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1
SAYER, KAREN. "The ‘modern’ management of rats: British agricultural science in farm and field during the twentieth century." BJHS Themes 2 (2017): 235–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bjt.2017.7.
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AbstractDuring the period from 1919 to 1970, rat killing was ‘modernized’: official, scientific, commercial, agricultural and county advisers sought ‘rat control’. Scientific expertise on rat parasites and rat control circulated internationally. The risks posed to human health through plague, as traced by researchers who were already expert on the third pandemic, led in the UK to the Rats and Mice (Destruction) Act 1919; and the United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture, at Hot Springs, Virginia, USA, 1943 informed its replacement, the Prevention of Damage by Pests Act 1949. Anticoagulants such as Warfarin developed in the USA at first sold widely in the UK, then later British research on resistance informed subsequent American research. This UK application of international policy and science paralleled the emergence of an official case at Parliamentary level for the national, multidisciplinary and multi-agency approach to rats. Within the UK, animal ecologists under Charles Elton mapped rats in the emergent field of population studies; and new forms of economic costing at MAFF quantified the damage done to farm buildings and machinery and the consumption, soiling and contamination of food, seed and fodder in store. Yet nineteenth-century rat catchers already had an excellent and long-established grasp of rat behaviour, a necessity in either taking or executing their subjects. Though characterized as inefficient, picturesque and craft-based, that vernacular knowledge was reproduced and formalized in the twentieth century through empirical research and evidence-based practice, shaped by experiences at the intersection of human demand, the interests of the (wild and domesticated) animals that humans have preferred, and the endeavours of the rat.
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Park, Eon-Kyung, and Sang-Han Wang. "A Critical Analysis on the Domestic Implementation Legislation of the International Nuclear Import and Export Control Regulations: Focusing on Amendment Proposals of the Nuclear Safety Act." Korea International Law Review 64 (February 28, 2023): 147–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.25197/kilr.2023.64.147.
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Under domestic law, there is no accurate definition of the concept of nuclear export control. ‘The Nuclear Safety Act’ defines safety measures for the peaceful use of nuclear power and import and export control that blocks the illegal transfer of nuclear goods and technologies as nuclear power control, and ‘the Foreign Trade Act’ stipulates import and export control of especially designed or prepared nuclear items(Trigger List) and dual-use items as a type of strategic items export control. The Nuclear Safety and Security Commission implements import and export control based on the acts above, but the target items are different. Nevertheless, since there is no clear explanation of import and export control, nuclear power control, and the definition and scope of target items in laws and regulations, materials and references explaining Korea’s nuclear import and export control legislation contain contents unlike.
With the critical mind, the paper identifies the structure and operating principle of the domestic implementation legislation, derives the problems of the current acts, and puts forwards a amendment proposal in three main aspects upon the Nuclear Safety Act; clarification of the content and scope of import and export control in the Nuclear Safety Act; introduction of the legal basis for nuclear import and export control work that was routinely carried out in the absence of alegal ground; and the enactment of a public notice on the nuclear import and export control. The first proposal made the import and export control legislation systematic by clearly defining similar concepts such as nuclear power control, import and export control, and nuclear power import and export control. The second proposal includes the amendment proposals of relevant acts and regulations on education for non-compliance with import and export control, operation and maintenance of the nuclear export control system, and the obligation of employees of the Korea Institute of Nuclear Control and Technology to prohibit leakage of secrets, which are all legally unfounded. The third proposal is the result of considering the specificity of nuclear import and export control and the convenience of interested persons of the acts and regulations, and increases efficiency by regulating goods and technologies under the jurisdiction of the Nuclear Safety and Security Commission through a separate public notice.
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Caspary, Tobias, and Tino Eckert. "2013 Reform of Germanys Export Control Act." Global Trade and Customs Journal 8, Issue 6 (June 1, 2013): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2013022.
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Changes to the German national export laws address modernization, reform, and among other issues the penalties regime, including a new provision on voluntary self-disclosure. This article provides a practical summary of these important changes.
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Zedalis, Rex J. "The Chemical Weapons Convention Implementation Act: United States Control Over Exports." American Journal of International Law 90, no. 1 (January 1996): 138–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203761.
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During 1994, the total sales value of chemicals exported from the United States exceeded $51 billion, up 15 percent over the previous year and resulting in the chemical sector outpacing all other sectors that finished the year with favorable trade balances. Chemicals leaving the United States were shipped under the control provisions of both the Department of Commerce's Export Administration Regulations (EAR), and the Department of State's International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR). Though this is something of an oversimplification, the EAR basically concerns itself with products that have civilian application, and the ITAR with products of use to the military. Currently, the Commodity Control List of the EAR, overseen by Commerce's Office of Export Licensing within the Bureau of Export Administration, identifies fifty-four chemicals and ten toxins as intermediate agents and precursors to chemical weapons subject to export regulation. The Munitions List of the ITAR, administered by the Office of Defense Trade Controls of the State Department's Bureau of Politico-Military Affairs, identifies twenty-two chemicals as subject to regulation and cautions that this listing is merely illustrative, as any “chemical agent,” defined as “a substance having military application,” is subject to export control.
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CHOI, Dong Jun. "A Comparative Study on the Recent Strengthening tendency of Export Control System in the U.S. and China - focused on the U.S. Export Control Reform Act and the China Export Control Act -." Ewha Law Journal 25, no. 3 (March 31, 2021): 23–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32632/elj.2021.25.3.23.
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Park, Eon-Kyung, Sang-Han Wang, and Kwan-Seon Jung. "Study on Revision of Foreign Trade Act to strengthen Export Control System - Focusing on Comparison with the Export Control Reform Act of 2018 -." Jeonbuk Law Review 72 (September 30, 2023): 395–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.56544/jblr.2023.09.72.395.
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Kim, In Sik. "Exploratory Study on Changes in China’s Export Control System - Focusing on the Export Control Act(Draft) of 2019 -." Korean Chinese Relations Review 6, no. 3 (October 31, 2020): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33575/kcrr.2020.6.3.25.
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Whang, Cindy. "Undermining the Consensus-Building and List-Based Standards in Export Controls: What the US Export Controls Act Means to the Global Export Control Regime." Journal of International Economic Law 22, no. 4 (November 30, 2019): 579–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgz038.
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ABSTRACT On 13 August 2018, US President Donald Trump signed a legislation called the ‘Export Controls Act of 2018’ (ECA) that is important for reinvigorating the export control regime in the USA. This paper argues that contents of the ECA will not only impact the USA but also the way that the ECA is structured will potentially have a long-lasting influence on international export control regimes and the role that export controls play in international trade. International export control regimes were established post-World War II as a trade measure to pursue common strategic and national security goals among allied countries. Due to the sensitive nature of national security issues, international export control agreements were structured as non-binding agreements that heavily relied on the consensus of participating countries in formulating export control lists that the participating countries could then adopt in their domestic regulations. The cohesiveness of the global export control regimes has been based on the cornerstones of the consensus-building and list-based standards. The USA established its export control regimes to complement these international export control regimes and has been a strong proponent of requesting countries to adopt the international export control lists into domestic regulations. With the passage of the ECA, the infusion of economic policy considerations such as maintaining the USA’s technological leadership through adding a category of emerging and foundational technology has changed the long-standing export control narrative. Through the changes made to the US ECA, the scope of national security subject to export control regimes has expanded from being focused on military-oriented goods and technology into one that now includes commercial technology. While the changes made through the ECA serve to protect the USA’s technological interests, the statute could also undermine important elements of the global export control regime that the international community has established in the past seventy years post-World War II.
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Lee, Byung-Mun, and Mei-Feng Piao. "Main Contents and Practical Implication of the China Export Control Act." INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW 89 (February 28, 2021): 67–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.35980/krical.2021.02.89.67.
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Son, Han-ki. "A Study on the Legislation for the Implementation of China's International Export Control System - Focusing on the Export Control Act of China." Northeast Asian law journal 15, no. 1 (May 31, 2021): 33–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.19035/nal.2021.15.1.2.
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PONOMAROV, Oleksandr. "Social conditioning and grounds for criminalization of violations of the procedure for carrying out the international transfer of goods which are the subject to state export control." Economics. Finances. Law 1, no. - (January 25, 2023): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2023.1.3.
