Journal articles on the topic 'Export country choice'
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Stouraitis, Vassilios, Mior Harris Mior Harun, and Markos Kyritsis. "Motivators of SME initial export choice and the European Union regional effect in manufacturing." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 23, no. 1 (January 9, 2017): 35–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-05-2015-0120.
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Purpose A global reach in exporting has been linked to profitability. The purpose of this paper is to answer the influence of EU regulations on exporting decisions of UK manufacturing small- and medium-sized firms (SMEs) by investigating the home and host country-based motivators behind SMEs’ choice to export, and export regionally, within the EU. Design/methodology/approach Contrasting the Uppsala and resource-based view perspectives (using a sample of UK independent manufacturing SMEs and utilizing a survey, correlation analysis and factor analysis), the paper finds and describes the effect of the most recurrent motivators from the literature on the SMEs’ decision to export within the EU or not. Findings The paper finds that SMEs whose latest international market entry was not in the EU scored significantly higher in the factor scorings for the motivators in the external dimension than participants whose latest entry was in the EU. Several motivators show an association with the choice to export per se. The importance of regionalization to export initiation (and EU membership) within the EU is emphasized in the results. Research limitations/implications The sample size is limited. Practical implications In the current climate, how can SMEs reduce market research costs for managers by relying solely and proactively on home country and internal advantages and motivators and being more aware of their surroundings? Managers and policymakers can direct their strategy, resources and policy more efficiently according to motivators; internal home country motivators (e.g. strengths of prices of products) direct the SME to overcome inter-regional liability of foreignness, while host country motivators (e.g. legal restrictions in the host country) direct them to regional ventures. Originality/value The theoretical and empirical work on the topic, until recently, has been fragmented and inconsistent focusing on specific motivators but not necessarily justifying the selection or origin of variables even less on SMEs.
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Mayangsari, Eka Putri. "IMPACT EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION ON EXCHANGE RATE REGIME CHOICE." Journal of Developing Economies 2, no. 2 (December 20, 2017): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jde.v2i2.6812.
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ABSTRACT The choice of exchange rate regime is the most relevant decision in the economic world that has to be faced by the economic authority until now. Exchange rate regime that is applied by one country become a controversial debate after the Asia’s crisis in the year 1997-1998, especially for developing countries and emerging economies in Asia. The purpose of this research is to see the impact of export diversification, intensive margin and extensive margin to the choice of the exchange rate regime in nine emerging and developing countries in Asia 1991-2014.This research uses the panel logistic regression model to analyze the two model that are used in the research; they are: model 1 (the impact of export diversification to the exchange rate regime),and model 2 (the impact of extensive margin and intensive margin to the exchange rate regime. To avoid and to lessen the chances of endogeneity problem therefore, all of the independent variables and the control variable must be lagged in one period.The results of the regression shows that export diversification have a significant positive impact on the exchange rate regime. When export diversification is decomposed into intensive margin and extensive margins, the result shows that the extensive margins also have a significant positive impact towards the exchange rate regime, while the intensive margin does not show any significant impact towards the exchange rate regime choice. Keywords: exchange rate regime, export diversification, intensive margin, extensive margin, emerging and developing countries in Asia.
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Mohammadbeigi, K. F., S. Daniali, and Y. Mohammadbeiki. "Prioritizing factors affecting Iranian non-oil export using group decision making approach based on hierarchical analysis process." Upravlenie 7, no. 4 (January 27, 2020): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/2309-3633-2019-4-60-66.
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Iran’s economy has three sectors: hydrocarbons, agriculture and services. Due to the historical trend, Iranian economy is under the influence of government governance in production and services. Considering the role of non-oil exports and the over-reliance of Iranian economy on petroleum and petroleum products, it is necessary to conduct a research to determine the factors, which affect non-oil export.Since oil revenues are not considered as a reliable source of revenue for the government due to their volatility, development of non-oil export is one of the major goals of Iranian most important goals. If the goals, set in this area will be achieved, the country’s position will be improved in terms of foreign exchange, curbing the volatility, caused by oil prices and gaining economic and competitive advantages in the global arena. The most important issue in the development of nonoil exports is the liberalization of economic capacity through new investments.In this article all factors, affecting non-oil exports have been determined, based on studying literature. Considering a survey of 32 executives and experts of Fajre Jam Refining Company as one of the most important condensate exporter companies in the country and region, the most important of them have been identified and then categorized using the affinity graph approach. Pairwise comparisons were used to weight the main and sub-factors with the participation of 10 executives and experts of the mentioned company within the framework of the analytic hierarchy process in expert choice software.
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Alia, Didier Yelognisse. "Geographical Orientation of Export in Manufacturing Sector in Sub-Sahara Africa." Global Economy Journal 15, no. 3 (September 2015): 337–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2014-0029.
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This paper analyses firm’s decision to export and the geographical orientation of manufacturing firms in selected countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. It uses a dataset collected by Rankin, Söderbom, and Teal (2006) on manufacturing firms in Kenya, Ghana, Tanzania Nigeria and South Africa over the period 1991–2004. The paper develops a multinomial choice model of export destination in which profit maximizing firms choose between selling only on domestic market, export only to another African country, and export only outside Africa or export to both destinations. The model is estimated using a multinomial logistic regression. The paper finds evidence of a positive effect of firm size and firm efficiency on export decision and its geographical orientation, especially for the decision to export outside Africa. There is also significant industry, country and time effects in explaining export orientation. Unlike many previous studies, this paper finds that foreign ownership does not substantially determine firm decision to export. Using non-parametric regression, the paper finds that there is a lot of heterogeneity in the relation between the explanatory variables and the propensity to export or to export to various geographical destinations.
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Sun, Ying, and Wenjing Ouyang. "International Standards For Exporting Firms: Evidence From China." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 30, no. 6 (October 30, 2014): 1753. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v30i6.8946.
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The existing literature provides mixed evidence of the impact of ISO 9000 international standards on country level export growth. Since it is costly to adopt the international standards, it is important to understand how these standards increase exports at the firm level. This paper examines the effect of ISO 9000 standards on firm-level export growth in China, which of all countries has the highest number of firms adopting ISO 9000 standards. With the assortative matching methodology, we first examine the factors related to the choice of applying for the certification. After controlling for this endogeneity issue, our results show that obtaining ISO 9000 standards significantly increases firm exports. Furthermore, we find low-tech firms and non-state-owned enterprises are more likely to benefit from adopting the standards. Overall, our study provides important guidelines for firms applying for the international quality standards.
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Quddus, Muhammad A., and Ikram Saeed. "An Analysis of Exports and Growth in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 44, no. 4II (December 1, 2005): 921–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v44i4iipp.921-937.
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Trade is presumed to act as a catalyst of economic growth and the growth in exports leads to increase in the incomes of factors of production, which in turn increases the demand for input for further expansion in production. The resultant pressure on domestic capacity may stimulate technological change and investment opportunities. Also increase in demand due to raising incomes of the factors of production on account of exports may spill over into other sectors of the economy. A part of such growths could also be diffused abroad through technical assistance and aid. According to Emery (1967) empirically proved that higher rates of exports growth leads to higher economic growth. Traditionally, a developing country had the choice of two alternative trade strategies for supporting industrial development, export promotion or import substitution. A consensus has emerged among many development economists that an export expansion policy by permitting resource exploitation according to comparative advantage and by allowing for utilisation and exploitation of economies of scale leads to higher growth rates of output and employment, greater technological progress and availability of foreign exchange. These in turn enable the countries with export oriented policies to attain higher rates of growth of GNP vis-à-vis countries following import substituting industrialisation [Donges and Muller-Ohlsen (1978)].
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Cai, Dongling, Leonard Fengsheng Wang, and Xiaokai Wu. "Governance, privatization and foreign direct investment." Nankai Business Review International 9, no. 4 (November 5, 2018): 569–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nbri-01-2018-0002.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the interplay between economic governance and privatization, and how these two instruments affect the entry mode choice of the foreign firm and the social welfare of the host country. Design/methodology/approach This study constructs a mixed duopoly model wherein one domestic public firm competes with a foreign firm and investigates the influence of economic governance investment on the domestic government’s optimal degree of privatization choice and the foreign firm’s entry mode choice. Findings This study shows that (1) better economic governance enhances the effect of privatization on output, thus resulting in a lower degree of privatization; (2) the optimal privatization policy of the domestic government is partial privatization irrespective of the foreign firm’s entry mode choice; (3) with optimal investment by the domestic government on economic governance, the optimal degree of privatization is higher under FDI than export, and the host-country welfare is also higher under FDI. In particular, this study demonstrates that better economic governance decreases the threshold of the degree of privatization when the foreign firm switches from export to FDI, implying that better economic governance stimulates the foreign firm to undertake FDI in the host country. Practical implications The findings shed some light on both the mixed ownership reform of the SOEs in China and attracting foreign capital inflow to improve the host country’s social welfare. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study constitutes the first attempt to build a theoretical framework to explore how the interactions between economic governance and privatization influence the entry mode choice of the foreign firm.
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Aslani, Alireza, Maryam Hamlehdar, and Reza Saeedi. "Robustness of Norway Economy and Energy Supply/Demand." International Journal of Green Computing 8, no. 2 (July 2017): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijgc.2017070101.
