Journal articles: 'Explosives materials'

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Xie, Xing Hua, Xiao Jie Li, Shi Long Yan, Meng Wang, Ming Xu, Zhi Gang Ma, Hui Liu, and Zi Ru Guo. "Low Temperature Explosion for Nanometer Active Materials." Key Engineering Materials 324-325 (November 2006): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.324-325.193.

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This paper describes a new method for prediction of the Chapman–Jouguet detonation parameters of CaHbNcOdLieMnf explosives for mixture of some of low temperature explosion explosives at 0 = 1000 kg/m3. Explosion temperatures of water-gel explosives and explosive formulations are predicted using thermochemistry information. The methodology assumes that the heat of detonation of an explosive compound of products composition H2O–CO2–CO–Li2O–MnO2–Mn2O3 can be approximated as the difference between the heats of formation of the detonation products and that of the explosive, divided by the formula weight of the explosive. For the calculations in which the first set of decomposition products is assumed, predicted temperatures of explosion of water-gel explosives with the product H2O in the gas phase have a deviation of 153.29 K from results with the product H2O in the liquid state. Lithium and manganese oxides have been prepared by the explosion of water-gel explosives of the metal nitrates, M (NO3) x (M = Li, Mn) as oxidizers and glycol as fuels, at relative low temperature. We have also used the Dulong-Petit’s values of the specific heat for liquid phase H2O. Lithium manganese oxide powders with chrysanthemum-like morphology secondary particles, but with smaller primary particles of diameters from 5 to 30 nm and a variety of morphologies were found. The oxides produced by this cheap method affirmed the validity of explosion synthesis of nano-size materials for lithium ion batteries.

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Fawcett, HowardH. "Explosives introduction to reactive and explosive materials." Journal of Hazardous Materials 31, no. 2 (July 1992): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3894(92)85035-y.

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Ding, Wen, Tao Guo, Chong Ji, and Rui Qi Shen. "Application of Distribution of Oxygen Coefficient in Explosive Neutron Detection." Advanced Materials Research 887-888 (February 2014): 1040–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.887-888.1040.

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Oxygen coefficients of 396 explosives, including liquid and solid explosives, 177 dangerous materials, including oxidants, combustible substances, chemical hazards and narcotics, and 9 common packing materials were collected and compared. It can be seem that the explosives can be distinguished from non-explosives by oxygen coefficient with boundary 0.3 to 1.2. This result can support a convincing proof for explosive neutron detection.

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Yuanyuan, Li, Niu Yulei, Li kun, and Nan Hai. "Experimental study on internal explosion of thermobaric explosives containing metastable intermolecular composite (MIC) materials." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2478, no. 3 (June 1, 2023): 032036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2478/3/032036.

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Abstract In order to study the influence of metastable intermolecular composite (MIC) materials on the internal implosion properties of thermobaric explosive, the calorimetric bomb and closed chamber were used to measure the detonation heat, quasi-static pressure and energy impulse of five explosive formulations containing different MIC materials. Compared with the traditional aluminized warm compressed explosives, the energy release characteristics and output characteristics were analyzed. The results show that the explosive formula containing MIC material has lower detonation heat value in air and vacuum than that containing traditional Al powder; The quasi-static pressure and energy impulse of the former are higher than those of the latter, indicating that MIC materials can improve the output energy of thermobaric explosives. The results can be used to guide the formulation design of thermobaric explosives.

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Yan, Shi Long, Xing Hua Xie, and Hui Sheng Zhou. "Deflagration of Emulsion Explosive." Advanced Materials Research 1082 (December 2014): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1082.18.

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Analog emulsion explosives production, observed its detonation. Deflagration and detonation of explosives determine how the phenomenon is long plagued with explosive materials in the field of military issues directly related to the safe and efficient use of explosives, by observing the special emulsion explosive blasting product, you can visually distinguish qualitatively blasting boundaries. Emulsion explosive detonation accompanied undecomposed completely yellow mist generated, and XRD test results showed the product to an amorphous structure, with detonation products feature a clear distinction.Then the factors of hot spots generated in the production of emulsion explosives and the occurred conditions of the heat accumulation are analyzed and summarized.

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Atmiasri and Gesang Fajar Rahmawan. "EXPLOSIVE DETECTOR DESIGN TO KNOW THE EXISTENCE OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS BY COMPARING THE LARGE VALUE OF MEDNET MAGNET USING ARDUINO IN JUANDA AIRPORT AREA." BEST : Journal of Applied Electrical, Science, & Technology 2, no. 1 (August 2, 2020): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36456/best.vol2.no1.2582.

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The design of this explosive detector is an alternative low-cost explosive detector device that can detect the presence of explosives by comparing the value of the magnetic field so that an object will be known to be an explosive or not. This tool can provide additional assistance in the Juanda airport area which still rarely uses conventional explosive detector equipment because the price is still expensive. This design uses a magnetometer sensor that can calculate the magnitude of the magnetic field in the explosives and will send analog inputs in the form of voltage values to the Arduino displayed with LCD media and sound from the buzzer so that the category of explosives can be detected.

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Horváth, Tibor, and István Ember. "Characteristics of Homemade Explosive Materials and the Possibilities of their Identification." Land Forces Academy Review 26, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/raft-2021-0015.

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Abstract One of the greatest challenges for explosive ordnance disposal operators is the disarming process of an improvised explosive device. These dangerous devices are often made from homemade explosive. Committing a bomb attack in urban areas is a basic weapon of terrorists, which may claim civilians’ lives. The main aim of experts is to avoid any lethal attack and to stop terrorists who endanger our life. Identifying homemade explosives may also help during the fight against terrorism since information may be provided this way, which is essential for professionals who work in the areas of operations. Usage of high-tech equipment provides stable and reliable background in the field of explosives’ analysis.

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Xie, Xing Hua, Chun Yang Dai, and Hui Sheng Zhou. ""321" Incident Iron Ions Characteristics and Catalytic Mechanism of Thinking." Advanced Materials Research 1082 (December 2014): 395–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1082.395.

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Compatibilityand safety systems research and production equipment itself explosives mixedvehicle technology between the establishment and development of the explosionmechanism of explosive accidents and prevent the occurrence of accidentalexplosion of explosives to achieve disaster prevention and reduction, to ensurethe safety of personnel and minimize property damage. Research explosives mixedvehicle production equipment commonly used in metal and alloys in aqueousammonium nitrate system compatibility, especially at higher temperatures and avariety of elements, such as the case of explosives from the synergies toaccelerate the reaction conditions, choose good compatibility the materials toimprove the production of mixed explosive nature of car safety, to solve theproduction of explosives explosion problem.