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The paper emphasizes that violation of the procedure for international transfers of goods subject to state export control directly threatens the national security of the state itself. The criteria that serve as a measure of the social conditioning of the criminalization of violation of the order of international transfers of goods subject to state export control have been determined. Groups of factors influencing criminalization are identified. A literature review of the grounds of the criminal law prohibition, which serve as objective prerequisites for its establishment, was carried out. The position regarding the impracticality of considering a criminal offense provided for by Art. 333 of the Criminal Code, as an international convention. It was determined that the social conditioning of the criminalization of violations of the order of international transfers of goods subject to state export control is based on society's assessment of the act as criminal, that is, one characterized by such a degree of social danger that only criminal liability is the appropriate legal consequence public danger of this act. The public danger of violating the order of international transfers of goods subject to state export control is not only in weakening the national security and defense capability of a certain state, but also has an international character. It cannot be claimed that the criminalization of the violation of the order of international transfers of goods subject to state export control is a consequence of Ukraine's obligations under the international treaties it has ratified, since this conclusion will be justified only in the case when we are talking about the Convention on the prohibition of development, production, stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and on their destruction, Art. VII of which clearly provides for the establishment of criminal liability for acts prohibited by this convention. Criminal violation provided for in Art. 333 of the Criminal Code, cannot be considered as an international convention, since the criminalization of violation of the order of international transfers of goods subject to state export control is not a consequence of Ukraine's obligations under international treaties ratified by it, with the exception of certain acts defined by the Convention on the Prohibition of Development, Production, accumulation and use of chemical weapons and their destruction.
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YEŞILBURSA BEHÇET, KEMAL. "FROM FRIENDSHIP TO ENMITY SOVIET-IRANIAN RELATIONS (1945-1965)." History and Modern Perspectives 2, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 92–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2658-4654-2020-2-1-92-105.
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On 26 February 1921, the Soviet Union signed a «Treaty of Friendship» with Iran which was to pave the way for future relations between the two states. Although the Russians renounced various commercial and territorial concessions which the Tsarist government had exacted from Iran, they secured the insertion of two articles which prohibited the formation or residence in either country of individuals, groups, military forces which were hostile to the other party, and gave the Soviet Union the right to send forces into Iran in the event that a third party should attempt to carry out a policy of usurpation there, use Iran as a base for operations against Russia, or otherwise threaten Soviet frontiers. Furthermore, in 1927, the Soviet Union signed a «Treaty of Guarantee and Neutrality» with Iran which required the contracting parties to refrain from aggression against each other and not to join blocs or alliances directed against each other’s sovereignty. However, the treaty was violated by the Soviet Union’s wartime occupation of Iran, together with Britain and the United States. The violation was subsequently condoned by the conclusion of the Tripartite Treaty of Alliance of 29 January 1942, which permitted the Soviet Union to maintain troops in Iran for a limited period. Requiring restraint from propaganda, subversion and hostile political groups, the treaty would also appear to have been persistently violated by the Soviet Union: for example, the various radio campaigns of «Radio Moscow» and the «National Voice of Iran»; the financing and control of the Tudeh party; and espionage and rumour-mongering by Soviet officials in Iran. Whatever the Soviet’s original conception of this treaty may have been, they had since used it one-sidedly as a treaty in which both countries would be neutral, with one being «more neutral than the other». In effect, both the 1921 and 1927 treaties had been used as «a stick to beat the Iranians» whenever it suited the Soviets to do so, in propaganda and in inter-governmental dealings. During the Second World War, the treaty between the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and Iran, dated 29 January 1942 - and concluded some 5 months after the occupation of parts of Iran by allied forces, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union were entitled to maintain troops in Iran, but the presence of such troops was not to constitute a military occupation. Nonetheless, Soviet forces in the Northern provinces used their authority to prevent both the entry of officials of the Iranian Government and the export of agricultural products to other provinces. The treaty also required military forces to be withdrawn not later than six months after «all hostilities between the Allied Powers and Germany and her associates have been suspended by the conclusion of an armistice or on the conclusion of peace, whichever is the earlier». This entailed that the Soviet Union should have withdrawn its forces by March 1946, six months after the defeat of Japan. Meanwhile, however, there emerged in Iranian Azerbaijan, under Soviet tutelage, a movement for advanced provincial autonomy which developed into a separatist movement under a Communist-led «National Government of Azerbaijan». In 1945, Soviet forces prevented the Iranian army from moving troops into Azerbaijan, and also confined the Iranian garrison to barracks while the dissidents took forcible possession of key points. At the same time, Soviet troops prevented the entry of Iranian troops into the Kurdistan area, where, under Soviet protection, a Kurdish Republic had been set up by Qazi Mohammad. In 1946, after Iran had appealed to the Security Council, the Russians secured from the Iranian Prime Minister, Qavam es Saltaneh, a promise to introduce a bill providing for the formation of a Soviet-Iranian Oil Company to exploit the Northern oil reserves. In return, the Soviet Union agreed to negotiate over Azerbaijan: the Iranians thereupon withdrew their complaint to the Security Council, and Soviet forces left Azerbaijan by 9 May 1946. In 1955, when Iran was considering joining a regional defensive pact, which was later to manifest itself as the Baghdad Pact, the Soviet Government threatened that such a move would oblige the Soviet Union to act in accordance with Article 6 of the 1921 treaty. This was the «big stick» aspect of Soviet attempts to waylay Iranian membership of such a pact; the «carrot» being the conclusion in 1955 of a Soviet-Iranian «Financial and Frontier Agreement» by which the Soviets agreed to a mutually beneficial re-alignment of the frontier and to pay debts arising from their wartime occupation of Northern Iran. The Soviets continued their war of nerves against Iranian accession to the Pact by breaking off trade negotiations in October 1955 and by a series of minor affronts, such as the cancellation of cultural visits and minimal attendance at the Iranian National Day celebrations in Moscow. In a memorandum dated November 26, the Iranian Government openly rejected Soviet criticisms. Soviet displeasure was expressed officially, in the press and to private individuals. In the ensuing period, Soviet and Soviet-controlled radio stations continued to bombard their listeners with criticism of the Baghdad Pact, or CENTO as it later became. In early 1959, with the breakdown of the negotiations for a non-aggression pact, Iran-Soviet relations entered into a phase of propaganda warfare which intensified with the signature of the bilateral military agreement between Iran and the United States. The Soviet Union insisted that Iran should not permit the establishment of foreign military bases on its soil, and continued to threaten Iran despite the Shah’s assurance on this issue. Consequently, the Iranians denounced Articles 5 and 6 of the 1921 treaty, on the basis of which the Soviet Union was making its demands. Attempts by the Secretary-General of the United Nations to improve relations met with little success until September 1959, when Russia offered massive economic support on condition that Iran renounced its military agreements with the United States. This offer was rejected, and, as relations continued to become strained, the Soviets changed their demand to one neither for a written agreement that Iran would not allow its terrain to be used as a base of aggression nor for the establishment of foreign missile bases. The publication by the Soviet Union of the so-called «CENTO documents» did nothing to relieve the strain: the Soviet Union continued to stand out for a bilateral agreement with Iran, and the Shah, in consultation with Britain and the United States, continued to offer no more than a unilateral assurance. In July 1962, with a policy of endeavouring once more to improve relations, the Shah maintained his insistence on a unilateral statement, and the Soviet Government finally agreed to this. The Iranian undertaking was accordingly given and acknowledged on 15 September. The Instruments of ratification of the 1957 Agreements on Transit and Frontier Demarcation were exchanged in Moscow on 26 October 1962 and in Tehran on 20 December, respectively.
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Kang, Bong-Ju, and Yang-Kee Lee. "Effect of International Trade and Business for Approval Mediated by Relationship Capabilities on Korea's Export Growth." Journal of Korea Trade 26, no. 6 (October 31, 2022): 61–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.35611/jkt.2022.26.6.61.
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Purpose – This study analyzed the effect of obtaining international products and qualification certification on exports according to the suitability evaluation system. Recently, non-tariff barriers have emerged as technical barriers, and the Biden administration is trying to achieve export growth and economic growth by utilizing the demand for conformity assessment following the Fourth Industrial Revolution and the free trade system from the perspective of Korea. Design/methodology – This study analyzed the effect of a manufacturer's product certification acquisition on a company's export performance using Resource-Based View-based multiple regression analysis. To this end, concentration validity was confirmed through Factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha, and correlation analysis was performed to verify discriminant validity. Findings – Product certification and qualification have a positive impact on the company's export performance. In particular, technological dynamism and relationship control have had a significant impact. Originality/value – Considering that the Conformity Assessment Management Act will take effect in earnest in 2022, this study is believed to suggest that companies that have been certified to meet international standards may improve their export performance and increase their value in the future. International market.
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Singh, Rajender, Swati Singh, Anil Kumar, GT Kulkarni, and Arti Thakkar. "The Impact of Generic Drug User Fee Act on Generic Drug Export from India." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL QUALITY ASSURANCE 13, no. 04 (September 1, 2022): 470–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijpqa.13.4.20.