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Energy has a strategic role in the social and economic development of the countries all over the world. Due to the high dependency on fossil fuels, fluctuations in prices and supply have macro/micro-economics effects for both energy exporters and importers. Therefore, understanding economic stability based on energy market changes is an important subject for policy makers and researchers. Norway, as a fossil fuel export country, is a good choice for the analysis of the relationships between the economics robustness and fossil fuel economics fluctuations. While the country is one of the pioneers in the field of sustainable energy utilization, they have tried to provide a robust economic situation for the oil exports revenues. In this article, the effects of energy changes on the economy are investigated in Norway. In this regard, first, the impact of oil price on macro-economic parameters is discussed. Afterwards, the main issues related to the energy economics including resilience of the energy sector, energy policies, economics analysis of the energy sector, and the electricity markets are discussed.
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Jamieson, L. E., N. E. M. Page-Weir, M. J. Griffin, S. P. Redpath, and A. Chhagan. "Prevalence of tomato potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli Sulc) on red capsicum fruit in choice and nochoice tests." New Zealand Plant Protection 69 (January 8, 2016): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2016.69.5894.
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Tomato potato psyllid (TPP; Bactericera cockerelli) was first recorded in New Zealand in 2006 Exports to Australia must be fumigated with methyl bromide (MB) to comply with New Zealands phytosanitary export certification requirements Fumigation reduces the quality of the capsicums In tests using high densities of TPP adults TPP laid eggs mainly on the top of the calyx and the stem and some on the body of the fruit although far fewer eggs than were laid on tomato or capsicum leaves Given the choice between capsicum fruit body stem and calyx or capsicum leaves 992995 of eggs were laid on leaves Nymphs that hatched from the few eggs laid on the calyx and stem did not survive indicating that capsicum fruit are a poor host for TPP No eggs were laid beneath the capsicum calyx Some exported capsicums are washed using high pressure washing equipment which might dislodge TPP eggs The very low incidence and survival of TPP on capsicum fruit could result in this fruit already meeting or exceeding the phytosanitary requirements of the importing country
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PETIT, MARIA-LUISA, FRANCESCA SANNA-RANDACCIO, and BOLESLAW TOLWINSKI. "INNOVATION AND FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN A DYNAMIC OLIGOPOLY." International Game Theory Review 02, no. 01 (March 2000): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219198900000032.
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The paper examines the impact of the firms' choice between export and foreign direct investment on the incentive to innovate, as well as the effects of innovation and technological spillovers on the firms' international strategy and on its changes over time. The innovation process is analysed in the context of a two-country imperfect competition market, modelled as an infinite horizon, non-linear dynamic game, for which Markov perfect equilibria are computed. Where the models are not tractable by analytical techniques, equilibria are calculated by using a computational procedure based on a policy iteration method.
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Lapina, Inga, Renāte Roga, and Peeter Müürsepp. "Quality of higher education." International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences 8, no. 3 (September 19, 2016): 263–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijqss-04-2016-0029.
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Purpose Higher education institutions (HEIs) are becoming more aware of the effects of globalization and of the fact that the need for international work experience, as well as partially or fully acquired education abroad, is increasing. The aim of the research is to analyze factors influencing international students’ decision regarding the country and HEIs and to evaluate students’ learning experience and satisfaction with their choice to develop suggestions for the improvement of different dimensions related to the quality and export of higher education. Design/methodology/approach Several research methods, such as literature review, logical and comparative analysis, as well as the empirical method to obtain information by conducting a survey, and the induction method to interpret and generalize the survey results are applied in this research. To discover learning experiences and determinants of students’ choice of the host country and HEI, research was carried out, under which two questionnaires were developed. The survey involved foreign students from seven HEIs in Latvia and one Estonian university. Findings The environment in which HEIs operate is becoming more open to the increasing international influence and competition and leads to increasing opportunities for international studies and choice available to students. The quality of the academic staff and study programmes are the most important factors in creating value for the student. As a result of the research, suggestions for higher education quality improvement and export development have been structured within economics, culture and quality dimensions into three levels – individual, institutional and state. Research limitations/implications The study does not analyze the foreign students’ countries of origin in terms of political, economic situations or other factors. Upon researching the proportion of foreign students in Latvian HEIs, it was found that most students acquire education in Riga; therefore, regional HEIs have not been included in the survey. Originality/value The results obtained can be used to improve the quality of higher education and encourage the export of higher education by introducing the necessary changes in the areas identified during the research at the state as well as HEI level. The authors also provide an insight into the areas where implementation of changes is necessary to improve the international students’ level of satisfaction and their learning experience.
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Gajinov, Dejana. "A selective view upon the current macro- and microeconomic status of Serbian economy." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 86, no. 2 (2006): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd0602129g.
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Serbia does not have any reliable concept of development policy. More precisely, almost entirely the neoclassical development model is carried out, with all its negative consequences on a country which needs high and sustainable growth in a long period of time. Serbia needs macroeconomic stability; less rigid monetary policy; reforms in banking system coupled with the establishment of specialized domestic banks; inducement to developing of small-and-middle size enterprises (SMEs) especially in agriculture, metal and apparel industry, tourism and construction industry then the enhancement of agricultural production and its international competitiveness by creating the cooperatives in mixed state-private ownership, the enlargement of farms, fulfillment of international standards the protection of already existing geographic origin and brands, and providing the bounties for export. Being the late-industrializing country Serbia needs to achieve higher productivity rate in relation to technological frontier, but nevertheless the gap will be still wide therefore State has to gather the funds for export subsidies, reconsider already existing and picking up new trade partners and follow the export-oriented strategy. In relation to foreign direct investments (FDI) the choice has to be made in order to get necessary resources but to preserve the national development strategy. IMF?s neoliberal policy influences heavily on our economic development and we have to offer our own solutions and programmes in order to avoid IMF?s projects. The process of economic integration in EU has to examined in light of our uncompetitiveness, high unemployment rate and cheap labour, as well as constant political pressures.
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Ponyavina, M. B., S. V. Rastorguev, P. S. Seleznev, A. A. Suchilina, and A. B. Shatilov. "Monitoring the Social Attitudes of Foreign Students." Vysshee Obrazovanie v Rossii = Higher Education in Russia 30, no. 8-9 (September 8, 2021): 80–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31992/0869-3617-2021-30-8-9-80-92.
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It is necessary to monitor the social attitudes of foreign students in order to involve foreign applicants in a favorable to Russia discourse, applying the concept of “soft power”. Applicants’ social attitudes have a direct impact on the choice of the country of study and on the effectiveness of social, cultural, pedagogical adaptation of foreign students. The socio-cultural characteristics of foreign students were studied using focus groups, expert polls, and narrative interviews. The classification of foreign students according to cultural profiles has been made. Attitudes of students from different cultural profiles were monitored according to the questionnaires developed by the authors. Based on the scaling techniques of E. Bogardus, C. Osgood, L. Thurstone, L. Guttman, R. Likert, an integral index was calculated for each cultural profile. Methods for monitoring the social attitudes of foreign applicants make it possible to identify the specifics and dynamics of the attitudes of cultural profiles. Positive attitudes towards Russia contribute to the export of Russian educational services and attractiveness of the Russian cultural space and the educational system.
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Ivanova, Maryna, Vasyl Shvets, and Olena Varyanichenko. "FORMATION OF STRATEGIC AREAS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINIAN METALLURGICAL ENTERPRISES IN ACCORDANCE WITH TENDENCIES IN EXPORT-IMPORT CHANGES." Economic discourse, no. 4 (December 2019): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.36742/2410-0919-2019-4-5.
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Introduction. The top management of enterprises, as a rule, have to solve several strategic issues when concluding a foreign trade contract, among which the choice of strategic direction of activity and the counterparty country is the highest priority. Methods. General and specific methods of system-structural analysis and synthesis were used to formulate the author's definition of "development strategy", to identify the interrelated stages of the development strategy formation; correlation-regression analysis was applied to determine the correlation density between imports and exports for the countries involved in Ukraine’s foreign trade in metallurgical products. Results. The theoretical study of approaches to the formation of a development strategy has allowed formulating the author's definition that the enterprise development strategy is a long-term plan, which contains complex decisions on choosing the direction of enterprise’s development, defining the major goals and models of actions for the formation and effective use of its potential; it also allows the enterprise to create favourable internal and external conditions for successful completion of the main stages of development. It has been found that analysis, monitoring, diagnostics of external and internal environment are a commonly-accepted component of any process of strategy formation. The results of the correlation between import and export as elements of the system have been obtained; it has been proved that a change in import volumes occurs simultaneously with the proportional change in export volumes. Enterprises will be advised to perform foreign economic activities only with counterparties in the countries for which the correlation coefficient between exports and imports is significant. Discussion. The density of export - import links for individual types of metallurgical products is greater than 0.5, indicating a significant correlation between the two considered features. The foreign economic relations between the metallurgical enterprises in Ukraine and various countries of the world are relatively balanced in the field of exports - imports of certain types of metallurgical products. The obtained results should be taken into account in the formation of a strategy for those metallurgical enterprises in Ukraine, which are to perform or expand their foreign economic activity. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account other factors influencing the resultant indicator, i.e. import, and to introduce advanced methods for their detection and research, which, in turn, will reduce the negative impact of the environment. Keywords. Development strategy, import, export, correlation, foreign economic activity, metallurgical enterprises, metallurgical products.
