Academic literature on the topic 'Export country choice'
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Journal articles on the topic "Export country choice"
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Stouraitis, Vassilios, Mior Harris Mior Harun, and Markos Kyritsis. "Motivators of SME initial export choice and the European Union regional effect in manufacturing." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 23, no. 1 (January 9, 2017): 35–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-05-2015-0120.
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Purpose A global reach in exporting has been linked to profitability. The purpose of this paper is to answer the influence of EU regulations on exporting decisions of UK manufacturing small- and medium-sized firms (SMEs) by investigating the home and host country-based motivators behind SMEs’ choice to export, and export regionally, within the EU. Design/methodology/approach Contrasting the Uppsala and resource-based view perspectives (using a sample of UK independent manufacturing SMEs and utilizing a survey, correlation analysis and factor analysis), the paper finds and describes the effect of the most recurrent motivators from the literature on the SMEs’ decision to export within the EU or not. Findings The paper finds that SMEs whose latest international market entry was not in the EU scored significantly higher in the factor scorings for the motivators in the external dimension than participants whose latest entry was in the EU. Several motivators show an association with the choice to export per se. The importance of regionalization to export initiation (and EU membership) within the EU is emphasized in the results. Research limitations/implications The sample size is limited. Practical implications In the current climate, how can SMEs reduce market research costs for managers by relying solely and proactively on home country and internal advantages and motivators and being more aware of their surroundings? Managers and policymakers can direct their strategy, resources and policy more efficiently according to motivators; internal home country motivators (e.g. strengths of prices of products) direct the SME to overcome inter-regional liability of foreignness, while host country motivators (e.g. legal restrictions in the host country) direct them to regional ventures. Originality/value The theoretical and empirical work on the topic, until recently, has been fragmented and inconsistent focusing on specific motivators but not necessarily justifying the selection or origin of variables even less on SMEs.
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Mayangsari, Eka Putri. "IMPACT EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION ON EXCHANGE RATE REGIME CHOICE." Journal of Developing Economies 2, no. 2 (December 20, 2017): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jde.v2i2.6812.
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ABSTRACT The choice of exchange rate regime is the most relevant decision in the economic world that has to be faced by the economic authority until now. Exchange rate regime that is applied by one country become a controversial debate after the Asia’s crisis in the year 1997-1998, especially for developing countries and emerging economies in Asia. The purpose of this research is to see the impact of export diversification, intensive margin and extensive margin to the choice of the exchange rate regime in nine emerging and developing countries in Asia 1991-2014.This research uses the panel logistic regression model to analyze the two model that are used in the research; they are: model 1 (the impact of export diversification to the exchange rate regime),and model 2 (the impact of extensive margin and intensive margin to the exchange rate regime. To avoid and to lessen the chances of endogeneity problem therefore, all of the independent variables and the control variable must be lagged in one period.The results of the regression shows that export diversification have a significant positive impact on the exchange rate regime. When export diversification is decomposed into intensive margin and extensive margins, the result shows that the extensive margins also have a significant positive impact towards the exchange rate regime, while the intensive margin does not show any significant impact towards the exchange rate regime choice. Keywords: exchange rate regime, export diversification, intensive margin, extensive margin, emerging and developing countries in Asia.
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Mohammadbeigi, K. F., S. Daniali, and Y. Mohammadbeiki. "Prioritizing factors affecting Iranian non-oil export using group decision making approach based on hierarchical analysis process." Upravlenie 7, no. 4 (January 27, 2020): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/2309-3633-2019-4-60-66.
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Iran’s economy has three sectors: hydrocarbons, agriculture and services. Due to the historical trend, Iranian economy is under the influence of government governance in production and services. Considering the role of non-oil exports and the over-reliance of Iranian economy on petroleum and petroleum products, it is necessary to conduct a research to determine the factors, which affect non-oil export.Since oil revenues are not considered as a reliable source of revenue for the government due to their volatility, development of non-oil export is one of the major goals of Iranian most important goals. If the goals, set in this area will be achieved, the country’s position will be improved in terms of foreign exchange, curbing the volatility, caused by oil prices and gaining economic and competitive advantages in the global arena. The most important issue in the development of nonoil exports is the liberalization of economic capacity through new investments.In this article all factors, affecting non-oil exports have been determined, based on studying literature. Considering a survey of 32 executives and experts of Fajre Jam Refining Company as one of the most important condensate exporter companies in the country and region, the most important of them have been identified and then categorized using the affinity graph approach. Pairwise comparisons were used to weight the main and sub-factors with the participation of 10 executives and experts of the mentioned company within the framework of the analytic hierarchy process in expert choice software.
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Alia, Didier Yelognisse. "Geographical Orientation of Export in Manufacturing Sector in Sub-Sahara Africa." Global Economy Journal 15, no. 3 (September 2015): 337–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2014-0029.
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This paper analyses firm’s decision to export and the geographical orientation of manufacturing firms in selected countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. It uses a dataset collected by Rankin, Söderbom, and Teal (2006) on manufacturing firms in Kenya, Ghana, Tanzania Nigeria and South Africa over the period 1991–2004. The paper develops a multinomial choice model of export destination in which profit maximizing firms choose between selling only on domestic market, export only to another African country, and export only outside Africa or export to both destinations. The model is estimated using a multinomial logistic regression. The paper finds evidence of a positive effect of firm size and firm efficiency on export decision and its geographical orientation, especially for the decision to export outside Africa. There is also significant industry, country and time effects in explaining export orientation. Unlike many previous studies, this paper finds that foreign ownership does not substantially determine firm decision to export. Using non-parametric regression, the paper finds that there is a lot of heterogeneity in the relation between the explanatory variables and the propensity to export or to export to various geographical destinations.
