Journal articles on the topic 'Export country selection'
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Nugroho, Yunanto Adi, Yu Sekiguchi, and Elia Oey. "Export Country Selection with Fuzzy AHP and PROMETHEE." International Journal of Business Excellence 1, no. 1 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijbex.2019.10021856.
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Wang, Chia Nan, and Anh Phuong Le. "Application in International Market Selection for the Export of Goods: A Case Study in Vietnam." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (December 5, 2018): 4621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124621.
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International market selection for conducting exports is based on various trade and economic factors. It is very important to understand how to efficiently trade with another country and to maintain consistency. However, such a consistency is not possible in the case of economics. Therefore, using an efficiency measure helps us to explore and benchmark a country’s exportation businesses. The main goal of this study is to develop an integrated data envelopment analysis (DEA) model to explore the most productive manner through which Vietnam exports goods to other countries. Exploring the most productive export business will help us achieve another goal of this study, which is the selection of international market efficiencies. The variables used for this analysis include the exports, total exports, import tariff, dollar exchange, and the ease of doing business. Based on the data collected from an international organization, on the 15 leading export markets in Vietnam, this study applied integrated DEA, which combines the super slack-based measure (Super SBM) and Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) analysis to evaluate the export market efficiency. The findings show that for the selection of the export market, the three countries that were the most consistently efficient during 2014–2017 were Malaysia, Singapore, and the United States. This study indicates that the selection of international markets for developing countries should comply with low tariff rates, low exchange rates, and a higher ease of doing business in order to improve the gross domestic product (GDP) and economy of the country.
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Viviers, Wilma, Ludo Cuyvers, Ermie Steenkamp, Sonja Grater, Marianne Matthee, and Waldo Krugell. "Identifying New Product And Service Export Opportunities For South Africa Using A Decision Support Model." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 13, no. 6 (October 31, 2014): 1403. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v13i6.8930.
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In the face of slow economic growth and development, and the perennial problems of unemployment, poverty and inequality, the South African government and business community have long recognised the importance of growing and diversifying the countrys tangible goods and services export sectors. One of the challenges in designing and implementing effective export promotion strategies is identifying the right markets, given South Africas ever-fluid skills, capacity and trading relationships. The Decision Support Model (DSM) is an export market selection tool that makes use of a sophisticated filtering process to sift through an extensive range of product-/service- and country-related data to reveal those product-/service-country combinations (export opportunities) that are the most realistic and sustainable. The DSM, which has been applied for Belgium, Thailand and South Africa, not only brings greater precision to the export market selection process, but also unveils opportunities that may not have been contemplated before thus supporting the quest for export diversification. This paper examines the role of the DSM for products and the DSM for services, respectively, and illustrates how, using the results from the application of these models, they herald the start of a new era in export market selection and promotion in South Africa.
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Costinot, Arnaud, Andrés Rodríguez-Clare, and Iván Werning. "Micro to Macro: Optimal Trade Policy With Firm Heterogeneity." Econometrica 88, no. 6 (2020): 2739–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ecta14763.
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The empirical observation that “large firms tend to export, whereas small firms do not” has transformed the way economists think about the determinants of international trade. Yet, it has had surprisingly little impact on how economists think about trade policy. Under very general conditions, we show that from the point of view of a country that unilaterally imposes trade taxes to maximize domestic welfare, the self‐selection of heterogeneous firms into exports calls for import subsidies on the least profitable foreign firms. In contrast, our analysis does not provide any rationale for export subsidies or taxes on the least profitable domestic firms.
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Siddiqui, Areej Aftab, and Parul Singh. "Institutional environment, competencies and firm export performance: A study of the emerging country." Corporate Ownership and Control 18, no. 2 (2021): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv18i2art14.
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The study is an attempt to examine the determinants and impact of export propensity and export intensity for firm-level performance in India. The factors determining export propensity are political stability, corruption, and competition from the informal sector while the determinants of export intensity in the present study are identified as a skill of the labour force, the technological capability of a firm, and foreign ownership of technology in a firm in India. A two-stage Heckman selection model has been advanced to investigate the linkage between the export performance of Indian firms with the home institutional environment and firm competencies. Firm-level data of approximately 8,000 Indian firms are used as available from the World Bank’s Enterprise Surveys (WBES) database. The results indicate that political stability and competition effect export propensity of Indian firms while export intensity is impacted by access to technology and employing skilled labour. The study has important theoretical implications in terms of understanding the exporting behaviour of firms. It indicates that the decision of firms to export and their export performance are interlinked. It is affirmed that export intensity is dependent on firm-specific competencies while institutions indirectly influence the decision of firms to export. The policy measures of Skill India and Make in India strongly favour increased access to the skilled labour force and strengthening the domestic industry which may lead to an increase in the export intensity of Indian firms. The recent institutional measures adopted favour a stable environment of doing business as well as providing firms opportunities to focus and leverage their competencies in the best possible manner. The current nascent steps of policy reforms need to be aggressively implemented for enhanced export capabilities of Indian firms
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Deng, Chuang. "Analysis of Trade Diversion Effect Under Sino-us Trade Friction - Taking Developing Countries and Developed Countries As Examples." E3S Web of Conferences 275 (2021): 01031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127501031.
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Under the background of sino-us trade friction, what kind of trade diversion effect will china produce to the third country market. Based on the monthly import and export data of China and its 11 major trading partners from January 2014 to December 2019, this paper analyzes the trade diversion of sino-us trade frictions to China’s neighboring countries by using the double-difference and panel quantile methods, and through the selection of developing countries and developed countries as a control group for the spillover effects of trade transfer analysis. Empirical analysis: under the background of China’s trade frictions, China’s imports and exports to the United States have been significantly negatively affected, the trade conflict between China and the United States has a significant trade diversion effect on the third country, and the spillover effect on the developing country is larger and longer-term than that on the developed country.
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Oey, Elia, Yu Sekiguchi, and Yunanto Adi Nugroho. "Export country selection with fuzzy AHP and PROMETHEE - a case study of a shoe sole manufacturer." International Journal of Business Excellence 22, no. 2 (2020): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijbex.2020.109954.
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Stouraitis, Vassilios, Mior Harris Mior Harun, and Markos Kyritsis. "Motivators of SME initial export choice and the European Union regional effect in manufacturing." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 23, no. 1 (January 9, 2017): 35–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-05-2015-0120.
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Purpose A global reach in exporting has been linked to profitability. The purpose of this paper is to answer the influence of EU regulations on exporting decisions of UK manufacturing small- and medium-sized firms (SMEs) by investigating the home and host country-based motivators behind SMEs’ choice to export, and export regionally, within the EU. Design/methodology/approach Contrasting the Uppsala and resource-based view perspectives (using a sample of UK independent manufacturing SMEs and utilizing a survey, correlation analysis and factor analysis), the paper finds and describes the effect of the most recurrent motivators from the literature on the SMEs’ decision to export within the EU or not. Findings The paper finds that SMEs whose latest international market entry was not in the EU scored significantly higher in the factor scorings for the motivators in the external dimension than participants whose latest entry was in the EU. Several motivators show an association with the choice to export per se. The importance of regionalization to export initiation (and EU membership) within the EU is emphasized in the results. Research limitations/implications The sample size is limited. Practical implications In the current climate, how can SMEs reduce market research costs for managers by relying solely and proactively on home country and internal advantages and motivators and being more aware of their surroundings? Managers and policymakers can direct their strategy, resources and policy more efficiently according to motivators; internal home country motivators (e.g. strengths of prices of products) direct the SME to overcome inter-regional liability of foreignness, while host country motivators (e.g. legal restrictions in the host country) direct them to regional ventures. Originality/value The theoretical and empirical work on the topic, until recently, has been fragmented and inconsistent focusing on specific motivators but not necessarily justifying the selection or origin of variables even less on SMEs.
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Yadav, Niru. "The Role of Internet Use on International Trade: Evidence from Asian and Sub-Saharan African Enterprises." Global Economy Journal 14, no. 2 (February 22, 2014): 189–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2013-0038.
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Internet use is expected to reduce fixed information-related costs of entering international markets. This paper looks at the impact of internet use by developing country firms from Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa on their export and input import behavior. Using the enterprise survey dataset from the World Bank, the paper finds that e-mail and own website use have a positive impact on the extensive margin of enterprise export and input import behavior but not on the intensive margin. In addition, both these internet tools affect export and input import likelihood of manufacturing enterprises only and not of service enterprises. These results are robust after controlling for self-selection bias and for factors that may affect both internet adoption and international market participation.
