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1
Bessonov, Vasiliy. "FOREIGN ECONOMIC SECURITY OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUC-ERS AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN THE EAEU." Russian Journal of Management 8, no. 3 (November 24, 2020): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2409-6024-2020-8-3-76-80.
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The aim of the study is to determine the impact of foreign economic security of agricultural producers on the integration and stability of the EAEU. The positive and negative impact of exports and imports on economic growth in the industry and economy, which can pose threats to foreign economic security, is highlighted. Indices of gross added value of agricultural goods, structure of export and import of goods by purpose in dynamics for 2015-2019, changes of share of export and import of agricultural raw materials and food products were analyzed. A conclusion was made about similar trends in the EAEU member states in the dynamics of agricultural production, the growth of food exports, a decrease in imports, the impact of the export and import of agricultural raw materials and food products of the EAEU member states on the economic growth of the agricultural industry.
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Narbut, V. V., T. I. Chinaeva, and E. I. Larionova. "Structural Changes in the Dynamics of China’s Exports and Imports." Statistics and Economics 21, no. 2 (May 17, 2024): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2500-3925-2024-2-60-71.
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The economic policy pursued has turned China into a major trading power. In terms of GDP, the Chinese economy has been the first economy in the world for a number of recent years; China’s rapidly growing trade flows have made it the largest trading partner for many countries. Over the past twenty years there has been rapid growth in exports and imports. The article puts forward a hypothesis about the presence of structural instability in the dynamics of Chinese exports for the period from 2000 to 2020. The hypothesis was confirmed and two periods were identified in the dynamics of exports and imports with different natures of the main development trend: from 2000 to 2008 and from 2009 to 2020. For each stage, trend equations were selected that describe the dynamics of exports and imports and an interval forecast of indexes for 2021 was made. Materials and methods. During the work, dynamic, structural analysis of analytical and statistical information was used; methods of analytical, logical, systemic, correlation and regression analysis were used, as well as analysis of structural changes. The analysis was carried out using the Statistica 10.0 program.Results. A change in the value of the import coverage ratio by exports was revealed before and after structural changes in the dynamics of the main foreign economic indexes and an assessment of their statistical significance was given. An analysis of the influence of export dynamics on GDP dynamics was carried out and it was found that before structural changes, the influence of export dynamics on GDP dynamics was statistically insignificant, and after a structural change, export dynamics began to have a direct impact on changes in China’s GDP. Conclusion. Analysis of official statistical data on the main indexes of China’s foreign economic activity for the period from 2000 to 2020 allowed us to note that the volume of Chinese exports increased over the period 2010-2019 from $1.58 trillion in 2010 (10.34% of global exports), to $2.50 trillion in 2019 (12.81% of global exports). In 2019, China continued to rank first in terms of export value among all countries in the world. Despite the challenging year of 2020, China’s exports reached almost 2.6 trillion US dollars and increased by 4% compared to 2019.China also occupies a leading position in the export of high-tech goods - their volume is 731.9 billion US dollars, the share of exports in the global volume is 25%. At the same time, the dynamics of Chinese exports for the period from 2000 to 2020 was heterogeneous and characterized by structural instability. Two stages can be distinguished with different characteristics of the main development trend: from 2000 to 2008 and from 2009 to 2020. Based on this, the authors came to the conclusion that to describe the main trend in the development of export and import dynamics for the period from 2000 to 2008, the exponential model is best suited. To describe the main trend in the development of export and import dynamics in the period from 2009 to 2020 - logarithmic model. A study of the consistency of changes in export and import volumes showed that in the period from 2009 to 2020 was characterized by greater consistency in China’s main foreign trade flows than the period from 2000 to 2008. In the period before the structural change in the dynamics of exports and imports, the coverage ratio varied from 105.7% to 127.6%; in the period after the structural change, the coverage ratio changed from 108.9% to 135.4%.Checking the statistical significance of the differences in the coefficient of coverage of imports by exports before and after the structural change showed that the differences are not statistically significant. In the period from 2000 to 2008 the dynamics of China’s exports did not have a statistically significant impact on the dynamics of the country’s GDP. From 2009 to 2020 after structural changes in the nature of the dynamics of the main indexes of China’s foreign trade, changes in exports began to have a statistically significant impact on the dynamics of GDP. A 1% increase in China’s exports now results in a 0.25% increase in GDP.The practical significance of the paper is determined by the developed methodology for analyzing structural changes in the dynamics of exports and imports, examined using the example of China.
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Holubova, H. V. "Application of Index Models in Assessing the Foreign Economic Activity of Ukraine." Statistics of Ukraine 84, no. 1 (March 23, 2019): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31767/su.1(84)2019.01.03.
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The importance of statistical assessment of foreign economic activities in Ukraine, considering the structure and geographical re-orientation of the Ukrainian foreign trade and new challenges of the globalized and highly competitive market of goods and services, gives rise to the modeling of patterns underlying future tendencies in the development of the Ukrainian foreign trade. The article contains a description of approaches to the analysis of foreign economic activities in Ukraine by use of index models. Several index models are constructed and used for assessing the debt burden of Ukraine, the impact of selected sub-factors on it are determined, and the dynamics of the export quota in 2016–2017 are highlighted
By use of the chain substitutions method it is found that the debt burden of Ukraine decreased in 2017, compared to 2016, by 21.0% due to the reduced import dependence of Ukraine, by 12.0% due to the partial debt burden, but increased by 4.1% due to the export losses. The results show that the strongest impact on the dynamics of debt burden of Ukraine came from the import dependence (56.6%), which means that the strict import quota remains the main factor of the increasing foreign debt of Ukraine, which caused 5.9% loss of export earnings in 2016, and 2.3% in 2017.
The analysis of the export quota dynamics based on the index model showed that the impact of the international intraspecific specialization of the country on it was 43.2%, and the impact of the exports’ share in the foreign trade balance made 44.7%. That is, the main factors of change are the commodity and geographical specialization of Ukraine, as well as the imbalance in the foreign trade.
Results of the analysis of the indices of averages show that due to the growth in export quotas of products of vegetable origin, fats and oils by 12.7%, and under the influence of the commodity structure of exports (–8.4%), the export quota increased by 3.2% in 2017 compared to 2012. The import quota of goods decreased by 17%, including by 7.6% due to the reduced import dependence of the country, and by 10.1% due to the changed structure of imports.
Results of the analysis indicate significant change in the trend of export and import quotas of Ukraine on account of geographical reorientation: due to changes in the geographical structure of exports and imports of Ukraine, the export and import quotas decreased by 41.5%, and 32.2%, respectively.
The analysis of the commodity structure of the Ukrainian foreign trade in 2012–2017 shows that the largest export positions were non-precious metals (ferrous metals and products made thereof), grain crops, fats and oils, electric machinery; in the exports of services, the largest share was accounted for by transport services, telecommunication services, computer and information services, processing of material resources, and business services. In the commodity structure of imports, mineral products had the largest share, which, however, decreased by 7.36 percentage points in 2017 compared to 2012. Imports of services are dominated by transport services and government services.
The Russian Federation remains to be main partner in export-import operations of Ukraine: 9.1% of the Ukraine’s exports of goods in 2017, which is 16.53 percentage points less than in 2012; and 14.5% of the imports of goods in 2017, which is 17.86 percentage points less than in 2012. The main partner of Ukraine in the imports of services is the U.S., with 11.78% of the total imports of services in 2017, which is 6.7 percentage points more than in 2012.
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Gorin, Evgeniy A., and Aleksandr A. Zolotarev. "Export Potential of the National Economy: Opportunities and Limitations." Economics of Contemporary Russia, no. 3 (October 12, 2020): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33293/1609-1442-2020-3(90)-103-116.
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Authors consider export opportunities and the structure and dynamics of industrial export and import in the Russian Federation, Northwest Russia and St. Petersburg. The article studies structural changes in sectors of St. Petersburg economy resulting from ongoing innovation processes and their impact on export potential. It provides the results of assessing the impact of organizational, economic and production factors on export opportunities of various economic entities. Export opportunities, structure and dynamics of export and import of industrial products in the Russian Federation, the North-West region and St. Petersburg are considered. Volume of exports, imports and trade turnover in Russia in 2019, as well as the dynamics of changes in recent years are discussed. In the structure of Russia's exports in recent years, the bulk of supplies (60%) were mineral products, imports the main share of exports (over 40%) occurred in the machinery, equipment and vehicles. The high needs of the national market and the significant export potential of Russian enterprises engaged in the production of medicines and modern medical equipment are noted, which makes it possible to make a real contribution to solving important social problems and developing the national economy. The structure of exports and imports of North-West Federal district and St. Petersburg by major commodity groups, there is a saving in purchases of imported equipment combined with constant growth of exports of fuel and energy products are discussed. Structural changes in the economic sectors of St. Petersburg as a result of ongoing innovation processes and their impact on export potential are studied. The results of the assessment of the impact of organizational, economic and production factors on the export opportunities of various economic entities are presented. It is revealed that for industrial enterprises, the quality and cost of components becomes a problematic factor that hinders their development both in improving the product range and in their own technological modernization. For small and medium-sized businesses in industrial production, problems related to timely receipt of high-quality materials and products of the element base from suppliers and related companies, in most cases located abroad, are added. The role of the “Russian export center” as a state institute for supporting non-commodity exports and facilitating export operations was noted.
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Plaskon, Svitlana, Halina Seniv, Ivan Novosad, and Vadym Masliy. "APPLICATION OF ECONOMETRIC MODELING IN THE EVALUATION OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF UKRAINE." Economic Analysis, no. 30(3) (2020): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2020.03.025.