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Zapototskyi, S., and V. Parenyuk. "Transport logistics: main challenges for Ukraine." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, no. 65 (2016): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2016.65.9.
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In the article the author has analyzed the general principles of transport logistics in Ukraine. The main factors that determine the logistical activities and which have an influence on the choice of the mode of transport have been determined. The transportation of cargo by mode of transport was analysed, and outlined a place of road transport. In this paper conducted analytical studies to determine the sectoral structure of export of Ukraine’s regions to neighboring countries by automobile transport by means of transportation and information portal Ukraine “Lardi-trans”. According to the study from the regions highest exports to neighboring countries – produce timber and woodworking industry. Production of the industry ranks first in the structure of exports of goods Volyn, Rivne, Zhytomyr, Lviv, Ternopil, Khmelnytsky, Transcarpathian, Ivano-Frankivsk, Vinnytsia, Chernivtsi, Donetsk, Chernihiv and Sumy regions. Food products in the export structure dominated Kiev, Cherkassy, Poltava, Kharkiv, Odessa, Mykolayiv and Kherson regions. In other regions dominated by agricultural products – particularly Kirovohrad region, iron and steel products – Dnipropetrovsk region, Lugansk region – produce pulp and paper industry. In second place in the export structure in Western countries mainly agricultural products and foodstuffs. But in the eastern regions of the country is mostly engineering products. According to the study the regions of Ukraine were divided into 3 groups: West of the predominance in the structure of exports of forestry and wood processing industry, Central – dominated the food industry and agricultural and East – dominated, industries and mechanical engineering and metal working, chemical, steel and non-ferrous industry. In the work assessed exports by region of Ukraine with the release of several groups of regions and analyzed by mode of transport. An important role in the study covers evaluation of transit of goods by road through the territory of Ukraine with analysis of major trend and states – participants. Countries that use the transport system of Ukraine for the transit of their goods to third countries were divided into three groups. The first group includes Turkey, Russia and Moldova on transit volumes over 500 ths. tons. The second group consists of Romania, Italy, Belarus and Poland. The volume of transit through Ukraine up to 200 – 500 ths. tons. In the third group, with the least, but no less important for the economic development of Ukraine transit volumes include Bulgaria, Hungary, Greece, Slovenia and Germany. The basic tasks of transport logistics were defined in the article, including states which improve the quality of the transport infrastructure and transport services and bringing them up to global standards, the maximum load of the rolling stock, cargo insurance and vehicles.
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CHOO, STEPHEN, and TIM MAZZAROL. "AN IMPACT ON PERFORMANCE OF FOREIGN MARKET ENTRY CHOICES BY SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES." Journal of Enterprising Culture 09, no. 03 (September 2001): 291–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021849580100016x.
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A firm's performance in the host country to a great extent depends on its mode of market entry. Most research in the area of foreign market entry mode choice has concentrated on large firms or multi-national enterprises. This paper examines the effects of different foreign market entry modes on the performance of small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs) in Australia and Singapore. The data from a sample of 104 SMEs suggests that four market entry modes - licensing, manufacturing/wholly-owned subsidiary, franchising, and acquisition significantly impact performance. It was found that Singaporean firms were more likely to use these market entry modes than their Australia counterparts. This study also reveals that good performers tend to be relatively internationalised, in better control over their export channels, less dependent on industry information sources, and more concerned over loss of proprietary rights to knowledge. Implications of the findings for research and practice are also discussed.
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Volodin, Yu V., and P. A. Podkovyrov. "INTERNATIONAL MARKET EXPANSION." Strategic decisions and risk management, no. 4 (December 24, 2018): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17747/2078-8886-2018-4-20-35.
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In article various theoretical aspects of an exit of the companies on the foreign markets are considered. Influence of globalization on productivity of the companies is considered, ways and factors of a choice of strategy of an exit to the world market are analysed. The behavioural and cultural aspects influencing strategy of an exit to the world market are analysed. The analysis of strategy of the companies which have entered the foreign markets, is carried out taking into account the previous researches in this area.The following conclusions became result of research: 1) globalization positively influences the companies as the market increases, however the small companies and the companies in emerging markets lose in competitive fight; 2) the companies with considerable experience are inclined to choose strategy of opening of own enterprise while the organizations without similar experience prefer export or joint venture in the host country territory; 3) the strategy choice with a bigger involvement of resources is directly proportional to knowledge of culture of the country to which there is a company. At entry into the market with other culture smooth adaptation is necessary for successful realization of strategy. At last, people are inclined to make behavioural mistakes, and knowledge of them and continuous control will help to achieve successful results; 4) for an exit and successful work in the foreign markets of the company important not only to possess competences, but also to be able to protect them and to keep in time; 5) on the market with high political and investment risks, and also adverse economic conditions of the company are inclined to choose strategy with the minimum investment of money (franchizes, licensing).
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Okam, Chinyere Lilian. "A pedagogic complexus on the knowledge and impact of economic recession on secondary school students." International Journal of Pedagogy, Innovation and New Technologies 6, no. 1 (June 24, 2019): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2873.
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Economic recession in its simplest explication is the decline in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of any country. For over 25 years, recession set in Nigeria in 2015 with the oil price adjustment that affected global economy. Its effect on the country’s export has been punishing, seeing export and government revenues decline rapidly. This is due to some factors that include the fact that oil is Nigeria’s main source of foreign exchange earnings and government and financial revenue; insurgency in the North East of Nigeria and the agitating activities of the Niger/Delta region which has seen Chevron and some oil prospecting companies, the straightening of dollar which has made the Naira of less value. The study determine the extent to which the recession has affected students of school age. It describes the process of Theatre for Development (TFD) in the University of Calabar International Demonstration Secondary School (UCIDSS) as a means of evaluating the students’ knowledge of economic recession and how the recession has affected their studies and career choice. The issues discussed here came from the students, enabling them develop critical reasoning that will help them rekindle their ambitions as well as eliciting their knowledge of changes around their environment. Methodologically, Semi-Structured Interview, TFD and other participatory methodologies like FGD and playmaking were used and for those students who may have issues discussing their views in problem, Key informant Interview was applied.
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Valentin, Dominique, Carlo Valente, Jordi Ballester, Ronan Symoneaux, Ina Smith, Florian F. Bauer, and Helene Nieuwoudt. "The Impact of “Wine Country of Origin” on the Perception of Wines by South African and French Wine Consumers: A Cross-Cultural Comparison." Foods 10, no. 8 (July 23, 2021): 1710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10081710.
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Culture is an important factor that influences how marketing interacts with food choice. This study aims at exploring the effect of consumers’ Country of Origin (COO) on wine representations and perception using Chenin blanc as a model. The first objective was to evaluate the role of origin in the construction of the representation. We used the theoretical framework of social representation to compare South African (SA) and French consumers’ representations via a word association task. The results indicated that SA representations are dominated by consumers’ experience of the wine (sensory and emotional dimensions), whereas French representations are dominated by the wine itself, in particular its origin and mode of consumption. The second objective was to evaluate the effect of origin on wine categorization in two conditions: with and without information concerning the two geographical origins of the samples. Results showed that providing information on the origin of the wines affected French participants more than SA participants. In both conditions, the groups of wines formed in the sorting tasks by SA participants were based on sensory descriptors and appeared not to be impacted by the information on origin. In contrast, providing information on the origin of the wines to French participants led to an increased use of the words “Loire”, “South Africa” and “familiar” suggesting a different sorting strategy more deliberately based on the origin of the wines. Our findings have important implications for the marketing and export activities within the wine industry.
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Fenta, Berhanu Amsalu, Kassay Negash, Kidane Tumssa, Tigist Shiferaw, Dagmawit Tsegaye, Rubyogo Jean Claude, and Clare Mugisha Mukankusi. "Demand Driven Common Bean Variety Development and Promotion for Enhanced Productivity and Production." Proceedings 36, no. 1 (April 2, 2020): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036139.
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Common bean research program of Ethiopia aimed at development of demanded variety for enhanced adoption, improve food and nutrition security as well as to boost income of smallholder farmers thereby enhancing foreign earnings of the country. To achieve these aim, the breeding program use different strategies. These incudes, importing demanded variety and fast-track testing release, introducing bean germplasm and release stable variety and participatory variety selection for incorporating growers traits on variety selection. Accordingly, bean improvement program selected six major bean products that includes, small/large white beans, speckled bean, small/large reds and mottled beans. During variety selection stakeholders’ choice and trait of preference has been incorporated during interactive consultative forums of the value chain actor at bean innovation multi-stakeholder platform. Apart from bean variety development, integrated crop management technologies has been developed to implement good agricultural practice. To facilitate common variety adoption, bean seed system have been enhanced through integration of early generation seed production with formal and informal seed production of public and private seed producers. These efforts has enhanced transformed productivity from 0.7 to 1.5 t/ha and area expanded from 150,000 ha to 520,121 ha and total production up to 568,243 t. Due to this fact bean export has been increased up to 100–150 million USD per annum. Generally, the demand led breeding and value chain approach, synergetic and innovative technology generation and promotion has transformed bean productivity, area produced and market; consecutively livelihood of growers and income of the country has been enhanced.
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Aidis, Ruta, and Julie Weeks. "Mapping the gendered ecosystem." International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 8, no. 4 (November 21, 2016): 330–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijge-12-2015-0044.