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MYSLIBORSKYI, V. V., A. L. GANZYUK, and V. A. NETYAGA. "MEASURES OF FIRE AND EXPLOSION SAFETY OF EXPLOSIVES AND TECHNICAL MEANS DURING CARRIAGE OF FORENSIC EXPLOSION TECHNICAL EXAMINATIONS." Ukrainian Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, no. 6 (February 20, 2022): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.30838/j.bpsacea.2312.281221.54.814.

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Problem statement. Forensic explosive examination - a type of forensic examination, the subject of which is the actual data (circumstances), which are related to determining the group affiliation and a single source of explosive devices as a whole or their fragments (fragments), elements of explosive devices, explosion circumstances are established on the basis of special knowledge in the field of forensic explosives on issues raised for examination. The article is aimed at determining the main factors and causes of fires and explosions during storage, detonation of explosives, as well as provide recommendations for the use of technical means for forensic explosives. The purpose of research. To analyze the main factors and causes of fire and explosion hazard during storage, detonation of explosives, provide recommendations for the use of technical means for judicial explosives, as well as recommendations for storage of explosives. In the course of fire technical examinations and research, the following issues are resolved: where was the source of the fire; the ways in which the flames spread; what is the cause of the fire; whether the Rules of fire safety at the site were violated; whether there is a causal link between the fire and the fire condition of the facility. Conclusions. In the course of explosive examinations and research, the following issues are resolved: what is the subject submitted for research; whether the object submitted for examination is equipped with an explosive; whether the object submitted for research belongs to the category of explosive devices (ammunition); Is the explosive device detonated in this place? If so, what type of device does it belong to (what are its design features, country of manufacture, etc.); whether the objects found at the scene (in the body of the victim) are parts of an explosive device; in what way, improvised or industrial, the explosive device is made; what was the way of undermining, was used in this case; if ammunition is detonated, what type they belong to (grenades, mines, shells, etc.); whether this device can cause an explosion; whether the materials provided to the expert contain data indicating the personality traits of the manufacturer of the explosive device (professional skills, degree of knowledge of the technology of manufacture and use of explosive devices, etc.); or the same design of an improvised explosive device, parts of which were found at the scene, and a model made by a citizen. The analysis of the main factors and causes of danger during storage and detonation of explosives is carried out. Innovative developments of technical means for forensic explosive and fire technical examinations are presented, which have important practical, economic and social significance and significantly reduce the risk factors for injuries or deaths of personnel. Recommendations for the design of explosives storage facilities are provided.

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Lefferts, Merel J., and Martin R. Castell. "Vapour sensing of explosive materials." Analytical Methods 7, no. 21 (2015): 9005–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ay02262b.

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The ability to accurately and reliably detect the presence of explosives is critical in many civilian and military environments, and this is often achieved through the sensing of the vapour emitted by the explosive material. This review summarises established and recently developed detection techniques.

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Polis, Mateusz, Karolina Nikolczuk, Andrzej Maranda, Agnieszka Stolarczyk, and Tomasz Jarosz. "Theft-Safe Explosive Mixtures Based on Hydrogen Peroxide: Study of Properties and Built-In Self-Deactivation Kinetics." Materials 14, no. 19 (October 5, 2021): 5818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14195818.

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The current focus on both environmental and general safety is an important issue in the field of explosives. As such, environmentally-friendly explosives, based on hydrogen peroxide (HTP) as an oxidising agent, are of significant interest. These explosives can be designed to undergo self-deactivation, denying access to them by any unlawful third parties that may attempt scavenging blasting sites for any residual energetic materials. Such deactivation also improves blasting safety, as, after a set time, misfired charges no longer pose any explosive threat. In this work, we have designed HTP-based explosive formulations that undergo deactivation after approximately 12 h. To this effect, Al powders were used both as fuels and HTP decomposition promoters. The shock wave parameters and ability to perform mechanical work of the proposed explosive formulations are comparable to those of dynamites and bulk emulsion explosives, and the details of the changes of these parameters over time are also reported.

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Lewis, Ian R., Nelson W. Daniel, and Peter R. Griffiths. "Interpretation of Raman Spectra of Nitro-Containing Explosive Materials. Part I: Group Frequency and Structural Class Membership." Applied Spectroscopy 51, no. 12 (December 1997): 1854–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702971939686.

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Fourier transform (FT)-Raman spectroscopy has been used to obtain high-quality spectra of 32 explosive materials. The majority of the spectra of these explosives have not previously been reported. Twenty-eight of the explosives have been categorized into three classes (nitrates esters, nitro-aromatics, and nitramines) based on their chemical structure, the position of the antisymmetric and symmetric stretching vibrations of the nitro group, and the shapes of the band envelopes. The spectra of exceptional explosives are discussed in terms of their unique structures or compositions.

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Amir, Zh A., D. A. Bayseytov, S. E. Gizatova, Zh B. Kudyarova, and M. I. Tulepov. "Tests of Samples of Emulsion Explosive Senatel Magnum before and after Introduction of the Marking Composition for Explosive Properties and Safety Criteria." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 6 (June 2021): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2021-6-75-81.

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The article is devoted to testing samples of the emulsion explosive Senatel Magnum before and after the introduction of the marking composition for explosive properties and safety criteria. It was established that the mixture of marking substances, which was introduced into the composition of the emulsion explosive Senatel Magnum, does not affect its explosive properties, as well as its safety in use during operation and conduct of blasting operations, since no inconsistencies were detected during tests by the specialists of explosive materials testing laboratory of the Expert Certification Center of Explosive Materials LLP. Various dyes were selected as marking agents. This choice is due to the fact that the dyes have a relatively low price, are very common on sale, when mixed with other substances, in particular industrial explosives, are determined visually. The technology was tested related to the introduction of marking additives into the compositions of multicomponent explosives without disrupting the technological process of their manufacture. Laboratory and field studies were carried out concerning safety criteria for explosives containing a marking composition. Thus, the urgent task is to ensure the possibility of marking (tagging) industrial explosives at the stage of their production with hidden marking additives, which will allow the product itself to be identified with the help of technical means — as an explosive, and to establish the brand of the detected explosive, manufacturer, and other required information.

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Gulati, Kamal Kumar, Sanjay Gulia, Tanvi Gambhir, Nitesh Kumar, Vijayeta Gambhir, and Martha Narsi Reedy. "Standoff Detection and Identification of Explosives and Hazardous Chemicals in Simulated Real Field Scenario using Time Gated Raman Spectroscopy." Defence Science Journal 69, no. 4 (July 15, 2019): 342–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.69.13234.