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Cuyvers, Ludo, Ermie Steenkamp, Wilma Viviers, Riaan Rossouw, and Martin Cameron. "Identifying Thailand’s high-potential export opportunities in ASEAN+3 countries." Journal of International Trade Law and Policy 16, no. 1 (March 20, 2017): 2–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jitlp-09-2016-0019.
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Purpose This paper aims to identify Thailand’s realistic export opportunities (REOs) in the ASEAN+3 countries (i.e. ASEAN, Greater China, Japan and South Korea), which together constitute an economically dynamic region and a strategic export destination for Thailand. Furthermore, the paper seeks to determine the extent to which Thailand already has a share in ASEAN+3 countries and where new opportunities lie. This allows the formulation of appropriate export promotion strategies for Thailand. Design/methodology/approach The methodology used is a decision support model (DSM) which uses an extensive data-filtering system to systematically screen and eliminate less-promising product–country combinations to ultimately reveal high-potential REOs. Product–country combinations are screened on the basis of country risk; macro-economic country performance; market potential in terms of import growth and import market size; and market access conditions, including market concentration and the existence of trade barriers. The thus narrowed-down REOs are categorised according to Thailand’s relative market share in, and the characteristics of, the identified import markets. Findings The study reveals that the ASEAN+3 countries account for about 40 per cent of the total potential export value of Thailand’s REOs in the world, with China leading the way (12.45 per cent), followed by Japan (8.56 per cent) and South Korea (6.23 per cent). However, Thailand has a relatively small or intermediately small market share in the majority of these REOs, pointing to the need for more offensive and exploratory export promotion strategies. Research limitations/implications The ASEAN+3 countries – given that they are an abundant source of REOs for Thailand and are in Thailand’s “backyard” – should receive more focused attention and resources in government export promotion efforts. The recent launch of the ASEAN Economic Community and the proposed establishment of an East Asia Free Trade Area lend weight to the idea of Thailand adopting a strong regional focus in its export activities. Practical implications The insights derived from the study are valuable for export promotion officials, industry representatives and practising exporters alike, as they constitute an easy-to-digest snapshot of high-potential REOs for Thailand in the ASEAN+3 region. This makes for more efficient planning and prioritising of export development activities, and a more streamlined approach to resource allocation. Originality/value Export promotion shows diminishing returns and requires sustainable strategies and interventions. The value in this paper lies in its description of an innovative market selection tool, the DSM, which is able to process and filter high volumes of information and arrive at a shortlist of high-potential REOs for Thailand in the ASEAN+3 countries. The paper represents a concise case study of the DSM in practice, which should be of particular interest to export promotion agencies, industry associations and both new and more established exporting countries.
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Maggioni, Daniela. "Learning by Exporting in Turkey: An Investigation for Existence and Channels." Global Economy Journal 12, no. 2 (April 25, 2012): 1850262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/1524-5861.1865.
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Using a rich longitudinal database at the plant level, I shed new light on the causal nexus between exports and productivity for Turkey, a middle-income country. I find evidence for both self-selection into exporting and learning-by-exporting. My main focus is on post-entry effects. To test this hypothesis I follow recent empirical literature and I apply the Propensity Score Matching and a Difference-in-Difference estimator. I find a higher labour productivity and TFP growth for exporting firms in the entry year and some years following the entry. Exports seem to place firms on a superior productivity path. My main contribution is to show the strict linkage between export and import activity: export starters often start also importing. Learning by exporting effects hold when I control for the role of imports and I verify larger productivity gains for firms which start exporting and importing at the same time. Finally, in order to verify if post-entry effects are not only scale effects but work through competition channel and/or technology transfers, I look for a heterogeneity according to the sectoral productivity gap between the domestic market and foreign trade partners. I verify a different timing of efficiency improvements between comparative advantage and disadvantage sectors.
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Antràs, Pol, Teresa C. Fort, and Felix Tintelnot. "The Margins of Global Sourcing: Theory and Evidence from US Firms." American Economic Review 107, no. 9 (September 1, 2017): 2514–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20141685.
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We develop a quantifiable multi-country sourcing model in which firms self-select into importing based on their productivity and country-specific variables. In contrast to canonical export models where firm profits are additively separable across destination markets, global sourcing decisions naturally interact through the firm's cost function. We show that, under an empirically relevant condition, selection into importing exhibits complementarities across source markets. We exploit these complementarities to solve the firm's problem and estimate the model. Comparing counterfactual predictions to reduced-form evidence highlights the importance of interdependencies in firms' sourcing decisions across markets, which generate heterogeneous domestic sourcing responses to trade shocks. (JEL D24, F14, F23, L14, L21)
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Manzoor, Asma, and Nasreen Aslam Shah. "Labour Laws And Women Workers Of The Export Processing Zones In Karachi." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 7, no. 1 (June 8, 2013): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v7i1.266.
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The selection of Karachi Export Promotion Zone (EPZ) is inspired by the fact that this city being the centre of industrial and economic activity attracts an everincreasing number of job seekers from across the country. EPZs are an integral part of the expanding global market. Procurement of cheap and easy-to-control labour are the prerequisites of a market-based economy. Concentration of markets in developed countries and the establishment of production units in the less developed or slow developing countries mirrors political power imbalance. As women are the focus of this study, the assessment of the status of female factory workers is the centre point of this paper. Whereas women have always been part of waged-work outside the home, the phenomenon of women factory workers is a product of the World Wars, which encouraged women to work in factories as men were on the war front. This paper draws upon a research whose findings are not dramatically different from similar studies conducted elsewhere, however it presents a fresh perspective on the experiences of women working in a poor country. This paper presents both quantitative as well as qualitative data about 330 women working in 25 industrial units of varying production capacities. The paper also examines the absence of the phenomenon of labour laws in the Karachi Export Processing Zone and examines its impact on the lives of women workers.
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Torekhanov, A. A., and N. K. Zhumadillayev. "ETTI MERINOS – KAZAKHSTANI EXPORT-ORIENTED MEAT BREAD." REPORTS 335, no. 1 (February 12, 2021): 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2021.2518-1483.21.
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Sheep breeding in Kazakhstan is a traditional branch of animal husbandry. The development of the industry is facilitated by the presence of large areas of pasture lands, as well as the existing valuable gene pool of breed resources, created by national selection and long-term work of scientists-breeders. The republic has great potential for the further development of sheep breeding industry and is able not only to meet the population's need for mutton, but also to become a major exporter. The restoration and further development of domestic sheep breeding should be based on rational use of genetic potential of animals and natural pastures of the country for the cost-effective production of high quality sheep products that meet international standards. The article deals with the development of fine-wool sheep breeding in Almaty, Zhambyl and South Kazakhstan regions, improvement of meat characteristics of the South Kazakh merino. The experience of using "etti merino" rams-producers in farms of Turkestan region showed that meat merino rams have a positive effect on meat productivity of the South Kazakh merino, and at the same time do not worsen their wool characteristics. The information on the population number of sheep of "Etti Merino" breed for 2020, the class composition of the ewes on farms, productivity of rams-producers in a number of generations, assessment of the quality of the offspring of 6-7 month old rams, wool productivity of the breeding groups of female sheep are presented.
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Gupta, Apoorva, Ila Patnaik, and Ajay Shah. "Exporting and firm performance: evidence from India." Indian Growth and Development Review 12, no. 1 (April 8, 2018): 83–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/igdr-04-2018-0036.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the direction of causality between firm productivity and export status. The correlation can arise from multiple alternative causal models, and the authors study if more productive firms export, and/or if firms learn to export, and/or if firms learn by exporting. Design/methodology/approach The authors investigate these relationships, harnessing the natural experiments offered by firms which transitioned into exporting, in a dataset of Indian firms from 1989 to 2015. Each firm which made the transition is matched against a control which did not. The transitions take place across many years, thus permitting a matched event study in firm outcomes. Findings The authors find there is self-selection of more productive firms into exporting. Firms that make the transition into exporting become bigger, but there is little evidence of learning by exporting, of improvements in productivity right after exporting commences. However, there is evidence of learning to export, that is there is improvement in productivity of export starters in comparison to their productivity a couple of years before they begin to export. Originality/value The strength of the paper lies in an opportunity for sound measurement: we observe firms make a transition from domestic market into exporting. The transitions take place across many years, thus permitting a matched event study in firm outcomes. Using this methodology, the authors find that firms become more productive a few years before they export, that is they learn to export. They contribute to the literature by bringing evidence of “learning to export” from a developing country.