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Purpose There is a growing understanding that gender-blind business support measures do not assist women’s enterprise development to the extent that they assist its male equivalent. Focusing efforts specifically on women’s enterprise development, and measuring the impact of those efforts, is paramount. This paper aims to assess the evolution of two indices that analyze high-impact female entrepreneurship development: the Gender-Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index (GEDI) and the 2015 Global Women Entrepreneur Leaders Scorecard. Both utilize data from reliable data sources, yet are limited by the quality and availability of sex-disaggregated data. However, they differ in terms of variable choice, methodology and results. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the authors assess the evolution of two indices that analyze high-impact female entrepreneurship development. High-impact female entrepreneurship is defined as firms headed by women that are market-expanding, export-oriented and innovative. The assessment is focused on two new indices, the 2013 and 2014 Gender-GEDI and, the newly created measurement tool, the 2015 Global Women Entrepreneur Leaders Scorecard. Findings Both indices rely on existing data from reliable, internationally recognized data sets, yet are limited by the sex-disaggregated data that are currently available. However, they differ in terms of variable choice, methodology and results. Originality/value There is an increasing need by researchers and policy makers alike to consolidate existing data to better understand the existing barriers for women entrepreneurs and to be able to benchmark change. This paper assesses two indices that provide insights into the conditions for high-impact women entrepreneurs in a country comparative way.
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Gugnin, A. M., and Y. A. Lisnevska. "Fidel Castro - manager and marketologist of the revolution." Public administration aspects 6, no. 8 (September 5, 2018): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/151841.
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The article is devoted to the problems of political leadership. Currently, the leaders of many countries in Europe, Asia and America claim to be the true leaders of their countries. As everyone knows, not everyone succeeds. The authors of this publication have attempted to determine the determinants and parameters of a successful manager of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, choosing an unusual example - the Cuban, by no means the democrat, the partriot of his country, Comandante en Jefe by Fidel Castro. The article shows how, as a result of bold management decisions and the use of marketing technologies, this politician achieved complete independence of his small and weak country. The influence of the personality of Fidel Castro on the historical and political processes in Latin America and the system of relations between the socialist countries is examined. A description is given of the stages of the emergence of socialism in Cuba and the successful actions of the leader of the country to protect the achievements of the world socialist system after it disintegrated. It is pointed out that unlike European countries, socialism was not brought to Cuba on bayonets - it was an informed and free choice. An estimation is given to the creative methods used by Castro to overcome the crisis in the early 90s - the rectification and philosophy of the special period, and also the results of their application in some branches of the national economy-pharmacology, medicine, and tourism. It is established that the politician successfully proved the viability of fidelism, transferring power to Raul Castro. It is shown that Castro also allowed serious miscalculations in managerial activity, such as the policy of exporting the revolution and participation in drug trafficking, which led to numerous victims and loss of prestige of the country. The authors argue that Castro did not understand the laws of social development and the inevitability of the development of democracy, in the marketing plane he was interested only in the market, on the basis that the material and human resources of Cuba are very limited, and before the revolution, economic activity in the country was limited to the production and export of sugar. After adopting Soviet methods of governing the country - long-term plans, socialist competition, the celebration of numerous anniversaries, Castro did not take into account that this was alien to the mentality of the Cubans.
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PUSTOVA, N. O., and K. О. POLOSMAK. "EUROINTEGRATION ORIENTATION OF UKRAINE: STATE SUPPORT OF THE AGRARIAN SECTOR OF THE ECONOMY." Economic innovations 21, no. 2(71) (June 20, 2019): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2019.21.2(71).102-108.
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Topicality. The evrointegration course of Ukraine and integration of economy of the state in a world economy to a great extent depend on the present export resources of country. The mortgage of successful development and global keeping of Ukraine is effective and competitive development of agriculture. The actuality of problem of stimulating the development of state budget support of the agrarian sector of the economy in ensuring the eurointegration of Ukraine. Aim and tasks. In the conditions of reformative motion of Ukraine in direction of entering into European Union and choice of way of development, the agrarian sector of economy occupies one of leading places, which a possible decision of problems of raising of economy of the state and providing of perspective development of other industries of economy is due to. The purpose of the article is to assess the national conditions and factors regarding the implementation of European principles for the construction of state economic relations in the field of agriculture. Basis of decision of these tasks is wide illumination of agroindustrial complex as backgrounds of development which will enable to provide an output on the new level of menage, inculcate European principles of construction of relations between farmers and state, to create the certain programs of support of agriculture and more main all - to provide stability of economy of the state. Research results. State budget support is the main direction of state regulation of agriculture with other branches of the economy, to ensure the effective functioning of agricultural production in general. Investigational problems of development and realization of export capacities of enterprises of agroindustrial complex of Ukraine. tendencies and certainly basic directions of introduction of eurointegration principles of menage are analysed in modern terms. Conclusion. By priority and strategically the important sector of economy of Ukraine traditionally is an agroindustrial complex. Therefore the valuable use him export potential will play a key role in integration of Ukraine in outer economic space. Prospects for future research in the field of implementation of European principles of management are related to the priority development of the regions, the effectiveness of the reforms implemented and the effectiveness of the development of the agro-industrial complex in the context of its state support.
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Limani, Mr Sc Kadishe, and Mr Sc Jeta Hani. "The effects of exchange rate on balance trade and on monetary aggregates of macedonia and the impact of the current world crisis in its economy." ILIRIA International Review 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2012): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.21113/iir.v2i2.153.
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Macedonia is a country that is close related to the European Union countries where the majority of the Macedonian foreign trade is with the European Union countries (52%). So the Macedonian economy is in a high level dependency of Euro. Since Denar is connected closely to Euro, and the level of its usage in everyday economic activity is close to the usage of Denar, it is obvious to be discussed as a dilemma whether Macedonia should have Euro as its currency. However, the problem lies in that whether it is the right time for such action as the best solution for Macedonian economy, keeping in mind the fact that in the international arena there is present a second crisis that is the crisis of Euro-Zone.Based on various sources and on our econometric results, in this paper is argued and supported the main hypothesis that the fix exchange rate for Macedonia is a more optimal choice in comparison with the unilateral euroisation and flexible exchange rate. Thus, during the research we found out some arguments that support the existing regime, such as: under a flexible regime an eventual devaluation of the Denar is more possible, which can lead to more negative effects on the economy than benefits. Thus, devaluation of the Denar will have no significant effects on the balance trade (export and imports) and GDP. This means that the competitiveness of a country relies on the other factors. In addition an eventual devaluation of the Denar, it will not have significant effects on monetary aggregates (M2 and M4) due to the asset substitution from Denar deposits to foreign deposits and vice-versa.
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Belych, Tatiana, and Anna Burdukovskaya. "One of the Ways of Artificial Intelligence Implementation in Forecasting." Известия Байкальского государственного университета 28, no. 3 (September 3, 2018): 500–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-2759.2018.28(3).500-507.
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Oil and its refinery products have always been the most important source of energy for modern society, and, therefore, one cannot imagine the life of mankind in any field of its activity without this resource. Energy, military defense, transport, agriculture, domestic needs of the population, the economy of the country are directly dependent on oil and its prices, it plays an extremely important role for Russia in particular, since it is the main revenue item for the state, therefore, forecasting oil prices is a primary task. The purpose of the article is to forecast the prices for this resource for April-August 2018 on the basis of the neural network model use as one of the ways to implement artificial intelligence. Oil prices have been chosen as the object of forecasting, and the subject is the dynamics of oil prices. The choice of the object and the subject of forecasting was conditioned by the fact that the price of oil is one of the main factors affecting the state and pace of development of the domestic economy, and primarily GDP. The pricing of many types of oil is determined by the price of the Brent crude oil reference mark, including the cost of three out of five Russian export brands: Urals, Siberian Light and REBCO, calculated on the basis of Brent prices.
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Habibbayli, S. "ENERGY PROJECTS CONNECTING AZERBAIJAN AND GEORGIA." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 139 (2018): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2018.139.05.
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After the restoration of the state independence of Azerbaijan, one of the main goals was to use natural resources freely, in the interests of the Azerbaijani people and state. Since the early 1990’s, several western companies have begun to show interest in the energy sources of the Caspian region. In the first years of independence, certain steps were taken to obtain energy resources and bring them to the world market. The “Contract of the Century” concluded on September 20, 1994, with 11 transnational oil companies worldwide, which laid the foundation of the oil strategy proposed by national leader Heydar Aliyev, allowed Azerbaijan to play an important role in the Caucasus and Caspian Sea region, turning it into one of the international centers for the production of energy resources. After the signing of the “Contract of the Century”, the key issue was finding favorable ways for oil and gas transit. The choice of Georgia as a transit country would meet the interests of Azerbaijan. Starting from 1999, the first oil was transported via the Baku-Supsa pipeline, and from 2006 on the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan main export oil pipeline. Transportation of gas, along with oil, is carried out through Georgia. Gas is transported to Georgia by the end of 2006 through the Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum gas pipeline and from June 2007 to Turkey. The Southern Gas Corridor, which is probably the largest gas pipeline project put forward by Azerbaijan, involving Georgia, delivers the Shahdeniz Phase 2 gas from the Caspian Sea to Europe. The South Caucasus Pipeline Project Expansion, part of this project, encompasses the construction of new pipelines and associated facilities in both Azerbaijan and Georgia. The opening ceremony of the first phase of the Southern Gas Corridor project was held at Sangachal Terminal on May 29, 2018. Within the framework of the AGRI (Azerbaijan, Georgia, Romania Interconnector) project, which is one of the energy projects connecting Azerbaijan and Georgia, it is planned to transport natural gas through the pipeline to the Black Sea shores of Georgia, where it will be liquefied and transported by tankers to the terminal in Romania’s Constanta port and then to the gas infrastructure of Romania and other European countries in the form of natural gas. Georgia is not only a transit country for Azerbaijan, but also one of the largest consumers of hydrocarbon reserves. The State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic (SOCAR) has been operating in Georgia since 2006. SOCAR's activities in Georgia are carried out through “SOCAR Georgia Petroleum”, “SOCAR Gas Export-Import”, “SOCAR Georgia Gas”, “SOCAR Georgia Gas Distribution”, “Black Sea Terminal” and others.