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The detection of hazardous chemicals, explosives, improvised explosive materials, energetic materials and their associated compounds for security screening, forensic applications and detection of unexploded ordnance is an active area of research. The results based on comprehensive experimental study and performance of time gated Raman spectroscopy (TGRS) for stand-off detection of explosives and hazardous chemicals under realistic scenario are presented. Representative results drawn from the experimental study for detection of explosives and hazardous chemicals in simulated real field scenario are given.

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Trzcinski, T., N. Palka, and M. Szustakowski. "THz spectroscopy of explosive-related simulants and oxidizers." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences 59, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 445–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10175-011-0056-4.

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THz spectroscopy of explosive-related simulants and oxidizersIn this paper we report on measurement of spectra of commonly applied explosives, some materials which can be used for manufacture of explosive and THz simulants of explosives in transmission mode. Substances were prepared as pellets, and the measurements were performed using the Time Domain Spectroscopy system in the range 0.1-3.0 THz

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Kolesnik, V., A. Pavlychenko, T. Kholodenko, and A. Kirichenko. "Rational crushing of mineral raw materials by well charges as a factor of environmental safety of blasting works in quarries." Collection of Research Papers of the National Mining University 64 (2021): 138–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/crpnmu/64.138.

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Purpose. Improving the environmental safety of blasting operations in quarries for the extraction of non-metallic and construction materials based on their rational explosive crushing, aimed at reducing the effect of overgrinding, accompanied by the formation of fine fractions of materials and significant dust emissions. The research methodology provided a theoretical analysis of the destruction processes of a rock massif by well charges of explosives on the basis of calculations of shock adiabats of an explosive wave in rocks at different speeds of detonation of explosives. Experimental verification of the identified patterns was performed by assessing the quality of blasting by the particle size distribution of the rock in the collapse. Research results. The scientific and practical task of ensuring rational explosive crushing of materials in quarries with the use of elongated borehole charges has been solved. Mechanisms for the destruction of rock massifs and the peculiarities of the distribution of destruction zones by dispersed composition have been established, which contributes to the reduction of dust emissions into the atmosphere to an acceptable level of environmental safety of blasting operations in quarries. Comparative estimates of the shock load during the explosion of the explosive charge for the main rocks at different levels of the rate of detonation of charges are given. The dependence of the volume of overgrinding rock in the zone of its adjacency to the charge on the detonation velocity of explosives has been established. An experimental verification of the identified patterns in the current quarry by assessing the quality of blasting by the particle size distribution of rock mass in its collapse after experimental explosions with different parameters is done. Scientific novelty. The multiphase process of rock destruction by explosion was investigated by the calculated determination of the parameters of the shock adiabats of the blast wave in different rocks and at different detonation velocities of explosives. It is shown that during the destruction of a rock mass by the explosion of an elongated borehole charge of explosives, several specific zones of destruction are formed, the characteristics of which differ in particle size distribution. The area of controlled crushing is highlighted, where the intensity of rock destruction can be changed by adjusting the parameters of the explosive load and the area of little or almost unregulated crushing. The possibility of managing the process of dust formation and, accordingly, the level of environmental safety of blasting works in quarries for the extraction of non-metallic and construction materials is substantiated. Practical meaning. The identified patterns and provisions to reduce the effect of mineral overgrinding were used in the development of measures to improve the environmental safety of blasting in the quarry, which, in particular, provided an increase in well spacing in the range up to 3.0-3.4 m and reduce specific energy consumption from 1.27 g/cm3 to 0.97 g/cm3.

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Burch, Alexandra C., Matthew J. Herman, Caitlin S. Woznick, Thuy-Ai D. Nguyen, Brian L. Scott, and John D. Yeager. "High-Fidelity Mock Development for the Insensitive High Explosive TATB." Crystals 12, no. 2 (January 28, 2022): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12020192.

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Due to the violent reaction potential of high explosives, in tests where a reaction is not desired, it can be safe and convenient to use an inert mock that can mimic relevant properties of the associated explosive. Use of mock materials is well-established in explosives work, but most existing mocks are generally meant to mimic only one or two properties of a given explosive, potentially failing to match the explosive in other critical ways. Recently, there has been interest in developing robust thermomechanical mocks for many common explosives. Here, eleven materials are systematically chosen and investigated as potential thermomechanical mocks for TATB, the explosive component of PBX 9502. DSC, nanoindentation, and compression testing are used to narrow down to most appropriate mocks and identify their advantages and limitations. Hardness and elastic modulus are reported for the first time for the molecular crystals iodoanthranilic acid, hexamine, melamine, and trithiolane dioxide, and the crystal structure is reported for the first time for the molecular crystals iodoanthranilic acid and iodosalicylic acid.

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Mishnev, V. I., A. Y. Plotnikov, Al A. Galimyanov, E. N. Kazarina, An A. Galimyanov, and K. V. Gevalo. "The effect of emulsion explosives on the completeness of the detonation of the borehole charge." Mining Industry Journal (Gornay Promishlennost), no. 6/2022 (January 15, 2023): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.30686/1609-9192-2022-6-69-73.

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The input control of explosive materials and the measurement of the detonation rate of the charge are important in the production of explosive work. The detonation rate of the explosive charge, as one of its most important characteristics affecting the quality of the explosion, depends on many factors, the main of which are: the quality of preparation of explosives and their components. Incorrectly selected parameters of drilling and blasting operations and poor quality of preparation of explosives lead to a decrease in the detonation rate up to detonation failures. In turn, detonation failures lead to an increase in material costs and an increase in the risk of negative events related to safety when handling explosive materials. The correct approach to preliminary quality control with the use of appropriate measurements will improve the efficiency and safety of preparing the rock mass for excavation by drilling and blasting. The article presents a technique for measuring the detonation velocity of a borehole charge with the corresponding results and conclusions, allowing timely measures to be taken to maintain the detonation velocity of explosives at the required level.

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Zhao, Xiaohua, Gaohui Wang, Hongyuan Fang, Yong Fan, and Xueming Du. "Shock Wave Propagation Characteristics of Cylindrical Charge and Its Aspect Ratio Effects on the Damage of RC Slabs." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (July 29, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2483995.