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Imiru, Getie Andualem. "The Effect of Export Promotion Programs on Export Performance with the Mediating Role of Marketing Implementation Capability: An Empirical Study on Exporting Companies in Ethiopia." International Journal of Marketing Studies 13, no. 2 (May 13, 2021): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijms.v13n2p36.
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The area of export performance has been attracting both academic and managerial attention at an increasing pace. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of Export Promotion Programs on Export Performance mediated by marketing implemenattion capbaility in the case of Exporting Companies in Ethiopia. The target repsondnets of this study were Exporting companies operating in Ethiopia. The total number of exporting companies operating in the country are 938. The number of questionnaires distributed were 280 and 218 (78%) of the collected questionnaires were used for anlaysis. The validity of the data was tested by measuring construct validity and discriminant validity. Data were analyses using partial least squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The study findings showed that the use of export promotion programmes has a positive and significant effect on export Performance. Results of the total model also revealed that market implementation capability mediated the effect of Education, Training and Development-related EPPs, Legal-Related EPPs, Marketing Selection-Related EPPs on export performance positively and significantly. On the other hand, Market Implementation Capability didn’t mediate the effect of Information-Related EPPs, Financial Aid-Related EPPS, Marketing Strategy-Related EPPs and Miscellaneous EPPs on export performance. Marketing implementation capabilities was found to have a partial mediation role between EPPs and Performance. The findings of the study are expected to provide a source of information for policy makers, researchers and exporters and marketing professionals to understand link between Export Promotion Programs, with the immediate role marketing implementation capability in exporting companies operating in Ethiopia.
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Al Rizky, Ahmad Arif, Muhammad Zainul Hakim, Jeroen Bobeldijk, and Trixi Winata. "INTRODUCING A LOCAL PRODUCT OF INDONESIA (SOFA FROM USED DRUM) TO EUROPEAN MARKET." International Journal of Applied Business and International Management 2, no. 1 (December 2, 2017): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.32535/ijabim.v2i1.4.
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International Marketing is a kind of activity business which can improve relationship between each country. Besides, international marketing also useful to fulfill of needed in each country by exporting or importing typical goods from each country and expand the market for Indonesia. CV Cahaya Mustika is a company which is trying to export a local product from Indonesia which is a Sofa made from used drum. According to company condition right now, CV Cahaya Mustika isn’t readiness to enter the international marketing because of the financial burden. So, with Nusantara Project that give a solution and idea for joining the international marketing, CV Cahaya Mustika have a potential to joining the International Marketing. Nusantara Project also selection a country that which country have a high demand of goods sold from Company based on the data and Nusantara project gave an information of which fright forwarder that have a low prices and high trust for exporting goods. So, with the condition of company, as Nusantara Project should gave a solution to joining the company into international Marketing for improving quality of the company also expand the market of Indonesia.
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Karimov, Mehman. "The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Trade (Export and Import) in Turkey." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 5, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis-2019.v5i1-273.
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It is said that after globalization processes foreign direct investment start to influence trade moreover it is very complicated to deduce the relationship between trade and FDI according to theoretical analysis. Therefore, empirical studies showed that until the 1980s international trade generated direct investment but after 1980s FDI started to heavily influencing international trade. Also, results showed that the relationship can differ from one country to another. Thus, this paper is aimed to analyze the impact of Foreign Direct Investment inflow on the macroeconomic variable as a Trade (Export, Import) in Turkey. The paper covers the time period from 1974 to 2017. The time series datasets, those are obtained from World Bank and IMF database are utilized in employed statistical models as ADF Unit Root, VAR lag selection, Johansen co-integration, and the Granger Causality tests, to fulfill empirical part of the paper. Based on results, it was confirmed that there was the presence of the co-integration between analyzed series. Additionally, results of Granger causality test showed that there is unidirectional causality from Export and Import to FDI.
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Karimov, Mehman. "The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Trade (Export and Import) in Turkey." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 5, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v5i1.p6-17.
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It is said that after globalization processes foreign direct investment start to influence trade moreover it is very complicated to deduce the relationship between trade and FDI according to theoretical analysis. Therefore, empirical studies showed that until the 1980s international trade generated direct investment but after 1980s FDI started to heavily influencing international trade. Also, results showed that the relationship can differ from one country to another. Thus, this paper is aimed to analyze the impact of Foreign Direct Investment inflow on the macroeconomic variable as a Trade (Export, Import) in Turkey. The paper covers the time period from 1974 to 2017. The time series datasets, those are obtained from World Bank and IMF database are utilized in employed statistical models as ADF Unit Root, VAR lag selection, Johansen co-integration, and the Granger Causality tests, to fulfill empirical part of the paper. Based on results, it was confirmed that there was the presence of the co-integration between analyzed series. Additionally, results of Granger causality test showed that there is unidirectional causality from Export and Import to FDI.
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Swanson, G. J. T., H. Joanne Bellamy, and G. Oliver. "A Comparison of Methods to Convert Foreign Progeny Test Evaluations to Approximate United Kingdom Improved Contemporary Comparison Equivalents (Friesian/Holstein)." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1988 (March 1988): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600017505.
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A major problem facing breeders interested in using bulls from other populations is that the foreign bull evaluations cannot be directly compared with the evaluations produced in the United Kingdom (UK). This is due to differences in the units of measurement, the base against which all bulls are compared and the method used to express the merit of the bulls. In order that selection is possible on an equal basis, it is necessary to be able to convert bull evaluations from the scale used in the country of export to that used in the importing country.The general formula used to convert evaluations is of the form Y = a + bX where Y is the converted evaluation, X is the evaluation in the exporting country, a is the difference between the bases used for bull evaluations and b is the factor to take account of the differences in scale.
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Rizkiyanti, Santi, Lilis Yuliati, and Moehammad Fathorrazi. "DETERMINASI EKSPOR, INVESTASI, DAN PRODUKTIVITAS TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DI SEKTOR PRIMER DAN SEKUNDER INDONESIA PERIODE 2005-2014." Media Trend 11, no. 2 (October 10, 2016): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/mediatrend.v11i2.1563.
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<p><em><span>Economic growth is an indicator to determine the overall of economy condition. There are some leading sectors that become jump-start economic growth of a country. They are the primary sectors consist of agriculture and mining, and the secondary sector is processing industry. This research aims to understand the impact of export, investment, and productivity to economic growth in Indonesia’s primary and secondary sectors. This research uses the panel data regression method (Panel Least Square). From the estimation result, fixed effect is the best model of the model selection using the Chow test. It is shown by partial test (t-test) that exports, investment and productivity have a positive and significant impact to economic growth in Indonesia’s primary and secondary sectors.</span></em> <em><span>In a cross-sectoral, relative estimation results indicate that exports of agricultural and industrial have positive impact on the growth while the mining sector has a negative impact. In other side, investment and productivity of primary sectors (agricultur and mining) have negatif impact on growth while the industrial has positive impact. </span></em></p>
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Fenta, Berhanu Amsalu, Kassay Negash, Kidane Tumssa, Tigist Shiferaw, Dagmawit Tsegaye, Rubyogo Jean Claude, and Clare Mugisha Mukankusi. "Demand Driven Common Bean Variety Development and Promotion for Enhanced Productivity and Production." Proceedings 36, no. 1 (April 2, 2020): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036139.
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Common bean research program of Ethiopia aimed at development of demanded variety for enhanced adoption, improve food and nutrition security as well as to boost income of smallholder farmers thereby enhancing foreign earnings of the country. To achieve these aim, the breeding program use different strategies. These incudes, importing demanded variety and fast-track testing release, introducing bean germplasm and release stable variety and participatory variety selection for incorporating growers traits on variety selection. Accordingly, bean improvement program selected six major bean products that includes, small/large white beans, speckled bean, small/large reds and mottled beans. During variety selection stakeholders’ choice and trait of preference has been incorporated during interactive consultative forums of the value chain actor at bean innovation multi-stakeholder platform. Apart from bean variety development, integrated crop management technologies has been developed to implement good agricultural practice. To facilitate common variety adoption, bean seed system have been enhanced through integration of early generation seed production with formal and informal seed production of public and private seed producers. These efforts has enhanced transformed productivity from 0.7 to 1.5 t/ha and area expanded from 150,000 ha to 520,121 ha and total production up to 568,243 t. Due to this fact bean export has been increased up to 100–150 million USD per annum. Generally, the demand led breeding and value chain approach, synergetic and innovative technology generation and promotion has transformed bean productivity, area produced and market; consecutively livelihood of growers and income of the country has been enhanced.
