje iškeltas tikslas remiantis 122 Ispanijos viešbučių, išsidėsčiusių visame pasaulyje, analize nustatyti sąryšio laipsnį tarp pasirinktų kintamųjų. Analizės ir tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad pateikimo rinkai strategija turi teigiamą ir labai reikšmingą poveikį eksporto skatiminui.
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Minat, V. N. "PROMOTING THE EXPORT OF HIGH TECHNOLOGY PRODUCTS BY THE US PROCESSING INDUSTRY." International Trade and Trade Policy 7, no. 2 (June 28, 2021): 30–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2021-2-30-46.
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The trade policy pursued by the US government certainly provides as one of the most important measures to stimulate the export of those commodity groups that determine the development of the country's economy, shape its innovative nature and the possibilities for the expansionist promotion of American capital in the global, global geo-economic space. Such goods include high tech products of the American manufacturing industry, the forms, means, tools and methods of export promotion of which are the subject of this study. Having studied the evolutionary dynamics of the volume and structure of the stimulating elements of export regulation of American high-tech products for the period 1946–2019, we identified long-term trends characterizing the effective combination of assistance, encouragement, assistance and support to national exporters of the relevant commodity groups in the foreign trade activities of the United States. Based on the results of the study, conclusions are drawn about the unconditional priority of stimulating the export of high-tech products of the US manufacturing industry during the entire period under consideration, characterized by a flexible combination of the use of appropriate forms, means, tools and methods of this stimulation. The author emphasizes the primacy of expediency and efficiency in the choice of directions for the expansionary promotion of high-tech products of the American economy to the foreign market, which, of course, is of practical interest for Russian use.
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Boudt, Kris, Fang Liu, and Piet Sercu. "Exporters’ Exposures to Currencies: Beyond the Loglinear Model*." Review of Finance 20, no. 4 (August 13, 2015): 1631–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rof/rfv040.
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Abstract We extend the constant-elasticity regression that is the default choice when equities’ exposure to currencies is estimated. In a proper real-option-style model for the exporters’ equity exposure to the foreign exchange rate, we argue, the convexity of the relationship implies that the elasticity should depend on the exchange rate level. For instance, it should shrink to zero when the option to export becomes worthless, and that should happen at a critical exchange rate that is still strictly positive. We propose a class of tractable multi-regime regression models featuring, in line with the real-options logic, smooth transitions and within-regime dynamics in the foreign exchange exposure. We then analyze the exchange rate exposure of Chinese exporting firms and find that the model in which the moneyness of the export option has a positive impact on the exchange rate exposure detects a significantly positive and convex exposure for 40% and 65% of the firms depending on whether the market return is included in the regression or not.
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BLONDÉ, BRUNO, and DRIES LYNA. "Neophilia and Old Master paintings: changes in consumer choice and the evolution of art auctions in the eighteenth century." Continuity and Change 31, no. 3 (December 2016): 361–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416016000266.
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abstractOver the course of the eighteenth century the Austrian Netherlands witnessed the emergence of specialised art auctions. In this article we argue that both the evolution of the auctions and of the prices paid for works of art at the auctions can only be understood as a response to changes in consumer culture during the eighteenth century. Although auctions rapidly gained in importance as a commercial arena through which Old Masters could be resold in Antwerp and Brussels, the prices paid for art saw only modest movement during the 1700s, but then collapsed at the end of the century. By analysing both how local demand for art in Austrian Netherlands failed to absorb the abundant supply of paintings during this period, and how this created a flourishing export market, the study reported here maps the mechanisms that ensured the – often permanent – movement of Flanders’ artistic legacy to collections and museums abroad.
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Szalavetz, Andrea. "Outward direct investment versus technology licensing: an SME perspective." Competitio 9, no. 1 (June 14, 2010): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21845/comp/2010/1/3.
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Based on the example of the evolution and internationalization of a Hungarian wastewater treatment company, this paper investigates various theoretical and strategic management issues. As for thetheoretical part, Hungary’s outward direct investment performance is analyzed departing from the thesis that Hungary’s present seemingly favorable OFDI performance is just a statistical artifact. It isonly organic development, based on local entrepreneurs’ capital export that can substantiate Hungary’s present OFDI position. The strategic management issues analyzed in the paper include the sequencing of internationalization; the pitfalls related to growth; modes of foreign market entry; and the choice between FDI-based internal exploitation of technological knowledge and external technology exploitation in the form of technology licensing.
JEL codes: F23, L24, L26, O16, O33, Q57
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Larios Hernandez, Guillermo Jesus. "Patterns in international ICT entrepreneurship: Mexico’s case." Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administración 31, no. 4 (November 5, 2018): 633–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/arla-12-2016-0327.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand the antecedents of small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) internationalization for a small set of Mexican ICT entrepreneurial firms, connected with subsectoral positions in a smile-shaped curve. Such antecedents constitute exploratory patterns related to simplified internationalization characteristics in terms of market choice, founder background and aspatial affiliations, providing a complementary technique to identify elements that shape SME internationalization in Latin America. Design/methodology/approach A value-added “smiling” curve is sketched according to North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) industry classification, mapping a non-probabilistic purposive sample of Mexican SMEs. The csQCA has been applied to the sample based on secondary data. Mexico’s ICT export behavior is also analyzed. Findings Internationalized SMEs in the sample tend to group in patterns that approach higher value-added positions in the “smiling” curve, exemplifying a type of non-geographic clustering. Particular groups seem to precede market selection (North America vs Latin America). The founder’s background does not determine internationalization choices. The sample included counterexamples (new entrants, limited cases involving research and development activities), which when analyzed suggest relevant literature validations. Originality/value This research contextualizes sectoral SME internationalization from a Latin American perspective, identifying simple patterns around particular ICT subsectors. It focuses on a type of international entrepreneurship that becomes exceptional in developing regions: technology-oriented. csQCA is presented as a preliminary (exploratory) technique to draw alternative theoretical frameworks for SME internationalization, specifically, market selection and aspatial cluster behavior around value-added chains, leading to new theoretical perspectives in SME internationalization.
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van SCHOTHORST, M. "Practical Approaches to Risk Assessment†." Journal of Food Protection 60, no. 11 (November 1, 1997): 1439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-60.11.1439.
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The aim of microbiological risk assessment is to facilitate decision making at various levels of food safety management. At the personal level, the decision concerns what to eat and what not to eat. Knowledge concerning the potential risks of certain foods and the degree of satisfaction derived from eating a food are important criteria in making the decision. Food suppliers must make the decision for their customers or consumers. They will limit the risk that someone may get ill as much as possible. Hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) is the system of choice to produce or prepare safe food. During the elaboration of an HACCP plan, many decisions must be made, and risk assessment may be a useful tool in this process. Governments should use risk assessment to select risk management measures for both the internal market and the export market because the GATT/SPS agreement stipulates that standards used for food in international trade should be established on scientific principles and risk assessment. A practical approach to the risk assessment of Listeria monocytogenes is given as an example.