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Antiknock research of reinforced concrete (RC) slabs is often carried out with spherical or nearly spherical explosives, although many explosives used in engineering and military are cylinder shaped. It is known that the shock wave caused by cylindrical explosives varies in different directions, which is quite different from the spherical charge. In this paper, the shock wave propagation characteristics of spherical and cylindrical explosives with different aspect ratios are compared and analyzed. The 2D numerical results show the peak overpressure from the cylindrical explosive is significantly affected by the L/D (length/diameter) ratio. Subsequently, the damage features of RC slabs under spherical and cylindrical explosives with a certain L/D ratio are investigated through an explosion experiment. Finally, the influence of the L/D ratio on the dynamic response of RC slabs under cylindrical explosives is studied by the fully coupled Euler–Lagrange method. The accuracy and reliability of the coupled model are verified by comparing the numerical with experimental results. Based on the experimental and numerical studies, it can be concluded that the explosive shape directly determines the shape of upper surface crater damage, and the spall damage area of RC slabs becomes larger as the L/D increases. For the L/D increases to a certain value, the cylindrical explosive will induce larger spall damage than that induced by spherical charge with the same amount of explosives. Hence, the effect of the cylindrical charge should be considered in the antiknock design of the RC structure.

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Fidanovski, Bojana, Danica Simić, Mirjana Dimić, and Slavica Terzić. "Differential scanning calorimetry and vacuum stability test as methods to determine explosives compatibility." Scientific Technical Review 70, no. 3 (2020): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/str2003035f.

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During production, storage and manipulation of explosive materials it is important to be able to evaluate potential risks when they come in contact with each other or with other non explosives materials. For this reason various analytical and instrumental methods are being developed and implemented to study the chemical compatibility of explosives with other materials. In this research a possibility has been examined of application of thermal method-Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Vacuum Stability Test (VST) as methods to determine the compatibility of often used explosive materials: Octogen (HMX), Pentrite (PETN) and Ammonium Perchlorate (AP) with also often used polymer materials: polyamide 12 (PA 12), Hydroxyl Terminated Polybutadiene (HTPB), fluoroelastomer (Viton A). Standard STANAG4147 was used as criteria to estimate the compatibility between the observed materials.

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Szalay, Andras, Athanasios G. Mamalis, István Zador, Achilleas K. Vortselas, and Laszlo Lukacs. "Explosive Metalworking: Experimental and Numerical Modeling Aspects." Materials Science Forum 767 (July 2013): 138–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.767.138.

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The application of the High Energy Rate Forming (HERF) represents a new paradigm in the field of production of knowledge-based more components materials: furthermore, joining by plastic deformation of the materials is carried out directly, by high speed, high energy shock waves, without using energy transforming equipment as hydraulic presses etc. The energy sources of the HERF processes are either the electrical energy stored in capacitors or chemical energy stored in the high explosives. High explosives can be utilized for many metalworking techniques; however the three main types of explosive metalworking are: Explosive welding and cladding Explosive tubeforming Explosive compaction of powders and granulates. The present work briefly introduces the principles and practices of the three main types of the explosive metalworking techniques mentioned above and discusses aspects of their numerical simulation.

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Bohanek, Vječislav, Muhamed Sućeska, Mario Dobrilović, and Philipp Hartlieb. "Effect of Confinement on Detonation Velocity and Plate Dent Test Results for ANFO Explosive." Energies 15, no. 12 (June 16, 2022): 4404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15124404.

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The detonation properties of nonideal explosives are highly dependent on charge diameter and existence and properties of confinement. In this study, the effect of different confinements on the detonation velocity of ANFO explosives was experimentally determined along with the results of the plate dent test. ANFO explosive was selected as one of the most commonly used nonideal explosives. Following the measurement results, we found that the detonation velocity increased with increasing wall thickness, and the velocity increase was different for different confinement materials. A strong correlation existed between the ratio of the mass of confiner and explosive (M/C) and the detonation velocity (R = 0.995), and between (M/C) and the depth of the dent (δ) (R = 0.975). The data presented in this paper represent preliminary findings in developing a confinement model required for reliable numerical modeling of nonideal explosives.

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FU, HUA, TAO LI, DUO-WANG TAN, and FENG ZHAO. "SHOCK HUGONIOT RELATION OF UNREACTED HETEROGENEOUS EXPLOSIVES." International Journal of Modern Physics B 25, no. 21 (August 20, 2011): 2905–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979211100527.

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There is a continuing interest in determining the characteristics of unreacted plastic bonded explosives (PBXs). In this work, a Particle Velocity Comparing Method to determine the unreacted Hugoniot of heterogeneous explosive using magnetic particle velocity gauge is described. The Hugoniot for the PBXs has been measured using flyer driven by planar wave lens. A superposition principle considering unreacted explosives as composite and porous materials is presented, the unreacted Hugoniot of explosives is calculated, and the results of calculation are compared with the experiment results.

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Gloc, Michał, Sylwia Przybysz-Gloc, Marcin Wachowski, Robert Kosturek, Rafał Lewczuk, Ireneusz Szachogłuchowicz, Paulina Paziewska, Andrzej Maranda, and Łukasz Ciupiński. "Research on Explosive Hardening of Titanium Grade 2." Materials 16, no. 2 (January 15, 2023): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16020847.

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In this investigation, three different explosive materials have been used to improve the properties of titanium grade 2: ammonal, emulsion explosives, and plastic-bonded explosives. In order to establish the influence of explosive hardening on the properties of the treated alloys, tests were conducted, including microhardness testing, microstructure analysis, and tensile and corrosion tests. It has been found that it is possible to achieve a 40% increase in tensile strength using a plastic explosive (PBX) as an explosive material. On the other hand, the impact of the shock wave slightly decreased the corrosion resistance of titanium grade 2. The change in corrosion rate is less than 0.1µm/year, which does not significantly affect the overall corrosion resistance of the material. The reduction in corrosion resistance is probably due to the surface geometry changes as a result of explosive treatment.

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Drzewiecki, Jan, Jacek Myszkowski, Andrzej Pytlik, and Mateusz Pytlik. "Testing of Confining Pressure Impacton Explosion Energy of Explosive Materials." Archives of Mining Sciences 62, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 385–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amsc-2017-0029.

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Abstract This paper presents the results of testing the explosion effects of two explosive charges placed in an environment with specified values of confining pressure. The aim of this study is to determine the impact of variable environmental conditions on the suitability of particular explosives for their use in the prevention of natural hazards in hard coal mining. The research results will contribute to improving the efficiency of currently adopted technologies of natural hazard prevention and aid in raising the level of occupational safety. To carry out the subject matter measurements, a special test stand was constructed which allows the value of the initial pressure inside the chamber, which constitutes its integral part, to be altered before the detonation of the charge being tested. The obtained characteristics of the pressure changes during the explosion of the analysed charge helped to identify the work (energy) which was produced during the process. The test results are a valuable source of information, opening up new possibilities for the use of explosives, the development of innovative solutions for the construction of explosive charges and their initiation.