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Monk, S., D. J. Moot, B. Belgrave, M. P. Rolston, and J. R. Caradus. "Availability of seed for hill country adapted forage legumes." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 16 (January 1, 2016): 257–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.16.2016.3237.
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New Zealand hill and high country are marginal environments for perennial ryegrass and white clover. Other pasture species, particularly legumes, provide more productive and persistent options for the range of soil climate and topography found in these environments. On cultivatable hill country, lucerne (alfalfa) has been successfully introduced to dryland areas with imported seed increasing five-fold to 210 t per annum over the last decade. This has led to the first release of a New Zealand selected cultivar in 20 years. For subterranean clover reliance on hardseeded Australian cultivars that frequently fail to meet New Zealand biosecurity standards means seed supply is inconsistent. The potential exists to create a niche seed market through selection of locally adapted material grown for seed in New Zealand. Lotus pedunculatus is available commercially but seed often fails to meet certification standards and is predominantly used in forestry. Lotus corniculatus requires agronomic research to overcome some management constraints and the re-establishment of seed supply before it would be a viable option for drier hill country. Seed production for perennial lupins in New Zealand is predominantly for an export ornamental market, with some direct relationships with growers allowing onfarm use. Caucasian clover seed production has ceased in New Zealand and the demand for seed particularly from high country farmers is no longer met. The smallseeded annual balansa clover is being integrated into farm systems and its prolific seeding has enabled some on-farm production of seed for personal use. For it and arrowleaf and Persian clovers, imported cultivars are available and a local market is unlikely to thrive until agronomic and hard seed issues are addressed. Seed supply of forage legumes to satisfy demand for hill country is problematic and will require development of different models including grower co-ops, regional seed retailers, and on-farm production for niche markets. Keywords: alfalfa, Lolium perenne, Lupinus polyphyllus, Medicago sativa, perennial ryegrass, Sitona lepidus, Trifolium ambiguum, Trifolium michelianum, Trifolium repens, Trifolium resupinatum, Trifolium subterraneum, Trifolium tumens, Trifolium vesiculosum, white clover
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Van Niekerk, Antoinette, and Wilma Viviers. "Promoting sustainable economic growth in South Africa through the production and export of low-carbon environmental goods." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 17, no. 4 (August 29, 2014): 427–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v17i4.607.
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Many countries, particularly those in the developing world, are under increasing pressure to improve their growth rates in order to tackle pressing economic problems at the domestic level. Increasing export volumes can make a positive contribution to a country’s economic growth rate, but it can also endanger the environment. How to reconcile the often conflicting phenomena of increased export activity, stronger economic growth and a lower carbon footprint is the focus of this study. A core outcome of the study was the creation of a single list using a cross-section of international sources, of low-carbon environmental goods, and their ranking according to their inherent ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, South Africa’s capacity to produce them, and their economic benefits, as reflected in the export opportunities they present. These export opportunities were revealed through the application of the Decision Support Model (DSM), an export market selection tool that incorporates a systematic filtering and screening system. The results of the analysis should help guide policymakers in their strategic deliberations on which export sectors to incentivise and support with a view to encouraging more ‘green’ growth in South Africa in the years ahead. diffusion of such goods. If the production and export of environmental goods were to increase, it could have a potentially positive effect on economic and environmental objectives, such as raising economic growth rates and lowering greenhouse gas intensity, respectively. For the purpose of this study, an analysis of four existing lists of environmental goods led to the identification of 39 core environmental goods. These 39 goods were ranked according to three criteria: i) the potential environmental benefits of each environmental good, using consensus among role players as a proxy; ii) South Africa’s capacity to produce each environmental good, using the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) of each good as a proxy; and iii) the potential economic benefits of each environmental good, using the potential export value as calculated by Steenkamp (2011) in the Decision Support Model (DSM) as a proxy. It emerged that the top five low-carbon environmental goods are: photosensitive semiconductors (HS-6: 854140); towers and masts (HS-6: 730820); electrical control and distribution boards (HS-6: 853710); gearing and screws (HS-6: 848340); and static converters (HS-6: 850440). In addition, the intensive and extensive product-country export opportunities for these top five low-carbon environmental goods were identified.
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Villar, Cristina, Ramón Javier Mesa, and Jose Plà Barber. "A meta-analysis of export spillovers from FDI: advanced vs emerging markets." International Journal of Emerging Markets 15, no. 5 (December 16, 2019): 991–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-07-2019-0526.
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Purpose This paper analyzes the available literature on export spillovers from foreign direct investment (FDI) and their effects on domestic firms’ export activities. The purpose of this paper is to advance our knowledge of whether export spillovers from FDI exist, and if so if they differ according to the institutional context of the targeted markets (developed vs emerging markets). Design/methodology/approach Drawing from the pioneering work of Aitken et al. (1997), the authors develop a meta-analysis using a selection of 73 studies for the period 1997–2018, including a wide range of developed and emerging markets. Findings The meta-analysis confirms a high probability of finding positive effects when studying the different types of spillovers. The authors also show that the type of export spillover depends on the institutional context. Spillovers drive a complementary effect which generates more direct commercial links between domestic firms and foreign multinationals for advanced economies, whereas for emerging markets the nature of the spillover generates a competition/imitation effect that pressures domestic firms to be better inserted into foreign markets. In emerging markets, local governments play a fundamental role in accompanying the local industry, not only with investments in infrastructure and training of human capital but also in the configuration of an institutional environment that favors this type of indirect linkages. In developed countries, two business strategies are particularly important as catalytic axes of competitive upgrading at the international level: cooperation agreements between domestic and foreign firms and integration. These processes of concentration are necessary to compete globally, and therefore, governments should promote this type of strategies. Originality/value The study offers an original classification of the different types of spillovers based on the different channels through which MNE help local firms to improve their export performance and shows which specific spillover is associated with the different level of country development. These results have important implications in terms of theory development and managerial and policy implications.
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Sudarevic, Tomislav, Predrag Radojevic, and Jasmina Lekovic. "The standardization/adaptation dilemma in agri-food exporters marketing strategies." British Food Journal 117, no. 11 (November 2, 2015): 2739–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-02-2015-0075.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide empirical insight into types of marketing strategies and the implementation difficulties of agri-food exporters, with the purpose to get information about them related to firm size, export experience and capital ownership. Design/methodology/approach – Focussing on Serbian agri-food exporters, this study employed quantitative design and descriptives-causal approach. An e-mail questionnaire is used to collect data, with aim to determine the influence of firm characteristics on marketing strategy selection and implementation. Descriptive statistics, difference between group tests, and correlation are used in data analysis. Findings – Results indicate that large and foreign-owned firms opt for standardization of the product, distribution and promotion, while they prefer an adaptation strategy for price. These firms have fewer difficulties implementing selected strategies compared to small businesses and domestically owned firms. The impact of export experience is mixed and less influential. Research limitations/implications – The main research limitations relate to the one country case, but results offer several implications for researchers, management of agri-food exporters, policy makers and society. Originality/value – This paper presents the original insight from agri-food exporters originated from one small, emerging economy for all marketing mix elements. Due Serbian case uniqueness it challenges previous findings and provide a “laboratory” for testing export marketing strategies. Research is easy for replication in the other countries and its results might be used for comparisons in further studies of agri-food exporters’ marketing strategies in other small, developing countries.
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Makoba, Mmoloki, Daniel Erich Botha, Mpho Thabang Rapoo, László Zsolt Szabó, Thapelo Shomana, Paul Serban Agachi, and Edison Muzenda. "A Review on Botswana Coal Potential from a Pyrolysis and Gasification Perspective." Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering 65, no. 1 (July 6, 2020): 80–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppch.12909.
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Coal pyrolysis and gasification are promising options for the future of Botswana as the country has large coal reserves with severe limitations in terms of export options. Coal characterization facilities will be required in order to harness its full potential and methods such as proximate, ultimate and chemical structure analysis (FTIR, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques) were investigated. The paper presents a brief history of pyrolysis and gasification, typical types of the reactors as well as factors that influence product selection for Botswana coal. Coal pyrolysis and gasification are complex processes and it is difficult to define the mechanisms of product formation. However, there are several kinetic models that are relevant to the sub-bituminous coal of Botswana which were proposed by researchers to describe the formation of the compounds and mathematical models that were validated by other researchers on mass and heat transfer as also presented herein.