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Introduction. Foreign trade operations significantly affect the development of each country's economy, in particular the value of gross domestic product, which is one of the main indicators of economic development and welfare of population. Therefore, it is necessary to study and model the impact of exports, imports and net exports on macroeconomic indicators of Ukraine. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to analyze publications that consider export-import operations of Ukraine, study of statistical information in this area, construction and analysis of econometric models of the dynamics of foreign trade operations of Ukraine and their impact on gross domestic product. Method. The article uses regression-correlation analysis as one of the main research methods; time series theory; methods of mathematical modeling. Results. The dynamics of foreign economic operations and gross domestic product of Ukraine are researched and analyzed. It is revealed that the balance of export-import operations has a significant impact on the gross domestic product of Ukraine. An econometric model of the dependence of the nominal gross domestic product on the value of exports of goods and services (coefficient of determination 0.9795) is calculated, using statistical information for 2005-2019 years. It is substantiated that with the increase in exports of goods and services by UAH 1 billion Ukraine's nominal GDP grows by an average of UAH 2.2642 billion. The value of coefficients of import dependence and coverage of import by export in foreign economic operations of Ukraine are analyzed. It is noted that the coefficient of import dependence significantly exceeds the allowable level in the study period, due to certain imbalances in foreign trade relations. The coefficient of coverage of imports by exports only in 2005 was greater than one, and during 2006-2019 it became less than one. In this regard, it is necessary to increase export operations, obtain a positive balance of payments, make effective economic and political decisions to increase exports of Ukrainian goods and services, reduce import dependence, using and implementing innovative methods of production and management.
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Zhou, Jiehong, Yu Wang, and Rui Mao. "Dynamic and spillover effects of USA import refusals on China’s agricultural trade: Evidence from monthly data." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 65, No. 9 (September 25, 2019): 425–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/15/2019-agricecon.
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Border inspections by developed nations are an essential export barrier to developing countries. Import refusals, in particular, not only exhibit dynamic impacts on exporters’ performance in the refused destination but may also spill over into exports toward third markets. Using a panel structural vector autoregression model, the complete dynamics of China’s agricultural export in response to United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) import refusals is estimated at the monthly level. Despite notable heterogeneities across sectors, negative and positive reactions that last mostly less than a year are revealed respectively for the quantity and price of China’s exports to USA on average. The impact of idiosyncratic component dominates that of common component in the refusal shock, highlighting the sensitivity of exports to sector-specific border inspections. Relative to other refusal charges, larger export contractions tend to follow adulteration charges. The trade effect of FDA refusals spills over into other main export destinations of China. While non-adulteration charges result in trade deflections on average, a contagious export reduction is observed in most non-US markets. These results provide insights for exporters to make strategies with a focus on specific sectors, charges, third markets and especially on the short run to cope with import refusals.
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Lyzhnyk, Yu B., T. G. Nikulnikova, and I. O. Kovalets. "ANALYSIS OF THE DYNAMICS OF EXPORT-IMPORT OPERATIONS BETWEEN UKRAINE AND POLAND DURING THE FULL-SCALE INVASION." TRADE AND MARKET OF UKRAINE, no. 1(53) (2023) (2023): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33274/2079-4762-2023-53-1-31-43.
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Objective. The purpose of the study is to analyze the current trends of export-import operations between Ukraine and Poland and their specific changes during the full-scale invasion of Russia and in the conditions of military operations, to forecast the volume of export-import operations between the countries.. Methods. During the research, the following was applied: the dialectical method of learning processes and phenomena (to study the essence of export-import operations between Ukraine and Poland); graphic method (to display the dynamics and structure of export-import operations between Ukraine and Poland); index (to assess the rates of growth of the investigated indicators); the method of correlation analysis (to study the relationships between export and import operations between Ukraine and Poland), the method of one-factor and two-factor autoregression forecasting (to forecast sales volumes of manufactured products in general and depending on the size of production). Results. As a result of the conducted research, it was found that with the beginning of the full-scale war with Russia, the volume of trade relations with Poland increased significantly. In 2022, Poland took the first place among the exporting countries from Ukraine and the second - in terms of the volume of imports to Ukraine, second only to China - despite the fact that, as a whole, imports to Ukraine (from all countries in general) almost halved. That is, the increase in trade between Ukraine and Poland during the full-scale invasion took place against the background of a very significant reduction in Ukraine's international trade as a whole. In 2022 for the first time in the last 20 years, the volume of exports to Poland exceeded the volume of imports from Poland. This is due to the fact that during a full-scale war, the destruction of most airports and the blocking of sea trade routes, Poland turned into the main international hub for foreign trade with Ukraine. One- and multi-factor autoregressive forecasting of export and import volumes between Ukraine and Poland was performed and the expected growth of exports from Ukraine to Poland in 2025 was calculated. up to 7-10 million dollars, and imports in the amount of 4.5-5 million dollars. The accuracy of the obtained autoregressive forecasts is 81.3%-83.5%.
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Chen, Chau-nan, and Ching-chong Lai. "Import-export elasticities and exchange rate dynamics." Economics Letters 19, no. 4 (January 1985): 359–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(85)90236-8.
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MYLASHKO, Olha. "STATISTICAL STUDY OF THE STATE AND DEVELOPMENT OF FOREIGN TRADE OF UKRAINE." Socio-Economic Research Bulletin, no. 1(76) (February 16, 2021): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.33987/vsed.1(76).2021.191-202.
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The directions of statistical analysis of the country’s foreign trade processes are considered in the article. Possibilities of statistical methods for studying the state and the main trends that have developed in this area are highlighted. The conclusions about the intensity of the dynamics of the trade balance indicators are generalized. The processes of the outstripping development of imports over exports are highlighted. The dynamics of the balance of export-import operations is analyzed and trends of its deterioration are demonstrated. The degree of coverage of imports by exports and the processes of formation of the trade balance deficit are investigated in time. The directions of development of characteristics of the balance of foreign trade operations are studied. High levels of export and import dependence of the country have been demonstrated, which leads to vulnerability to external shocks and instability in the world. The results of the analysis of the structure and structural shifts in the trade of Ukraine with the countries of the Visegrad Four are presented. The emphasis is made on the prospects of interrelations with this group of countries from the point of view of using their experience in preparing for accession to the EU. The article demonstrates more intensive changes in the geographical structure of exports than imports and highlights the tendencies towards an increase in the role of Poland and a decrease in Hungary in the export-import operations of the Visegrad Four with Ukraine. The processes of changing the terms of trade have been investigated in terms of changes in export and import prices and in terms of changes in the physical volume of exports and imports on the example of a group of dairy products, which are widely represented among both export and import goods of Ukraine. The index method was used to analyze the absolute and relative impact of changes in prices and the physical volume of exports and imports of a number of dairy products on the value of exports and imports. Changes in the terms of trade are highlighted by constructing quantitative and price indices of the terms of trade. It was clarified that it was the sharp reduction in the physical volume of exports that contributed to the decrease in foreign exchange earnings from the export of dairy products. The necessity of measures to promote domestic goods abroad, primarily to European countries, has been substantiated. The research results can be used in foreign trade policy at the macro level.
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Katlishin, Oleg Ilyasovich, and Alexander Sergeevich Baleevskikh. "Analysis of the dynamics of gross domestic product and external economic activity of the Russian Federation for 2013−2018." Revista Amazonia Investiga 9, no. 26 (February 21, 2020): 146–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2020.26.02.16.
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Currently, the Russian Federation is a significant geopolitical and economic player in the modern global world, it has its own interests and traditional partnerships with most states, including business representatives of those countries that are trying to restrain its development through restrictions and partial isolation from global development opportunities . Despite the sanctions and the unfavorable world market conditions, the Russian economy showed high plasticity, stability and adaptability to external changes, which was reflected in the positive dynamics of foreign trade growth in the existing conditions. Therefore, the purpose of this article was to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the dynamics of official statistics on economic growth and foreign trade in the Russian Federation for the period 2013-2018. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved: 1) an analysis of the dynamics of the gross domestic product of the Russian Federation for the period 2013-2018; 2) the role of foreign trade in the gross domestic product of the country is estimated through the calculation of foreign economic quotas; 3) analyzed the dynamics of foreign trade, imports and exports of the Russian Federation; 4) revealed the shares of product groups in the structure of exports and imports, as well as the most significant counterparties of the Russian Federation. The hypothesis of the study was the thesis of the interdependence of the volume of economic growth and foreign economic activity, including taking into account changes in foreign economic conditions. The article provides a retrospective analysis of the dynamics of economic growth in terms of nominal value and purchasing power parity, as well as the dynamics of foreign trade of the Russian Federation for the period 2013-2018. A preliminary forecast of foreign trade volumes for 2019 is given. The calculation of foreign economic, export and import quotas for the same period. The Russian specifics of the dynamics and structure of export supplies and import flows, as well as the structure of both imports and exports by counteragent countries and enlarged groups of the commodity nomenclature of foreign economic activity, are examined. For the period under review, the nominal GDP fell by 28.8%, while in terms of purchasing power parity, the Russian economy grew by 5.7% over the same period. At the same time, the largest drawdown in the economy occurred in the middle of the period; in recent years, the situation in the economy has improved. The role of foreign trade in the formation of GDP during the period was relatively stable, with the exception of 2018, when the foreign trade quota sharply increased (as well as export and import). The dynamics of foreign trade and export quotas in the Russian Federation are almost identical, while imports depend on export earnings. For the study period, foreign trade turnover of the Russian Federation decreased by 18.4%, export volumes decreased by 14.8%, import purchases decreased by 24.5%. The main problem of the economy and foreign economic activity remains its dependence on the export of mineral products.