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Hamada, Toru, Yuichi Nakamura, and Shigeru Itoh. "The Performance of Pressure Vessel Using Concentric Double Cylindrical High Explosive." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 126, no. 4 (November 1, 2004): 409–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1804201.

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The detonation pressure from the steady detonation of high explosives is a characteristic. Nevertheless, in materials processing using high explosives, there are cases when the detonation pressure does not match the intended pressure. In this investigation, as a new method of generating the overdriven detonation effectively, a double cylindrical high explosive set up using two kinds of explosives was developed, and its basic performance is analyzed. The concentric double cylindrical high explosive set up was composed of a high velocity explosive and a low velocity explosive, and the overdriven detonation was performed in the low velocity explosive. In this experiment, the ion gap was set up in the high velocity explosive and low velocity explosive respectively, and the detonation velocity was measured. The detonation pressure was also measured by setting up a manganin gauge (Kyowa Electric Instrument Co., Ltd.,) at the position where the generation of the overdriven detonation phenomenon was expected. Furthermore, the overdriven detonation process of the concentric double cylindrical high explosive was continually observed by numerical analysis and the framing photography. From the experimental results, the very high pressure region including the mach stem was observed in the low velocity explosive, and the overdriven detonation phenomenon was confirmed. The maximum pressure value of the concentric double cylindrical high explosive set up was 2.3 times higher than the Chapman-Jouguet pressure of the single explosive.

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Lewis, I. R., N. W. Daniel, N. C. Chaffin, P. R. Griffiths, and M. W. Tungol. "Raman spectroscopic studies of explosive materials: towards a fieldable explosives detector." Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 51, no. 12 (November 1995): 1985–2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0584-8539(95)01498-x.

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Laszlo, Robert, Edward Gheorghiousu, Stefan Ilici, Aurelian Nicola, and Stefan Usurelu. "Testing the constructive strength of a container arranged as a mobile deposit of explosive materials." MATEC Web of Conferences 373 (2022): 00058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202237300058.

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Today, due to the diversity of the conditions in which the blasting works are executed, they often require a special organization regarding the transportation and storage of the explosive goods near the blasting field. If for explosive storage arranged for long-term use such as those of the producers, there are detailed regulations regarding the constructive and security requirements that they must meet, for the temporary storage facilities, there are not enough details regarding the constructive requirements that they must comply with. One of the most important aspects taken into account when designing and arranging a mobile explosive depot is the limitation to the maximum of the dynamic action and the throw effect of pieces of material under the pression of an accidental detonation. The paper describes the results obtained after testing a container prototype designed for the storage of explosives. Following the tests performed and the evaluation of the dynamic effects of explosions inside and outside the container as well as the analysis of the measurement regarding the pressure generated by the detonation of explosive charges, it turned out that the construction and detonation behavior of the tested container complies with the purpose and safety requirements for setting up a mobile explosive depot.

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Jackson, Mark J., Jameson K. Nelson, Michael D. Whitfield, Jonathan S. Morrell, Rodney G. Handy, and Peter L. Schmidt. "Chip formation and similarity in the plano-grinding of explosive surrogates." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 232, no. 12 (January 6, 2017): 2071–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405416683972.

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The processing of polymer-bonded explosives is not widely reported in the literature, especially the machining of explosive surrogates in the combined planing and grinding operation known as plano-grinding. The process of machining long pieces of an inert substitute using a wax binder to hold sugar particles together and then subjecting the surrogate material to a linear cutting motion to generate chip fragments is described. The aim and purpose of this work is to analyze the machining of explosive surrogates in terms of chip formation models (oscillating and stress ratio models) and similarity models (chip compression ratio, Poletica, and Peclet numbers). The analysis of machining is compared to standard engineering materials so that the explosives engineer can benchmark machining performance of explosive surrogates to standard materials. The article concludes with statements on how to improve the understanding of machining of explosive surrogates with specifically engineered abrasive cutting tools.

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Demattè, R., L. Michael, and N. Nikiforakis. "Reacting condensed phase explosives in direct contact." Journal of Applied Physics 131, no. 9 (March 7, 2022): 095901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0075851.

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In this article, we present a new formulation and an associated algorithm for the simultaneous numerical simulation of multiple condensed phase explosives in direct contact with each other, which may also be confined by (or interacting with one or more) compliant inert materials. Examples include composite rate-stick (i.e., involving two explosives in contact) problems, interaction of shock waves with chemically active particles in condensed-phase explosives, and devices such as detonators and boosters. There are several formulations that address the compliant or structural response of confiners and particles due to detonations, but the direct interaction of explosives remains a challenge for most formulations and algorithms. The proposed formulation addresses this problem by extending the conservation laws and mixture rules of an existing hybrid formulation (suitable for solving problems involving the coexistence of reactants and products in an explosive mixture and its immiscible interaction with inert materials) to model the interaction of multiple explosive mixtures. An algorithm for the solution of the resulting system of partial differential equations is presented, which includes a new robust method for the retrieval of the densities of the constituents of each explosive mixture. This is achieved by means of a multi-dimensional root-finding algorithm, which employs physical as well as mathematical considerations in order to converge to the correct solution. The algorithm is implemented in a hierarchical adaptive mesh refinement framework and validated against results from problems with known solutions. Additional case studies demonstrate that the method can simulate the interaction of detonation waves produced by military grade and commercial explosives in direct contact, each with its own distinct equation of state and reaction rate law.

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Xie, Guanshun, and Bingxin Liu. "Fingerprinting of Nitroaromatic Explosives Realized by Aphen-functionalized Titanium Dioxide." Sensors 19, no. 10 (May 27, 2019): 2407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19102407.

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Developing sensing materials for military explosives and improvised explosive precursors is of great significance to maintaining homeland security. 5-Nitro-1,10-phenanthroline (Aphen)-modified TiO2 nanospheres are prepared though coordination interactions, which broaden the absorption band edge of TiO2 and shift it to the visible region. A sensor array based on an individual TiO2/Aphen sensor is constructed by regulating the excitation wavelength (365 nm, 450 nm, 550 nm). TiO2/Aphen shows significant response to nitroaromatic explosives since the Aphen capped on the surface of TiO2 can chemically recognize and absorb nitroaromatic explosives by the formation of the corresponding Meisenheimer complex. The photocatalytic mechanism is proved to be the primary sensing mechanism after anchoring nitroaromatic explosives to TiO2. The fingerprint patterns obtained by combining kinetics and thermodynamics validated that the single TiO2/Aphen sensor can identify at least six nitroaromatic explosives and improvised explosives within 8 s and the biggest response reaches 80%. Furthermore, the TiO2/Aphen may allow the contactless detection of various explosives, which is of great significance to maintaining homeland security.