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Sun, Ying, and Wenjing Ouyang. "International Standards For Exporting Firms: Evidence From China." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 30, no. 6 (October 30, 2014): 1753. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v30i6.8946.
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The existing literature provides mixed evidence of the impact of ISO 9000 international standards on country level export growth. Since it is costly to adopt the international standards, it is important to understand how these standards increase exports at the firm level. This paper examines the effect of ISO 9000 standards on firm-level export growth in China, which of all countries has the highest number of firms adopting ISO 9000 standards. With the assortative matching methodology, we first examine the factors related to the choice of applying for the certification. After controlling for this endogeneity issue, our results show that obtaining ISO 9000 standards significantly increases firm exports. Furthermore, we find low-tech firms and non-state-owned enterprises are more likely to benefit from adopting the standards. Overall, our study provides important guidelines for firms applying for the international quality standards.
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Quddus, Muhammad A., and Ikram Saeed. "An Analysis of Exports and Growth in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 44, no. 4II (December 1, 2005): 921–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v44i4iipp.921-937.
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Trade is presumed to act as a catalyst of economic growth and the growth in exports leads to increase in the incomes of factors of production, which in turn increases the demand for input for further expansion in production. The resultant pressure on domestic capacity may stimulate technological change and investment opportunities. Also increase in demand due to raising incomes of the factors of production on account of exports may spill over into other sectors of the economy. A part of such growths could also be diffused abroad through technical assistance and aid. According to Emery (1967) empirically proved that higher rates of exports growth leads to higher economic growth. Traditionally, a developing country had the choice of two alternative trade strategies for supporting industrial development, export promotion or import substitution. A consensus has emerged among many development economists that an export expansion policy by permitting resource exploitation according to comparative advantage and by allowing for utilisation and exploitation of economies of scale leads to higher growth rates of output and employment, greater technological progress and availability of foreign exchange. These in turn enable the countries with export oriented policies to attain higher rates of growth of GNP vis-à-vis countries following import substituting industrialisation [Donges and Muller-Ohlsen (1978)].
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Cai, Dongling, Leonard Fengsheng Wang, and Xiaokai Wu. "Governance, privatization and foreign direct investment." Nankai Business Review International 9, no. 4 (November 5, 2018): 569–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nbri-01-2018-0002.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the interplay between economic governance and privatization, and how these two instruments affect the entry mode choice of the foreign firm and the social welfare of the host country. Design/methodology/approach This study constructs a mixed duopoly model wherein one domestic public firm competes with a foreign firm and investigates the influence of economic governance investment on the domestic government’s optimal degree of privatization choice and the foreign firm’s entry mode choice. Findings This study shows that (1) better economic governance enhances the effect of privatization on output, thus resulting in a lower degree of privatization; (2) the optimal privatization policy of the domestic government is partial privatization irrespective of the foreign firm’s entry mode choice; (3) with optimal investment by the domestic government on economic governance, the optimal degree of privatization is higher under FDI than export, and the host-country welfare is also higher under FDI. In particular, this study demonstrates that better economic governance decreases the threshold of the degree of privatization when the foreign firm switches from export to FDI, implying that better economic governance stimulates the foreign firm to undertake FDI in the host country. Practical implications The findings shed some light on both the mixed ownership reform of the SOEs in China and attracting foreign capital inflow to improve the host country’s social welfare. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study constitutes the first attempt to build a theoretical framework to explore how the interactions between economic governance and privatization influence the entry mode choice of the foreign firm.
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Aslani, Alireza, Maryam Hamlehdar, and Reza Saeedi. "Robustness of Norway Economy and Energy Supply/Demand." International Journal of Green Computing 8, no. 2 (July 2017): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijgc.2017070101.
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Energy has a strategic role in the social and economic development of the countries all over the world. Due to the high dependency on fossil fuels, fluctuations in prices and supply have macro/micro-economics effects for both energy exporters and importers. Therefore, understanding economic stability based on energy market changes is an important subject for policy makers and researchers. Norway, as a fossil fuel export country, is a good choice for the analysis of the relationships between the economics robustness and fossil fuel economics fluctuations. While the country is one of the pioneers in the field of sustainable energy utilization, they have tried to provide a robust economic situation for the oil exports revenues. In this article, the effects of energy changes on the economy are investigated in Norway. In this regard, first, the impact of oil price on macro-economic parameters is discussed. Afterwards, the main issues related to the energy economics including resilience of the energy sector, energy policies, economics analysis of the energy sector, and the electricity markets are discussed.
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Jamieson, L. E., N. E. M. Page-Weir, M. J. Griffin, S. P. Redpath, and A. Chhagan. "Prevalence of tomato potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli Sulc) on red capsicum fruit in choice and nochoice tests." New Zealand Plant Protection 69 (January 8, 2016): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2016.69.5894.
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Tomato potato psyllid (TPP; Bactericera cockerelli) was first recorded in New Zealand in 2006 Exports to Australia must be fumigated with methyl bromide (MB) to comply with New Zealands phytosanitary export certification requirements Fumigation reduces the quality of the capsicums In tests using high densities of TPP adults TPP laid eggs mainly on the top of the calyx and the stem and some on the body of the fruit although far fewer eggs than were laid on tomato or capsicum leaves Given the choice between capsicum fruit body stem and calyx or capsicum leaves 992995 of eggs were laid on leaves Nymphs that hatched from the few eggs laid on the calyx and stem did not survive indicating that capsicum fruit are a poor host for TPP No eggs were laid beneath the capsicum calyx Some exported capsicums are washed using high pressure washing equipment which might dislodge TPP eggs The very low incidence and survival of TPP on capsicum fruit could result in this fruit already meeting or exceeding the phytosanitary requirements of the importing country
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PETIT, MARIA-LUISA, FRANCESCA SANNA-RANDACCIO, and BOLESLAW TOLWINSKI. "INNOVATION AND FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN A DYNAMIC OLIGOPOLY." International Game Theory Review 02, no. 01 (March 2000): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219198900000032.