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Suryono, Ardias Budi. "IMPACT OF EXPORTS AND TRADE TAXES ON INDONESIA'S ECONOMIC GROWTH." CASHFLOW CURRENT ADVANCED RESEARCH ON SHARIA FINANCE AND ECONOMIC WORLDWIDE 3, no. 2 (January 16, 2024): 303–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.55047/cashflow.v3i2.1009.
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This research endeavors to comprehensively investigate the intricate dynamics between the export of goods and services, as well as international trade tax receipts, encompassing import and export duties, and their collective impact on the economic growth trajectory of Indonesia over the period spanning from 1985 to 2019. The study meticulously employs secondary data gleaned from reputable sources such as the World Bank and the Ministry of Finance. Utilizing the robust analytical framework of the Error Correction Model within a linear regression analysis, this research delves into the nuanced relationships and temporal aspects that underscore the interplay between these critical economic variables. The findings of this study unveil compelling insights into the long-term effects of exports, import volumes, and the revenues generated from import and export duties on the overall economic growth of Indonesia. Notably, the research establishes that, over the extended time horizon, these variables exhibit a statistically significant influence on economic growth. However, the short-term dynamics present a nuanced picture, as the study reveals that, in the immediate context, neither exports nor import and export duties manifest a discernible impact on economic growth. In conclusion, this research contributes to the existing body of knowledge by shedding light on the multifaceted relationships between key components of international trade and economic growth in Indonesia. The implications of these findings extend beyond the confines of this specific study, providing valuable insights for policymakers, economists, and stakeholders seeking a deeper understanding of the intricate economic landscape.
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Sokolovska, Olena. "Foreign Trade Concerns of Ukraine and its Regions under the Global Crisis." Herald of the Economic Sciences of Ukraine, no. 1(38) (2020): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.37405/1729-7206.2020.1(38).97-102.
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The article deals with the analysis of the foreign trade status and dynamics in Ukraine and its regions. Some negative tendencies are revealed: disproportionate import and export growth rate which caused the negative balance of the international trade, unsatisfactory structure of export and import actions: primary commodities prevalence in the export, as well as machines, equipment and other high-tech goods in the import. At the regional level it is manifested in the excessive differentiation of foreign trade activities, primary exports predominance, disproportionate export and import dependence of regions which makes the regional economy hinge on the international market situation. The threats which arise in the sphere of foreign economic activity under the global crisis are defined. They prove to be evident in the decrease of external demand and export proceeds, foreign market loss which will endanger the economy of export-dependent regions. The necessity, ways and conditions for the diversification and strengthening of the regional export capacity are highlighted which can be achieved through the development and implementation of regulatory institutional, financial and economic activities on the national and regional levels.
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Zhao, Jiashu. "The Practical Use of Financial Modelling in Import and Export Trade." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 6, no. 1 (April 27, 2023): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/6/20220202.
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In the context of COVID-19 normalization, studying the factors influencing the import and export volume of a country can provide relevant suggestions for the economic recovery and growth of that country. In this paper, by selecting China's import and export trade data for the past 32 years, GDP, USD-RMB exchange rate, FDI, and foreign exchange reserves are selected to study the factors affecting foreign trade through a dynamic regression model. The conclusions drawn are shown below. When there is a macroeconomic recession, both China's imports and exports will decrease accordingly. When China's RMB depreciates, China's imports will decrease and exports will increase. Overall, China's total trade still increases. FDI has a pulling effect on both China's imports and exports. China's foreign exchange reserves have a stabilizing effect on China's import and export trade.
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Rizka, Wina Aulia, Siska Octavianita Br Sembiring, Keren Dwi Wulandari, and Khairani Alawiyah Matondang. "Contribution of International Trade in Import Export in Indonesia." Indonesian Journal of Advanced Research 2, no. 7 (July 18, 2023): 837–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/ijar.v2i7.4332.
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This study aims to analyze the contribution of international trade to exports and imports in Indonesia using a qualitative approach. Through qualitative research methods, the authors explore various factors and dynamics that affect exports and imports in Indonesia and analyze their impact on the national economy. This study uses a qualitative method using a literature study related to the contribution of international trade in exports and imports in Indonesia. The results of this study indicate that international trade has a large contribution to exports and imports in Indonesia, such as in the field of exports increasing export earnings, creating jobs, economic diversification, while in the field of imports, namely meeting domestic needs, technology transfer and increasing productivity, better consumer choices, wider.
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Molepo, Nkoti Solly. "Impact of international trade on employment in orange industry of South Africa." Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development 60, no. 2 (July 4, 2021): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.17306/j.jard.2021.01386.
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The purpose of the study is to analyse the long-run and short-run dynamic relations amongst total employment (lnEMPGt), export output (EXPOt) and import output (IMPOt) from 1990 to 2018, by applying a time-series analysis. The study adopts the secondary data for total employment from the Citrus Growers Association of South Africa, while both export and import output were sourced from the Global Trade Atlas. The multivariate cointegration approach is adopted in the study to identify any causal relationships amongst the concerned variables. The chosen optimum lag selection criterion was the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) due to its association dependence on the log-likelihood ratio. The third lag was selected for the entire analysis. The results from the cointegration test and the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) suggest a positive long-run effect between total employment and export output, while import output is negatively associated with total employment. The adjustment term of lnEMPGt, EXPOt and IMPOt suggests that the previous year’s errors are corrected for the current year at a convergence speed of 0.002, 1.11 and 25.37 percentage points, respectively. The results of the Granger causality test show that there are bidirectional causality effects between export output and total employment in the long run, while there are no causality effects between import output and total employment. The overall conclusion is that export outputs positively impact employment, while import outputs impact it negatively in the South African orange industry.
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Umirzakova, D. K. "Proprieties of integrated supply chains of domestic enterprises in the conditions of the EAEU functioning." Bulletin of "Turan" University, no. 3 (October 4, 2020): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.46914/1562-2959-2020-1-3-176-182.
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The article considers the conditions of the EAEU as a favorable environment for the supply and sales markets of domestic enterprises. The advantages of the EAEU for domestic enterprises, such as a unified transport infrastructure and document flow and the abolition of customs formalities, are highlighted. The characteristics of indicators of mutual trade of the Republic of Kazakhstan with the EAEU member States for 2018 and 2019 in general terms are given. The dynamics and the share of exports and imports of the EAEU in the total volume of export and import operations in the context of each member of the EAEU are considered. The commodity structure of Kazakhstan's import and export products with the EAEU countries is studied, where the main groups of commodity products are identified. The structure of export and import supplies in the context of the percentage ratio by product groups is determined to identify the main product groups of exports and imports to determine the properties and characteristics of supply chains. The general classification of supply chains for analyzing the properties and characteristics of the main commodity groups of exports and imports of Kazakhstan with the EAEU countries is given. Selected mineral products, which account for almost 40% of the total volume of exports to the countries and the EAEU, for which an analysis of the properties and characteristics of supply chains is provided.
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SHEVCHUK, Viktor, and Nataliia CHERKAS. "INFLUENCE OF UKRAINE'S FOREIGN TRADE STRUCTURE ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN CONTEXT OF INVOLVEMENT IN GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS." Economy of Ukraine 2019, no. 2 (February 16, 2019): 22–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2019.02.022.
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The interrelation between the volumes of export-import, GDP and industrial production is researched. This allows identifying the ways to increase the technological level of exports as a prerequisite for successful integration in global value chains (GVC). Fragmentation of the world production is usually regarded as a defining feature of a globalized economy; at the same time, the technological complication of production is necessary for successful competition in foreign markets. The sectoral influence of export-import on GDP and industrial production is evaluated, which is important for identifying promising areas for the participation of Ukrainian enterprises in the GVCs. For empirical research, a structural analysis of domestic foreign trade was carried out in the context of the four main categories: (i) technological goods; (ii) low-tech products; (iii) metal products; (iv) other raw materials. Quarterly 1998-2016 data were used for empirical estimation. The research methodology included the use of a vector autoregression model with error correction (Vector Error-Correction Model – VECМ). Empirical results indicate a clear stimulating effect of technological and low-tech exports on the dynamics of industrial production, whereas exports of metallurgical and agricultural products have a restriction effect. At the same time, technological exports significantly stimulate other segments of the export sector, while technological imports do not contribute to an increase in industrial production. Based on the research, it is substantiated that competitive participation in the GVCs implies primarily technological complication of exports, but with the possibility of using productive links within the national economy (in particular, integration of lower technological structures into production chains and replacement of import of technological goods). It is emphasized that the prerequisites for the integration of individual export sectors into competitive value chains are based on the development of labor-intensive production, subject to dynamic wage growth.
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MURAVSKA, Lesya, and Tatyana RUDA. "PECULIARITIES OF EXPORT-IMPORT OPERATIONS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS UNDER MARTIAL LAW." Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Economic sciences 312, no. 6(2) (December 29, 2022): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2022-312-6(2)-17.