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Itoh, S., Z. Liu, and Y. Nadamitsu. "An Investigation on the Properties of Underwater Shock Waves Generated in Underwater Explosions of High Explosives." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 119, no. 4 (November 1, 1997): 498–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2842336.

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A cylinder expansion test for high explosives was carried out to determine JWL parameters. Using the JWL parameters, we carried out numerical simulations of the underwater shock waves generated by the underwater explosion of the high explosives. Our results showed that the behavior of the underwater shock waves at the vicinity of the explosives differs greatly from that far from the explosives. Especially, the strength of the underwater shock wave nearby the explosive rapidly decreases due to the effect of the expansion of the gas products.

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Xi, Peng, Shiyan Sun, Yu Shang, Xiaofeng Wang, Jun Dong, and Xuesong Feng. "Internal Explosion Performance of RDX@Nano-B Composite Explosives." Nanomaterials 13, no. 3 (January 19, 2023): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13030412.

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Boron powder is an additive for metalized explosives with great application potential. To improve the energy release ability of boron powder, the composites of RDX and nano-boron (RDX@Nano-B) were prepared by the spray-drying process, and the metalized explosives based on it were designed (named PBX-B1). The detonation heat and explosion pressure of boron-containing explosives PBX-B1 under vacuum and air conditions were measured and analyzed by an internal explosion test. On the other hand, the equilibrium pressure and energy release of the PBX-B1 explosive system after detonation were analyzed and compared with that of an explosive formulation of the same composition (named PBX-B2). Results showed that the detonation heat of PBX-B1 was 7456 J/g in a vacuum environment, which was 34.8% higher than that of RDX (5530 J/g). However, in the air environment, the detonation heat of PBX-B1 increased by 19.2% compared with that in the vacuum environment, and the explosive gas products mainly included N2, NOx, CO, H2O, CH4, HCN, and CO2. The peak pressure and equilibrium pressures of PBX-B1 were 11.2 and 0.42 MPa, which were increased by 155% and 75% compared with the vacuum environment, respectively. It is worth noting that, compared with that of PBX-B2, the released energy in the aerobic combustion stage and equilibrium pressure of PBX-B1 were increased by 49.8% and 10.5%. This study demonstrated the strategy of improving the energy release of boron-containing metalized explosives through the design of an explosive microstructure, which provides important clues for the design of higher-energy metalized explosives.

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Upadhyay, Himali. "Forensic Detection of 1,3- dinitrobenzene with Dipyrene Oxacalixarene(DPOC)." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 6 (June 30, 2023): 2560–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.54103.

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Abstract: Crime related to explosive and explosive related components are increasing rapidly. To combat the devastating effects of global terrorism, the detection of explosives and explosive-related materials is presently one of the most pressing global concerns. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the development of fluorescence-based chemical sensors for the recognition of explosives in the solid, solution, and vapor phases, with improved sensitivity, selectivity, and response speed. Quick, sensitive and selective detection of explosive is very much important in nowadays. In this paper, DPOC molecule is synthesized and characterize for detection of 1,3- dinitrobenzene. Detection limit is 7 µM. This method can be a good alternative for on-site detection of 1,3- dinitrobenzene at crime scene.

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Kalderis, Dimitrios, Albert L. Juhasz, Raj Boopathy, and Steve Comfort. "Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 83, no. 7 (May 7, 2011): 1407–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-rep-10-01-05.

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An explosion occurs when a large amount of energy is suddenly released. This energy may come from an over-pressurized steam boiler, from the products of a chemical reaction involving explosive materials, or from a nuclear reaction that is uncontrolled. In order for an explosion to occur, there must be a local accumulation of energy at the site of the explosion, which is suddenly released. This release of energy can be dissipated as blast waves, propulsion of debris, or by the emission of thermal and ionizing radiation. Modern explosives or energetic materials are nitrogen-containing organic compounds with the potential for self-oxidation to small gaseous molecules (N2, H2O, and CO2). Explosives are classified as primary or secondary based on their susceptibility of initiation. Primary explosives are highly susceptible to initiation and are often used to ignite secondary explosives, such as TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene), RDX (1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine), HMX (1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane), and tetryl (N-methyl-N-2,4,6-tetranitro-aniline).

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Wang, Chuan-hao, Shu-shan Wang, and Jing-xiao Zhang. "Pressure Load Characteristics of Nonideal Explosives in a Simulation Cabin." Shock and Vibration 2019 (September 24, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6862134.

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In this study, an aluminum-containing charge was exploded in an enclosed simulation cabin to explore the characteristics of two types of damaging pressure loads formed by internal explosions: the first incident shock wave and the quasistatic pressure. A high-frequency piezoelectric sensor was used to measure the first incident shock wave and a low-frequency piezoresistive sensor was used to measure the quasistatic pressure. After obtaining effective experimental data, the experimental results were compared with the values obtained by the classical calculation model. The results show that the pressure loads generated by the internal explosions from the ideal explosive and the aluminum-containing explosive share similar load characteristics, given the same mass and benchmark explosive. The difference between the two explosives primarily lies in the amplitude of the load parameters. The aluminum-containing explosive has lower first incident shock wave and higher quasistatic pressure than that of the ideal explosive. For the peak overpressure of the first incident shock wave, the explosion shock wave load parameters of the aluminum-containing explosive, which are calculated based on the explosion heat theory, are higher than the measured values. The peak quasistatic overpressure is directly related to the total energy released by the explosion; however, they are hardly correlated with the reaction process. Therefore, the aerobic postcombustion reaction of the aluminum-containing explosive does not affect the analysis and calculation of the peak quasistatic overpressure. As a result, given the heat value of the explosive, the peak quasistatic overpressure of the explosive can accurately be obtained.

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REĆKO, Judyta. "CHARACTERIZATION OF TERRORISTIC EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS AND RELATED PROBLEMS." PROBLEMY TECHNIKI UZBROJENIA 161, no. 3 (November 29, 2022): 91–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.1164.

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Improvised Explosives Devices (IEDs) are a lethal threat to soldiers in hostilities. Until now, their use has been characteristic of the military conflict in Iraq and Afghanistan. Currently, IEDs are also used in the war in Ukraine. Their popularity is mainly due to easy access to explosives and pyrotechnics (e.g. from unexploded bombs), and chemical reagents, as well as specialistic knowledge that can be obtained online. These factors contribute to creation of effective means of combat, capable of destroying manpower and enemy's military equipment at a minimal cost and amount of work. Currently, problem of improvised explosives is particularly serious due to the fact that virtually everyone is able to make high-energy materials at home, using commercially available chemical reagents or obtaining them from unexploded explosives, and using simple tools. The matter is further complicated by the fact that, as a result of experiments, newer and newer explosives are created in "home laboratories". Those explosives are not yet widely known and tested, which increases the risk associated with IED. In this article, explosives used by terrorist groups and amateurs of pyrotechnics have been analyzed and characterized. The problem of universal access to knowledge and materials necessary to construct explosives was also discussed.