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The paper examines the impact of the firms' choice between export and foreign direct investment on the incentive to innovate, as well as the effects of innovation and technological spillovers on the firms' international strategy and on its changes over time. The innovation process is analysed in the context of a two-country imperfect competition market, modelled as an infinite horizon, non-linear dynamic game, for which Markov perfect equilibria are computed. Where the models are not tractable by analytical techniques, equilibria are calculated by using a computational procedure based on a policy iteration method.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Export country choice"
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Gould, Richard Robert, and RichardGould@ozemail com au. "International market selection-screening technique: replacing intuition with a multidimensional framework to select a short-list of countries." RMIT University. Social Science & Planning, 2002. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20081125.145312.
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The object of this research was to develop an international market screening methodology which selects highly attractive markets, allowing for the ranges in diversity amongst organisations, countries and products. Conventional business thought is that, every two to five years, dynamic organisations which conduct business internationally should decide which additional foreign market or markets to next enter. If they are internationally inexperienced, this will be their first market; if they are experienced, it might be, say, their 100th market. How should each organisation select their next international market? One previous attempt has been made to quantitatively test which decision variables, and what weights, should be used when choosing between the 230 countries of the world. The literature indicate that a well-informed selection decision could consider over 150 variables that measure aspects of each foreign market's economic, political, legal, cultural, technical and physical environments. Additionally, attributes of the organisation have not been considered when selecting the most attractive short-list of markets. The findings presented in the dissertation are that 30 criteria accounted for 95 per cent of variance at cross-classification rates of 95 per cent. The weights of each variable, and the markets selected statistically as being the most attractive, were found to vary with the capabilities, goals and values of the organisation. This frequently means that different countries will be best for different organisations selling the same product. A
Books on the topic "Export country choice"
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Ronan, Denis Mark. The changing nature of Spanish image and of the country-of-origin image of Spanish brands: Perceptions of multi-chain supermarket managers. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1993.
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Swenson, Deborah. Overseas assembly and country sourcing choices. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004.
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Swenson, Deborah. Overseas assembly and country sourcing choices. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004.
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Moses, Jonathon W., and Bjørn Letnes. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787174.003.0011.
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There is broad recognition that Norway manages its natural resources successfully. Policymakers are flocking to Norway to try to learn the lessons provided by the Norwegian model. This book describes the main challenges facing policymakers in resource-rich states (e.g., Dutch Disease, Resource Curse, Paradox of Plenty), and the sort of institutional solutions and policies that are available to them. We explain why the Norwegian authorities chose the solutions they did, and how these choices have changed over the years, in response to changing market and political conditions. The result is a book that offers insight and understanding as to why the country made the choices it did, rather than providing a specific model for export.
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Fodor's Philadelphia & the Pennsylvania Dutch Country, 11th Edition: Expert Advice and Smart Choices: Where to Stay, Eat, and Explore On and Off the Beaten Path (Fodor's Gold Guides). Fodor's, 2000.
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Maher, Garret. Highly Skilled Lebanese Transnational Migrants. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190608873.003.0009.
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This chapter provides new information relating to aspects of transnational migration among high-skilled Lebanese migrants from a dual country perspective; that of the sending country, Lebanon, and of the receiving country, Kuwait. By using a dual, home and host country perspective, the chapter shows a more complete picture of some specific aspects of transnational migration, in particular, the motivations and drivers of migration, and why migrants chose Kuwait as a destination, as opposed to other GCC countries. It then explores aspects of integration and socialization to first identify the Lebanese in Kuwait who, according to this research sample, are integrated into Kuwaiti society, and to see if a transnational community was formed among and between other Lebanese in Kuwait. The chapter proceeds to explore temporal aspects of migration to discover how long migrants plan on staying in Kuwait as well as presenting data on returned migrants and the reason for their return to Lebanon. Finally, it explores remittances, which form a key feature of transnationalism.
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Hill, Jonathan. 6. Domicile, nationality, and habitual residence. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198732297.003.0006.
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The object of jurisdictional rules is to determine an appropriate forum and choice of law rules are designed to lead to the application of the most appropriate law, the law that generally the parties might reasonably expect to apply. The test for recognition of foreign judgments is not dissimilar. A judgment granted by an appropriate forum should normally be recognised. The problem is one of ascertaining the connecting factor (or factors) which would best satisfy the criterion of appropriateness. With regards to personal connecting factors, there is little international agreement as to the appropriate test of ‘belonging’. In England and most common law countries, the traditional personal connecting factor is domicile, which loosely translates as a person's permanent home. One of the problems here is that domicile is a connecting factor which is interpreted differently in various parts of the world. In contrast, most of continental Europe and other civil law countries have traditionally used nationality as the basic connecting factor, especially for choice of law purposes; the personal law is the law of the country of which the person is a citizen. In some countries, including England, another connecting factor, habitual residence, has emerged. This is increasingly being used for the purposes of jurisdiction rules and in the law relating to recognition of foreign judgments. This chapter examines each of these personal connecting factors. Primary emphasis is laid on domicile and habitual residence as the two main connecting factors employed by English law.
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Tambe, Ashwini. Defining Girlhood in India. University of Illinois Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252042720.001.0001.