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The purpose of the article is to study the peculiarities of export-import operations of agricultural products under martial law. The war radically changed the conditions of conducting business, in particular, it affected foreign economic activity. The article examines the peculiarities of export-import operations in the conditions of blockade of sea ports, disruption of stable logistics chains and significant increase in logistics costs. The legislative changes affecting the procedure for carrying out export-import operations with the participation of domestic business entities were analyzed. The article also analyzes the main trends in foreign trade in agricultural products, in particular, grain crops. The issue of the “grain agreement” and its features have been studied. It was established that the regulation of foreign economic activity has positive results. According to the results of the first half of the year, agricultural products maintained a dominant position in the volume of exports from Ukraine, despite the five-month blockade of the main sales channel – ports on the Black Sea. Therefore, the study of export-import operations of agricultural products is an urgent problem. Currently, companies that are just starting to enter foreign markets have a whole arsenal of support tools — from foreign market analytics, educational events and consulting, foreign partner search tools to grants from the state and donor organizations. Prospects for the development of exports in the conditions of war are determined, given the limited economic and organizational capabilities. The conducted analysis of the dynamics of foreign trade of Ukraine, the structure of export of agricultural products, logistical features of trade indicates the need to develop new approaches to the organization of foreign trade under martial law conditions.
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Malуarets, Lyudmyla M., Larisa A. Norik, Yuliia S. Baliuk, and Oleksii S. Budarin. "The Development of Export-Import Activity on the Basis of Information and Communication Technologies." PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY 4, no. 58 (2023): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-0712-2023-4-22-31.
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Information and communication technologies (ICT) are rapidly becoming a decisive factor and driving force for the development of export-import activities of many enterprises. The aim of the article is to identify the main directions of development of export-import activities on the basis of ICT and to assess the relationship between the indicators of the digital economy and the indicators of exports and imports of the EU countries. In this study, based on the analysis of statistical data of the leading European countries-leaders in the field of exports and imports, the features of their export-import activities are highlighted, the degrees of use of ICT in various sectors of the economy of these countries are analyzed, the most important directions of use of ICT for the development of export-import activities are allocated, namely: digital infrastructure: electronic documentation, electronic exchange of information, e-commerce, digital innovations in the manufacturing, digital finance, digital marketing and promotion, digital logistics, cybersecurity. The allocated areas should serve as a guideline for the resumption of Ukraine’s foreign trade during the wartime and in the post-war period. Taking into consideration data of the EU countries, an analysis of the impact of the indicators of the components of the index of digital economy and society on the volume of exports and imports in 2022 is carried out on the basis of regression models. It is substantiated that the effect of the use of ICT will strengthen our country’s position in the competitive field of international trade. For the leading countries of exports and imports, it is determined that the introduction of 5G technology is of significant importance in the context of the development of foreign trade, which at present is an urgent and strategic direction for the development of these countries. Further direction of development of this study is envisaged in the study of models of dynamics and the inclusion of additional factors influencing foreign trade, namely human potential, financial and material support for the introduction of ICT based on the experience of leading European countries.
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ERMOLAEV, Kirill A., and Shokhrukh E. ERMATOV. "Evaluating the potential for growth in high-tech exports from Russia." National Interests: Priorities and Security 17, no. 5 (May 14, 2021): 940–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ni.17.5.940.
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Subject. The article discusses exports of high-tech products manufactured by the Russian enterprises. Objectives. We outline an approach to evaluating the potential for high-tech exports. Methods. To identify the export potential, we referred to statistical data on the dynamics of high-tech exports and integral indicators of international trade, including the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA). The export potential was quantified by assessing the Export Potential Indicator (EPI) with the International Trade Center (ITC) technique, which is based on modern statistical models, including the gravitational model of international trade. To interpret the results, we compared and adjusted then with respect to external macroeconomic factors and domestic national policy, including the analysis of the return on governmental funds invested in export. Results. We analyzed the current dynamics of high-tech exports and imports in Russia, scrutinized indicators of export and import of electrical machines, equipment and pharmaceuticals. We determined the principal trade partners of Russia for the above group of commodities. We evaluated Russia’s export potential for the above categories and spotlighted priority countries for further trade cooperation. The article indicates whether governmental support is sufficient for unfolding the export potential. Conclusions and Relevance. The way we suggest evaluating the potential for high-tech exports allows to determine the most promising sectors in terms of locked export potential, quantify the export potential and, finally, set up limitations or targets so that it would be possible to assess the adequacy of governmental programs and enhance them and choose export support actions.
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Martoyo, Martoyo, Hardi Alunaza, Annisa Ernianda, Anggi Putri, and Maria Angela Lorena Mosquera Montoya. "Implication of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Governance of International Trade in the West Kalimantan's Entikong Border." Jurnal Manajemen Industri dan Logistik 6, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 01–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.30988/jmil.v6i1.940.
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This paper is presented in response to the issue related to the impact of the COVID-19pandemic on the trade sector at the Entikong Border in West Kalimantan. The author uses cross-border governance to explain the dynamics and import-export activities during the pandemic. Data collection techniques in this study were interviews and literature studies. The results of this article show that export and import activities will continue during the pandemic. In 2020, it was found that freight shipments were recorded on both routes alone with 44.03% import-export activity through Supadio Airport amounting to US$193,668,243 and the Ports of Kendawang and Pontianak contributing 29.10%. In addition, there are oxygen import activities for pandemic mitigation and electricity imports to meet the needs of people at the border. During the pandemic, there was a change in international trade procedures impacted the depreciation of exports from Indonesia in early 2020 and started to stabilize in mid-April 2021. The Malaysian government's oxygen import policy took place as a result of the issue of increased oxygen demand during the Covid-19 pandemic. The activity of opening the two national borders between Indonesia and Malaysia can only be carried out for the importation of oxygen tanks (liquid oxygen), as well as the repatriation of PMI and the repatriation of motorized vehicles.
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Cheremisina, Svitlana. "Status and prospects of development of grain exports from Ukraine to African countries." Ekonomika APK 317, no. 3 (March 29, 2021): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32317/2221-1055.202103033.
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The purpose of the article is to analyze the dynamics of volumes, commodity and territorial structure, trends in grain exports to African countries and develop short-term forecasts of exports of products that are most in demand, namely wheat, barley and corn. Research methods. In the process of research a number of methods were used: abstract-logical - to formulate conclusions; comparative analysis - to compare indicators and identify trends in their change; tabular - for a visual representation of the results of the study; statistical - in determining the variation in the volume of exports of wheat, barley and corn to African countries; settlement and constructive - to determine the role of Ukrainian grain exports in total imports of African countries; monographic - in assessing the current state and justifying the directions of development of grain exports to the African continent; methods of trend extrapolation - for the development of forecasts of exports from Ukraine to African countries of wheat, barley, corn; graphic - to illustrate the obtained forecast export trends. Research results. A study of the dynamics of volumes and structural changes in the export of agro-food products from Ukraine was carried out, an increase in the share of commodity groups of food products by 14.2% in total exports was established, and structural dynamic shifts by types of food products were analyzed. It is proved that for the period from 1996 to 2020 the total export from Ukraine to Africa increased 23 times, import flows of goods increased 6 times, and the ratio of import coverage to exports increased to 6. A comprehensive analysis of the structure of wheat, barley and corn exports to countries of Africa. The top 10 largest partner countries of Ukraine in the structure of exports / imports of goods on the African continent have been identified. Forecasts of natural and value volumes of wheat, barley and corn exports from Ukraine to the African continent have been developed. Scientific novelty. Methodological and practical aspects of research and development of prospects for increasing the grain crops export to new markets - the countries of the African continent - have been further developed. Practical significance. These approaches and the results of the study can be used by public and sectoral authorities in organizing analytical work and developing measures to enhance the export orientation of domestic grain market products to Africa. Tabl.: 4. Figs.: 3. Refs.: 18.
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Ha, Nguyen Thi Vu, Bui Thi Phuong Anh, Nguyen Huong Giang, Le Phuong Linh, Pham Mai Nhi, and Nguyen Thi Anh Tho. "Unleashing Vietnam’s Rice and Coffee Exports: Decoding The Power of Non-Tariff Measures in the CPTPP Market." VNU University of Economics and Business 3, no. 6 (December 25, 2023): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.57110/vnujeb.v3i6.241.
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Rice and coffee are vital commodities in Vietnam’s economy. Amidst the evolving dynamics of global trade, the substitution of traditional tariff barriers with non-tariff measures (NTMs) is progressively increasing, and the CPTPP market is not exempt from this trend. Using the gravity model, this study explores the factors influencing Vietnam's rice and coffee exports to the CPTPP market. The study finds that economic factors, such as GDP, have a significant impact on export values. Import tariffs hinder exports, while lower tariffs enhance competitiveness. Geographical distance affects transportation costs and export values. The impact of NTMs on exports is mixed. Vietnam's CPTPP membership offers integration opportunities, albeit gradually. The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected exports, highlighting vulnerability. Policy recommendations include addressing adverse NTMs, promoting favorable measures, aligning legislation with the CPTPP, enhancing quality, and researching export markets and regulations. These recommendations aim to improve export performance, mitigate shocks, and leverage trade agreement benefits for the rice and coffee sectors.
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Bodnarchuk, Tetyana. "Dynamics and structure of Soviet Ukraine's foreign trade in the interwar period." Ìstorìâ narodnogo gospodarstva ta ekonomìčnoï dumki Ukraïni 2019, no. 52 (2019): 213–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ingedu2019.52.213.