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Generic drugs are drugs that have a similar active ingredient, dosage type, strength, and route of administration as a brand name medication. India is the hub of generic drugs and exports to various countries. The regulations for generics have been evolving through the years for better control of the price and quality of generic drugs. In this study, we have formulated a questionnaire consisting of questions on review time, communication with authority, the quality of products, and future expectations of the industry. Most people agreed that there had been a change since the introduction of generic drug user fee act (GDUFA). It has helped in reducing the review time of backlog applications, quick review for new applications, and raised certain expectations from the industry for the future of GDUFA. Communication has also improved between the industry and the food and drug administration (FDA), which has helped the applicant better understand the expectation of the authority.
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Husisian, Gregory. "Risk Management for Multinational Corporations: Sentencing Guidelines Proposals Reflect Evolving Compliance Norms." Global Trade and Customs Journal 5, Issue 7/8 (July 1, 2010): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2010035.
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In recent years, the U.S. government has become increasingly aggressive in enforcing U.S. laws designed to regulate international conduct of multinational corporations. As a result, multinational corporations face multiplying compliance concerns as they seek to comply with U.S. sanctions and antimoney laundering requirements, export control rules, and the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). In this article, the author develops the proposed amendments and their implications for multinational corporations attempting to manage the risks posed by these complicated and nuanced laws.
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Sugianto, Sugianto. "MEKANISME PENJALURAN DALAM EKSPIR DAN IMPOR." JURNAL INFORMASI, PERPAJAKAN, AKUNTANSI, DAN KEUANGAN PUBLIK 3, no. 1 (May 6, 2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/jipak.v3i1.4438.
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<table class="NormalTable"><tbody><tr><td width="550"><span class="fontstyle0">In the mechanism of channel activity Export and Import, If Red Channel, Green Channel, Yellow Channel and MITA is one way to prohibition of the entering at the dangerous merchandising and the minimize the numerous of smuggle. Make to a service system in custom office without intervention for the user custom office is low risk which name MITA Channel (Mitra Utama). The way of treating in channel at import service is the evidence of control which did the export duty to optimize income tax at the country, prohibition and the act of the smuggle at the user custom office</span><span class="fontstyle2">.</span></td></tr></tbody></table>
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Park, Eon Kyung, and Chul Won Suh. "Appraisal and Reform of Regulations upon the Export Control of Strategic Items : Focusing on the Foreign Trade Act." Korean Journal of International Economic Law 16, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 157–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.46271/kjiel.2018.03.16.1.157.
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HAMID LABETUBUN, MUCHTAR ANSHARY, and MARSELO VALENTINO GEOVANI PARIELA. "CONTROLLING OF IMPORTED OR EXPORTED GOODS RELATED TO BRAND PROTECTION BY CUSTOMS." UNTAG Law Review 4, no. 1 (May 20, 2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36356/ulrev.v4i1.1522.
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<p>Customs regulations in Indonesia, there is also a legal mechanism to protect brands. Provisions in Chapter X of Law, Number 10 of 1995 concerning Customs as amended by Act Number 17 of 2006 concerning Amendments to Law Number 10 of 1995 concerning Customs, includes a prohibition on import or export restrictions and controls on the import and export of goods the results of infringement of Intellectual Property Rights including Trademark Rights. The role of Customs in the framework of protecting registered brands is as a traffic surveillance apparatus for goods entering or leaving Indonesian territory, the Directorate General of Customs and Excise (DJBC) is required to control the import-export of products resulting from violations in the field of trademark rights, and intellectual property rights and by court order can stop the entry and exit of goods infringing trademark rights. The implementation of the trips agreement in the laws and regulations on Indonesian customs can contribute to the protection of registered trademarks, especially in terms of being the front door in overcoming violations of trademark rights in Indonesia.</p>
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Horng, Der-Chin. "The EU’s Vaccine Diplomacy in the WHO." European Foreign Affairs Review 29, Issue 1 (January 1, 2024): 35–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2024003.
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COVID-19 has posed a serious challenge for the European Union (EU) since 2020. The EU has adopted vaccine diplomacy, among other measures, to tackle this global pandemic. The EU also applied the Advance Purchase Agreements (APA) and export control for the COVID-19 vaccine in 2021, and did not fully support a waiver for vaccine and medicine Intellectual Property (IP) in the 2022 WTO negotiation. This paper focuses primarily on the following core issues and questions: What is the concept of vaccine diplomacy? What are the theories, policy decisions, jurisprudence and practices of the EU’s vaccine diplomacy? What is the strategy of the EU for cooperating with the WHO and the Access to Covid-19 Tools (ACT) Accelerator (COVAX)?What is the significance, and implications of EU vaccine diplomacy? The EU firmly supports WHO multilateralism and the COVAX framework for vaccine distribution and health cooperation. The EU also actively participates in WHO negotiations for a new health treaty, to respond effectively to future pandemics. This paper also suggests some ways to resolve the problem about how the EU can become a contracting party to the new WHO health treaty. Despite the fact that some policies such as the APA, vaccine export control and IP waiver were criticized by some other countries, the EU’s vaccine diplomacy in the WHO is largely a great success. The EU vaccine diplomacy is expected to increase the EU’s soft power and normative influence in the WHO, and contribute greatly to the health of European citizens, other human beings and a new emerging international health order. APA, COVAX, COVID-19, export control, EU, International Pandemic Treaty, vaccine diplomacy, WHO, WTO waiver
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Bernardello, R., J. G. Cardoso, N. Bahamon, D. Donis, I. Marinov, and A. Cruzado. "Modelled interannual variability of vertical organic matter export related to phytoplankton bloom dynamics – a case-study for the NW Mediterranean Sea." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 7 (July 23, 2012): 9091–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-9091-2012.
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Abstract. Mid-latitude spring blooms of phytoplankton show considerable year-to-year variability in timing, spatial extent and intensity. It is still unclear to what degree the bloom variability is connected to the magnitude of the vertical flux of organic matter. A coupled three-dimensional hydrodynamic-biogeochemical model is used to relate interannual variability in phytoplankton spring-bloom dynamics to variability in the vertical export of organic matter in the NW Mediterranean Sea. Simulation results from 2001 to 2010, validated against remote sensing chlorophyll, show marked interannual variability in both timing and shape of the bloom. Model results show a tendency for the bloom to start later after cold and windy winters. However, the onset of the bloom occurs often when the mixed layer is still several hundred meters deep while the heat flux is already approaching zero. Frequency and intensity of wind episodes control both timing and development of the bloom and the consequent export flux of organic matter. The wintertime flux is greater than zero and shows relatively low interannual variability. The magnitude of this variability is mainly determined in March when the frequency of windy days correlates positively with the export flux. Frequent wind-driven mixing episodes act to increase the export flux and, at the same time, to interrupt the bloom. Our analysis shows that years with discontinuous, low-chlorophyll blooms are likely to have higher export flux than years with undisturbed intense blooms. The area of the study shows strong analogy with the part of the North Atlantic within the same latitude range. Hence, our results may be applicable to quantitatively more important areas of the world oceans.
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Pellerin, Brian P., Deborah Buszard, Alex Georgallas, and Richard J. Nowakowski. "A Novel Framework to Consider Endogenous Hormonal Control of Apple Tree Flowering." HortScience 47, no. 5 (May 2012): 589–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.5.589.
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Inhibition of flower initiation by nearby developing fruits is one of the main causes of biennial bearing in apple trees. This localized inhibition may depend on a critical ratio of inhibitor and promoter hormones that inhibits flowering of apical meristems. A model is proposed to explain this phenomenon. In the model, it is assumed that seeds and leaves act as point sources and export inhibiting and promoting hormones to apical meristems. The model assumes critical ratios of promoting and inhibiting hormones determine whether an apical meristem flowers or not and this may be a cause of biennial bearing. Thus, the spatial arrangement of shoot apical meristems on a limb is perhaps critical in determining whether meristems initiate flower clusters. This article presents a novel framework to view the hormone hypotheses of biennial bearing in apple trees and how management strategies such as flower removal could be used to achieve regular numbers of flower clusters over consecutive years.
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Akutson, Seth, O. P. Efionayi, and C. C. Agunobi. "Effect of trade openness on economic growth in Nigeria." Journal of Global Economics and Business 5, no. 18 (July 1, 2024): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.58934/jgeb.v5i18.269.
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The study investigated the effect of trade openness on economic growth in Nigeria. Time series data were collected from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin from 1990 - 2022. While balance of payment was the proxy for economic growth (the dependent variable); the proxies for the independent variable (trade openness) were import, export and broad money supply to act as control variable. The method of data analysis employed in this study includes descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and unit root test. Ordinary Least Square was used to estimate the model. The findings revealed that import has no significant effect on balance of payment; export has significant effect on balance of payment; while broad money supply has insignificant effect on balance of payment in Nigeria. The study recommends that government should encourage huge investment on infrastructure development in order generate more economic activities; reduce the cost of doing business and increase the factors that drive productivity in Nigeria; and ensure stability in the interest, exchange rate and other monetary policy tools.