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At what age do girls gain the maturity to make sexual choices? This question provokes especially vexed debates in India, where early marriage is a widespread practice. India has served as a focal problem site in NGO campaigns and intergovernmental conferences setting age standards for sexual maturity. Over the last century, the country shifted the legal age of marriage from twelve, among the lowest in the world, to eighteen, at the high end of the global spectrum. Ashwini Tambe illuminates the ideas that shaped such shifts: how the concept of adolescence as a sheltered phase led to delaying both marriage and legal adulthood; how the imperative of population control influenced laws on marriage age; and how imperial moral hierarchies between nations provoked defensive postures within India. Tambe's transnational feminist approach to legal history shows how intergovernmental debates influenced Indian laws and how expert discourses in India changed UN terminology about girls. Ultimately, the well-meaning focus on child marriage became tethered less to the well-being of girls themselves and more to parents' interests, population control targets, and the preservation of national reputation.
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Wagenaar, Hendrik, Helga Amesberger, and Sietske Altink. Understanding the policy field: migration, prostitution, trafficking and exploitation. Policy Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447324249.003.0005.
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Chapter Five proceeds from to the transnational character of prostitution and situates it in an analysis of labour migration and labour exploitation. Instead of projecting on the migrant sex worker the collective images that are driven by radical feminist and anti-immigrant ideology, we argue that is it more effective to take seriously what the sex workers told us over and over again: that the migrant sex worker’s self-understanding of prostitution is work, a discerning occupational choice in a situation in which thousands of female migrants find themselves worldwide. This reframing of prostitution as a legitimate occupation draws attention to the continuity of the situation of sex workers with that of other migrant groups, to the exploitative labour arrangements these new migrants encounter in the arrival country, to the third parties they mobilise to find housing and a work place and navigate immigration law, and to the negative effects – usually a breach of the human rights of (migrant) sex workers-of the very laws and regulations that are intended to support them. The authors explore six positive effects on prostitution policy by adopting a labour exploitation framework.
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Brekke, Torkel, ed. The Oxford History of Hinduism: Modern Hinduism. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790839.001.0001.
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In this volume, experts on modern Hinduism have been asked to write chapters that present findings and perspectives from their own research to a wide audience of readers with interest in the fascinating processes of transformation arising from the interaction between the cultural and religious life of Hindus and the great forces that we call ‘modernity’. No single volume can come close to capturing the totality of modern Hinduism, and the editor has made choices limiting the focus to three broad topics of particular importance. First, there are chapters about the historical emergence of modern forms of Hinduism, where we meet some of the reformers and movements that defined Hinduism in early modern times and during the colonial period. Secondly, there are chapters about new forms and new locations of Hinduism covering such topics as Hinduism on the Internet and New Age Hinduism; there is also a chapter about Hinduism in the diaspora, which is a topic covered more thoroughly by a separate volume in the book series. Thirdly, there is a section about ethics, politics, and law, with chapters covering important topics such as nationalism, caste, and legal reforms in India and in the Hindu-majority country of Nepal.
Book chapters on the topic "Export country choice"
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Hamledar, Maryam, Reza Saeidi, and Alireza Aslani. "Analysis of the Robustness of Norway's Economy and Energy Supply/Demand Fluctuations." In Economic Dynamics of Global Energy Geopolitics, 215–41. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-4203-2.ch011.
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The high dependency on fossil fuels, fluctuations in prices and supply have macro/micro-economics effects for both energy exporters and importers. Therefore, understanding economic stability based on energy market changes is an important subject for policymakers and researchers. Norway, as a fossil fuel exporting country, is a good choice for the analysis of the relationships between economic robustness and fossil fuel economic fluctuations. While the country is one of the pioneers in the field of sustainable energy utilization, they have tried to provide a robust economic environment for oil export revenues. In this chapter, the impacts of energy changes on the economy are investigated in Norway. In this regard, first, the impact of oil prices on macro-economic parameters is discussed. Afterwards, the main issues related to energy economics including resilience of the energy sector, energy policies, economics analysis of the energy sector, and the electricity markets are discussed.
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Clarke, MA, RJA Hooley, RJC Munday, LS Sealy, AM Tettenborn, and PG Turner. "15. International sales." In Commercial Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780199692088.003.0015.
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This chapter examines the rules of English law governing international sales as they affect buyer and seller. There is more than one way in which a sale of goods contract may have an international element. For example, the seller and buyer may be in different jurisdictions, or the contract of sale may contemplate that the goods are to be carried from one country to another. A surprisingly large proportion of international trade is carried on under contracts governed by English law by choice of the parties. This chapter begins with a discussion of typical export transactions under INCOTERMS 2010, a set of international rules for the interpretation of trade terms promulgated by the International Chamber of Commerce. It then considers sales via sea carriage, along with other contracts involving international sales. It also analyses payment in international sales transactions and concludes with an overview of future prospects for international sales.
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Sidibe, Hamadoun. "Strategic Positioning of Turkey Agricultural Products on the Agricultural World Market." In Environmental and Agricultural Informatics, 233–57. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9621-9.ch010.
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Applying a strategic management perspective, particularly the BCG tool, this chapter demonstrates that the agricultural products exported by Turkey are distributed unevenly on the four cells of the global agricultural markets matrix: almost of its products (236 products or 85.20% of its portfolio) are Question Marks, two products are a Star, one product is a Cash cow, and 38 products are Dogs. Such a situation creates important strategic choices for the leaders of the country and for its businesses. None of Turkey top ten exports were among the top ten growers in the world. Turkey is world export leader in ten products, but these products are not the world most growing markets, and the country should increase its relative market share in some of its ten top exports, and also consider developing organic product segments, and eliminate tobacco products in its portfolio.
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Sidibe, Hamadoun. "Strategic Positioning of Turkey Agricultural Products on the Agricultural World Market." In Comparative Economics and Regional Development in Turkey, 366–90. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8729-5.ch018.