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The article is devoted to the historical and economic research of the dynamics and structure of Soviet Ukraine’s foreign trade activities in the 1920–1930’s. A large decrease in the intensity of Ukraine’s foreign trade during the period of «war communism» is revealed. The dynamics and structural changes of the domestic export-import flows by the Black Sea-Azov ports and land customs in the early 1920’s are characterized. In particular, the commodity structure of Ukraine’s foreign trade is analyzed, and the domination of its agrarian and raw nature components is revealed. The basic geographical directions of domestic freight flows are revealed. The intensity of Ukraine’s foreign trade operations during the NEP is investigated. The dominant role of Odessa and Nikolaev ports, as well as Shepetivska land customs house in domestic export and import trade is revealed. The structure of freight flows from the Ukrainian territory is analyzed. It is revealed that the main export items were grain, crop and livestock products, ores, wood and others. It was found out that the geographical structure of domestic foreign trade was limited to the countries of Western Europe at the stage of the new economic policy. Raw materials and food were exported there, and machinery, equipment and consumer goods were imported. The changes in physical volumes of Soviet Ukraine’s exports and imports during the first and second five year periods are characterized. The author emphasizes the diversified nature of the domestic export-import flows, while the dominant role of agricultural products and raw materials was preserved. Extension of geographical directions of domestic foreign trade ties is pointed out. It is proved that the absence of own statehood and the monopolization of the foreign trade by the Soviet government were important factors limiting the development of domestic economic potential.
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Öniş, Ziya. "The Dynamics of Export-Oriented Growth in a Second Generation Nic: Perspectives on the Turkish Case, 1980-1990." New Perspectives on Turkey 9 (1993): 75–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896634600002223.
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Can a new generation of countries emerge and establish themselves as major exporters of manufactures on the basis neo-liberal economic policies and thus replicate the outstanding performance of the first generation Asian and Latin American newly industrialized countries (NICs)? The article seeks to answer this question on the basis of a case-study, Turkey, a country which has managed to undertake a significant switch from import-substitution to export-orientation under an essentially neo-liberal reform package. The central argument may be summarized as follows. Neo-liberal reforms, when combined with a number of favourable “external conditions”, are quite successful in terms of engineering a shift of the existing productive capacity from import-substitution towards exports. Yet, such policies, on the whole, are less successful in terms of generating the level of investment necessary to sustain rapid growth in manufactured exports over time and also to achieve a steady process of export deepening. A sustained breakthrough in manufactured export growth cannot be realized by trade liberalization and exchange rate policy alone. Macroeconomic management and strategic industrial policy are likely to play a key role, particularly following the initial and comparatively easy phase of export-substitution.
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Chuvychkina, Inna. "STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF RUSSIAN EXPORTS TO THE LATIN AMERICAN MARKETS." Urgent Problems of Europe, no. 3 (2022): 270–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/ape/2022.03.12.
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The Latin American region occupies a less significant share in the overall structure of Russian exports compared to traditional sales markets. Nevertheless, the region has recently been increasingly in the spotlight as a place for the geographical reorientation of foreign trade operations. Even though the corona crisis had a significant impact on the development of foreign trade relations with Latin America, export interest to the region was expressed in the pre-pandemic period through an increased volume of deliveries, a surplus in Russia’s trade balance and an increase in the number of counterparty countries. The article is devoted to the quantitative analysis of Russia’s foreign trade relations with the Latin America and the Caribbean. The empirical material for the analysis was a database that includes data on the export and import of Russian and Latin American goods in 2000-2020, as well as the countries to which these goods are exported or imported. The dataset contains information about the country of delivery, product code, cost, industry sector. Based on this database, a review of the qualitative structure of Russian exports in the region was carried out, considering the differentiation into raw materials, non-resource energy and non-resource non-energy supplies in the context of dividing into three stages: low, middle, and high value-added products. This approach contributed to the assessment of the diversification of Russian exports in terms of economic complexity. The article also gives an idea of the import structure of Latin American countries, which makes it possible to identify possible niches for Russian exports. In conclusion, the prospects for expanding Russian supplies to the region are presented and the challenges are identified that Russia may face in increasing its share of Latin American import markets.
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Kolganova, Darya, Svetlana Malyutina, and Adisa Rampilova. "Analysis of the Commodity Structure of Export and Import Russian Federation." System Analysis & Mathematical Modeling 4, no. 2 (October 26, 2022): 100–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2713-1734.2022.4(2).100-114.
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This article is devoted to the study of the commodity structure of export and imports of Russia in value terms. The research examined the dynamics of the development of foreign trade from 2014 to 2018 and revealed the raw material orientation of domestic exports, which practically did not decrease even in conditions of relatively low prices for fuel and energy resources.
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Krivenko, N. V., A. V. Trynov, and D. S. Epaneshnikova. "Investment activity in the Ural Federal District in the context of import substitution." Finance and Credit 26, no. 12 (December 25, 2020): 2678–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fc.26.12.2678.
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Subject. The article considers the investment activity in the regions of the Ural Federal District. Objectives. We analyze the impact of import substitution policy on investment activity by type of economic activity, using the regions of the Ural Federal District case. Methods. We employed methods of logic, statistical, and structural analysis. Results. We offer our own approach to the study of the impact of import substitution policy on the investment activity of regions. It rests on comparing the dynamics of Russian imports by major commodity group and the dynamics of investment in fixed assets by type of economic activity. The study revealed two trends. First, the development of substitute goods production. Second, the commodity sector development. It was found that in 2013–2019, investments in the sectors of mining and processing of mineral resources demonstrated faster growth. At the same time, investments in the production of import substituting goods did not show a stable positive dynamics. Thus, the enterprises of the Ural Federal District are more focused on the production of traditional export goods; the orientation of the import substitution policy to the domestic market and high-tech exports currently does not give the expected results and is local in nature. Conclusions. The results of the study can be used by Federal and regional authorities to assess the impact of import substitution policies on the investment activity of enterprises.
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Kriachko, Yevhen M., and Hryhorii B. Perepelitsyn. "Assessing the Dynamics of Both the Global and Ukrainian Markets of Woodworking Industry Products." PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY 1, no. 55 (2023): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-0712-2023-1-32-41.
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The article analyzes the dynamics of both the global and Ukrainian markets of woodworking products. The commodity structure of trade in wood products is analyzed by the following types: roundwood, business roundwood, fuel wood, lumber, veneer, plywood, sheet materials, chipboards, particle boards, tentative chipboards, wood fiber boards, and solid wood boards. The dynamics of both the global and Ukrainian markets of woodworking industry products is compared by the following indicators: production volume, exports, imports, domestic consumption, export orientation, and import dependence. The comparative competitive advantages of Ukrainian woodworking products with those of other countries are identified. The carried out study has shown that the development of the Ukrainian woodworking industry markets is largely in line with global trends. Among the types of woodworking products in Ukraine, the following mainly correspond to global trends: lumber, veneer, wood-based panels, chipboards, wood-fiber boards and solid wood boards, with the growth rates of production and market capacity of these types of products exceeding the global-marketed ones. The types of woodworking products that did not fully meet global trends included roundwood, business roundwood, fuel wood, plywood, and oriented strand boards, which were characterized by a decline in exports and imports, as well as fluctuations in production and market capacity. Both the global and Ukrainian markets saw a decline in sales of low-value-added wood products and a moderate increase in high value-added products. In Ukraine, only two types of woodworking products – lumber and veneer – increased their export orientation, but these products also saw a significant increase in import dependence. The strongest rates of decline in export orientation were observed in the following types of woodworking products: business roundwood (86.6%), roundwood (48.5%), wood fiber boards (39.9%), fuel wood (36.2%), and solid wood boards (25.3%), while these products also saw a significant decrease in import dependence. Taking into account the trends in the global wood products market, the ways to ensure the development of the woodworking industry in Ukraine in the postwar period are allocated.
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M. Irfan Rizqi, Cintia Febriliana Putri, Mala Millatina, M. Taufiq Abadi, and Marfita Hikmatul Aini. "ANALISIS PEREKONOMIAN EMPAT SEKTOR : DAMPAK EKSPOR DAN IMPOR TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI." JURNAL EKONOMI BISNIS DAN MANAJEMEN 2, no. 1 (January 4, 2024): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.59024/jise.v2i1.557.
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This journal analyzes the economic dynamics of 4 sectors with a focus on the influence of exports and imports. Through sectoral data analysis, this study identifies the role of each sector in driving export activity and its impact on the national economy. The findings highlight the complexity of the relationship between exports, imports, and economic growth, while exploring strategies to optimize the contribution of these sectors. The policy implications of the findings look towards sustainable economic development by taking into account the dynamic interaction between exports and imports in a 4-sector economy. The impact of exports and imports on economic growth in Indonesia is very large because exports are one of the sources of state income and from import activities the state can get goods that do not yet exist or are lacking in the country to meet the needs of the community. The analysis highlights the positive contribution of exports to economic growth, while the impact of imports is complex and requires careful handling. The policy implications of these findings are discussed in light of efforts to increase exports and manage imports to support sustainable economic growth in Indonesia.
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Abramtseva, A. N., A. A. Antipov, and V. Y. Radik. "Main Trends and Prospects of Russian Technology Transfer: Statistical Study (In Russ.)." Economics. Law. Innovaion, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17586/2713-1874-2023-1-27-36.
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The main problems of technological transfer between Russia and India are revealed through the analysis of the structure of technology imports and exports for the period 2019–2021. The reasons and consequences of the prevailing growth of technology exports from the Russian Federation over imports are determined by analyzing the dynamics and structure of indicators of the volume of payments for the import and export of technologies, the R&D investment volume , the level of patent activity of residents and non-residents of Russia, as well as comparison with similar indicators for foreign countries.
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Ryzhyuk. "International trade as a factor of ensuring positive dynamics of export of ukraine." Problems of Innovation and Investment Development, no. 23 (April 10, 2020): 12–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33813/2224-1213.23.2020.2.