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Bernardello, R., J. G. Cardoso, N. Bahamon, D. Donis, I. Marinov, and A. Cruzado. "Factors controlling interannual variability of vertical organic matter export and phytoplankton bloom dynamics – a numerical case-study for the NW Mediterranean Sea." Biogeosciences 9, no. 11 (November 2, 2012): 4233–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-4233-2012.
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Abstract. Mid-latitude spring blooms of phytoplankton show considerable year-to-year variability in timing, spatial extent and intensity. It is still unclear to what degree the bloom variability is connected to the magnitude of the vertical flux of organic matter. A coupled three-dimensional hydrodynamic-biogeochemical model is used to relate interannual variability in phytoplankton spring-bloom dynamics to variability in the vertical export of organic matter in the NW Mediterranean Sea. Simulation results from 2001 to 2010, validated against remote-sensing chlorophyll, show marked interannual variability in both timing and shape of the bloom. Model results show a tendency for the bloom to start later after cold and windy winters. However, the onset of the bloom occurs often when the mixed layer is still several hundred metres deep while the heat flux is already approaching zero and turbulent mixing is low. Frequency and intensity of wind episodes control both the timing and development of the bloom and the consequent export flux of organic matter. The wintertime flux is greater than zero and shows relatively low interannual variability. The magnitude of the interannual variability is mainly determined in March when the frequency of windy days positively correlates with the export flux. Frequent wind-driven mixing episodes act to increase the export flux and, at the same time, to interrupt the bloom. Perhaps counterintuitively, our analysis shows that years with discontinuous, low-chlorophyll blooms are likely to have higher export flux than years with intense uninterrupted blooms. The NW Mediterranean shows strong analogy with the North Atlantic section within the same latitude range. Hence, our results may also be applicable to this quantitatively more important area of the world ocean.
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Voronin, Boris, M. Karpuhin, Irina Chupina, and Yana Voronina. "Strategy of development and export potential of the grain complex of Russia. Regional aspect." Agrarian Bulletin of the 203, no. 12 (December 23, 2020): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2020-203-12-78-82.
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Abstract. Grain production and legal regulation of this industry are of paramount importance for the food security of the country. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the adopted laws and regulations governing relations in the field of grain and its processed products, as well as the state of grain growing in the Sverdlovsk region. The article uses the methods of analysis and synthesis, the method of generalization, the method of environmental forecasting, as well as the method of strategic planning. The results of this article are based on the fact that the Law of the Russian Federation No. 4973-1 “On Grain”, adopted on May 14, 1993 (currently not in full force), established in the first article that grain is a national treasure of the Russian Federation, one of the main factors of economic stability. By Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 491 of August 4, 2005, state control over the quality and safety of grain, mixed feed and components for their production, as well as by-products of grain processing, is assigned to the Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Supervision. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the Law “On Grain” has not become the main integrated legal act in the complex regulating relations in the field of grain growing. Therefore, at present, the most important legal act is the Long-term strategy for the development of the grain complex of the Russian Federation until 2035, which, according to the authors, should consider the organizational and economic mechanisms for the production of the grain complex in close interconnection, where high-quality grain should be provided with appropriate technologies at all stages of its production, as well as during transportation, storage and processing.
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Kim, Su Kab. "Implications for the Improvement of Korea's Cultural Heritage Legislation through the Study of the Federal Cultural Heritage Legislation in Germany." LAW RESEARCH INSTITUTE CHUNGBUK NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 34, no. 2 (December 31, 2023): 1–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.34267/cblj.2023.34.2.1.
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With the enactment of ʻthe Basic Law on National Heritageʼ in Korea, The ʻCultural Property Protection Actʼ will be renamed ʻthe Act on the Preservation and Utilization of Cultural Heritageʼ(acronym: the Cultural Heritage Act) from May 17, 2024. The Cultural Heritage Act shall serve as the basic law related to the cultural heritage legislation. The Cultural Heritage Act includes such as contents; the establishment and promotion of the protection of cultural heritage as defined in the Basic Law on National Heritage, the creation of a foundation for cultural heritage protection, and the nationally designated cultural heritage, general movable cultural heritage, and municipal-designated cultural heritage. In the Basic Law on National Heritage, cultural heritage refers only to tangible cultural heritage and intangible cultural heritage is separately classified as intangible cultural heritage. But both tangible and intangible cultural heritage should be considered as the subject of the cultural heritage legislation. Korea had a representative comprehensive cultural property protection legal system in the past, but government recently divided the Intangible Cultural Property Act, the Buried Cultural Property Act, and the Cultural Property Repair Act from the previous Cultural Property Protection Act. Furthermore, Matters related to the preservation and management of natural monuments and scenic spots will be stipulated in newly enacted the “Act on the Preservation and Utilization of Natural Heritage” (acronym: Natural Heritage Act). Although the laws was divided from previous Cultural Property Protection Act, the jurisdiction of the Cultural Heritage Administration remains the same. In order for an effective cultural heritage policy to be activated under the changed legal environment, it is necessary to analyze and examine international agreements related to the globalization of cultural heritage and related legal systems of major countries. And these analysis and examination will be contributed to make legislative and policy improvements to the issues that have been problematic domestically. In this regard, this paper aims to draw implications by examining the German cultural heritage legal system which the federal and state cooperate while maintaining a dual system. In Germany, the protection and management of domestic cultural heritage is protected by the State(Land) in the form of monument protection laws, and the federal government operates the cultural property protection law, which aims to prevent cultural property from being lost by controlling the export, import, and distribution of cultural property. I think it will be a great reference for improving legislation for the globalization of cultural heritage in Korea. In particular, the regulations related to the return of cultural properties illegally leaked abroad and the international exchange of cultural properties are worth referring to. Germany's Cultural Property Protection Act as a federal law has detailed regulations that control the export, import, and distribution of cultural properties, so I think it will be a great reference for improving legislation to globalize Korea's cultural heritage. In particular, regulations related to the return of illegally leaked cultural properties overseas, the guarantee of return of international loans, and the international exchange of cultural properties are worth referencing in Korea's legislative improvement.
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Tsimplis, Michael. "Liability and Compensation in the International Transport of Hazardous Wastes by Sea: The 1999 Protocol to the Basel Convention." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 16, no. 2 (2001): 295–346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180801x00090.
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AbstractThe export of hazardous wastes has been recognised by the international community as a dangerous trade which must be minimised and regulated. The 1989 Basel Convention on the Control of the Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal is a widely ratified international agreement for the environmentally safe transport of hazardous wastes. The 1999 Liability and Compensation Protocol significantly improves the 1989 Basel Convention regime by establishing strict liability with minimum financial limits and, unlimited, fault-based liability for damages arising out of the carriage of wastes. The strict liability does not attach to the Carrier but to persons which are subject to the jurisdiction of either the state of export or the state of import and who act as the Notifier, the Exporter, the Importer or the Disposer of the wastes. Strict liability must be covered by compulsory insurance. The Basel Protocol overlaps with other liability and limitation regimes. The potential conflict of the Basel Protocol with the major agreements applicable to the carriage of wastes by sea is discussed and improvements in the drafting of the Protocol and the supporting financial mechanisms are suggested.
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Fernández-Moreno, Miguel A., JoséL Caballero, David A. Hopwood, and Francisco Malpartida. "The act cluster contains regulatory and antibiotic export genes, direct targets for translational control by the bldA tRNA gene of streptomyces." Cell 66, no. 4 (August 1991): 769–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(91)90120-n.
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MAPIRA, Jemitias. "ZIMBABWE’S FORESTRY COMMISSION AND THE QUEST FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT." JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 11, no. 2 (September 7, 2017): 2415–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jssr.v11i2.6305.
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This paper examines how some Zimbabwean government departments/organizations have been involved in the management of natural resources with a view to achieving sustainable development (SD) at local and national levels. This includes the Forestry Commission (FC) which dates back to the colonial era. Zimbabwe’s forest resources are governed by the Forest Act (Chapter 19:05) of 1996 (G.o.Z, 1996). The Act was proclaimed through an Act of parliament in 1949 and has been revised numerous times since its inception. Following the promulgation of the Act, a Forestry Commission was established in April 1954 in order to protect and conserve the country’s forest resources including indigenous and exotic species. During the 1990s Ngamo Safaris was established with a view to generating income for the FC. Since then, Ngamo Safaris has boosted the commission’s coffers and brought financial stability to the organization. Unlike other government departments, ministries and NGOs, the FC is now self-reliant due to its income-generating projects. As such, it has become a model in the execution of its statutory mandate. The FC has been involved in such activities as tree planting, land reclamation and soil control. It has also been supplying villagers with tree seedlings with a view to promoting SD at local and national levels. However, in spite of this invaluable contribution, the FC is under-staffed at district, provincial and national levels, which undermines its regular operations.