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Applying a strategic management perspective, particularly the BCG tool, this chapter demonstrates that the agricultural products exported by Turkey are distributed unevenly on the four cells of the global agricultural markets matrix: almost of its products (236 products or 85.20% of its portfolio) are Question Marks, two products are a Star, one product is a Cash cow, and 38 products are Dogs. Such a situation creates important strategic choices for the leaders of the country and for its businesses. None of Turkey top ten exports were among the top ten growers in the world. Turkey is world export leader in ten products, but these products are not the world most growing markets, and the country should increase its relative market share in some of its ten top exports, and also consider developing organic product segments, and eliminate tobacco products in its portfolio.
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Jordan, William Chester. "The Journey Begins." In From England to France. Princeton University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691164953.003.0004.
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This chapter details the journey of abjurers to their ports of embarkation. Abjurations of the realm occurred throughout the kingdom, and residents of some populous localities, such as London or Bristol, could expect to see them and to hear of them far more often than elsewhere. But in most towns, even county seats, and in any and every village, to witness an abjuration was unusual; it was an event. The abjurer received a public shaming, and at the rarest times this rite even included the torching of an abjurer's home. The evidence is ambivalent on whether abjurers chose their place of departure, had it imposed on them by crown authorities, or were, either by choice or assignment, encouraged to accept the port.
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Chakraborty, Supratik, Kuldeep S. Meel, and Moshe Y. Vardi. "Chapter 26. Approximate Model Counting." In Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications. IOS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/faia201010.
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Model counting, or counting solutions of a set of constraints, is a fundamental problem in Computer Science with diverse applications. Since exact counting is computationally hard (#P complete), approximate counting techniques have received much attention over the past few decades. In this chapter, we focus on counting models of propositional formulas, and discuss in detail universal-hashing based approximate counting, which has emerged as the predominant paradigm for state-of-the-art approximate model counters. These counters are randomized algorithms that exploit properties of universal hash functions to provide rigorous approximation guarantees, while piggybacking on impressive advances in propositional satisfiability solving to scale up to problem instances with a million variables. We elaborate on various choices in designing such approximate counters and the implications of these choices. We also discuss variants of approximate model counting, such as DNF counting and weighted counting.
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Sorokina, Marina Yu. "Within Two Tyrannies: The Soviet Academic Refugees of the Second World War." In In Defence of Learning. British Academy, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197264812.003.0015.
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This chapter places the exodus of Russian scholars in the context of the country's turbulent twentieth-century experience of ‘three revolutions, two world wars, civil strife, and several changes of political regime’. It presents an account of the plight of Russian academics in German occupied territories who were caught ‘in the dead space between two tyrannies’. For some the price of survival in the 1940s involved temporary collaboration with the Nazi invaders, which is illustrated in the morally ambiguous wartime experiences of Nikolas Poppe, Professor of Oriental Studies in Leningrad University, a leading expert of the languages and literatures of northern inner Asia; and of Ivan Malinin, professor and head of the department of pathology in the Krasnodar Medical Institute. Both found a way of resisting the communist state through temporary ‘collaboration’, and thus, reaffirmed ‘the right of the individual to make choices’. The chapter concludes by noting the change in Soviet policy towards the emigration of scientists after perestroika and its double-edged effect: ‘On the one hand, emigration impoverishes home institutions, but, on the other, the free migration of scientists has become one of the most effective mechanisms for integrating the country into the global scientific community’.
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Davis, Christina L. "The Reluctant Litigant: Japanese Trade Policy." In Why Adjudicate? Princeton University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691152752.003.0005.
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This chapter examines Japanese trade policy to promote market access for exports. It considers how the delegation of authority to the bureaucracy influences the choice of trade strategies by Japan. The Japanese legislature grants considerable autonomy to the bureaucracy for management of foreign trade policy. As a result, there should be lower demand for adjudication and less politicization of case selection. Compared to the United States, the chapter shows that Japan follows a more selective adjudication strategy and initiates only a few cases for large industries with less obvious political influence on selection. Analysis of a number of case studies reveal the absence of political pressure on the country's foreign economic policy. The chapter also looks at a dataset of trade barriers that represent potential trade disputes.
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Galston, William A. "Liberal Democracy in America." In Anti-Pluralism. Yale University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300228922.003.0007.
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This chapter examines the difference between the economics of the postwar boom and the present as well as the waning American Dream and shows how, in these circumstances, and given current policies, there is no reason to expect that conditions will improve for the middle class, let alone those lower down on the ladder. Thus, U.S. public policy has no choice but to lean harder against the economic wind, both to accelerate economic growth and to ensure that its fruits are widely shared. At long last, U.S. leaders must turn away from peripheral squabbles and attend to the one issue that more than any other will define the country's future.
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Ramokgadi, Shadrack B. "International Migration and Power Relationships." In Urbanization and Migration as Factors Affecting Global Economic Development, 80–93. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-7328-1.ch005.
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The individual choice to decide where to live bears directly on personal freedom, and the desire for survival and economic development. The right to geographic mobility is ideally safeguarded by international migration regulatory frameworks that derive from country-specific constitutions and inter-states arrangements. On the other hand, empirical evidence suggests that some countries restrict human mobility to take predetermined migration patterns. This chapter presents that the historical evolution in the relationship between the natural environment and human activities offers the opportunity to explore requirements for the successful implementation of any International Migration Regulatory Framework (IMRF). In doing so, the author contends that extant geopolitical conditions defining such relations need to be explored within state-centric political practices and civil society perceptions, put differently, through the dialogue between the state and civil society on migration processes necessary for successful implementation of regulatory framework while surfacing resources-power relationship between migratory states and citizens.
Conference papers on the topic "Export country choice"
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Güneş, İsmail. "Is Nuclear Energy the Right Choice for Turkey?" In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01426.