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Donthu, Naveen, Satish Kumar, Debidutta Pattnaik, and Neeraj Pandey. "A bibliometric review of International Marketing Review (IMR): past, present, and future." International Marketing Review 38, no. 5 (April 6, 2021): 840–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imr-11-2020-0244.
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PurposeThe primary objective of this endeavour is to form a retrospective overview of the International Marketing Review (IMR) and map its way forward.Design/methodology/approachA range of bibliometric techniques has been employed to analyse the performance of IMR and its stakeholders, map the evolution of its thematic and intellectual structures and analyse the factors driving IMR's academic influence and impactFindingsIMR's academic contributions, influence and impact have grown progressively. The thematic structure of the journal has evolved into six clusters. Simultaneously, its research fronts have submerged to six bibliographic clusters, noted as marketing channels, cross-cultural impact on emerging markets, export performance, country of origin (COO), online consumers and global business environment. Among these, the first four are still evolving, suggesting scope for future submissions.Research limitations/implicationsThe limitation of this endeavour largely arises from its selection of bibliographic data being confined to Scopus.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first objective assessment of the journal, useful to its authors, readers, reviewers and editorial board.
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Torres B., Jaime, Jaiver Danilo Sánchez, Gerardo Cayón, Stanislav Magnitskiy, and Aquiles Enrique Darghan. "Accumulation of dry matter and nitrogen contents in banana 'Williams' (Musa AAA) plants in Uraba, Colombia." Agronomía Colombiana 32, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/agron.colomb.v32n3.41797.
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Banana production for export in the Uraba region of Colombia represents economic and social benefits for the country and demands improved agronomic management practices, especially for fertilization. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of different doses of nitrogen on crop development during two production cycles in order to adjust fertilizer recommendations to values consistent with plant requirements. Sixth-generation banana Williams plants were subjected to five treatments of nitrogen doses at five stages of development and during two production cycles. Two linear models, according to the phenological stage and vegetative structures, were used, assessing the variables of dry weight and nitrogen content. The statistical differences found for the effect of the nitrogen dose on the dry matter accumulation per plant organ and nitrogen content in the plants for the development stages per production cycle and between the cycles allowed for the selection of the 321.8 and 483 kg ha-1 ha of nitrogen doses as the better ones. In this research, the nitrogen dose of 483 kg ha-1 was the most successful at obtaining the highest nitrogen content in the plants. This research confirmed the practical utility of nutrient extraction curves because they allowed for the selection of the fertilizer dose with the best response.
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Kojaku, Sadamori, and Naoki Masuda. "Constructing networks by filtering correlation matrices: a null model approach." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 475, no. 2231 (November 2019): 20190578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2019.0578.
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Network analysis has been applied to various correlation matrix data. Thresholding on the value of the pairwise correlation is probably the most straightforward and common method to create a network from a correlation matrix. However, there have been criticisms on this thresholding approach such as an inability to filter out spurious correlations, which have led to proposals of alternative methods to overcome some of the problems. We propose a method to create networks from correlation matrices based on optimization with regularization, where we lay an edge between each pair of nodes if and only if the edge is unexpected from a null model. The proposed algorithm is advantageous in that it can be combined with different types of null models. Moreover, the algorithm can select the most plausible null model from a set of candidate null models using a model selection criterion. For three economic datasets, we find that the configuration model for correlation matrices is often preferred to standard null models. For country-level product export data, the present method better predicts main products exported from countries than sample correlation matrices do.
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Whang, Unjung. "Comparative advantage, product quality, and the competitiveness of firms." Journal of Korea Trade 21, no. 3 (September 11, 2017): 174–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jkt-06-2017-0061.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the importance of product quality in differentiated-products markets in determining the structure of competition among firms. Design/methodology/approach First, two distinct models of firm heterogeneity are considered as two possible structures for firms’ competition: “price competition” and “quality competition.” Then, the author exploits the bilateral trade data of the world’s 83 largest countries in order to examine a link between the empirical findings and the theoretical models. Findings The empirical findings support a model of “quality competition” rather than “price competition,” in which firms in a country with a comparative advantage in a given product tend to improve their product quality as opposed to lowering production costs, so they compete on the quality-adjusted price. Research limitations/implications This paper used product-level data to examine the spatial pattern of the average export unit value of a product, which is able to answer the question of whether an industry is involved with quality competition. The product-level data used in this study, however, are not ideally suitable for exploring the predictions of a heterogeneous firms’ trade model. Originality/value To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first paper that investigates a relationship between the country-product pair of comparative advantages and firms’ self-selection behavior in the product-level data to shed light on the role of product quality in determining the structure of firms’ competition.
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Aimola, Akingbade Urungbodi, and Nicholas M. Odhiambo. "The Dynamics of Public and Private Debt in Ghana." Studia Universitatis „Vasile Goldis” Arad – Economics Series 28, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 24–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sues-2018-0018.
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Abstract This paper explores the dynamics of public and private debt in Ghana for the past 32 years. Ghana’s total public debt stock to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ratio has remained above the 60.0% sustainability threshold recommended by the West Africa Monetary Zone (WAMZ) since 2013. Implemented bank reforms in the country show an upward trend for domestic credit to private sector by banks as a percentage of GDP. Using exploratory review approach, the paper identified fiscal dominance, cost of borrowing, deterioration in export earnings, ineffective fiscal, monetary and debt management policies coordination as factors responsible for changes in total public debt stock. On the other hand, increased domestic borrowings by government from the banks, and Deposit Money Banks’ (DMBs)’ adverse selection in private sector credit allocation affect changes in domestic credit to the private sector by banks. Of these causes, fiscal dominance is the major determinant of public and private debt in Ghana. The study, therefore, recommends that government should pursue fiscal operations that are necessary to put public debt on a declining path. In addition, effective coordination of fiscal, monetary and debt management policies need to be strengthened together with the autonomy of the Bank of Ghana in the use of its monetary policy instruments.
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Salisbury, Daniel. "Exploring the use of ‘third countries’ in proliferation networks: the case of Malaysia." European Journal of International Security 4, no. 1 (August 10, 2018): 101–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eis.2018.11.
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Abstract‘Third countries’ are frequently exploited by those involved in networks to transfer proliferation-sensitive technologies, allowing procurement agents to obscure the end user or vendor located in the proliferating state, and to deceive industry, export licensing officials, and intelligence services. While ‘third countries’ frequently feature in illicit transactions, the academic literature exploring the roles played by entities in these jurisdictions is limited. Building on the sanctions busting literature, this article proposes a loose typology considering the ways in which third countries can be exploited by proliferation networks. The typology is illustrated using three cases involving entities based in Malaysia – A. Q. Khan’s nuclear black market network, and Iran and North Korea’s efforts to procure and market WMD-related and military goods. These cases are used to generate insights into proliferators’ selection of ‘third country’ hubs. The article argues that while exploitation of third countries by proliferation networks is a similar, but distinct phenomenon to trade-based sanctions busting, hubs of both activities share characteristics. Furthermore, the article argues that other factors beyond the lax regulatory environment, such as level of development, and personal connections, are often as important in driving the decisions of proliferation networks. The article concludes with implications for nonproliferation policy.
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Haule, Michael John. "ARTICULATING INDUSTRIAL CULTURE FOR PERFECTION OF THE CURRENT INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN TANZANIA." Addaiyan Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences 2, no. 5 (June 3, 2020): 18–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.36099/ajahss.2.5.3.
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Industrial culture is both a product and a mover of industrial development. The owners of industries and the workers have a long term relationship which is derived from the operation of the sector, and that constitutes industrial culture. The study was carried out through a deep literature review whereby various issues pertinent to industrial culture and development, were articulated for the identification of the highlights critical for the advancement of the industrial sector in Tanzania. A change in perception and embracing of the new culture are aspects necessary for the perfection of industrialization and industrial production systems. Industrial culture requires a new vision for industry owners, industry employees, and both the potential and actual consumers of the branded industrial goods. For industry owners, this implies a change from exporting raw materials to the export of standardized industrial products. For the consumers, a change envisaged is from the consumption of branded agro-products to the consumption of branded and standardized industrial goods. At the current onset of industrialization, the Tanzania government requires an understanding of what an industrialized country should respond to addressing cultural issues for prospective positive operation and growth of the sector. The broad agro-based industrial development scheduled for the country requires an integration of various trans-sectoral strategies extending to issues of employment, industrial planning, and spatial location of industries. As such, the main findings of the paper stresses that there is the paucity of industrial culture in Tanzania, hence the need to accommodate it for sustainable industrial development. Political readiness is essential for the selection of appropriate industrial technologies to cope with the modern production process. Cultural transformation is a necessity for the enhancement of the benefits of agglomeration and the advancement of the sector. The above are the preconditions for a move towards a meaningful and appropriate industrial path for Tanzania.