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The subject of the research is a set of institutions and mechanisms of a system of effective foreign trade activity in the world and in Ukraine in the conditions of crisis and state regulation. The goal of writing this article is to develop prac- tical, scientific, and methodological recommendations to improve the efficiency of foreign trade of Ukraine. The methodology of the work is a system-structural and comparative research (to understand the logic of the functioning of international institutions regulating trade in the world); monographic analysis (when studying the problems of improving the model of international specialization of the Ukrai nian economy); statistical and economic analysis (in assessing the status and pros- pects of export-import operations of the Ukrainian economy). Results of work–it was revealed that the modern model of international specialization of the Ukrai- nian economy is unpromising and unstable to crisis phenomena. It is proposed to systematically increase the manufacturability and innovativeness of domestic ex- porters, which will contribute to sustainability and competitiveness in foreign markets, even during times of crisis. In addition, it is necessary to introduce an updated state macroeconomic and financial investment policy in Ukraine to reduce the impact of crisis in the economy and improve the export-import balance of trade. Conclusions–a targeted policy is needed to support the export activity of Ukrai- nian enterprises and focus on innovation and finding new markets. In this context, a combination of macroeconomic and financial-investment state support for export promotion is necessary; as well as the introduction of tax and customs instruments for export support, trade facilitation and regulatory requirements to reduce the transaction costs of exporters, the intensification of technical assistance and fi- nancial support for exports, the development and institutionalization of mechanisms for information, legal and methodological support for exporters.
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Larysa, Hromozdova, Derbenova Yana, Ablova Olena, Ilchenko Viktoriia, and Yurchenko Oksana. "Problems of re-orientation of foreign trade activities of Ukraine." Problems of Innovation and Investment Development, no. 22 (April 10, 2020): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33813/2224-1213.22.2020.2.
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The purpose of the article is to study the dynamics of Ukraine’s export-importoperations with EU and CIS countries and to identify the weaknesses of industriesthat have difficulty reorienting exports. The object of the study is export-importactivity of Ukraine. The subject of the research is the problem of reorientationof export of some industries of Ukraine from the lost CIS markets to the EUcountries. the methodological bases of the research are dialectical methods ofscientific knowledge, systematic approach; the study used the work of foreign andlocal experts on international economic relations between Ukraine and the EU.The methods of scientific comparative analysis, general scientific methods oftheoretical, empirical research and method of expert evaluation were used. thescientific novelty of the article is that for the first time the data on the analysisof export-import operations of Ukraine with the EU and CIS countries, theircomparative characteristics, including by industry, are given. conclusions. Theissue of reorientation of Ukraine’s exports by sectors is considered, the industries that have been most adapted to the change in the vector of Ukraine’s foreigneconomic priorities have been identified. It has been found that the export ofhigh-tech industries is experiencing the greatest difficulties due to the loss ofsome CIS markets and the need for significant investments to adapt to the highEU standards.
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Ishchuk, Svitlana O., and Oksana S. Protsevyat. "Diagnostics of transformations in regions’ commodity export under the influence of full-scale Russian-Ukrainian war." Socio-Economic Problems of the Modern Period of Ukraine, no. 4(156) (2022): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/2071-4653-2022-4-2.
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The Ukrainian economy is traditionally export-oriented – the export share of goods and services in GDP (in actual prices) was 40.6% in 2021, and in GVA – more than 45 %. The military aggression of the russian federation against Ukraine has actualized the problematic topic of strengthening the domestic export potential to ensure the proper level of socio-economic development. Therefore, the Government has announced an orientation towards the export model of the national economy’s growth – the goal has been set to increase the share of exports in GDP up to 50%. The purpose of the article is to assess the dynamics and directions of the structural transformations in the commodity exports of Ukrainian regions under the influence of armed aggression by the russian federation. The authors conduct an express diagnosis of export-import operations in Ukraine in the conditions of a full-scale russian-Ukrainian war. The export activity at the meso level is analyzed based on the calculation of indicators that characterize: the export coverage level of imports, the commodity export orientation of the economy, the degree of technological export, and the high-tech export orientation of industry. Attention is focused on a significant share of toll manufacturing products in the high-tech commodity exports of the vast majority of the Western regions. Based on the structural assessment of the commodity exports of Ukraine and its regions, changes in the export specialization of the latter ones by main commodity groups are defined. Key trends and problems in the formation and development of Ukraine's export potential in the face of external challenges and threats are outlined. Measures for the implementation of an effective state policy for domestic export stimulation are offered, and their target orientations from the standpoint of national interest protection are defined. The need for a large-scale import substitution program initially focused on investment stimulation in the processing industries where Ukraine has sufficient raw materials potential for their development (agro-processing and production of finished metal products) is emphasized. Further establishment of the production of goods with high added value will allow changing the product structure of Ukrainian exports toward the increase in the finished products’ share of processing industries and mechanical engineering.
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Naumov, Vladimir N., and Elena V. Zhiryaeva. "Assessing the impact of technological sanctions on computer equipment imports." RUDN Journal of Economics 31, no. 2 (December 15, 2023): 350–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2023-31-2-350-369.
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The purpose of the study is to assess the risks of economic modernization caused by technological sanctions. Hypothesis: the imposed sanctions had little effect on actual imports of computer hardware components to Russia. Since the sanctions under consideration have been tightened since 2014, it was assumed that there were no fundamental changes in the structure and volume of imports. Analysis of the US export control system showed that there are four reasons for controlling the export to the Russian Federation of a number of computers and their components. For export to the Russian Federation and Belarus all applications for licenses are considered with a presumption of denial. The embargo policy provides for the restriction of exports to Russia of goods of headings 8541 (semiconductor devices) and 8542 (electronic integrated circuits). Enterprises that are considered military end users are restricted from exporting to them chips with high processing speed. The embargo covers quantum computers that are believed not to be manufactured in Russia. The dominant subheadings in the import structure are 8542 31 (microprocessors) and 8542 39 (other integrated circuits). Clusters of exporting countries have been constructed using the methods of principal components and multidimensional scaling. It is established that the main ones are China, Taiwan, Vietnam and Malaysia. Next, an analysis of the dynamics of imports was performed to test the hypothesis. Graphical, quantitative methods of the theory of time series, methods of mathematical statistics and regression analysis are used. For countries without export controls the increase in imports to Russia over 15 years, both in terms of processors (160 %) and integrated circuits (224 %), was an order of magnitude greater than for countries with export controls. As the share of imports from countries without export controls increases, the significance of sanctions decreases, which confirms the formulated hypothesis. At the same time, the “foreign direct product” rule, which allows the US to control exports from Taiwan, could negatively affect this dynamic.
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Al-Zyoud, Hussein, and Fathi Elloumi. "Dynamics of Canadian Trade Pattern: A Time-Series Analysis." International Journal of Economics and Finance 9, no. 3 (February 15, 2017): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v9n3p115.
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This paper analyses the trends and directions of exports and imports of Canada using the time series data for the period 1981 to 2014. Instantaneous and compound growth rates are calculated by using the log-linear regression model in conjunction with an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model for forecasting future exports and imports. The results of this study show that there is an increasing trend for both exports and imports. As far as the growth rates are concerned, the two estimated log-linear models depict a comprehensive annual picture of Canadian merchandise trade. The exports grow at an instantaneous rate of 4.46% and at a slightly higher than compound annual growth rate of 4.6%. The overall growth rate of imports is 5.41% and compound annual growth rate is 5.27%. The compound growth rate is marginally higher than the instantaneous growth rate.The results of the Johansen test for analyzing the long-run relationship between export, import and GDP have further demonstrated that the variables are co-integrated, and have established a long-run association among them.
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Volkov, V., and L. Horoshkova. "PROBLEMS OF EXPORT-IMPORT OPERATIONS ACCOUNTING IN UKRAINE'S EXTRACTION FIELD." Visnyk of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geology, no. 4 (83) (2018): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2713.83.08.
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The article develops a systematic approach to the management of mining, using, export and import non-metallic minerals for construction considering the economic parameters of the development of the world market situation and the domestic market. The analysis showed that the classification of minerals used by the Public Service Geology and Mineral Resources of Ukraine, the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine and Statistics of foreign economic activity - codes UKTZED - do not coincide that complicates the study process using these official sources. According to the results of the conducted researches, the indicators of the dynamics of minerals production in their natural and costly dimensions have been found to be inadequate. An analysis of dynamics and geographic structure of export-import operations was also conducted with natural sand, pebbles, gravel and breakstone. The obtained results allowed us to conclude that the approach to formation of export minerals' flows is not rational, because it poses a threat to the financial state of the mining industry and the country. An analysis of the geographical structure of the export and import of natural sand, pebbles, gravel and breakstone allowed proposing the use of a systematic approach to rational extraction, the use of the country's mineral resources base, while taking into account export-import flows and the price conditions of the external and internal markets and taking into account the resource component of state security.
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BALYAN, KAVITA, SHIV KUMAR, V. P. CHAHAL, and SANDEEP KUMAR. "Dynamics of Indian fresh mango export." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 85, no. 11 (November 19, 2015): 1466–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v85i11.53748.