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Developing countries need energy supply. Turkish economy is one of the most dynamic in the region. The consumption of electric power in the country is growing rapidly. But the price of electric energy in Turkey is one of the detrimental factors. Of all the neighboring countries, Turkey has one of the highest prices for electric energy. While some academicians and non-governmental organizations supported the Turkish government's plans for establishment of nuclear power plants in Turkey, some others opposed it. Due to increased energy demand, Turkey is continuing to explore the possibilities of introducing nuclear power. Gaining acceptance from local populations, however, may be problematic because nuclear power has a negative image and risk perceptions are complicated by a range of psychological and cultural factors. The main aim of this work is to investigate Turkey's nuclear preferences is it right. We will discusses the Akkuyu nuclear energy projects, market trends and analysis. In addition we will look at Turkey’s nuclear energy policies.
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Mohite, S. D. D. "LNG Imports - A Strategic Choice for GCC Region." In SPE Energy Resources Conference. SPE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/spe-169980-ms.
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Abstract Although Middle East region is blessed with 43% of global proven gas reserves equivalent at 80 trillion cubic meters, of which 50 % are in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, apart from the challenge of historic under-investment, regional gas endowments have been highly uneven and unique. The region is responding to gas shortages by boosting supplies through a combination of E&P developments and imports. As per IEA, the current 240 billion cubic meters (BCM) demand is expected to rise to 300 BCM by 2020 and 600 BCM by 2030. About 90% of incremental energy demand for power generation would come from gas then. Strategic investment will have to focus on creating large volumes of storage capacity as well as peak deliverability to cope with rising imports and power demand requirements. Currently, Dubai and Kuwait import LNG through floating storage and regasification unit (FSRU) projects. At first these imports were seasonal (i.e. summer demand for electricity for air conditioning) and on a spot or short-term basis. Now, demand extends into all but the winter months and soon demand will be year round. The expansion of FSRU in Kuwait in to a permanent facility would increase capacity from 500 MMSCF/d to 3 BCF/d in two phases. This 11.0 million ton per annum (MMTPA) Kuwaiti LNG project under phase-I, is likely to replace the country's FSRU by 2020, mainly to replace the fuel oil firing in power plants. Abu Dhabi is developing a 8.7 MMTPA project in the Emirate of Fujairah on the Indian Ocean outside the Strait of Hormuz. Depending on supply-demand dynamics, Abu Dhabi may be both an importer and exporter of LNG, possibly relying on gas from the Shah and Bab fields. Bahrain has plans to develop 3.6 MMPTA shore-based import facility. Oman has combined Oman LNG and Qalhat LNG projects for integrated benefits, is developing unconventional gas reserves and would reduce gas subsidies to improve the demand equilibrium. Yemen continues to export LNG but has interruptions because of security issues. While Qatar gains geo-political benefits from its broader LNG export customers, with plans to expand its LNG capacity further, the possibility of it supplying gas to its neighbors is remote. Whereas, Saudi Arabia is better dedicated to its oil-field development, has realized benefits of developing and commercializing its gas fields, for both power and job generation. In view of the above, LNG thus remains a strategic choice for GCC countries mainly due to: Most environment-friendly and efficient option for rapidly escalating power demand at ~ 8% p.a.Techno-economics favoring fuel mix of LSFO and LNG for power and industries, instead of crude and dieselRefinery-Petrochemical integration becomes a more viable optionLimitations on geo-technical and geo-political contentious issues on developing non-associated gas fieldsChallenges on speeding up trade and strengthening exchange of power using 2009-set GCC grid, at full capacitySlow diversification into high-profile renewable power projects and its bold initiatives
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Virsˇek, Sandi, Janja Sˇpiler, and Miran Veselicˇ. "Establishing a Site for a Slovenian LILW Repository." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16151.
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In this paper we will describe the practice and siting process for a LILW repository in Slovenia. Slovenia is a small country, and, consequently, its nuclear programme is small. It does include almost everything that large programmes have, but we still do not have a repository. In 2004, the Slovenian Radwaste management agency (ARAO) initiated a new procedure to find a proper location for a LILW repository. ARAO asked all Slovenian communities to participate. All communities have the option to withdraw from the process until they have approved the site. We received eight responses, and we prepared methodologies with different parameters to evaluate all potential sites. All sites were assessed by Slovenian experts, and determinations were based on using prepared methodologies. On the basis of their expert opinions, we prepared a prefeasibility study and chose the three most suitable sites. With these three we continued the process. After that time, one of the communities withdrew from the procedure, and another one reversed its proposed site and proposed a new one. For the third site we continued with the programme, and we prepared a feasibility study with a Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment and preliminary safety calculations for the comparison of different concepts of disposal units. If everything goes according to the plan for this site and the concept, we expect site approval in the first half of 2009. After that, we will start preparing everything necessary for building permission.
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Issakhanian, Emin, Christopher J. Elkins, and John K. Eaton. "Pitfalls of Fan-Shaped Hole Design: Insights From Experimental Measurement of In-Hole Flow Through MRV." In ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-63679.
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Film cooling jets from discrete round holes are very susceptible to jet lift-off which reduces surface effectiveness. Since the experiments of Goldstein et al. (1974), shaped holes have become prominent for improved coolant coverage. Fan-shaped holes are the most common design and have shown good improvement over round holes. However, fan-shaped holes introduce additional parameters to the already complex task of modeling cooling effectiveness. This study presents velocity and vorticity fields measured using high-resolution magnetic resonance velocimetry (MRV) to study three different fan-shaped hole geome tries at two blowing ratios. Because MRV does not require line of sight, it provides otherwise hard to obtain experimental data of the flow within the film cooling hole in addition to the mainflow measurements. By allowing measurement within the cooling hole, MRV shows how poor choice of diffuser start point and angle can be detrimental to film cooling if overall hole length and cooling flow velocity are not properly accounted for in the design. The downstream effect of these choices on the jet height and counter-rotating vortex pair is also observed.