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Manchikanti, Laxmaiah. "Evolution of US Health Care Reform." Pain Physician 3, no. 20;3 (March 9, 2017): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2017.110.
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Major health policy creation or changes, including governmental and private policies affecting health care delivery are based on health care reform(s). Health care reform has been a global issue over the years and the United States has seen proposals for multiple reforms over the years. A successful, health care proposal in the United States with involvement of the federal government was the short-lived establishment of the first system of national medical care in the South. In the 20th century, the United States was influenced by progressivism leading to the initiation of efforts to achieve universal coverage, supported by a Republican presidential candidate, Theodore Roosevelt. In 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt, a Democrat, included a publicly funded health care program while drafting provisions to Social Security legislation, which was eliminated from the final legislation. Subsequently, multiple proposals were introduced, starting in 1949 with President Harry S Truman who proposed universal health care; the proposal by Lyndon B. Johnson with Social Security Act in 1965 which created Medicare and Medicaid; proposals by Ted Kennedy and President Richard Nixon that promoted variations of universal health care. presidential candidate Jimmy Carter also proposed universal health care. This was followed by an effort by President Bill Clinton and headed by first lady Hillary Clinton in 1993, but was not enacted into law. Finally, the election of President Barack Obama and control of both houses of Congress by the Democrats led to the passage of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), often referred to as “ObamaCare” was signed into law in March 2010. Since then, the ACA, or Obamacare, has become a centerpiece of political campaigning. The Republicans now control the presidency and both houses of Congress and are attempting to repeal and replace the ACA. Key words: Health care reform, Affordable Care Act (ACA), Obamacare, Medicare, Medicaid, American Health Care Act
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McCreery, David. "‘This Life of Misery and Shame’: Female Prostitution in Guatemala City, 1880–1920." Journal of Latin American Studies 18, no. 2 (November 1986): 333–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00012050.
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A number of recent studies1 suggest that prostitution – ‘The act or practice of indulging in promiscuous sexual relations, especially for money’2 – in western society increased dramatically in the late nineteenth century, both in real terms and in popular consciousness. ‘Large scale, conspicuous prostitution’, they argue, ‘was a by-product of the first, explosive stage in the growth of the modern, industrial city…’ It is a proposition of this article that such changes were, in fact, far more widespread. From the evidence of Guatemala it appears that prostitution also increased during these years in agricultural export societies. Under the impact of demands from industrializing nations, colonial and neo-colonial regimes overhauled domestic economic and social structures to increase raw material and food production for export. Unprecedented but unstable economic prosperity, urbanization, and the social disorganization resulting from the implementation of systems of forced labour and removal from the land created a climate propitious for an increase in and institutionalization of commerical sex. This paper is an examination of the growth of female prostitution in late nineteenth-century Guatemala City, of the situation and attitudes of the women involved, and of state efforts to control the traffic. More broadly, it argues that attempts to regulate prostitution must be understood as part of a liberal drive to mobilize and control society as a whole in the interest of a class-defined vision of national development.
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Fulano, Alex M., Danyu Shen, Miki Kinoshita, Shan-Ho Chou, and Guoliang Qian. "The Homologous Components of Flagellar Type III Protein Apparatus Have Acquired a Novel Function to Control Twitching Motility in a Non-Flagellated Biocontrol Bacterium." Biomolecules 10, no. 5 (May 7, 2020): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10050733.
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The bacterial flagellum is one of the best-studied surface-attached appendages in bacteria. Flagellar assembly in vivo is promoted by its own protein export apparatus, a type III secretion system (T3SS) in pathogenic bacteria. Lysobacter enzymogenes OH11 is a non-flagellated soil bacterium that utilizes type IV pilus (T4P)-driven twitching motility to prey upon nearby fungi for food. Interestingly, the strain OH11 encodes components homologous to the flagellar type III protein apparatus (FT3SS) on its genome, but it remains unknown whether this FT3SS-like system is functional. Here, we report that, despite the absence of flagella, the FT3SS homologous genes are responsible not only for the export of the heterologous flagellin in strain OH11 but also for twitching motility. Blocking the FT3SS-like system by in-frame deletion mutations in either flhB or fliI abolished the secretion of heterologous flagellin molecules into the culture medium, indicating that the FT3SS is functional in strain OH11. A deletion of flhA, flhB, fliI, or fliR inhibited T4P-driven twitching motility, whereas neither that of fliP nor fliQ did, suggesting that FlhA, FlhB, FliI, and FliR may obtain a novel function to modulate the twitching motility. The flagellar FliI ATPase was required for the secretion of the major pilus subunit, PilA, suggesting that FliI would have evolved to act as a PilB-like pilus ATPase. These observations lead to a plausible hypothesis that the non-flagellated L. enzymogenes OH11 could preserve FT3SS-like genes for acquiring a distinct function to regulate twitching motility associated with its predatory behavior.
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Sanaullah, Hafiz Muhammad Sajid Ali, Syed Husnain Kumail Naqvi, Muhammad Zia Ullah, Farhan Ali, Sana Sarfaraz, Muhammad Sarmad Fawaz, et al. "Review on Biological Management of Bactrocera zonata through Pathogenic Activity of Beauveria bassiana." Asian Journal of Research in Crop Science 8, no. 4 (December 11, 2023): 543–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajrcs/2023/v8i4235.
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Bactrocera zonata is the destructive pest of peach, mango and banana by causing Significant economic losse It reduces fruit quality, which directly causes decline in export of these economical fruits. Many management strategies were carried to suppress the population of this invasive pest. The use of chemical insecticides in the orchard for control of B. zonata is restricted because insecticides causes several complication in fruit health and makes fruits unfit for human consumption. The EPF (Beauveria bassiana) act as potent biocontrol agent. B. bassiana enriched with three cuticle degrading enzymes including protease, lipases and chitinase. These enzymes have ability to hydrolyze and degrade the epicuticle and break the antifungal proteins linkage present in that cuticle for facilitating the spore’s penetration. The current study emphasizes the activity of cuticle degrading enzymes (CDE) of Beauveria bassiana (protease, chitinase, lipases) for the management of B. zonata.
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Dalsøren, S. B., B. H. Samset, G. Myhre, J. J. Corbett, R. Minjares, D. Lack, and J. S. Fuglestvedt. "Environmental impacts of shipping in 2030 with a particular focus on the Arctic region." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 4 (February 20, 2013): 1941–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-1941-2013.
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Abstract. We quantify the concentrations changes and Radiative Forcing (RF) of short-lived atmospheric pollutants due to shipping emissions of NOx, SOx, CO, NMVOCs, BC and OC. We use high resolution ship emission inventories for the Arctic that are more suitable for regional scale evaluation than those used in former studies. A chemical transport model and a RF model are used to evaluate the time period 2004–2030, when we expect increasing traffic in the Arctic region. Two datasets for ship emissions are used that characterize the potential impact from shipping and the degree to which shipping controls may mitigate impacts: a high (HIGH) scenario and a low scenario with Maximum Feasible Reduction (MFR) of black carbon in the Arctic. In MFR, BC emissions in the Arctic are reduced with 70% representing a combination technology performance and/or reasonable advances in single-technology performance. Both scenarios result in moderate to substantial increases in concentrations of pollutants both globally and in the Arctic. Exceptions are black carbon in the MFR scenario, and sulfur species and organic carbon in both scenarios due to the future phase-in of current regulation that reduces fuel sulfur content. In the season with potential transit traffic through the Arctic in 2030 we find increased concentrations of all pollutants in large parts of the Arctic. Net global RFs from 2004–2030 of 53 mW m−2 (HIGH) and 73 mW m−2 (MFR) are similar to those found for preindustrial to present net global aircraft RF. The found warming contrasts with the cooling from historical ship emissions. The reason for this difference and the higher global forcing for the MFR scenario is mainly the reduced future fuel sulfur content resulting in less cooling from sulfate aerosols. The Arctic RF is largest in the HIGH scenario. In the HIGH scenario ozone dominates the RF during the transit season (August–October). RF due to BC in air, and snow and ice becomes significant during Arctic spring. For the HIGH scenario the net Arctic RF during spring is 5 times higher than in winter.
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Duffraisse, Marilyne, Rachel Paul, Julie Carnesecchi, Bruno Hudry, Agnes Banreti, Jonathan Reboulet, Leiore Ajuria, Ingrid Lohmann, and Samir Merabet. "Role of a versatile peptide motif controlling Hox nuclear export and autophagy in the Drosophila fat body." Journal of Cell Science 133, no. 18 (September 2, 2020): jcs241943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.241943.