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Increasing integration of global markets after WTO has brought several changes in fresh mango export. The sustainability of exporters' income depends on acceptance of consignments by the importing countries who have established legally vetted system of safe import of food commodities. To adjust to these changes, the Indian system of export controls faltered to meet the standards of overseas markets. Adherence to safe export norms is sine qua non to have credible sustainable export. Visualizing the need to discern and quantify the direction of fresh mango export, time series data spanning from 1990-2012 was analysed. From the analysis, it can be concluded that domestic supply of mango is mainly driven by expansion of area rather than productivity. High standards of SPS measures of importing countries raised cost of compliance of safe export norms for which Indian exporters faced problems to adjust to these standards. These challenges need to overcome through generation of research based scientific knowledge for structuring food safety norms and policy alignment according to the changing global regulations. Policy options for streamlining diversified export are to encourage food testing laboratories to get accreditation from international agencies setting up world class food testing and inception infrastructure particularly in clusters with significant presence of exporters to encourage importing countries to set up office for certification of export consignments, and to strengthen prerequisite physical resources for safe export of fresh mango.
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Hubeni, Yuriy, Oksana Krupa, Volodymyr Krupa, and Sofiia Tsiolkovska. "The Foreign Economic Vector of Agribusiness Activity in the Western Region of Ukraine." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 20(35), no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 29–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2020.20.4.20.
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The article is devoted to researching peculiarities and trends of foreign economic activity of agribusinesses in the Western region of Ukraine according to the terms of the Ukraine-European Union Association Agreement. The authors discuss the theoretical essence of agribusiness, as a kind of entrepreneurship, and the nature of foreign economic activity of enterprises. The main conditions of free trade in agricultural products introduced by the terms of the Agreement are determined and their influence on agribusiness export-import operation dynamics in the Western economic region is analyzed. The contribution of certain regions to forming agrarian product export and import volume and structure is considered and the reasons for the considerable advantages of the Lviv region in foreign trade turnover of the Western region are elucidated. It was found that agribusiness cooperation with foreign partners is mainly realized by indirect methods through trade agency organizations or agrarian holding companies. The structure dynamics of production goods for export and import by agribusinesses was studied. Based on the results, some negative tendencies for the Ukrainian economy were noted. They include the preservation of raw exports with a high share of plant origin products and timber, and the predominance of ready-made products with high added value in the import structure. It was established that the Agreement and social political events in Ukraine changed the direction of some export-import flows of agribusiness from CIS countries towards the markets of the European Union and Asian countries. According to the scale of external trade operations with enterprises of the Western region of Ukraine, in general, and within certain trade groups, in particular, country-leaders are defined. Some positive and negative consequences of changes in the foreign economic activity vector are described. And finally, measures which will ensure an expansion and strengthening of Ukraine’s agribusiness presence on international market, are suggested.
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Baliuk, Y. S. "The Factors of Development of Export-Import Activity of Domestic Industrial Enterprises." Business Inform 7, no. 522 (2021): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2021-7-91-100.
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The article generalizes the main external environment factors that affect the development of export-import activities of domestic industrial enterprises in modern conditions; the external environment factors that directly affect this activity are distinguished. The expediency of analysis of lag influence of external environment factors is substantiated. It is recommended to carry out the process of analysis of external environment factors that affect the development of export-import activity of industrial enterprises in the following sequence of stages: 1) theoretical-logical analysis of the main factors of external environment impact on the development of export-import activity in the country; 2) analysis of external environment factors that directly affect the development of this activity of enterprises; 3) analysis of the main tendencies in the dynamics of the directly affecting external environment factors; 4) determination of causal relationships in the system of the directly affecting external environment factors; 5) determination of dependence of the volume of industrial products sold on the directly affecting external environment factors; 6) determination of the lag influence of external environment factors that directly affect the development of export-import activities of industrial enterprises; 7) development of administration measures to strengthen the development of export-import activities of domestic industrial enterprises. The above specified sequence of stages facilitates the organization of the process of determining factors and directions of development of export-import activity in Ukraine. The article proposes a list of analytical instruments that should be used in the analysis of external environment factors that affect the development of export-import activities of industrial enterprises.
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Arifin, Samsul, and Sayifullah Sayifullah. "Testing Of Economic Convergence In The Middle Of The Covid-19 Pandemic." Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan 19, no. 01 (June 30, 2021): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jep.v19i01.15960.
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This study aims to see whether the process of export and import convergence occurs with the control variable of the size of the country's economy affected by the COVID-19 pandemic as measured by GDP and spatial interactions. The method of analysis in this study uses the Spatial Dynamic Panel. The research objects are 64 countries affected by the COVID-19 pandemic—data taken in the period 2019q4-2020q3. The results show that GDP and spatial elements influence the process of export and import convergence. The speed of convergence and the length of time to reach a steady-state, imports are better than exports reaching 28-38% with about one semester and reaching 15-16% with a duration of 1 year (export model). Exports and imports during the COVID-19 pandemic reflect interactions between countries, with distance as a determining factor. However, the role of interaction between countries tends to be insignificant in the long run.
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Ostashko, Tamara, and Volodymyr Olefir. "Prospects of free trade with China: development of domestic export and risks of import dependence." Economy and Forecasting 2019, no. 1 (2019): 124–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econforecast2019.01.124.
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Development of the trade between Ukraine and China generates serious challenges for the national economy, because, presently, the trade with China accounts for more than a half of Ukraine's negative balance in this country's international trade in goods (56% in January-November 2018). Despite the risks of further deterioration of trade balance, Ukraine has suggested to start consultations on the Ukraine-China free-trade agreement (FTA). The purpose of the paper is to estimate the possible impact of the liberalization of trade with China and to develop recommendations for raising exports and suppressing China's goods expansion on domestic market. In order to investigate the problem and shape the outlook for domestic exports to China, the following steps have been made: (1) compared the structure of external trade in goods of Ukraine and China; (2) evaluated the trade regimes' symmetry between China and Ukraine; (3) identified the characteristics of China's non-tariff trade regulations; (4) analyzed special ties features of negotiating with China on FTA; (5) analyzed the situation with the development of domestic export to China, and identified prospective markets for domestic goods; and (6) analyzed the dynamics of imports of goods from China during 2004-2018. Also, discussed the groups of import goods that are top items by absolute volume and possess a high share in imports and in local domestic consumption. Analysis of the structure of trade flows between Ukraine and China showed that the most probable development scenario in the trade with China is the increased orientation of Ukrainian export on raw materials and empowering of Ukraine's dependence on the import of Chinese industrial goods. Probability of this scenario is increasing since the trade regimes of Ukraine and China are asymmetrical, which creates unequal conditions of trade that are more preferable for China. It was found that, even in case of trade liberalization as the result of FTA negotiations between China and Ukraine, Ukraine could not expect sustainable increase in exports of agri-food goods, as China has special non-tariff regulations in domestic agri-food markets. Among the core directions of the government policy of supporting the development of agricultural export to China is promotion of corn export in accordance with the credit agreement of 2012 between State Food and Grain Corporation of Ukraine and Export-Import Bank of China, and soybean export promotion with the purpose to substitute US in the Chinese import soybean market, which opened up as a result of US-China trade disputes in 2017-2018. Negative trends in bilateral trade are the reason for active government policy promoting the export of processed goods to China, first of all the products of food industry and optical photographic instruments and apparatus that are of high demand in local Chinese markets. Import dependence of domestic local market remains high without significant signs of decrease. In 2017, the ratio between import and GDP was the highest for the recent 17 years. During 2013-2017, this ratio increased from 0.51 to 0.56. Dependence of Ukraine's economy on import could increase further as a result of liberalization of the trade with China. Despite the benefits for exporters (mostly exporters of raw goods), cheap Chinese import could delay the renaissance of the domestic light industry that has gradually started after a sharp decline in 2013-2015. Dynamics of goods import from China during 2004-2018 was analyzed, and discussed groups of goods that are the top import items by absolute volume, possess a high share in imports and in local domestic consumption. The research was conducted on agricultural and agri-food goods, and for 4- and 6- digit codes. Presence of Chinese goods in domestic market is constantly increasing. In 2002-2003, balance of trade between Ukraine and China was positive, and the share of China's goods in market was below 2%, but, starting from 2005, the trade balance has been always negative with share of Chinese goods increasing to 13% (2018). Machinery accounted for more than a half of Chinese import in 2018, with machinery, instruments and equipment making the highest share. China is the main exporter of telephone equipment for cellular networks, computers and notebooks, photo-sensitive semi-conductors, light-emitting diodes and other innovative and high technology products. China possesses top positions in imports of household electronics and appliances, light industry goods (shoes, toys, synthetic textiles etc.) and other goods. In 74 out of 178 analyzed 4-digit groups of goods, China's share in import in 2017 was higher than 50%. From the position of domestic market protection, trade liberalization with China could cause high risks for domestic producers. Assortment of industrial goods that are imported from China is very extensive, hence their expansion in domestic market could be quite significant. The publication was prepared during the research work "The modernization of economic policy of field of activities and markets development" (state registration number 0118U007329).
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Lisachkina, Yu S. "Retrospective analysis of exporting agricultural processing industry products." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 12 (February 2, 2024): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2023-12-101-113.
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The Russian exports of processed food products analysis since 2014 has revealed a stable growth in this area, corresponding to the general dynamics of domestic agricultural products sales in the world market. At the same time, the share of processed food products in the total volume of domestic exports from 2014 to 2021 increased from 1.7 to 3.1%, which is a favorable factor in reducing the mineral-raw materials orientation of Russia’s foreign trade. The increase in processed products exports contributes to the export-oriented nature of the domestic food industry, which grew from 6.5 to 11.6 % over the period. This is also due to the fact that import substitution programs development and competitive imports limitation after the counter-sanctions introduction in 2014-2015 had a favorable impact on the food industry and allowed to maintain and increase a number of export directions. Over the past few years, the key areas of sales in the global market have been the products of the oil and fat and sugar beet industries. Along with the sale of finished products, the food industry wastes export, which are raw materials for fodder production, is also considered important. With the overall positive dynamics of processed food sales, the only direction showing a decrease in exports is tobacco and tobacco products. The reduction in tobacco products exports is explained by the change in the transnational corporations policy who own the Russian cigarette business, which, in addition to the Russian market, until 2014 also partially filled the markets of the Commonwealth of Indepen dent States and Eastern Europe countries.