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Cheikh Brahim, Abed, Khelladi Sofiane, Deligant Michael, El Marjani Abdel, and Farid Bakir. "Preliminary Study of a Centrifugal Compressor With Counter-Rotating Impellers: Design and Performances Study." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-15860.
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Abstract Turbomachinery with double counter-rotating impellers offer more degrees of freedom in the choice of design and control parameters compared to conventional machines. For these innovative machines, the literature review shows that more published works are available concerning axial type turbomachines than centrifugal ones. This work deals with a preliminary design and performance analysis applied to two counter-rotating impellers of a centrifugal compressor. We present here the design practice developed based on 0D/1D models, also coupled with optimization and stream-curvature through-flow methods to satisfy the selected design-criteria. An analyze of aerodynamic performances results are made and compared to those available experimental and numerical data of a baseline configuration, composed of one centrifugal-impeller and a volute. The compressor studied here includes a first conventional impeller with an axial inlet and a mixed or centrifugal outlet. The second impeller is designed parametrically and can be considered as a rotating-diffuser with a radial or mixed inlet and outlet. Ultimately, the numerical simulation results of a selection of candidate solutions are discussed.
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Li, H. D., and L. He. "Effects of Blade Count on Three-Bladerow Interaction in a Transonic Turbine." In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30310.
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This paper presents some numerical parametric studies of the multi-row interaction mechanisms for a one and half stage (NGV-rotor-stator) transonic turbine. Firstly both steady and unsteady flows under the nominal operating condition for this turbine have been validated against the experimental data available. The sub-harmonic interaction induced by the two fundamental passing frequencies from the upstream and downstream vanes has been identified in the rotor row. But more significant is an aperiodic unsteady flow pattern characterized by variable amplitudes and inter-blade phase angles in the downstream stator row. Although the time-averaged blade forces only vary by about 5%, the maximum unsteady force can be changed by factor of three among stator blades. The parametric studies have revealed a strong dependence of the aperiodic flow behavior on blade count ratio between the NGV and the stator. The spatial mode of the unsteadiness amplitude variation is shown to correspond exactly to the spatial wavelength due to the NGV-stator interference. The longer the spatial NGV-stator interference wavelength, the larger the aperiodic unsteady loading variation. Given that the spatial mode amplifies the unsteady loading aperiodically on the stator, the present results suggest that the choice of stator-stator relative blade counts may be used to limit the maximum unsteady force on the downstream stator.
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Stummann, Simon, Peter Jeschke, and Timo Metzler. "Circumferentially Non-Uniform Flow in the Rear Stage of a Multistage Compressor." In ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-42935.
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Full annulus midspan URANS simulations are performed to examine wake interaction for rows with different blade counts. The amount of non-uniform flow is studied particularly in the rear stages of a 3.5 stage compressor with a different blade count at all rows. A high-performance cluster was used for the required full annulus URANS simulations. Due to the high numerical effort, three representative operating points are investigated in quasi-3D. The simulations are performed at a midspan stream tube which take into consideration the contracting duct of the compressor. The results indicate two main effects: wake-wake interference and wake-airfoil interaction. Both effects are related to the particular clocking position, which affect each other accordingly. At the aerodynamic design point, non-uniform flow at the rear stage has a significant impact. Intensified unsteady wake-airfoil interaction near the surge line causes circumferential unequal flow separation. Close to choke, the shock strength depends on the Mach number, hence jet and wake inflow affects different losses. The frequently used assumption of periodic flow disregards the deviations shown. Based on the numerical results, the accuracy of performance measurements is presented. Non-uniform flow causes inaccuracy of more than one percentage point for stage and compressor performance measurements, which is more than commonly requested. In summary, interaction of rows with dissimilar blade count leads to non-uniform flow in rear stages that needs to be considered in performance measurements.
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Bellucci, Juri, Filippo Rubechini, and Andrea Arnone. "Some Experiences About the Impact of Unsteadiness in Turbine Flows." In ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-43122.
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This paper describes some experiences about impact of unsteadiness in turbine flows, with a special focus on the effects of potential interaction on aerodynamic performance. The main motivation consists in trying to identify some design areas in which some further margins of improvement could be found, provided the designer chooses the proper computational framework. The underlying idea is that the approximations associated with the steady-state picture of a turbine stage might prevent the designer from unlocking the full potential of the stage, especially when the design requirements imply a challenging aerodynamics. To this end, three common design topics are presented in which the step from the classical steady-state approach to the time-accurate one unveils relevant issues, which in turn have an impact on aerodynamic performance: stator/rotor interaction in transonic stages, the choice of the axial gap between stator and rotor, and the choice of the blade count ratio. In all reported cases, significant departures are found between steady and time-averaged results, and the basic fluid mechanisms responsible for them are examined. In particular, an attempt is made to emphasize limitations deriving from of the steady-state picture of the turbine flow field, in order to warn the designer about the possible traps of the steady-state assumption.
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Van de Wyer, N., B. Farkas, J. Desset, J. F. Brouckaert, J. F. Thomas, and S. Hiernaux. "Experimental Investigation of the Steady and Unsteady Flow Field in a Single Stage Low Pressure Axial Compressor With a Circumferential Groove Casing Treatment." In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-23474.