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Ryltseva, Yuliya. "Design and construction of underwater pipelines crossings." E3S Web of Conferences 263 (2021): 04006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126304006.
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The new territories exploration for housing construction and production facilities within the country and the increase in the export of hydrocarbons require the constant development and improvement of pipeline transport. There are often cases when the need for the pipeline network crossing by various obstacles is recognized as the only possible design solution and economically reasonable, among the most difficult of which there are water bodies. Natural and waste water, oil and petroleum products, and gas are transported by underwater pipelines crossings. Aiming at optimizing the design and construction of underwater pipeline crossings requires constant monitoring of the technologies, equipment, and materials offered by the modern market. The research methods were based on the review of current regulatory and technical documentation, modern scientific and periodicals, and security documents. A special feature of the underwater pipelines crossings design is needed to predict the channel processes for the entire estimated period of their use. Underwater crossings construction is made by the trench and trenchless methods. The latter ones, which are currently the most popular, imply the following main types: horizontal directional drilling, directional drilling, tunneling, microtunneling. The construction technology choice is determined by the topographical features of the water body bottom, its hydrological characteristics, the geology of the construction site, the required length, the diameter of the pipeline network, and the features of the surrounding area as a whole. The results of the review study may be of interest for the specialists in the field of pipeline transport.
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Kasianchuk, Victoria, Oleksanda Berhilevych, Inna Negai, Lubov Dimitrijevich, and Tatyana Marenkova. "DETERMINATION OF HONEY GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN ACCORDING TO ITS ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION BY THE METHOD OF X-RAY FLUORESCENCE." EUREKA: Life Sciences 2 (March 31, 2019): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5695.2019.00857.
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The aim of the research was to determine features of the elemental composition of polyfloral honey from the Odessa region (Ukraine) by the method of x-ray fluorescence for using these features in the geographic marking of the region of honey origin. A choice of honey from the Odessa region is explained by its relatively good ecology, optimal maritime climate and enough motley grass resources for gathering nectar by bees. At the same time the Odessa region occupies the fourth place among regions – honey producers in Ukraine with a right to export honey beyond the country with specific weight 10 % from the total export of this product. 11 samples of fresh honey and 14 samples of honey, stored during one year were studied as to the content of 22 mineral elements. The elemental analysis of honey was realized on the energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescent spectrometer ElvaX Light SDD. Each sample was studied for 5 times. The obtained results were statistically processed by the standard methodology. The determination distinctness of mass shares of metals is no worse than 0,1 %. Limits of finding admixtures of heavy metals in the light matrix are no worse than 1 ppm. The studies were realized during 2016-2017. It has been established, that lyophilization of honey doesn’t essentially influence determination parameters of the elemental composition of honey by the method of x-ray fluorescence. The analysis of energy-dispersive spectrums of mineral elements determined that marker elements for honey from the Odessa region are Cl, K, Ca, that prevail among other studied mineral elements. There has been established the typical intensity of a signal of energy-dispersive spectrums for Cl, K, Ca of honey from the Odessa region that correspond to the following values: for fresh honey Cl from 27075 to 29429; K from 47 296 to 41 546; Ca from 7572 to 6928; for honey, stored during one year: Cl from 40383 to 37044; K from 43 589 to 42 591;Ca from 15495 to 10006. These parameters may serve as markers for honey from the Odessa region. At the same time the obtained results may be used for controlling the quality of natural honey by its element composition for identifying a geographic place of origin.
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Jo, Jisung, and Eon-kyung Lee. "How Do Consumers’ Food Values across Countries Lead to Changes in the Strategy of Food Supply-Chain Management?" Foods 10, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 1523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10071523.
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Although one of the main goals of supply-chain management is to maximize consumer values, the research to date has mainly focused on the supply side. In the case of the food industry, understanding consumer needs and maximizing its utility are essential. In this study, we analyze consumers’ 12 meta-values (e.g., safety, taste, health, price, environment, etc.), then suggest the strategy of food cold-chain management satisfying consumers’ perception. We focused on consumers from three countries in Asia: Korea, China, and Japan. The survey was conducted with over 1000 consumers in those three countries, and a random parameter logit model was utilized to determine the importance of each food value that could affect consumers’ food choice. Similarities and differences were both found in share of preference of each food value across countries. While safety is one of the top three values in all three countries, naturalness and nutritional value ranked among the top three only in China. To propose the consumer-centric strategy of food cold-chain management, we investigated the relationship between each food value and each node of supply chain based on the big data analysis. It shows that consumers prefer when the entire supply chain is managed where each node is organically connected with each other instead of individual nodes being managed separately. Further, strategies for food cold-chain management should be developed differently by country, incorporating differences of consumers’ preferences on food value. These results would motivate governments and companies related to food cold chain to reconsider their marketing strategies on the import and export food market.
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Latkovskyi, Pavlo, and Anna Marushchak. "PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF DEEPENING EU-UKRAINIAN RELATIONS." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, no. 2 (May 13, 2019): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-2-96-103.
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Three countries: Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine have concluded European Union Association Agreements, under similar terms and conditions of European Partnership. Analytical review allowed determining that in their political integrative development, they have similar problems and ways to overcome them. They are distinguished by a relatively high level of democratic freedoms and political pluralism; however, none of them can be considered as a consolidated democracy, these countries have hybrid political regimes. Among the main obstacles occurring on the way of their integration processes, one can distinguish problems associated with ethical, regional, and cultural conflicts; specific features of the formation of constitutional systems; features of the formation of PR technologies of government and society; deep-rooted corruption and influence of oligarchs in party systems and, as a consequence, propensity to use non-constitutional means of political struggle and economic development. Despite these structural problems, favouring European values and norms demonstrated by societies of the three countries holds the promise of consolidating democratic institutions and overcoming problems. The purpose of the article is to determine problems and prospects of deepening relations of the EU with three countries: Ukraine, Moldova, and Georgia, and to substantiate theses stating that consistent and reinforced integration of the European Union in this region is crucial for further success and development of all actors of this process. Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine do not compose a single region (both in a geographical and economic context); however, since 2014 they are developing according to the same scenarios. Their aspiration to integration has provoked problems in relations with Russia and intensified opposition to the policy of Europeanisation within the countries. In Ukraine, the most difficult and severe events took place: it passed through government overthrow, loss of territory, and military actions in Donbas caused by Russia, which continue to this day. For Moldova and Georgia, the choice of democratic imperatives also had grave consequences. In Georgia, they were identified as two long-term wars for the separation in Abkhazia and South Ossetia; ended with the defeat of central authorities and creation of two unrecognized states. Moldova has faced a similar problem in Transnistria in 1992. In all countries, Russian armed forces were important actors who played an important role in determining the results of these conflicts. According to the Democracy Index, Moldova is evaluated as “imperfect democracy”; Georgia – as “hybrid regime”; Ukraine has moved below, from the category of “imperfect democracy” to the lowest “hybrid regime”. Over the political pressure of Russia, the EU and Ukraine postpone the provisional application of the DCFTA (Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area) to January 1, 2019. There are marked positive consequences of Ukrainian export to the EU, which volume has increased by 30% in 2017. The structure of exports to the EU has shifted towards machines and equipment, fats and oils of vegetable or animal origin, ready-made meals, and products of animal origin. The EU share in Ukrainian exports and imports has also increased due to a significant reduction in trade with Russia. The application of the EU tariff quotas for agricultural production has increased over the 2014–2017 years because Ukrainian producers have gradually overcome the problems with food safety and weak demand for their production. European choice is an extremely important factor for continuous democratization of all these three countries. In spite of competition among European and Eurasian identities, each of them considers itself a European country. The choice to continue the path of association with Europe, made by these countries, despite obvious political risks (especially severe for Ukraine), is the best evidence of their real adherence to European development path.
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KUZMENKO, K. "INTEGRATION PROCESSES CHARACTERISTICS IN THE GLOBAL TRADE SHIPPING SYSTEM." Economic innovations 23, no. 2(79) (June 20, 2021): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2021.23.2(79).105-111.