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Arkhiiereiev, S., Ia Maksymenko, and T. Diachenko. "FACTORS OF EXPORT INCOMES FORMATION AND WAYS TO INCREASE CURRENCY INCOMES OF UKRAINE." Financial and credit activity: problems of theory and practice 2, no. 37 (April 30, 2021): 406–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18371/fcaptp.v2i37.230325.
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Abstract. Under conditions of persistent trade balance deficit, there activates a search for ways of export increase and, consequently, of currency incomes of Ukraine. The goal of this article is to evaluate the state of Ukraine’s export, its dynamics, development of extended classification of the factors influencing the formation of export incomes, detecting the problems in this sphere, development of recommendations concerning the growth of export and increase in currency incomes of Ukraine. The methods of research applied are analysis and synthesis, system approach, comparison, generalization, scientific abstracting, and statistical method. This work contains a substantial analysis of the current state and dynamics of foreign trade of Ukraine in general and its exports in particular. There has been developed an extended classification of factors influencing the formation of export incomes, sum total of which falls into two groups: the factors determining the quantity of exported goods, and the factors determining their prices. The first group includes the following: availability of export potential, export potential realization, state of the market regarding consumers. The second group comprises the following: production costs level, existence of trade obstacles, currency exchange rate. The influence of all mentioned factors on Ukraine’s export has been analyzed. There have been disclosed the main problems in this sphere, such as imperfect export structure, high expenditure level and the share of import in export, unfavorable market environment for development of export-oriented enterprises. There have been given recommendations concerning an increase in export and currency incomes of Ukraine, including efficient utilizing of both home and foreign resources, optimizing export structure, creating a favorable market environment, taking into consideration elasticity of demand on national exported goods and elasticity of supply from foreign countries to gain competitive advantage, introduction of new technologies, production modernizing, utilizing the advantages of economic integration, and ensuring devaluation effect. Keywords: export incomes, export, import, export potential, elasticity of national export’s demand and supply, trade barriers, currency incomes, currency exchange rate. JEL Classification F19, F31, F49 Formulas: 0; fig.: 3; tabl.: 0; bibl.: 15.
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Lebedeva, L. F. "U. S. FOREIGN TRADE RESTRICTIONS UNDER UNSTABLE DYNAMICS OF INTERNATIONAL TRAD E." International Trade and Trade Policy 7, no. 1 (March 26, 2021): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2021-1-18-26.
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The paper describes factors that lead to the United States trade restrictions, particularly export control at the end of the second decade; the challenges of the United States policy, prospects for international trade relations. World trade is expected to grow this year after reducing in the previous one. The outlook for trade development remains with a large degree of uncertainty due to economic, financial risks, effects of struggle against pandemia; national policies. The US trade restriction policies are in focus. Besides imposing import tariffs; controlling exports of software, sensitive equipment, technology has been transformed under Trump’s administration in the context of national security, foreign policy objectives. Limiting access to the most sensitive U.S. technology has been putting in practice along with new export controls on software; restrictions on the emerging and foundational technologies. Export Control Reform that was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Trump has determined a new stage in US policy and may bring more uncertainty as concerning relations with other countries.
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Haider, Jahanzaib, Muhammad Afzal, and Farah Riaz. "Estimation of Import and Export demand Functions Using Bilateral Trade Data ___ the case of Pakistan." Journal of Global Economy 7, no. 4 (December 31, 2011): 249–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v7i4.42.
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We estimated the import and export elasticities of Pakistan trade with traditional trade partners and some Asian countries to see the dynamics of Pakistan trade from 1973 to 2008. OLS results suggest that income is the principal determinant of exports and imports. Pakistan exports are cointegrated with Japan and USA while the imports are cointegrated with UAE and USA. Pakistan imports and exports are cointegrated with Bangladesh and Sri Lanka but not with India and China. Income and exchange rate are both important determinants of foreign trade. Continuing its trade with traditional partners and making efforts for greater market access to USA and EU, Pakistan should make efforts to increase its trade with Asian countries notably China and India because both are fast growing economies and have huge market.
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Zhang, Hai-Na. "Coupling System Dynamics Model of Cross Border Logistics and Ecological Environment Based on the Sustainable Perspective of Global Value Chain." Sustainability 15, no. 17 (August 31, 2023): 13099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151713099.
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International import and export trade, along with cross-border logistics management, plays a pivotal role in the era of globalization, driving the development of the global economy and fostering international trade prosperity. Nevertheless, the continuous growth of the global economy has also brought forth fresh challenges to the ecological environment posed by cross-border logistics activities. Against this backdrop, this paper begins by analysing the correlation between international trade and logistics activities. The study reveals a positive response relationship between the total volume of international import and export trade and cross-border logistics, demonstrating a positive correlation. Subsequently, the impact of international import and export trade, as well as cross-border logistics, on the ecological environment is discussed, underscoring the significance of implementing ecological environment monitoring. Taking into account the environmental impact of cross-border logistics activities, an integrated system is proposed and designed to enhance cross-border logistics efficiency while considering environmental protection and sustainable development. This system encompasses real-time monitoring, data collection, threat, and risk assessment. This study makes a clear contribution to research on green innovation and environmental protection within the context of cross-border logistics. It offers a different perspective on the integration of cross-border logistics management and the ecological environment, deepens understanding of environmental protection innovation strategies and cross-border logistics management from the perspective of sustainable development. Furthermore, it provides valuable management insights for related enterprises to balance development and environmental protection. Additionally, it sheds light on the international impact of import and export trade, offering crucial inspiration and theoretical references for decision-making.
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Jabłońska, Lilianna, Dominika Kowalczyk, and Dawid Olewnicki. "Polish Foreign Trade in Ornamental Nursery Plants After the Accession to the EU." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 14, no. 4 (December 31, 2014): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2014.14.4.71.
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The paper presents analyses of changes in direction and dynamics of Polish import and export of the ornamental nursery material in the years 2005-2011 as well as the turnover balance. Apart from the total turnovers these changes were investigated for particular groups of nursery plants separated by the Combined Nomenclature (CN) codes. The analysis also included the significance of these groups of plants in the entire import and export of nursery plants and also the geographical structure of import and export of each of these groups, identifying countries which are the biggest suppliers and countries which are the biggest buyers. The investigations showed the worsening of the turnover balance, the decrease of export diversification and the lack of stability in the business contacts.
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Akbar, Mohammad, and Zareen F. Naqvi. "Export Diversification and the Structural Dynamics in the Growth Process: The Case of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 39, no. 4II (December 1, 2000): 573–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v39i4iipp.573-589.
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In the present paper we have tried to examine Pakistan’s experience with exports and growth by constructing several measures of diversification and structural change in Pakistan’s exports from a dis-aggregated data over a period of 27 years (1972-73 to 1997-98). Then using these measures we have tested a number of relationships among the structure of exports, export growth, aggregate growth, and world growth. By looking at the evolution and structural change of exports by sectors over the long run, we find a number of interesting results. First, the degree of export diversification increased sharply from 1979 and continued till 1985. After 1985, and with the return of the democracy in the country. There was a marked reduction in the export diversification and it went back to pre-1979 level. Secondly, a crude association of ‘traditionality’ with primary products and ‘non-traditionality’ with manufactured exports fails to represent Pakistan’s experience. As Pakistan emerged from an import substitution period into a period of structural change and free trade, its true comparative advantage was more visibly expressed, thus some manufactured exports declined while some primary products grew. Third, the shortrun dynamics of diversification and structural change show a marked pattern. Most change in the composition of exports has taken place during periods of boom in the domestic economy but when the world economy was experiencing a relatively recessionary period.
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Ahmetshina, Liliya. "From grain to processed products: export potential and prospects." Agrarian Bulletin of the 224, no. 09 (September 27, 2022): 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2022-224-09-71-86.
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Abstract. The purpose of the study is to assess the current trends in export deliveries of grain and products of its processing, to identify opportunities and conditions for increasing the export potential of high value-added products. The main research methods were economic-statistical, tabular, graphical, comparative with subsequent generalization of data. The information base included materials from the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation, the Federal Customs Service of Russia, the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, as well as analytical reports and reports in the field of international trade in grain crops and current regulations. The scientific novelty of the study is to substantiate the feasibility and develop recommendations for increasing the production of grain processing products, substituting import supplies and expanding the export of high value-added products to the world market in the face of increased economic sanctions. The results are as follows: the place of Russia in the world market was analyzed in terms of gross yields and exports of grain crops, wheat, as a raw material for the production of final products; assessed the country's prospects for the export of grain, taking into account the instability of geopolitical and trade and economic cooperation; the volumes and structure of grain consumption in Russia are considered, the dynamics of production and export-import operations for grain processing products are studied; deterrents were identified in expanding the export potential of grain processing products, lost profits from the export of raw materials, and not finished products; recommendations are offered on priority areas that contribute to the growth in the volume of export-oriented products of grain processing, including deep processing. The high level of self-sufficiency in raw materials, the low utilization of production capacities of the food and processing industry, the ratio of export, import and domestic prices for grain processing products indicate the existing opportunities for redirecting part of the carry-over stocks and export volumes of grain for processing, import substitution and further export.