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This paper deals with the experimental investigation of the influence of a circumferential groove casing treatment on the performance and stability margin of a single stage low pressure axial compressor. The design of the compressor stage is representative of a booster stage for the new counter-rotating turbofan engine architecture and is characterized by unusually high loading and flow coefficients. The choice of the circumferential groove is described on the basis of a numerical parametric study on the number of grooves, the axial position, the depth and width of the groove. The experiments were performed at a Reynolds number corresponding to cruise conditions in the von Karman Institute closed loop high speed compressor test rig R4. The detailed performance characterization of the compressor stage with casing treatment was mapped at four operating points from choke to stall at design speed. The compressor stall limit was determined at several other off-design speeds. Detailed steady and unsteady measurements were performed to determine the flow field characteristics of the rotor and of the complete stage. Conventional pressure, temperature and directional probes were used along with fast response pressure sensors in the rotor casing and in the groove. Simultaneous traverses with a fast response total pressure probe were used to map the unsteady flow field at the rotor exit allowing an experimental capture of the tip leakage vortex path and extension through the rotor passage. A comparison of the flow features with and without casing treatment was performed and the results are discussed against 3D viscous computational predictions. The casing treatment did not present any improvement of the compressor stall margin but no significant performance degradation was observed either. The CFD predictions showed a good agreement with the measurements and their analysis supported the experimental results.
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Bellocq, Pablo, Iñaki Garmendia, and Vishal Sethi. "Preliminary Design Assessments of Pusher Geared Counter-Rotating Open Rotors: Part I — Low Pressure System Design Choices, Engine Preliminary Design Philosophy and Modelling Methodology." In ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-43812.
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In this 2-part publication, the impact of the main low pressure system parameters of a pusher counter rotating Geared Open Rotor (GOR) on mission fuel burn, certification noise and emissions is presented for a 160 PAX medium haul class aircraft. Due to their high propulsive efficiency, GORs have the potential to significantly reduce fuel consumption and emissions relative to conventional high bypass ratio turbofans. However, this novel engine architecture presents many design and operational challenges both at engine and aircraft level. The assessment of the impact of the main low pressure preliminary design parameters of GORs on mission fuel burn, certification noise and emissions is necessary at preliminary design stages in order to identify optimum design regions. These assessments may also aid the development process when compromises need to be performed as a consequence of design, operational or regulatory constraints. Part I of this two-part publication describes the main low pressure (LP) system design choices for a GOR as well as the preliminary design philosophy and simulation framework developed for the assessments. Part II presents the assessment studies. The simulation framework described in this paper comprises the following models: engine and aircraft performance, engine mechanical design and weight, engine certification noise and emissions. A novel aspect of the presented simulation framework is that the design point efficiency and the design feasibility of the low pressure components are calculated for each engine design.
Reports on the topic "Export country choice"
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Yatsymirska, Mariya. SOCIAL EXPRESSION IN MULTIMEDIA TEXTS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11072.
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The article investigates functional techniques of extralinguistic expression in multimedia texts; the effectiveness of figurative expressions as a reaction to modern events in Ukraine and their influence on the formation of public opinion is shown. Publications of journalists, broadcasts of media resonators, experts, public figures, politicians, readers are analyzed. The language of the media plays a key role in shaping the worldview of the young political elite in the first place. The essence of each statement is a focused thought that reacts to events in the world or in one’s own country. The most popular platform for mass information and social interaction is, first of all, network journalism, which is characterized by mobility and unlimited time and space. Authors have complete freedom to express their views in direct language, including their own word formation. Phonetic, lexical, phraseological and stylistic means of speech create expression of the text. A figurative word, a good aphorism or proverb, a paraphrased expression, etc. enhance the effectiveness of a multimedia text. This is especially important for headlines that simultaneously inform and influence the views of millions of readers. Given the wide range of issues raised by the Internet as a medium, research in this area is interdisciplinary. The science of information, combining language and social communication, is at the forefront of global interactions. The Internet is an effective source of knowledge and a forum for free thought. Nonlinear texts (hypertexts) – «branching texts or texts that perform actions on request», multimedia texts change the principles of information collection, storage and dissemination, involving billions of readers in the discussion of global issues. Mastering the word is not an easy task if the author of the publication is not well-read, is not deep in the topic, does not know the psychology of the audience for which he writes. Therefore, the study of media broadcasting is an important component of the professional training of future journalists. The functions of the language of the media require the authors to make the right statements and convincing arguments in the text. Journalism education is not only knowledge of imperative and dispositive norms, but also apodictic ones. In practice, this means that there are rules in media creativity that are based on logical necessity. Apodicticity is the first sign of impressive language on the platform of print or electronic media. Social expression is a combination of creative abilities and linguistic competencies that a journalist realizes in his activity. Creative self-expression is realized in a set of many important factors in the media: the choice of topic, convincing arguments, logical presentation of ideas and deep philological education. Linguistic art, in contrast to painting, music, sculpture, accumulates all visual, auditory, tactile and empathic sensations in a universal sign – the word. The choice of the word for the reproduction of sensory and semantic meanings, its competent use in the appropriate context distinguishes the journalist-intellectual from other participants in forums, round tables, analytical or entertainment programs. Expressive speech in the media is a product of the intellect (ability to think) of all those who write on socio-political or economic topics. In the same plane with him – intelligence (awareness, prudence), the first sign of which (according to Ivan Ogienko) is a good knowledge of the language. Intellectual language is an important means of organizing a journalistic text. It, on the one hand, logically conveys the author’s thoughts, and on the other – encourages the reader to reflect and comprehend what is read. The richness of language is accumulated through continuous self-education and interesting communication. Studies of social expression as an important factor influencing the formation of public consciousness should open up new facets of rational and emotional media broadcasting; to trace physical and psychological reactions to communicative mimicry in the media. Speech mimicry as one of the methods of disguise is increasingly becoming a dangerous factor in manipulating the media. Mimicry is an unprincipled adaptation to the surrounding social conditions; one of the most famous examples of an animal characterized by mimicry (change of protective color and shape) is a chameleon. In a figurative sense, chameleons are called adaptive journalists. Observations show that mimicry in politics is to some extent a kind of game that, like every game, is always conditional and artificial.