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Shrestha, Rabindra Bahadur. "Power Sector and Hydropower Development in Nepal." Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment 16 (March 1, 2015): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v16i0.12214.
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This paper is prepared on the answer to the valuable comments made by late Jeewan P. Thanju on my article ‘Water Resources of Nepal: Misconception and Reality’ published in The Rising Nepal on January 23 & 24, 2014.The rivers of Nepal possess sufficient hydropower potentiality to enhance the country’s socio-economic development. However, some spurious expert and vested interest group exaggerated the hydro potentiality and distorted the fact of water resources development prospective in Nepal. This has created confusion among the policymakers, politician and multilateral agencies. As a result, hydropower development in Nepal has headed for wrong course, and now the power sector, the vital impetus for socio-economic development is in dire strait. This paper highlights the uniqueness and distinct technical features of Nepalese Power Sector. In this paper important component like Integrated National Power System/Grid (INPS), Power Generation Modality (Hydropower, Thermal/Nuclear Plants and Diesel Plants) are well described and Master Plan, Project Selection, Construction Schedules and Hydropower potentiality of Nepal are discussed in detail. In a severe power and energy crisis situation in the country, power export is not recommended. Nepal needs 3000 MW to reach the level of other south Asian nations. INPS is owned and operated by NEA; therefore NEA also has the responsibility to prepare master plan for power generation, transmission and distribution. But, the Department Electricity Development a regulatory body of Ministry of Energy of is undertaking / carrying out feasibility study without taking care of INPS/country’s power requirement. This has created duplication of work and confusion; as such the Ministry of Energy deviated from its responsibility of preparing sound policy, regulation and monitoring them strictly. The Ministry shouldn’t indulge in feasibility study, construction and operational activities, which come under the responsibility of concerned technical department /authority. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v16i0.12214 HYDRO Nepal Journal of Water Energy and EnvironmentIssue. 16, 2015, January Page: 18-22 Upload date: March 1, 2015
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Zrodnikov, Anatoly V., Valery V. Korobeynikov, Andrey L. Moseev, and Aleksandr F. Egorov. "Multi-criteria analysis of the efficiency of scenarios for the development of the Russian nuclear industry in view of the uncertain prospects for the future." Nuclear Energy and Technology 6, no. 4 (November 20, 2020): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nucet.6.60557.
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Multi-criteria analysis is used in many areas of research where it is required to compare several alternatives according to a selected set of criteria. Of particular interest is the application of this method for a comparative assessment of the efficiency of scenarios for the development of innovative nuclear systems. The article proposes an approach to the computational substantiation of the step-by-step transfer of the Russian nuclear industry to a two-component nuclear energy system (NES) with a centralized closed nuclear fuel cycle (NFC) based on the multi-criteria analysis method. At the same time, consideration is given to options for the development of the domestic nuclear industry in view of the uncertain prospects for the future. Taking into account various trends in the nuclear energy development, the authors identify the following three groups of possible scenarios. The first group includes ‘growing’ scenarios in which the number of units and their total installed capacity grow over time. The second group assumes that after a certain time of growth of the installed capacities, the stationary level will be reached, in which there will be no time-dependent capacity changes. The third group simulates a decrease in the installed nuclear energy capacities in the country after some growth. To select the most preferable ways of technological development and assess the efficiency of a nuclear energy system, a limited set of selection criteria and performance indicators are used, covering the economy, export potential, competitiveness, efficient SNF and RW management, natural uranium consumption, and innovative development potential. An important part of this work was a detailed analysis of the uncertainties in the weights and input data used to derive the criteria.
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Abass, Ahmed Zkear, and D. A. Pavlyuchenko. "The exploitation of western and southern deserts in Iraq for the production of solar energy." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 6 (December 1, 2019): 4617. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i6.pp4617-4624.
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<span>We have, an overview is presented of the potential future demands and possible supply of solar energy to Iraq. Solar energy, which is clean, unlimited, and environmentally friendly, is presented as a renewable energy resource. Many problems such as CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, industry, human activities, and electricity distribution grids have attracted much attention because of the current state of crude oil production and its prices. Moreover, estimations of solar radiation levels and of the efficiencies of photovoltaics (PVs), concentrated solar power (CSP), and solar chimney towers, have all been investigated. Those systems that combine various sources of energy are called hybrids and they have received much attention in recent decades. The basic features of solar radiation in Iraq are outlined, and the selection of those sites with potential for development of solar plants is based on the local largest solar radiation. Moreover, longitudinal and latitudinal orientation, wind, solar intensity, dust, temperature, rain, humidity, and pollution factors are all considered in the calculation of PV/CSP efficiencies. We know there is an abundance of fossil fuels in Iraq, energy shortages began in 1991 because of the perturbation caused by the full ruin of the country. The obvious renewable energy resource available in Iraq is the solar energy, and its exploitation would provide a means to reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from the burning of fossil fuels and to achieve self-sufficiency of electric energy and export the rest to neighboring countries. Solar energy is becoming increasingly important because of the climatic change in the form of global warming.</span>
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Hsin-Ying, Liu,, Tsai, Yao-Hsu, Hou, Cheng-I, and Lo, Chih-Yao. "Activity Types Selection in Kindergarten Outdoor Education." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 14, no. 6 (March 30, 2015): 5854–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v14i6.1914.
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Preschool education develops from focus on physical cultivation in traditional agricultural society to professional education in professional institutions such as kindergartens. In recent years, it emphasizes multiple development and interactive instruction. By field perception, it constructs multi-dimensional and multi-level instruction. Outdoor education is gradually valued and operated. Through personal experience and interactive learning, it explores the meanings of natural environment and culture, learns responsibility and cognition, enhances application and thinking capacity, cultivates the correct concept of environmental protection, social justice and life recognition in order to accomplish the goals of environmental education and diverse development and be different from rigid and limited knowledge and learning of traditional books in schools.This study focused on selection of activity types in kindergarten outdoor education. Based on literature review, this study designed semi-open-ended questionnaire to collect expert opinions, and used expert questionnaire of Modified Delphi Method for individual interview. According to expert opinions, the important factors were identified. Finally, AHP questionnaire was designed.This study discussed the concerns and preferences of kindergartens in Miaoli County regarding outdoor education in research process. The results revealed the expectation of residents in Miaoli County, educational experts and scholars and governmental personnel toward talent cultivation.Â
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Vasiljevic, Aleksandar, and Branko Glavonjic. "Certification of forests and wood products in Serbia in the context of new European union legislations: Current situation, problems and challenges." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 103 (2011): 7–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf1103007v.
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The paper presents research results of the current situation in the area of certification of forests and wood products in Serbia in the context of new European Union legislation referring to the placement of wood and wood products on this market. The objective of the research was to observe the situation, phases which Serbia implemented in the process of forest and wood products certification until now, as well as the problems and challenges the companies in this process face. Based on research results, future development of the market of certified wood products in Serbia was assessed and the proposal of measures which should be realized in order for Serbia to become a country whose companies will be ready for the moment when provisions and measures of the new EU legislation become effective was given. The selection of the abovementioned objective was conditioned by the fact that from January 1st, 2013 new legislation takes effect, with significantly stricter terms for the placement of wood and wood products from other countries on this market. One of the conditions which will have to be fulfilled by the companies wishing to export their products on this market refers to proving their origin. Since the EU is the most significant market for wood products exported from Serbia, fulfillment of the stated and other terms from the new EU legislation is of great importance to Serbian companies. Until the beginning of September 2010, only 387,000 ha were certified, namely 17.2% of the total area under forests. In the same period, only 33 wood processing companies in Serbia possessed CoC certificates for their products. Such a small number of companies possessing certificates for their wood products compared to competitive neighboring countries can represent a serious limitation in achieving their satisfactory competitiveness on the EU market in the following period.