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ABSTRACTHox proteins are major regulators of embryonic development, acting in the nucleus to regulate the expression of their numerous downstream target genes. By analyzing deletion forms of the Drosophila Hox protein Ultrabithorax (Ubx), we identified the presence of an unconventional nuclear export signal (NES) that overlaps with a highly conserved motif originally described as mediating the interaction with the PBC proteins, a generic and crucial class of Hox transcriptional cofactors that act in development and cancer. We show that this unconventional NES is involved in the interaction with the major exportin protein CRM1 (also known as Embargoed in flies) in vivo and in vitro. We find that this interaction is tightly regulated in the Drosophila fat body to control the autophagy-repressive activity of Ubx during larval development. The role of the PBC interaction motif as part of an unconventional NES was also uncovered in other Drosophila and human Hox proteins, highlighting the evolutionary conservation of this novel function. Together, our results reveal the extreme molecular versatility of a unique short peptide motif for controlling the context-dependent activity of Hox proteins both at transcriptional and non-transcriptional levels.
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Park, Eon Kyung, and Sang Han Wang. "A Study upon the Legal System regarding the Export Control of Strategic Items - The Controls on Transit or Transshipment of the Foreign Trade Act -." Sogang Journal of Law and Business 10, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 3–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35505/sjlb.2020.12.10.3.3.
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Doluda, Igor. "ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES FOR THE EXPORT AND IMPORT OF MILITARY AND DUAL-PURPOSE GOODS IN UKRAINE." Administrative law and process, no. 4(39) (2022): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2227-796x.2022.4.07.
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Purpose. The purpose of the article is to reveal the content and form a categorical definition ofthe administrative procedure for the export and import of military and dual-use goods in Ukrainebased on the existing and prospective legislation and the theory of administrative law. On thisbasis, form the latest concept of development of social relations in the analyzed sphere.Methods. A system of methods of scientific knowledge was used during the research. Using themethod of systematic analysis, various legal sources and empirical material were analyzed andnew generalizations and conclusions were formed on the basis of this. Special legal method –formal-dogmatic gave an opportunity to analyze the current legislation. The forecasting methodensured the development of legislation on administrative procedures for the import of military anddual-purpose goods in Ukraine.Results. It has been proven that administrative procedures are the bottom level of legal regulation,which in most cases are most often directly faced by private individuals and legal entities in orderto ensure their rights, freedoms and legitimate interests in public administration, in particularbusiness entities that export and import goods for military purposes and dual purpose. It wasconcluded that in today’s conditions, the administrative procedures for the export and importof military and dual-purpose goods are regulated by the norms of a special profile Law anda number of secondary legal acts approved by the Government of Ukraine.It has been found that the administrative procedure for the export of military and dual purposegoods from Ukraine, which operated before the full-scale invasion of Russian-terrorist troops intoUkraine on February 24, 2022, was characterized by the monopoly of certain influential groupsclose to the government, which were not interested in the development of weapons productionand other means of fighting, and focused their attention mainly on the sale of weapons thatUkraine inherited from a bygone era. Public finances for the development of domestic armamentswere insufficiently provided, and effective economic and financial methods of attracting privateinvestments were not introduced. As a result, when repelling the armed aggression of Russianterrorist forces, Ukrainian soldiers mainly use outdated weapons and armaments, or thoseobtained from foreign partners. The rapid import of weapons to Ukraine was established thanks tothe goodwill of the top political leadership of the USA, Great Britain, Lithuania, Poland, a dozenother democratic states, and the liberalization of the administrative procedure for importinggoods for military purposes and dual purposes into Ukraine under martial law conditions, asbusiness entities, as well as charitable foundations, which received permits for this from the StateExport Control Office under a simplified administrative procedure. The latest concept of the administrative procedure for the export, import of military and dualpurposegoods from Ukraine is proposed, taking into account the experience gained by the subjectsof importing weapons under martial law and the principles of the Law of Ukraine of February 17,2022 No. 2073-IX “On Administrative Procedure”. After all, the war for domestic manufacturersis a time to improve their products. In some positions, they have good initial positions that areobjectively developed and tested on the battlefield. As a result, after the victory, weapons releasedin Ukraine will be bought by foreign countries with pleasure. At the same time, the new civilsociety will no longer allow a few government officials to monopolize the arms export market.Accordingly, permits for the export of weapons manufactured by domestic manufacturers shouldfirst of all be granted (legalized) to entities that imported them during the war. Next, it is necessaryto carry out systemic reforms, both at the level of foundations and public tools and administrativeprocedures. Therefore, liberalization in this area should be carried out, but not at the expense ofweakening control over the export of weapons, but the admission to it of all entities that meet thespecified conditions, regardless of the form of ownership, both domestic and residents of the USA,Canada, Great Britain, countries EU members (with the exception of Hungary) and other partnerstates, which imported weapons to Ukraine in the face of a full-scale invasion.Conclusions. The administrative procedure for the export and import of goods for military anddual purpose in Ukraine is a procedure defined by law for consideration and resolution of casesregarding the issuance to business entities of permits to import into Ukraine and (or) export fromUkraine weapons, goods for military and dual purpose. The provisions of the Law of Ukraineof February 17, 2022 No. 2073-IX “On Administrative Procedure” do not directly apply to theapproval of the administrative procedure for the export, import of goods for military use and dualpurpose, however, the categorical apparatus and principles defined in it must be used in a specialregulatory and legal high-level act - the new version of the Law of Ukraine “On State Control ofInternational Transfers of Military and Dual-Use Goods”, or, more appropriately, in the new draftof the Law of Ukraine “On Export, Import of Weapons, Military and Dual-Use Goods”.
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Roberts, Tiffiney M., and Kathleen Boris-Lawrie. "The 5′ RNA Terminus of Spleen Necrosis Virus Stimulates Translation of Nonviral mRNA." Journal of Virology 74, no. 17 (September 1, 2000): 8111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.74.17.8111-8118.2000.
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ABSTRACT The RU5 region at the 5′ RNA terminus of spleen necrosis virus (SNV) has been shown to facilitate expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) unspliced RNA independently of the Rev-responsive element (RRE) and Rev. The SNV sequences act as a distinct posttranscriptional control element to stimulategag RNA nuclear export and association with polyribosomes. Here we sought to determine whether RU5 functions to neutralize thecis-acting inhibitory sequences (INSs) in HIV RNA that confer RRE/Rev dependence or functions as an independent stimulatory sequence. Experiments with HIV gag reporter plasmids that contain inactivated INS-1 indicated that neutralization of INSs does not account for RU5 function. Results with luciferase reporter gene (luc) plasmids further indicated that RU5 stimulates expression of a nonretroviral RNA that lacks INSs. Northern blot and RT-PCR analyses indicated that RU5 does not increase the steady-state levels or nuclear export of the luc transcript but rather that the U5 region facilitates efficient polyribosomal association of the mRNA. RU5 does not function as an internal ribosome entry site in bicistronic reporter plasmids, and it requires the 5′-proximal position for efficient function. Our results indicate that RU5 contains stimulatory sequences that function in a 5′-proximal position to enhance initiation of translation of a nonretroviral reporter gene RNA. We speculate that RU5 evolved to overcome the translation-inhibitory effect of the highly structured encapsidation signal and other replication motifs in the 5′ untranslated region of the retroviral RNA.
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Han, Jong-Soo. "A Study on History and Value of Korean Diplomatic Missions Overseas in Korean Modern and Contemporary Era." Korea Association of World History and Culture 63 (June 30, 2022): 149–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32961/jwhc.2022.06.63.149.
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This thesis intended to examine the ‘Korean cultural heritage value’ targeting Korean diplomatic missions overseas as the concept of ‘Korean cultural heritage’ in the ｢Cultural Heritage Protection Act｣, revised in March 2017, is expanded.
During the Joseon Dynasty and the Korean Empire, resident legations were opened and operated in the capitals of major countries such as Japan and the United States. In 1949, through the revision of Presidential Decree No. 60 “Diplomats and Consulates”, the term “Korean Diplomatic Missions Overseas” began to be used.
Korean diplomatic missions overseas can be classified into diplomatic, architectural, and landmark values according to the ‘Korean cultural heritage value’. Accordingly, the author introduced the ‘Korean cultural heritage value’ of Korean diplomatic missions overseas that fit the concept of Korean cultural heritage overseas in the ｢Cultural Heritage Protection Act｣ and conducted research for the purpose of utilizing and promoting Korean cultural heritage by discovering valuable Korean diplomatic missions overseas in the future.
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Sedliar, Yulia. "US policy of economic sanctions against Cuba in 1990s years." Scientific Visnyk V. O. Sukhomlynskyi Mykolaiv National University. Historical Sciences 48, no. 2 (2019): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33310/2519-2809-2019-48-2-114-118.