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Topicality. The shipping policy macroeconomic level takes the central place in the management system of merchant shipping and investment activity according to the development efficiency criteria. The economy is characterized by the building-up of integration processes at the current stage. Increasing production internationalization and globalization leads to the internationalization and globalization of transport and logistics systems and distribution networks. These processes activate the intensity and increase the international freight traffic volume. At the same time, globalization has dramatically changed the volume and model of freight traffic and increased the requirements for both international and local transport systems. Aim and tasks. The central task of the investigations is the choice of a criteria-based assessment system of economic and investment decisions. The study is aimed at clarifying the regularities of the merchant shipping individual segments functioning and at developing recommendations for solving urgent current and future projects for the national shipping potential development. Research results. The transport system efficiency is the economy development important factor. The main transport potential feature is the need of high level of regulation by country. This is due to the fact that: the development of transit potential is a capital-intensive process, and requires long-term investments; it has the monopolistic nature of the elements of the transport system; it needs for a special functional and legal regime of work; it is the reason of environmental problems because of increasing volumes and traffic intensity; it is especially important for national security. Macroeconomic goals to ensure the export transport services development, to use transit potential more efficiently, to increase the consumer transport competitiveness on the transport services international market could be actualized by the integration technology strategy implementation. Conclusion. The implementation of transport potential according to the integration criteria is an important factor of the modern economic development of the country, as, first of all, it is growth of employment, business activity, investments and tax revenues, on the other hand, it assists in integrating the Ukrainian economy into the European and world economic systems. The making economic decisions theory in the maritime transport system in the shipping market globalization context should be taken into account during the urgent economic problems solution.
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Zhukov, Alexey. "Modernization «From the Wooden Plow»: the Experience of Agrarian Reform in Smolensk Village in the 1920–1930s." Izvestia of Smolensk State University, no. 4 (52) (December 16, 2020): 163–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2020-52-4-163-188.
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The article deals with the mechanism of agrarian transformation in the 1920s–1930s on the example of Smolensk region. In the 1920s the NEP modernization processes in the region have been continued by the Stolypin agrarian
reforms. Khutors (farms) creation, mass cooperation, an exit from the peasant community happened due to peasants’ aspiration started «below» and the «above» support of the Soviet authorities. The agrarian impasse in the mid 1920s, that was caused by extensive development, raised the question of finding the best option for agricultural transformation.
In Smolensk Governorate it was shown in the choice of «Danish»
way of development when the high-value farms united in various agricultural cooperatives on the dairy-grass-flax-growing bias that would give a large number
of export products for which the Soviet government could receive good money for industrialization. However, the enrichment of the peasantry, the fear of economic growth in the political NEP led to the termination of this program. The remains of the agrarian experiment were curtailed during the process of
«Smolensk abscess». Further development was forced to follow the socialist way
of modernization with its usual costs.
There was «Chayanov’s» alternative in the course of collectivization. It
provided for the combination of individual economic functions due to cooperation. The defeat of «Chayanov’s» group in the political struggle of 1929 led to the choice of a more forced model – agricultural cartels, communes. It was supposed to create
large agro-industrial complexes (according to the best practices of the USA). But
failures in leadership, dispossession, resistance of the peasantry and mass cattle
slaughter prevented socialist modernization. But the large and technically equipped forms of agricultural production were created, which effectively resolved the task of
ensuring food stability and security of the country. On the other hand, these progressive changes were achieved largely due
to the deterioration of the rural population’s living standards, a return to the elements of the pre-revolutionary past (alienation of workers from the means of production, non-economic coercion, attachment to the collective farm).
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Reddy, Y. V., and Subhash S. Naik. "Determinants of Goan SME Firms Going Global: Theoretical and Empirical Approach." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 36, no. 2 (April 2011): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920110204.
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Choice of entry mode has been widely recognized as one of the critical decisions in a firm's internationalization. However, most of the research primarily focuses upon Western multinational enterprises rather than Indian state small-medium sized enterprises (SMEs). In the past, several major theories have been proposed but none of them is able to explain the choice from the complete set of entry modes. The purpose of this research is to understand the various entry modes, improve the selection decision, and explain the entry mode strategies of Goan SME firms in the international markets. A firm can deploy a variety of arrangements (entry modes) like wholly-owned subsidiaries, joint ventures, contracts, and export modes to implement its product market strategies in foreign countries. Each of these arrangements entails decisions about the location of production facilities and⁄or marketing operations, and the type of ownership of these operations. This study examines the internationalization behaviour of 200 randomly selected Goan SME firms. It examines the factors associated with each theory and seeks to integrate them to gain a better understanding of how SME businesses succeed in the international marketplace. The determinants under examination are also substantiated with the identification of several international SME entry mode models. The nine groups of determinants are: International planning experience, firm size, R&D intensity, competitive advantage, degree of standardization, demand intensity, economic development, regulation, and political risk. The proposed framework is an effort to fill the gap between theory and practice of entry mode choice. The framework is broader in scope than the extant theories because it transcends across industries and nationalities of firms. The primary objectives of the study are: (a) to identify the descriptive determinants that have been strongly associated with SME internationalization entry behaviour; and (b) to determine if the propensity of Goan SME firms will be significantly predicted using specific empirical analysis. Data for the study were obtained through a questionnaire used in numerous previous theories. The study used multivariate logistic regression analysis. The results from the hypothetical foreign market entry situation strongly support the propositions that firm-specific resources and host country factors, viewed as a source of sustainable competitive advantage, encourage involvement in foreign markets. One broad implication for managers is the importance of both analysing the characteristics of the chosen product market and critically examining the firm's capabilities in order to focus on what it does best, build upon it and, where necessary, complement this through collaboration with others.
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Kuznyetsova, A., N. Kozmuk, O. Klipkova, and A. Stetsevich. "STRUCTURAL PARADIGM OF INNOVATIVE AND INVESTMENT PARTNERSHIP." Financial and credit activity: problems of theory and practice 2, no. 37 (April 30, 2021): 351–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18371/fcaptp.v2i37.230303.
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Abstract. The article is focused on finding a new and modification of the existing paradigms of the innovative and investment partnership formation. The article studies the perspective key members of innovative partnership, their roles and possible cooperation effects. The attention is focused on the choice of directions of the innovative process realization depending upon the comparative assessment of approaches and the innovation commercialization expenses. The author outlines the direct and indirect form of the innovative partnership: «enterprise — university» and «enterprise — innovative mediator — university». The analysis of the profit-making channels in each chosen type of cooperation is provided. The globalization and capital concentration platforms preceding the integration partnership agreements are outlined and analyzed. To build up a separate adaptive paradigm of the innovative partnership the factors of the inner and outer environment forming the barriers for the realization of successful innovation partnership models are analyzed. It was found that one more factor to be considered when choosing the forms of innovative partnership between the parties concerned is the payback from the innovation commercialization, Its amount will be impacted by the objective factors of the currency depreciation in time, level of the sci-tech progress development, facilitation of the state policy, selected priorities of the national strategies, etc. Concerning the subjective factors, they fall within the variety of behavioral characteristics of an individual. It is stated that the formation of the innovative partnership is closely connected with the regional peculiarity of the location of enterprises, institutions and organizations. It is suggested to outline the innovative export-oriented and innovative import-dependent regions of the country. This feature will cover the possibilities of acquisition of innovations, knowledge and experience, and resources for their realization from the inner and outer markets. One of the factors of the commercial success achievement with the chosen form of the innovative partnership is the Blue Ocean Strategy which will allow studying the market more in detail and find the market niches in need of such new integrative formations. The incorporation of spin-off and spin-out companies is outlined as an efficient direction of the innovative partnership grounds realization. The article was prepared with the application of the following methods: expert appraisal, analysis and synthesis, economic experiment and scientific abstraction as well as graphic and logical methods. Keywords: innovative partnership, innovative process, innovation, business model of the innovative partnership, innovative mediator, innovation commercialization. JEL Classification L26 Formulas: 0; fig.: 3; tabl.: 2; bibl.: 12.
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Ettredge, Michael, Soo Young Kwon, and Chee Yeow Lim. "Client, Industry, and Country Factors Affecting Choice of Big N Industry Expert Auditors." Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance 24, no. 3 (July 2009): 433–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0148558x0902400306.
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Markusen, Jim. "Regional Integration and Third-Country Inward Investment." Business and Politics 6, no. 1 (April 2004): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1082.
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The paper focuses on how the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), which will include both high-income developed and developing countries, will affect the options and investment strategies of multinational firms outside the region. Preliminary sections discuss the strategies open to both insider firms (headquartered with the Americas) and outsider firms, and the characteristics of technologies and countries that determine equilibrium location choices. Then I turn more explicitly to the question at hand, and suggest that a free-trade area of the Americas can be conceptually decomposed into (a) integration among the southern developing countries and (b) integration between the south and NAFTA. The first will give third-country multinationals horizontal investment opportunities to serve the effectively larger southern market with local production to serve the local southern market. The second gives third-country multinationals the opportunity to exploit low labor costs in the south to produce for export to North America (export-platform FDI). While this all sounds attractive for third-country firms, the theory emphasizes that the same advantages of integration are conferred upon U.S. and Canadian firms who have the additional advantage of supplying services and intermediate goods to southern affiliates at lower cost than the third country firms. This competitive effect from insider firms leads the theory to suggest weaker benefits to third-country firms than a simpler approach might predict.
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Bergami, Roberto. "Australian manufacturing exports to ASEAN: linking country, customer and enterprise risk in method of payment choice." Global Business and Economics Review 16, no. 1 (2014): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/gber.2014.058077.