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Hafeez Siddiqui, Sulaman, Muhammad Zafarullah, Muhammad Ijaz Latif, and Ghulam Shabir. "Impact of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) on firms’ degree of internationalization." South Asian Journal of Global Business Research 3, no. 1 (February 25, 2014): 54–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sajgbr-03-2013-0015.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to postulate the impact of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) on internationalization strategies of member countries’ firms. The study also aims to triangulate the proposed model using empirical data from PTA partner economies. Design/methodology/approach – The mixed methods research design is used for the purpose of inquiry as suggested by Creswell. The inductive reasoning based on critical literature review and grounded theory methodology is used to postulate the model. Explanatory strength of the model is triangulated using empirical longitudinal trade data of Pakistan with her bilateral PTA partners, i.e. Malaysia, Mauritius, Iran, Sri Lanka and China. Internationalization indices are adapted following the Ietto-Gillies and London (2009) and Petri (1994) to measure the intensity and geographical diversification dimensions of internationalization. Country-level trade statistics are used as a proxy of firm-level data to explain the international expansion of home firms resulting from PTAs. Findings – Empirical results confirm a strong and long-term impact of PTAs on the intensity and extensity dimensions of internationalization over post-agreement period in Pakistan and member economies. Gravity index depicts greater concentration of Pakistan's trade in FTA markets and thereby confirms the influence of PTAs on international market selection. Analysis at sectoral level depicts a contraction in services trade whereas expansion in the manufacturing firms’ export growth to member economies. Originality/value – The paper extends the theory of internationalization by identifying PTAs as exogenous variable influencing internationalization strategies of member countries’ firms in a developing South Asian context. Coupled with findings from empirical data, the study identifies PTAs as a new strategic trade policy tool available to policy makers for promoting and influencing the home firms’ internationalization strategies.
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Bocharova, E. N., and E. V. Kochukova. "The modern concept of selecting publications for the research library collections." Scientific and Technical Libraries, no. 4 (April 5, 2019): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33186/1027-3689-2019-4-3-16.
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In recent decade, the collection development expert system has been introduced into acquisition practice at the RAS Library for Natural Sciences CLS. Its major components are: the «experts’ institute», information base (Russian Book Chamber database, publishers’ information), and evaluation system. The system long-term successful operation is provided by simple and friendly interface, both for experts and acquisition librarians and applied technological solutions. Implementation of the system enables to solve a series of problems of research libraries: prompt informing scholars on the works published in the country, developing library collection that meets users’ information needs to full extent. The statistical data obtained from the expert system enables acquisition librarians to clarify selection criteria for nonperiodic domestic publications, to form the list of publishers, whose products are mostly demanded by scholars, important subjects and documents corresponding them. The statistical data for 2008–2017 (the experts’ roaster, the scope of their research interests; information of participants of domestic market of scholarly literature; data on scholarly publications demanded by scholars, etc.) are presented in the paper and conclusions are made upon them.
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Viviers, Wilma, Martie Lubbe, Ermie Steenkamp, and Douglas Olivier. "The Identification Of Realistic Export Opportunities For The South African Pharmaceutical Industry." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 13, no. 2 (February 27, 2014): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v13i2.8438.
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South Africa needs to advance its industrialisation process and diversify its exports if it is to enhance its global competitiveness ranking and meaningfully tackle the double scourge of unemployment and poverty. The pharmaceutical industry makes a significant contribution to the countrys economy, and has a growing international footprint. However, export activity is largely centred on Southern and Eastern Africa, while markets in other parts of the world remain largely untapped. A longstanding concern of the government has been that export market selection has not been conducted in a scientific manner. Added to this is the problem of limited resources on the part of export promotion organisations. A Decision Support Model (DSM), originally conceived by Cuyvers et al. (1995) and then developed for the South African environment by Viviers, Steenkamp, Rossouw, and Cuyvers (2009, 2010), was used in this study to identify those export opportunities with the greatest potential for the South African pharmaceutical industry. Through a systematic filtering and elimination process, the DSM revealed that there are a large number of export opportunities for South African pharmaceutical products, particularly in Western Europe, North America, and Africa. Such information constitutes an important basis for strategic decision making on the part of industry and government stakeholders.
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Chen, Shih-Chih, Jianing Hou, and De Xiao. "“One Belt, One Road” Initiative to Stimulate Trade in China: A Counter-Factual Analysis." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (September 11, 2018): 3242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093242.
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This research implements the panel data control method to evaluate the stimulative effects of the “One Belt, One Road” initiative on trade performance in China. We constructed a counterfactual of China’s trade surplus by exploiting the unobservable common factors that create observable trade balances among other countries. We also modified the traditional control group selection by extending it to the Elastic-Net method. This study found the following: (i) China’s annual trade surplus increased sharply by 10.69% on average since 2015. In contrast, analysis of the counterfactual showed that the net exports of China would have remained constant without the stimulation of the “One Belt, One Road” initiative; (ii) These results are robust to exports growth rates and checking by various control group selections; (iii) Although the analysis shows return to an average trading balance, we should not underestimate the benefits of the initiative in the long run.
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Vasiliauskienė, Monika, and Dalia Daujotaitė. "PERFORMANCE AUDIT: A CROSS-COUNTRY COMPARISON OF PRACTICES OF SELECTED SUPREME AUDIT INSTITUTIONS." Business: Theory and Practice 20 (August 29, 2019): 352–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/btp.2019.33.
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This study aims to present the conceptual framework of performance audits impact that support our investigation of the process of selection performance audit topics at Supreme audit institutions (SAIs) level. The results of the study include the technique for choosing performance audit topics used by the Lithuanian SAI and the SAI of the Netherlands. The data were gathered using case studies and semi-structured in-depth interviews with the field experts. The results of the study demonstrated a range and the complexity of the arguments underlying the selection of the topic for performance audits: there are no mandatory requirements or standards governing the process; therefore, every SAI chooses its own path. Each SAI applies specific performance audit topics selection methods determined by their original long-term practical experience. Selecting right topics for performance audit is a task of crucial importance for each SAI. Gathering information about all areas and making a decision where to perform an audit is an important part of strategic research efforts. Data collection is a lengthy process that takes place throughout the year. Each SAI has a framework for strategic and annual planning that has clearly set deadlines, uses a transparent qualified and/or quantified approach to ranking risks/audit proposals, and is based on the criteria relating to materiality, topicality, feasibility and added value.
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Sobchuk, Serhii. "Institutional environment of budgetary regulation of social development." University Economic Bulletin, no. 43 (November 20, 2019): 196–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2019-43-196-204.
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Relevance of the research topic. The search for new sources of economic growth at the stage of post-crisis development of the national economy determines the need for the development and implementation of an effective budget policy, since the financial system dysfunctions generated by the trends of financial globalization negatively affect the economic environment of the country. The change in the type of economic growth constitutes the necessity of modifying the budget regulation towards its proactive changes, which include transparency, effective tax incentives and increased availability of financial resources by improving existing methods and methods for implementing fiscal policy and improving the quality of the institutional environment. Formulation of the problem. Budgetary regulation needs to take into account the optimal balance between elements of the budget system and characteristics of cyclic economic development. This indicates the appropriateness of forming an institutional environment of fiscal policy, which should be aimed at ensuring the sustainable development of the national economy, promoting economic competitiveness, ensuring financial stability, effective protection of the domestic market and export support, infrastructure modernization, ensuring environmental protection, optimizing social protection of the population. and increasing its level and targeting. Analysis of recent research and publications. The work of foreign and domestic scholars such as A. Mazaraki [1], L. Lisyak [2], D. North [3], V. Makogon [4], M. Pasichnogo [5], I. Chugunova [6], S. Blankart, A. Smith, J. M. Keynes, A. Gritsenko, I. Zapatrina, I. Lukyanenko, I. Lyutoha, V. Fedosova, S. Yurii and others, are devoted to studying the institutional principles of fiscal policy making in the country and to improve the system of budgetary regulation of social development. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. Institutional transformation of fiscal policy is an effective tool for increasing the level of interaction between all members of budget relations. It is necessary to strengthen their coordination in achieving the goals of social development in the process of performing functions and tasks, in accordance with the strategic goals of the domestic economy. Setting the task, the purpose of the study. The objective of the study is to characterize the institutional environment of the state budget policy. The purpose of the study is to reveal the theoretical and methodological foundations for the formation of the institutional environment of budgetary regulation of social development and to identify the directions of its improvement. Method or methodology for conducting research. The article uses a set of methods and approaches of scientific knowledge, among which it should be noted: systematic, structural, generalization and scientific abstraction. Presentation of the main material (results of work). The peculiarities of formation of the institutional environment of budget regulation of social development are determined. The directions of increasing the institutional interaction of the components of the budget system in the conditions of the transformation of the economy are singled out. The main elements of the budget architectonics are described to achieve a balanced and sustainable socio-economic development of the state. The field of application of results. Organization and conducting of scientific researches on formation of institutional principles of the budget policy of the country. Conclusions according to the article. In order to ensure sustainable economic growth, it is expedient to determine the basic principles of forming an institutional environment for budget regulation of social development, consisting of combining the components of the adaptive institutional architecture of the budgetary system and instruments of fiscal regulation, optimizing the structure of budget revenues and expenditures, the system of intergovernmental fiscal relations and medium-term budget planning, and forecasting on the basis of establishing the relationship between the trends of financial globalization and priorities state financial policy, taking into account the volatility of the economy and the lagged effects will promote sustainable economic growth.