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Wang, Zi, Xinghua Xie, Xiangdong Meng, Weiguo Wang, and Jiahua Yang. "Nanometer battery materials from explosives." Ferroelectrics 607, no. 1 (April 26, 2023): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150193.2023.2198381.

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Biegańska, Jolanta, and Krzysztof Barański. "Thermodynamic Analysis of the Possibility of Using Biomass as a Component of High-Energy Materials." Energies 15, no. 15 (August 3, 2022): 5624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155624.

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One of the unconventional, innovative ways of using biomass is using it as a component of high-energy material. According to conceptual assumptions, biomass can act as an energy carrier in modified high-energy materials-explosives (EX). Modification of the composition of the explosive requires the development of a method of introducing an additional component and changes its explosive and operational parameters (including safety). Thermodynamic calculation programs allow you to model the predicted energetic parameters of an explosive in order to select prospective compositions without the need to carry out a large number of costly and time-consuming field tests. This enables more effective design of new explosives compositions by narrowing down the scope of field tests using the “in situ” method. The use of renewable biomass as a corrector of EX properties may be a pro-environmental approach and reduces the production costs of the product. The thermodynamic simulations performed showed that, in the case of an appropriate proportion of ingredients, comparable and better energy properties were obtained in relation to the base composition. Moreover, the qualitative analysis of the sub-detonation products did not reveal the emission of additional gaseous components harmful to the environment compared to the reference explosive.

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PUCKRIN, ELDON, JEAN-MARC THÉRIAULT, HUGO LAVOIE, DENIS DUBÉ, and PATRICK BROUSSEAU. "NOVEL APPLICATION OF PASSIVE STANDOFF RADIOMETRY FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF EXPLOSIVES." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 18, no. 02 (June 2008): 307–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156408005369.

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The objective of this paper is to show that explosives may potentially be detected by passive standoff FTIR radiometry. It is demonstrated that many explosives exhibit a signature (fingerprint) in the longwave infrared (LWIR) region (i.e., 8 – 14 μm). Simulations using the radiative transfer model, MODTRAN4, clearly suggest that such materials can be identified when a thermal contrast exists between the material and its environment. The explosives considered in this study include octogen (HMX), trinitrotoluene (TNT), cyclonite (RDX), and the plastic explosives, C-4 and Detasheet-C. In addition, passive FTIR measurements of HMX have been performed in the field at standoff distances up to 60 m. The development of a passive standoff detection capability based on FTIR radiometry may be a potentially useful addition to the arsenal of measurement techniques that currently exist for the detection and identification of explosive threats.

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Bayseytov, D. A., A. A. Prikhodko, B. Zh Shirinbekova, B. U. Bayzakova, and E. L. Iovleva. "Chemical Marking of Explosives to Improve the Safety of Blasting Operations." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 2 (February 2023): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2023-2-48-54.

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The article is devoted to the development of a marking composition for industrial explosives to improve the safety of blasting. Polymethylsiloxane liquids of PMS-10 and PMX-200 grades were chosen as a marker-identifier of industrial explosives, which can be identified even after the explosion by residual fragments of soil or other materials from the epicenter of the explosion. Polymethylsiloxane fluids are very heat-resistant, the combustion process takes place with great difficulty, they are little affected by the aquatic environment, most chemical and physical factors that destroy ordinary organic materials. The experiments were carried out to determine the physicochemical parameters of polymethylsiloxane liquids PMS-10 and PMX-200. Based on these results, the polymethylsiloxane liquid PMX-200 with linear chains was chosen as a marking additive in the composition of explosives. It is able to withstand a higher-temperature effect than the PMS-10 polymethylsigsane fluid, and will be less disintegrate, and interact with the products of the explosion. The SIM-K marker, made on the basis of polymethylsiloxane liquid PMX-200, was developed, which allows to visualize the explosive and determine the required identification information. At the technological plant of Orika-Kazakhstan JSC, without disturbing the technological process, a marking composition was introduced into the ANFO explosive by drop spraying. Field tests of the ANFO explosive with a marking composition based on PMX-200 polymethylsiloxane liquid were carried out. The technology was tested related to introduction of marking additives into the compositions of multicomponent explosives without violating the technological process of their manufacture.

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Savaş, Sedat, and Dursun Bakir. "An experimental study on the blast responses of hollow core concrete slabs to contact explosions." Revista de la construcción 21, no. 3 (2022): 587–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/rdlc.21.3.587.

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Measures taken against preventing damages in structures against explosive load are a popular matter of investigation among researchers. Generally, numerous studies were conducted on reinforcement materials for outer surfaces, reinforcement design, and utilizing fibers produced from various materials. In this study, a hollow-core slab was manufactured with concrete, which had a regular strength, and a design that discharged the explosive energy upon contact explosion via the hollow cores of the slabs and prevented the redirection of the explosive energy to the area below the slabs was investigated. Because the hollow-core slab in the study did not have any lateral reinforcement, the utilization of the tensile strength of the concrete proved advantageous. For this purpose, in the experimental tests of the study, contact explosions were conducted on hollow-core slabs with hollow diameters of 14 cm for each core. Before the explosion tests, the TNT equivalent of 910gr explosive was determined by performing the TNT equivalent tests. In the explosion tests of prepared hollow core concrete slabs, 125 gr, 250 gr, 375 gr, and 500 gr dynamites were used as the explosive materials. In conclusion, the explosive loads that the slabs could withstand were calculated and various slabs with distinctive hollow-core diameters were determined depending on the amount of the explosives.

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Morgan, Mark E., and Paul L. Miller. "RECYCLING PROPELLANTS AND EXPLOSIVES INTO THE COMMERCIAL EXPLOSIVE INDUSTRY." International Journal of Energetic Materials and Chemical Propulsion 4, no. 1-6 (1997): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/intjenergeticmaterialschemprop.v4.i1-6.230.

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Xue, Bing, Hong Hao Ma, Zhao Wu Shen, Yong Yu, and Li Jie Ren. "Study on Ball Milling of TiH₂ and Application in Energetic Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 599-601 (August 2014): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.599-601.107.