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Radukh, N. "Trends innovative development of Lviv region." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 20, no. 86 (February 28, 2018): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet8620.
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The article analyzes aspects of innovative activity of enterprises and some elements of their investment support in the current conditions of increasing the influence of globalization processes and determining the comparative advantages of the region, since the introduction of innovative products is a basis for effective development of the enterprise, region and country as a whole. The analysis of the main indicators characterizing the level of innovative activity and innovation activity of the enterprises of Lviv region, in particular the volume of performed scientific and technical works; the share of enterprises that introduced innovations; volumes and structure of sources of financing of innovation activity in the Lviv region, volumes of expenses for innovative activity of enterprises and direct foreign investments into the economy of Lviv region. The peculiarities of the innovation process at the regional level are characterized and directions of activation of investment and innovation activity taking into account the comparative advantages of the region on the basis of SWOT-analysis with the definition of strengths and weaknesses and the use of opportunities and the avoidance of threats are proposed; use of foreign economic potential of the region, its borderline location and export-oriented production. The development of innovative potential and expansion of the ways of its investment support are one of the factors that play a crucial role in ensuring a comprehensive balanced development of the region, building strategic prospects for its economic growth, identifying internal problems and obstacles that hinder really assess the potential of existing ones at the local levels of development resources. The implementation of regional innovation policy involves the use of methodological approaches that ensure the coordination of the interests of economic entities in the territory with the objectives of its economic and social development. A key role in ensuring innovation activity is the choice of a particular strategy for innovation development and its implementation, as well as the level of availability of various resources in the innovation sector and the quality of management. The issue of investment and financial provision of innovative development of enterprises of the region and the search for ways of alternative financing, information awareness of enterprise management in the innovation sphere and the possibilities of adjusting the process of their application in practical activities remain relevant.
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Gagnidze, Ineza. "THE ROLE OF UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER OFFICES IN THE INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECONOMY OF GEORGIA." Globalization and Business 4, no. 8 (December 27, 2019): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35945/gb.2019.08.018.
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Facing the 4th and 5th industrial revolutions, worldwide- recognized research centers forecast particularly high rates of economic development. There is no doubt that a small country like Georgia cannot determine trends in the development of the world economy. Therefore, given the above conditions, it is difficult to choose the right vector of development. We believe that for making the right choice several factors should be taken into consideration; in particular, elaboration and implementation of the education programs and development of the sectors that will provide the possibility to adopt and introduce the new technologies created in the developed countries in Georgia should be supported; based on competitive advantages of Georgia production of inelastic demand goods should be focused on. For the implementation of the above-mentioned directions, formation of appropriate entrepreneurial universities should be encouraged, which, in turn, will contribute to the formation of clusters around them, development of regional economy and creation of an entrepreneurial ecosystem. As known, demand for the products that are essential for humans to exist is inelastic. In particular, these are potable water, food, medicines, hygiene products, relax/ recreation, etc. Georgia can produce bio-products in some of the above sectors not only to satisfy the demand on the domestic market, but for export as well. We would like to note that in Georgia, there is a great potential of combining the results of the studies on mineral waters and medicinal plants, which will allow to produce unique, biological medicinal hygienic products, household chemistry, agricultural pesticides and minerals used for soil enrichment and in irrigation systems, etc. It should be noted as well that production and usage of such goods will allow Georgia to care for the health of its population and the environmental conditions and to enter developed markets. Unfortunately, the studies conducted in Georgia show that there is no efficient connection between education and business. This is indicated by GIZ, NGOs, universities and local government officials. Rigid legislative and internal system in state universities, which represents one of the reasons for such a failure, is also highlighted. In addition, we would like to note that in the World Economic Forum reports 2014-2018, ‘inadequately educated workforce’ takes the first position among the factors that are most problematic for doing business. Traditionally, the country has had a poor position in terms of access to training. In order to be able to introduce the innovations, find a new niche in the international markets and become an economic leader in the region, we consider that it is necessary to establish technology transfer offices in the universities functioning in the regions of Georgia. The issue is analyzed based on the best practice of foreign countries, namely: the USA, Germany, France, Italy, UK, South Africa, etc. Due to the above-mentioned factors, it is necessary to form an education system that is directly and systematically linked to the development of the economy. This is ensured by the effective functioning of technology transfer offices in entrepreneurial universities. This approach is fully compatible with the policy of the government of Georgia with special emphasis on green economy and education, which, in our opinion, is the right vector for development.
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Abdulloev, Ilhom, Gil S. Epstein, and Ira N. Gang. "A Downside to the Brain Gain Story." ECONOMICS 8, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eoik-2020-0017.
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Abstract We consider how the possibility of international migration affects an individual’s educational choices in their home country. Educational choice dictates skill, and the paper refers to the highly educated, highly skilled as “professionals”; others are “non-professionals.” Without the opportunity to emigrate abroad people choose their educational investment (and hence their skill level) as we might expect. To this normal choice the higher status given professionals is also accounted for. Consider now how the opportunity for international migration to a higher paying job affects both professionals and non-professionals. Despite the higher status a professional enjoys, once an individual takes the possibility of migration to a different country into consideration, he may well decide to choose education leading to non-professional employment. A result of this paper is that if there are low chances of obtaining professional jobs in the host country, individuals may well choose an educational track leading to a low occupational profession in order to increase their chances of obtaining a job in the host country after migration. Thus, all home country students may choose the non-professional education track. Those who might have otherwise pursued higher, professional education may forgo that schooling. The theory developed here explains the forsaken schooling phenomenon. This phenomenon shows that low-skilled and skilled home country workers are willing to accept low-skilled positions in host countries. This leads to the forgoing of professional schooling in the home country since it is not optimal for the worker in the home country to choose a high skilled education since, they will be overqualified in the host country. This will have a long run affect. As time goes on, therefore, people who consider migrating abroad will have either lower years of schooling, or generally have not completed professional schools (technical-vocational or tertiary).
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Blum, Bernardo S., Sebastian Claro, and Ignatius J. Horstmann. "A Balls-and-Bins Model of Trade: Comment." American Economic Review 106, no. 3 (March 1, 2016): 843–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20140372.
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We show that the Armenter and Koren model's firm-product-country results rely on the assumption that export shipment size is independent of firm size, and this assumption is contradicted by the data. When actual shipment sizes are used in the balls-and-bins model, it cannot reproduce the data on single product/single country exporters. Beyond just showing that the shipment size assumption matters to balls-and-bins outcomes, our results highlight the important fact that shipment size is an economic decision, co-determined with other export choices. For this reason, we argue that a balls-and-bins model cannot be a purely statistical benchmark model. (JEL F11, F14, O13, O19, Q37)
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Mielly, Michelle, Catherine Jones, Mark Smith, and Vikram Basistha. "A passage to France: skilled Indian SIEs in transition." critical perspectives on international business 13, no. 4 (October 2, 2017): 319–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cpoib-01-2017-0003.
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Purpose This paper aims to explore the experience of self-initiated expatriates (SIEs) moving from the global South to the global North. It considers the relationship between country of origin and host country, the role of non-traditional destinations and the choices made by SIEs. Design/methodology/approach In-depth interviews were conducted with Indian SIEs and key experts to explore the motives, identities and life narratives of skilled expatriate Indians in France. Findings The results shed light on how individuals’ careers are fashioned through the intersection of identities; highlighting the interplay between country of origin and the host country as a catalyst in SIEs’ choice of destination. Furthermore, the authors demonstrate a strategic form of agency exercised through these SIEs’ choice of an unconventional destination. Research limitations/implications The intricate nature of SIE trajectories holds implications for migration theory, diaspora studies and career theory. SIEs from the Global South adopt varying strategies linked to specific host-country career offerings, often in sharp contrast with home-country opportunities. Practical implications The results inform managerial and policy-maker understandings of career motivations for mobile skilled workers moving for career and lifestyle. For countries seeking to attract talent, the findings demonstrate the roles of host-country immigration policy, country reputation and perceived career opportunities. Originality/value This study helps address research gaps in relation self-initiated expatriation from the Global South to the North. At the same time, it identifies the potential for transitional spaces and the relationship between countries, identity-formation factors and career agency. These findings on France as a transitional space – one of intermediacy and in-betweenness, where self-identity and future career projections can be re-imagined and reshaped – shed new light on how SIEs and their movements can be conceptualized.
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Salvador, Elisa, Florence Pinot de Villechenon, and Humberto López Rizzo. "European SMEs and the Brazilian market." European Business Review 26, no. 4 (June 3, 2014): 368–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ebr-10-2013-0129.