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Seddik Meziani, Aboubaker. "Modeling Country-Specific Risks in Foreign investment Using an Expert-Driven System." Journal of International Business and Economy 4, no. 1 (December 1, 2003): 105–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.51240/jibe.2003.1.7.
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Assuming that regulatory obstacles such as capital controls, breach of contract, and other market imperfections are still predominant even in today’s increasingly integrated financial markets, this study demonstrates application of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to effectively assess country-specific risks to cross-border investments. The AHP is an expert-driven system that has been applied to numerous fields but has yet to be applied to the assessment and management of country-risk exposure. This study shows that it is also capable of selecting an optimal host country (OHC) for a foreign investment, herein a national market where country-specific risks are least likely to adversely affect its return.
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Reddy, Y. V., and Subhash S. Naik. "Determinants of Goan SME Firms Going Global: Theoretical and Empirical Approach." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 36, no. 2 (April 2011): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920110204.
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Choice of entry mode has been widely recognized as one of the critical decisions in a firm's internationalization. However, most of the research primarily focuses upon Western multinational enterprises rather than Indian state small-medium sized enterprises (SMEs). In the past, several major theories have been proposed but none of them is able to explain the choice from the complete set of entry modes. The purpose of this research is to understand the various entry modes, improve the selection decision, and explain the entry mode strategies of Goan SME firms in the international markets. A firm can deploy a variety of arrangements (entry modes) like wholly-owned subsidiaries, joint ventures, contracts, and export modes to implement its product market strategies in foreign countries. Each of these arrangements entails decisions about the location of production facilities and⁄or marketing operations, and the type of ownership of these operations. This study examines the internationalization behaviour of 200 randomly selected Goan SME firms. It examines the factors associated with each theory and seeks to integrate them to gain a better understanding of how SME businesses succeed in the international marketplace. The determinants under examination are also substantiated with the identification of several international SME entry mode models. The nine groups of determinants are: International planning experience, firm size, R&D intensity, competitive advantage, degree of standardization, demand intensity, economic development, regulation, and political risk. The proposed framework is an effort to fill the gap between theory and practice of entry mode choice. The framework is broader in scope than the extant theories because it transcends across industries and nationalities of firms. The primary objectives of the study are: (a) to identify the descriptive determinants that have been strongly associated with SME internationalization entry behaviour; and (b) to determine if the propensity of Goan SME firms will be significantly predicted using specific empirical analysis. Data for the study were obtained through a questionnaire used in numerous previous theories. The study used multivariate logistic regression analysis. The results from the hypothetical foreign market entry situation strongly support the propositions that firm-specific resources and host country factors, viewed as a source of sustainable competitive advantage, encourage involvement in foreign markets. One broad implication for managers is the importance of both analysing the characteristics of the chosen product market and critically examining the firm's capabilities in order to focus on what it does best, build upon it and, where necessary, complement this through collaboration with others.
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Smith, C., M. Ogutu, M. Munjuri, and J. Kagwe. "The Effects of Foreign Market Entry Strategies on Financial Performance of Listed Multinational Firms in Kenya." European Journal of Business and Management Research 6, no. 3 (June 28, 2021): 216–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2021.6.3.517.
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The objective of this study was to establish the effects of foreign market entry strategies on the financial performance of listed multinational firms in Kenya. Internationalization theory was used as the theoretical foundation of the study. Empirical studies reviewed revealed that several studies had been done on the direct relationship between performance of multinational firms and their modes of entry into foreign firms. However, none of these studies focused on the financial performance of listed multinational firms. The study utilised a cross-sectional descriptive design. Secondary data collected from firms’ annual reports and financial statements for a period of four years (2014 to 2017) was used. The firms’ financial indicators of Sales Growth, Return on Equity, Return on Assets and Return on Capital Employed were employed to measure their performance. Franchising, exporting, wholly owned subsidiary and acquisitions were assessed as the entry strategies used by multinational firms. Data was collected from all the 62 listed multinational companies in Kenya and analysed using quantitative methods. This analysis was most preferred for data collected was quantitative in nature. The relationship between the independent and the dependent variable was tested using simple linear regression. The results show that the performance of multinational firms operating through franchises and as wholly owned subsidiaries as well as acquisitions was lower than the performance of multinationals operating as export companies. The study concludes that the mode of entry into foreign markets chosen by a firm significantly affected its financial performance in the said market. It is therefore recommended that multinational firms wishing to expand their operations globally to come up with long term strategies that have gone through rigorous scrutiny for the benefit of the firm. The study gave a contextual understanding of the internationalization theory. The theory managed to emphasize on reasons why multinational firms should expand their operations beyond their national boundaries. Actual ingredients for policy makers to undertake a well thought through policy formulation to fully understand the importance of choosing the right entry strategy was provided for in the results. Recommendations of the study are that a thorough marketing evaluation of the country of interest should be undertaken to ensure that proper measures are put in place for the selection of an entry strategy that will address the goals and objectives of a firm. The study also recommends that employees of a firm who are at the forefront in the internationalization process should be well informed and trained ahead of the firm’s plans. Policy makers and advisories in countries are advised to streamline the processes of foreign firms’ registration so to attract foreign investors.
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Jankauskiene, Danguole, and Gintare Petronyte. "A MODEL FOR HTA PRIORITY SETTING: EXPERIENCE IN LITHUANIA." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 29, no. 4 (October 2013): 450–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462313000470.
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Objectives: To promote the further development of HTA, this study aims to design a model for HTA priority setting, which would address national needs for a country with little experience in the field of HTA, and assess its feasibility for the health system.Methods: Literature search and review, as well as qualitative research have been used in the design and testing of the model for HTA priority setting. To test the model and the methodology, a three-round Delphi study was conducted in 2011 in the form of an electronic questionnaire, which was distributed to the panel of eleven national experts. The panel was composed of experts representing various fields of the health care sector: policy-makers, health care service professionals and academics, with diverse professional roles.Results: The designed model consists of four stages: (i) selection of experts for the panel, (ii) indication and selection of health policy topics, (iii) identification of health technologies, and (iv) priority setting. Three rounds of the Delphi study were performed to test the model and reach expert consensus on a list of health technologies for assessment, including pharmaceuticals, vaccines, medical devices, diagnostic methods, public health interventions, organizational systems, etc.Conclusions: Based on the Delphi technique as a method for consensus building, the model for HTA priority setting was developed for Lithuania; however, it could also be used for other countries with little experience in the field of HTA.
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Hanaoka, Shinya, Takuma Matsuda, Wataru Saito, Tomoya Kawasaki, and Takashi Hiraide. "Identifying Factors for Selecting Land over Maritime in Inter-Regional Cross-Border Transport." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 31, 2021): 1471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031471.
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Several cross-border land corridor projects have been implemented worldwide, because land transport is a vital alternative to international maritime transport in inter-regional transport. Maritime transport generally costs less than land transport, but it is much slower. Nonetheless, land transport can be more appropriate than maritime under certain situations. This study aims to identify factors that can help select between these two modes in long-distance inter-regional cross-border transport; to this end, a Tobit model is employed to estimate the dependent variable, i.e., the land ratio of origin–destination pairs between countries and/or areas. Eight variables are identified as significant: distance, export of manufacturing commodity, landlocked country/area, neighboring country/area, country risk, infrastructure level, port-access time, and maritime transport frequency. We also find that geographical conditions, country relationship, and regulations are barriers for selecting land transport. However, cross-border land corridors contribute to the increase of land ratio.