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The US economic embargo against Cuba has been in place for fifty years. During that period, its rationale and goals have not changed. As it is stressed in the article, principal purpose of the US sanctions strategy is either to modify the international behavior of Cuba, which Washington regarded as a threat to US strategic interests in the Latin America region, or to eliminate the Cuban political regime entirely. Measured against these goals, the sanctions clearly have failed. Author examines key factors having restricted sanctions’ ability to achieve American proclaimed goals regarding to Cuba. In this context, it is underscored that controversial maintenance of the US embargo against Cuba among US allies directly affected the results of sanctions strategy against Cuba. It is stressed that since the early 1960s, when the United States imposed a trade embargo on Cuba, the centerpiece of U.S. policy toward Cuba has consisted of economic sanctions aimed at isolating the government. The United States embargo against Cuba is a commercial, economic, and financial embargo imposed by the United States on Cuba. An embargo was first imposed by the United States on sale of arms to Cuba on the 14th of March 1958, during the Fulgencio Batista regime. On October 19, 1960 the U.S. placed an embargo on exports to Cuba except for food and medicine after Cuba nationalized American-owned Cuban oil refineries without compensation. On February 7, 1962 the embargo was extended to include almost all imports. Currently, the Cuban embargo is enforced mainly through six statutes: the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917, the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, the Cuban Assets Control Regulations of 1963, the Cuban Democracy Act of 1992, the Helms–Burton Act 1996, and the Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act of 2000. The stated purpose of the Cuban Democracy Act of 1992 is to maintain sanctions on Cuba so long as the Cuban government refuses to move toward democratization and greater respect for human rights. The article emphasizes that The Helms–Burton Act further restricted United States citizens from doing business in or with Cuba, and mandated restrictions on giving public or private assistance to any successor government in Havana unless and until certain claims against the Cuban government were met.
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Grodetsky, Yurii Vasylovych. "Perspective on Criminalization of Smuggling of Goods." Herald of the Association of Criminal Law of Ukraine 1, no. 15 (August 6, 2021): 150–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21564/2311-9640.2021.15.237373.
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The article examines the perspective on criminalization of smuggling of goods arising in connection with the Draft Law of Ukraine «On Amendments to the Criminal Code of Ukraine and the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine on criminalization of smuggling of goods and excisable goods and inaccurate declaration of goods» (№ 5420). The Draft Law provides for the following criminal offenses: smuggling (Article 201); transporting across the customs border of Ukraine out of customs control or with concealment from customs control of timber or lumber of valuable and rare species of trees, unprocessed timber, as well as other timber prohibited for export out of the customs territory of Ukraine (Article 201-1); smuggling of goods (Articles 201-2); smuggling of excisable goods (Articles 201-3); smuggling of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors or falsified medicines (Article 305). They form a homogeneous group of actions, between which there must be systemic connections. It follows that the reasons for formulating the peculiar title of Article 201-1 are missing. The title of this article should be formulated as follows: «Smuggling of timber or lumber of valuable and rare species of trees, unprocessed timber, as well as other timber prohibited for export out of the customs territory of Ukraine». It was found that Article 201-2 of the Draft Law provides for the general description of a criminal offense, and the description of criminal offenses specified in Articles 201, 201-1, 201-3 and 305 of the Draft Law are peculiar. In this regard, it seems appropriate to swap the Criminal Law provisions of Articles 201 and 201-2 of the Draft Law. In Section 4 of Article 201-4 of the Draft Law, the phrase «assistance in any form by a customs official to commit such acts with the use of power or official position» is not a qualifying feature, but an independent structure. If there is a need to criminalize this act, it may be provided for in a separate article or should be specified in a separate section of Article 201-4 of the Draft Law as an independent act. It is established that on the one hand, the criminalization of smuggling of goods is an urgent need in Ukraine, on the other side the present Draft Law of Ukraine cannot effectively address this issue, as it requires additional elaboration.
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Hussain, Syed Saad, Megan T. Harris, Alex J. B. Kreutzberger, Candice M. Inouye, Catherine A. Doyle, Anna M. Castle, Peter Arvan, and J. David Castle. "Control of insulin granule formation and function by the ABC transporters ABCG1 and ABCA1 and by oxysterol binding protein OSBP." Molecular Biology of the Cell 29, no. 10 (May 15, 2018): 1238–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e17-08-0519.
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In pancreatic β-cells, insulin granule membranes are enriched in cholesterol and are both recycled and newly generated. Cholesterol’s role in supporting granule membrane formation and function is poorly understood. ATP binding cassette transporters ABCG1 and ABCA1 regulate intracellular cholesterol and are important for insulin secretion. RNAi interference–induced depletion in cultured pancreatic β-cells shows that ABCG1 is needed to stabilize newly made insulin granules against lysosomal degradation; ABCA1 is also involved but to a lesser extent. Both transporters are also required for optimum glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, likely via complementary roles. Exogenous cholesterol addition rescues knockdown-induced granule loss (ABCG1) and reduced secretion (both transporters). Another cholesterol transport protein, oxysterol binding protein (OSBP), appears to act proximally as a source of endogenous cholesterol for granule formation. Its knockdown caused similar defective stability of young granules and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, neither of which were rescued with exogenous cholesterol. Dual knockdowns of OSBP and ABC transporters support their serial function in supplying and concentrating cholesterol for granule formation. OSBP knockdown also decreased proinsulin synthesis consistent with a proximal endoplasmic reticulum defect. Thus, membrane cholesterol distribution contributes to insulin homeostasis at production, packaging, and export levels through the actions of OSBP and ABCs G1 and A1.
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Park , Eon-kyung, and Sanghan Wang. "Legal Issues on Illegal Exporting Case of Mugunghwa Satellite No.3 - With a Focus on the Export Control on Strategic Items under the Foreign Trade Act -." Kyung Hee Law Journal 52, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 545–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15539/khlj.52.2.15.
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Rug, Melanie, Mark E. Wickham, Michael Foley, Alan F. Cowman, and Leann Tilley. "Correct Promoter Control Is Needed for Trafficking of the Ring-Infected Erythrocyte Surface Antigen to the Host Cytosol in Transfected Malaria Parasites." Infection and Immunity 72, no. 10 (October 2004): 6095–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.72.10.6095-6105.2004.
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ABSTRACT Following invasion of human erythrocytes, the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, exports proteins beyond the confines of its own plasma membrane to modify the properties of the host red cell membrane. These modifications are critical to the pathogenesis of malaria. Analysis of the P. falciparum genome sequence has identified a large number of molecules with putative atypical signal sequences. The signals remain poorly characterized; however, a number of molecules with these motifs localize to the host erythrocyte. To examine the role of these atypical signal sequences in the export of parasite proteins, we have generated transfected parasites expressing a chimeric protein comprising the N-terminal region of the P. falciparum ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen (RESA) appended to green fluorescent protein (GFP). This N-terminal region contains a hydrophobic stretch of amino acids that is presumed to act as a noncanonical secretory signal sequence. Modulation of the timing of transgene expression demonstrates that trafficking of malaria proteins into the host erythrocyte is dependant on both the presence of an appropriate transport signal and the timing of expression. Transgene expression under the control of a trophozoite-specific promoter mistargets the chimeric molecule to the parasitophorous vacuole surrounding the parasite. However, expression of RESA-GFP in schizont stages, under the control of the RESA promoter, enables correct trafficking of a population of the chimeric protein to the host erythrocyte.
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Risdawati AP, A., Cita Pertiwi, and Adelia Oktarina. "Integrated smart farming system in developing potential products of the village." E3S Web of Conferences 306 (2021): 05014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130605014.
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The village as an area that rests on local potential always needs development in product innovation and a sustainable market. In the world of agriculture, digital technology has been developing from nurseries to post-harvest. Included in the integrated agricultural system from upstream to downstream. Integrated smart farming system as an agricultural system that combines all components needed in agriculture (include the digitalization) were attracting young farmer’s interest. This paper aims to describe an integrated agriculture model in Bali. The research was conducted by a descriptive analysis method of existing conditions. The results showed there was an upstream stage of agricultural development carried out through technology for seeding and breeding to produce more quality seedlings. The process involves young farmers who act as an organization that bridges farmers through funding for farmers, quality control, stock management, and farmer organizing. The downstream stage focuses on post-harvest processing, so farmers can sell their crops to market to meet retail and export needs. As the conclusion, the development of potential products through the use of the Integrated Smart Farming System can provide economic added value and encourage the economic growth of villages.
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Ridwan, Ending. "The Impact of Hedging in Reducing Loss of Exchange Rate." Business and Entrepreneurial Review 6, no. 1 (October 31, 2006): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/ber.v6i1.1193.