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Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the importance of networking for Italian and French small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Brazil. Business opportunities in Brazil have attracted a significant amount of interest in recent years. The country is moving towards market orientation, and it has recently experienced higher growth rates. Furthermore, upcoming events, such as the FIFA World Cup in 2014 and the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, are attracting a significant amount of attention given the emergence of potential business opportunities in several sectors. Nevertheless, European companies wishing to enter the Brazilian market should address several constraints, including high barriers to entry, an extensive bureaucracy and a culture quite different from those in Europe. In this context, networking seems to be vital for success. Design/methodology/approach – The data were gathered through a survey undertaken between June and August 2012. After the questionnaire was prepared, each company either received and responded to the questionnaire by e-mail or participated in a telephone interview. The questionnaire included multiple choice questions, most of which used a 5-point Likert scale. Some open-ended questions were included to collect insights from respondents. Representatives of 21 Italian and 24 French SMEs agreed to participate in the survey. Respondents were typically company presidents, chief executive officers or export department managers with experience in the Brazilian market. Findings – The results highlight the importance of social networks for the SMEs interviewed. The establishment of social networks is pivotal for successful business activities in Brazil, as they can help entrants decipher and understand how society and business work. In Brazil, social networks are built through a path-dependent process that requires time, patience and perseverance, as well as an ability to overcome liabilities of sameness. In this regard, a networking process that encompasses specific activities linked to the peculiarities of Brazil is essential, even if it seems to be a second-best solution, as in the case of the QWERTY keyboard. This process, which is the main characteristic of social networking in Brazil, necessitates not only the use of the Internet and information and communications technologies but also face-to-face contacts for building reputation, legitimacy and trust. Originality/value – This paper extends the extant literature by investigating the importance of networking for Italian and French SMEs in Brazil. Brazil serves as an interesting and useful case that can deepen our knowledge about this aspect of international business. As highlighted by Jack et al. (2008) and Ruzzier et al. (2006), the knowledge and understanding of the networking process still suffers from several limitations despite the increased attention paid to this phenomenon.
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Iyer, Kavitha, and Anupam Siddhartha. "Motivate or Demotivate? Factors Influencing Choice of Media as a Career." International Journal of Higher Education 10, no. 1 (November 9, 2020): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v10n1p239.
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The choice of media as a career has conventionally not been a top priority amongst undergraduate students in India. Despite the surging need for responsible media professionals in a developing country like India, this career is not widely accepted or chosen. This research aimed at determining specific motivations among the first-year undergraduate students choosing a career in media. The same were determined through expert interactions followed by an online survey to include over 400 students pursuing an undergraduate programme at various colleges across India. The analysis showed that undergraduate media students are passionate with a deep interest in the concerned field and have an enhanced need to be different from others. They are creative, highly communicative, would like to pursue their interest and passion as well as distinguish themselves from conventional career seekers. Choice of media as a career at the undergraduate level is preferred more by female students compared to their male counterparts. Most interestingly and importantly, media as a career is mostly against the wishes of parents; the influence of parents being negative. This study contributes to a deep understanding of motivational factors and their criticalities in influencing the young generation in India. The factors can aid the educational policymakers, academicians, industry experts, and researchers to develop strategies to encourage students to choose a career in media. This research also serves as a starting point to generate discussions to change the belief and attitudes of parents towards media as a career option for their wards.
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Majid, Kashef A. "Drawing negative inferences from a positive country-of-origin image." International Marketing Review 34, no. 2 (April 10, 2017): 293–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imr-03-2015-0060.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore how a positive country-of-origin image will impact consumer perceptions for a high-risk product when the price is unexpectedly low. Design/methodology/approach An experimental approach was used with consumers from the USA and India. Consumers were divided into groups and given two scenarios that involved purchasing medicine that may have been counterfeit. In one scenario manufacturing took place in India, the other in Switzerland. They were asked to state the probability that certain goods could be counterfeit if they originated from the stated country and then make choices based on those perceived probabilities. An analysis of variance was conducted to test for differences between groups. Findings The authors found that in both samples consumers attached greater probabilities toward low-priced medicines if they originated from Switzerland vs India. Conversely, the higher priced medicines were more likely to be counterfeit if they originated from India vs Switzerland. When given a choice scenario consumers chose more versions of the cheaper products from India than from Switzerland. Originality/value When country-of-origin is salient then it is believed that a positive country-of-origin image will benefit products that are produced from that country. Consumers expect that more expensive products come from a country with a positive country-of-origin image. The results demonstrate that when there is a conflict between expectations of the country and the price of the product the outcome is lowered perceptions and consumption of the product. This holds true for consumers from a high-cost economy (USA) and consumers from a low-cost economy (India). The authors add to the literature on country-of-origin by demonstrating that a positive image can be a liability when consumers are wary of purchasing a high-risk product.
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Lai, Wen-Hsiang, and Ching-Wen Yang. "Barriers Expatriates Encounter During Cross-Cultural Interactions." Journal of Enterprising Culture 25, no. 03 (September 2017): 239–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495817500091.
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In the era of globalization, cross-cultural issues have been widely discussed. However, research concerning cultural barriers expatriates face in foreign subsidiaries are relatively rare. Hence, the aim of this study is to investigate and prioritize barriers that expatriates encounter during cross-cultural interactions. This study integrates a review of the literatures and experts’ experiences to construct an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) model. AHP questionnaires were distributed to multinational corporations (MNCs) and were analyzed using Expert Choice software. This study finds that national culture bonded barriers are the most critical factors that hinder expatriates’ cross-cultural interactions with the host country. In addition, the sub-factors of ethnocentrism, headquarter strategy and cross-cultural communication are the most important factors within the categories of national culture bonded barriers, organizational barriers and individual rooted barriers, respectively. Finally, this study concludes that because cultural barriers are the main factors causing the failures of expatriates, it is crucial for MNCs to provide their employees with cross-cultural trainings that prepare expatriates’ language and cultural abilities for cross-cultural interactions with the host country and non-work social networks to facilitate the cross-cultural adjustment in MNCs.
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Brummell, Paul. "A Gift for a President." Hague Journal of Diplomacy 16, no. 1 (January 25, 2021): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1871191x-bja10058.
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Summary Gifts to US Presidents from foreign leaders between 2001 and 2016 are analysed in this essay, to assess the motivation behind the choice of gift against the background of the regulated character of the transaction through the Foreign Gifts and Decorations Act. Seven strategies are identified: showcasing the culture of the gifting country; highlighting the bilateral relationship; praising US culture and values; praising or appealing to the interests of the President; offering a nice gift; impressing through a lavish gift and supporting the luxury exports of the gifting country. The first three strategies acknowledge the regulated character of the gift exchange, the next three try to mask it in a focus on the personal and the seventh combines elements of both. Prior co-ordination with the US side sometimes influences the choice of gift.
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Dembitskyi, Serhii, and Bohdana Khlyapatura. "Explanation of democratization process in theories of institutionalism of rational choice and cultural modernization: a comparative analysis." Ukrainian society 2013, no. 3 (2013): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/socium2013.03.019.
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The article is devoted to empirical verification of theories of institutional-ism of rational choice and cultural modernization in part of explanation of process of democratization by them. At the same time statistical analysis is carried out at the country level, rather than respondents. As an empirical base are used statistical data of UNDP, expert opinions of Freedom House and the results of Global Values survey.
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Umar, Aminu, Muhamed Rashid Embi, and Yahya Mohamad Yatim. "Fire Safety Evaluation Frame Work for Existing Plastic Factory Buildings in Nigeria." Applied Mechanics and Materials 584-586 (July 2014): 746–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.584-586.746.
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<p class="p0">There are many studies conducted in evaluating fire safety of different building occupancies. The evaluation techniques contributed immensely in providing better understanding of fire risk in buildings, thereby recommending measures to be taken in preventing loss of lives and properties. However, the development of some of these assessment methods was based on regulations of fire safety criteria and attributes in codes and standards for a specific type of occupancies. Thus representing and suiting the features of a particular country for which the assessment methods were made. This paper proposes an assessment framework for fire safety in Plastic factory buildings in Nigeria. The criteria and attributes of fire safety were extracted from the literature and their corresponding requirements base on codes and standards. A questionnaire was also administered during the pilot survey to (n=9) fire safety experts to rank the fire safety criteria and attributes, according to the level of their importance, using analytical hierarchy process(AHP) judgment scale. Expert choice 11 software was used in the analysis. The assessment framework for fire safety in plastic factory was proposed based on the experts’ judgment, for the fire safety criteria and attributes and their requirements in codes and standards.</p>
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Zaikov, S. V. "Therapy of patients with COVID-19: clinical studies and recommendations in different countries." Infusion & Chemotherapy, no. 4 (December 21, 2020): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32902/2663-0338-2020-4-5-12.
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BACKGROUND. During 2020 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is at the focus of many scientific studies. National approaches to the management of conditions associated with the SARS-CoV-2 can differ significantly due to socio-economic characteristics, capabilities of the health care system in different regions of the world, inertion in making regulatory decisions, as well as the variability and limitations of evidence base regarding effectiveness of various therapeutic approaches.
OBJECTIVE. To review guidelines and clinical experience in the management of patients with COVID-19 around the world.
RESULTS. National guidelines for COVID-19 management can vary significantly in different regions of the world. The governments of each country, in cooperation with leading experts and taking into account global experience, choose and constantly adjust the best ways to overcome COVID-19 epidemic in local population.
CONCLUSIONS. The choice of methods for prevention and treatment of COVID-19 is associated with the capabilities of the healthcare system, regional level of antibiotic resistance, current epidemiological conditions, socio-economic factors, etc. Over the past 5-6 months the epidemiological conditions in different regions of the world have varied significantly, which could create unequal conditions for conducting high-quality clinical trials with a large number of participants. Even within one country the conclusions and recommendations for the treatment of COVID-19 developed by different medical associations and expert groups may differ significantly. Expert organizations conduct an independent evaluation of emerging clinical experience in the treatment of COVID-19 and come to different conclusions. This phenomenon is quite normal and desirable to minimize systematic error in the context of rapidly updating clinical evidence.