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Particle distribution of titanium hydride (TiH2) during the ball mill process was studied by milling it with different time. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) pictures showed that particle size decreased quickly at the initial stage, and homogeneous, super fine TiH2 powder was obtained after 4 h mill. Application of TiH2 in energetic materials was investigated by preparation of TiH2/RDX composite explosive and measuring the detonation speed. Results showed that detonation speed of TiH2/RDX explosive was depended on the content and particle size of TiH2. TiH2 is a potential additive in high explosives (HE).

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Zhang, Kun, Xuesong Feng, Juan Zhao, Bo Feng, Xiao jun Feng, and Xiaofeng Wang. "Effect of Aluminum Powder Content on Air Blast Performance of RDX-Based Explosive Grenade Charge." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (January 22, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1751182.

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For aluminized explosive, the charge performance of explosive grenade is very significant for promoting their application. Firstly, the detonation performance of cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) based explosives with different aluminum powder (0%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, and 40%, respectively) content was investigated. Next, the air blast tests of RDX-based aluminized explosives were carried out. Then, RDX-based explosive grenade charges of L-1 and L-2 where the aluminum powder content was 20% and 25% were selected for air blast and static blasting fragments velocity tests. Finally, the energy release mechanism of the air blast was deduced via calculation. The results show that RDX-based aluminized explosives have higher detonation heat, detonation velocity, and detonation volume when the aluminum powder content is 20%, and the shock wave over pressure as well as impulse keep a high level at the same time within 4.5 m. The air blast performance of L-1 is better than L-2 within 2.2 m. As the distance increases, the air blast energy of L-1 is mainly used for shell rupture and fragment acceleration, while the contribution of L-2 is less than that of L-1. This study demonstrated that the explosion power of RDX-based explosive grenade charge is the most powerful where the content of aluminum powder is about 20%.

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Mastrikov, Yuri A., Roman Tsyshevsky, Fenggong Wang, and Maija M. Kuklja. "Recruiting Perovskites to Degrade Toxic Trinitrotoluene." Materials 14, no. 23 (December 2, 2021): 7387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14237387.

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Everybody knows TNT, the most widely used explosive material and a universal measure of the destructiveness of explosions. A long history of use and extensive manufacture of toxic TNT leads to the accumulation of these materials in soil and groundwater, which is a significant concern for environmental safety and sustainability. Reliable and cost-efficient technologies for removing or detoxifying TNT from the environment are lacking. Despite the extreme urgency, this remains an outstanding challenge that often goes unnoticed. We report here that highly controlled energy release from explosive molecules can be accomplished rather easily by preparing TNT–perovskite mixtures with a tailored perovskite surface morphology at ambient conditions. These results offer new insight into understanding the sensitivity of high explosives to detonation initiation and enable many novel applications, such as new concepts in harvesting and converting chemical energy, the design of new, improved energetics with tunable characteristics, the development of powerful fuels and miniaturized detonators, and new ways for eliminating toxins from land and water.

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KRYSIŃSKI, Bogdan, and Judyta REĆKO. "PROPOSALS REDUCING POSSIBILITIES OF UNAUTHORISED ACQUISITION OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS." PROBLEMY TECHNIKI UZBROJENIA 163, no. 1 (May 12, 2023): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.5920.

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Terrorist attacks using explosives are one of the main forms of action by terrorist groups. Actions taken by individual countries and by international organizations partially restricted access to products used for making the explosives. However, direct access to existing explosives has not been effectively resolved to date. The article proposes measures to significantly reduce this access and identifies specific solutions.

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Liu, Hua Ning, Yu Zheng, Jian Bo Liu, and Wen Bin Li. "The Effect of Tube Materials on Metal Jet Initiating the Confined Composition B." Advanced Materials Research 1014 (July 2014): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1014.175.

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The implementation and validation of a numerical model of the confined Composition B initiated by a metal jet has been studied by AUTODYN-2D. Two different tube thicknesses were used representing strong and weak confinement initiating system. In another contrast, various materials such as Nylon, St45 and Tungsten alloy were adopted to investigate the influence of tube yield stress on the confined explosives initiation behaviour. The results show that, in both cases, the confined explosive is always more likely to be initiated than bare explosive, and the explosive initiation probability increases with the tube thickness and yield stress. The run to detonation generally increases with the increasing lateral confining strength, but decreasing jet tip velocity.

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Zhang, Xueli, and Xuedong Gong. "A computational study on new oxidizers as replacements for ammonium perchlorate: tetranitroacetimidic acid and tetranitroacetamide." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 95, no. 2 (February 2017): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2016-0468.

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High energetic materials tetranitroacetimidic acid (TNAA) and tetranitroacetamide (NTNAA) with positive oxygen balance (OB = 30%) are highly potential replacements for ammonium perchlorate (AP). Tautomerization from TNAA to NTNAA is feasible, reflected by the activation energy of 160.2∼170.0 kJ/mol. No transition state appears on the C–NO2 bond breaking, which triggers pyrolysis of two compounds. The C–NO2 bond dissociation energies are 116.1∼167.2 kJ/mol and 120.4∼174.6 kJ/mol for TNAA and NTNAA, respectively. The chemical stabilities of TNAA and NTNAA are higher than that of the insensitive explosive 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene. TNAA and NTNAA possess lower impact sensitivities (h50 ≥ 77.51 cm) than AP does. Detonation properties of the composite explosives containing TNAA or NTNAA are comparable with that of the composite explosives containing AP. The acceptable stabilities, highly positive OB, environmentally friendly decomposition products, and the comparable ability to improve detonation performance of composite explosives show that TNAA and NTNAA are potential replacements for AP as an oxidizer used in composite explosives.

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Zhang, Wei, Yue Tang, Anran Shi, Lirong Bao, Yun Shen, Ruiqi Shen, and Yinghua Ye. "Recent Developments in Spectroscopic Techniques for the Detection of Explosives." Materials 11, no. 8 (August 6, 2018): 1364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11081364.

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Trace detection of explosives has been an ongoing challenge for decades and has become one of several critical problems in defense science; public safety; and global counter-terrorism. As a result, there is a growing interest in employing a wide variety of approaches to detect trace explosive residues. Spectroscopy-based techniques play an irreplaceable role for the detection of energetic substances due to the advantages of rapid, automatic, and non-contact. The present work provides a comprehensive review of the advances made over the past few years in the fields of the applications of terahertz (THz) spectroscopy; laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), Raman spectroscopy; and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) for trace explosives detection. Furthermore, the advantages and limitations of various spectroscopy-based detection techniques are summarized. Finally, the future development for the detection of explosives is discussed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Explosives materials'

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