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Today, not a single country could act as a sole provider towards its own needs for food, energy, finance, communication and information. It requires other countries which then creates interdependent relationships. What started as merely barter then gradually increased into a form of currency which function as one of a nation's identities. However not every country can use its own currency when engaging in export import activities, only developed countries are capable of doing so, whereas developing countries are required to have huge amount of reserve and capital in order to minimize the risk. Financial risk will always exists but there three ways to control them. through insurances, asset or liability management, and hedging. This article aimed to know how far he depreciation of Rupiah could result in exchange loss. Second, is to identify the hedging impact in order to avoid or minimize exchange loss. The author choose 15 companies listed in Jakarta Stock Exchange which possess an asset over 5 trillion Rupiah. The Solving method narrowed them down into 9 companies. The data used in this article is secondary, originated from end of year financial report starting from 1997 until 2001. The methodology is descriptive and correlational research.
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Paydar, Zahra, Neil Huth, and Val Snow. "Modelling irrigated Eucalyptus for salinity control on shallow watertables." Soil Research 43, no. 5 (2005): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr04152.
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With increasing salinity in irrigation areas, the option of tree planting in areas with shallow groundwater is seen as an ‘environmentally friendly’ alternative for controlling salinity. This study uses simulation modelling to investigate the long-term effects of planting Eucalyptus grandis in irrigated areas with shallow and saline watertables in the Riverine Plains where concerns exist about salinity effects on irrigated agriculture. APSIM, a 1-dimensional model of the soil–water–plant system, was modified to describe the interaction between the watertable within the plantation with the, normally shallower, watertable in the surrounding irrigated pasture. The model was tested against measured data and then used to simulate a range of different environmental conditions (depth and salinity of the groundwater, soil) and management options (irrigation with different amounts and salinity). The results of a total of 702 simulation runs helped to identify conditions in which irrigated plantations may be viable and how the irrigation of these plantations may be managed to decrease the impact of salinity on tree growth. The results indicated that if irrigation is to improve productivity, it must be in large amounts (1000 mm or more) and of good quality to have a significant effect on tree production. Irrigation with low salinity water (EC <2 dS/m) can only be used to reliably increase production in conditions where there are deeper watertables (4 m or deeper) on fast-draining soils. In these cases, flexible irrigation practices (scheduled irrigation) need to be employed in order to manage the salt levels within the tree root-zones. The viability of plantations is likely to decrease with increasing irrigation water salinity as salt accumulation in the profile reduces the ability of the trees to act as natural sinks. Depending on the irrigation and groundwater salinity, trees might be effective only up to a few years (as little as 9 years). Optimum response of trees to irrigation is only predicted with fresh water and scheduled irrigation (up to 1700 mm/year). However, if ample fresh water was available, other higher value cropping options are likely to be sought by land managers. Furthermore, the large amounts of water added to the plantation will have negative effects (water and salt export from the plantation) on the surrounding land, which will need further intervention to be sustainable.
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Allen, Michael S. "Drives and limits to feed intake in ruminants." Animal Production Science 54, no. 10 (2014): 1513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14478.
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The control of energy intake is complex, including mechanisms that act independently (e.g. distention, osmotic effects, fuel-sensing) as well as interacting factors that are likely to affect feeding via their effects on hepatic oxidation. Effects of ruminant diets on feed intake vary greatly because of variation in their filling effects, as well as the type and temporal absorption of fuels. Effects of nutrients on endocrine response and gene expression affect energy partitioning, which in turn affects feeding behaviour by altering clearance of fuels from the blood. Dominant mechanisms controlling feed intake change with physiological state, which is highly variable among ruminants, especially through the lactation cycle. Ruminal distention might dominate control of feed intake when ruminants consume low-energy diets or when energy requirements are high, but fuel-sensing by tissues is likely to dominate control of feed intake when fuel supply is in excess of that required. The liver is likely to be a primary sensor of energy status because it is supplied by fuels from the portal drained viscera as well as the general circulation, it metabolises a variety of fuels derived from both the diet and tissues, and a signal related to hepatic oxidation of fuels is conveyed to feeding centres in the brain by hepatic vagal afferents stimulating or inhibiting feeding, depending on its energy status. The effects of somatotropin on export of fuels by milk secretion, effects of insulin on gluconeogenesis, and both on mobilisation and repletion of tissues, determine fuel availability and feed intake over the lactation cycle. Control of feed intake by hepatic energy status, affected by oxidation of fuels, is an appealing conceptual model because it integrates effects of various fuels and physiological states on feeding behaviour.
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Ahad Bhat, Mudaser. "Constraints in Macroeconomic Policies in Raising Employment." Asian Review of Social Sciences 7, no. 1 (May 5, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arss-2018.7.1.1418.
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Macroeconomic factors such as low inflation, export orientation and low labor taxes help to determine how much employment is created by growth. The relationship between growth and employment is strong and positive which gets enlightened when all macroeconomic policies work in harmony. Indian economy at the time of independence was mainly rural in nature and in a bad state. This was due to the anti-Indian policies of the British Government. The country was engulfed by the vicious circle of poverty and to break this vicious circle Government of India planned in a focused way. The emphasis shifted from agriculture to industry. Also emphasis was laid on increasing role of the state to generate employment and reduce poverty by appropriate macroeconomic policies. However, little was achieved till 1990’s. So the path to long-run economic growth was ensured by introducing New Economic Policy in 1991, which aimed at reducing fiscal deficits, lowering inflation, maintaining exchange rate stability etc. One thing that was obvious was that under New Economic Policy, the public sector will have a diminished role and will be largely limited to social sectors and non-profit making activities unattractive to the private sector. These policy changes affected macroeconomic policies of the government. Despite these policy changes brought under the New Economic Policy, one feature that still remains an important feature of macroeconomic policies in India is that macroeconomic policies still continue to act more as the control devices rather than as development tools. As a result macroeconomic policies fail to generate additional employment. Macroeconomic policies need to be converted into tools for macroeconomic stabilization (Shah, 2008). There are various constraints in macroeconomic policies which refrain them to act as development tools and thereby increase unemployment levels in underdeveloped economies of the world. The present paper attempts to highlight such constraints and suggest remedial measures.
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Teng, Zheng, Joseph A. Smithson, Ping Zhou, and John J. Sansalone. "Geospatial Distribution of Metal Elements in Transportation Land Use Surficial Soils." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1797, no. 1 (January 2002): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1797-02.
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Highway traffic generates heavy metals and particulate matter through various vehicular and tire-pavement abrasion mechanisms. These abraded materials are deposited, they accumulate, and they are transported by storm water. Soils subject to years of such loading can serve as a sink and a potential source for heavy metals. The results of geotechnical analyses, heavy metal distributions, drainage influences, and correlations to geotechnical indices for surficial (0 to 15 cm) glacial till samples recovered from two transects along a heavily traveled urban interstate highway were compared with a control site subjected to only urban atmospheric deposition. This investigation indicated, for this site, that heavy metal accretion in the surficial soils is a function of depth, surface drainage patterns, distance from the pavement edge, and soil indices. Particulate-bound heavy metal deposition and accretion or export were a function of surface flow conditions such as velocity, flow depth, and surface cover. Results indicated that heavy metal accretion rapidly decreases as a function of distance from the traveled roadway. Along the longitudinal transect, correlations between heavy metals and soil organic content were statistically significant, particularly for copper. Along the transverse transect, correlations between soil plasticity, organic content, and heavy metals were statistically significant. Although there is little control of traffic levels and past accretion, indices such as soil organic content and plasticity index, as well as pavement runoff surface drainage patterns, can provide information about whether highway soils might act as a sink or source of heavy metals and, consequently, if best management practices may be justified.
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DASTAGIRI, M. B., B. GANESH KUMAR, A. DHANDAPANI, and NAGA SINDHUJA P V. "Economics of India’s agricultural domestic and international prices during WTO regime: signals and policies." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 92, no. 5 (June 14, 2022): 587–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v92i5.124668.
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Prices play a great role in living economics. Prices act as signals for shortages and surpluses which help government, firms, consumers to respond to changing market conditions. The study was conducted at NAARM, Hyderabad. The study period was from 1990–91 to 2018–19. Trends, growth rates, terms of trade, instability, elasticities, domestic and international agriculture price analysis were employed for achieving objectives. An increasing trend of MSP has been found in India’s major agricultural crops. Minimum Support Price (MSP) growth rate of pulses were more than cereals and oilseeds. WPI growth rate of pulse crops was greater than the cereal and oilseed crops except sorghum. The variation in WPI of major agricultural commodities in India was stable except sunflower. Consumer food price index has shown more or less linear trends. It indicates Government monitoring food prices stable. The variation inexport price of rice and sunflower and import price of sorghum was stable. The study found that India has comparative advantage for rice, gram, groundnut and soybean crops in international markets. The export price elasticities of rice, wheat, gram, groundnut, soybean and sunflower was observed to be marginally higher than their import price elasticities. The findings can be useful to government in designing price fixing mechanism and monetary policy, distortion of prices and control of inflation