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1
Zhou, Hui Sheng, Xing Hua Xie, Shao Bo Yan, and Zeng Yuan Li. "Ceramic Oxides from Liquid Explosive Reaction." Key Engineering Materials 807 (June 2019): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.807.176.
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This investigation promotes the design of emulsion explosives and the development of detonation theory on a microscale. As the total composition of oxidizing and reducing elements of the reactants leave related to the thermochemistry of the system, the computational details of predicting the temperatures of detonation were introduced. It was found that a significant improvement was achieved in the emulsion explosives with an aquiferous system. An improvement in the detonation synthesis of nanolithium and zinc oxides is due to the formation of an activated matrix of the metal nitrates’ oxidizer with the corresponding fuel. Temperatures of detonation of emulsion explosives and explosive formulations are predicted using thermochemistry information. The methodology assumes that the heat of detonation of an explosive compound of composition CaHbNcOdLieZnf can be approximated as the difference between the heats of formation of the detonation products and that of the explosive, divided by the formula weight of the explosive. For the calculations in which the first set of decomposition products is assumed, predicted temperatures of detonation of emulsion explosives with the product H2O in the gas phase have a deviation of 413.66 K from results with the product H2O in the liquid state. Fine-particle lithium and zinc oxides have been prepared by the detonation of emulsion explosives of the metal nitrates, M (NO3) x (M = Li, Zn) as oxidizers and paraffine as fuels, at high temperature and short reaction time. The detonation products were identified from X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) patterns, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements. XRD analysis shows that nanoparticles of lithium and zinc oxides can be produced from detonation of emulsion explosives due to fast quenching as well as appropriate detonation velocity and temperature.
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Štimac Tumara, Barbara, Mario Dobrilović, Vinko Škrlec, and Muhamed Sućeska. "Determination of detonation front curvature radius of ANFO explosives and its importance in numerical modelling of detonation with the Wood-Kirkwood model." Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik 38, no. 2 (2022): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.17794/rgn2022.2.9.
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Unlike most military high explosives, which are characterized by an almost plane detonation front, ammonium nitratebased commercial explosives, such as ANFO (ammonium nitrate/fuel oil mixture) and emulsion explosives, are characterized by a curved detonation front. The curvature is directly related to the rate of radial expansion of detonation products in the detonation driving zone and the rate of chemical reactions, and it is one of the characteristics of nonideal explosives. The detonation theories used to model the nonideal behaviour of explosives require both reaction rate and rate of radial expansion to be known/specified as input data. Unfortunately, neither can be measured and what is mostly used is a link between these rates and parameters which can be more easily measured. In this paper, the Wood-Kirkwood approach of determination of radial expansion through the radius of detonation front curvature and the electro-optical technique for experimental determination of detonation front curvature of ANFO explosives is applied. It was shown that an experimentally determined radius of detonation front curvature vs charge diameter, incorporated in the Wood-Kirkwood detonation theory, can satisfactorily reproduce experimental detonation velocity-charge diameter data for ANFO explosives, especially when the pressure-based reaction rate law is also calibrated (D=1.3 and k=0.06 1/(μs/GPaD)).
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Bajcar, Marcin, Bogdan Saletnik, Grzegorz Zaguła, and Czesław Puchalski. "Analysis of the Effect of the Biomass Torrefaction Process on Selected Parameters of Dust Explosivity." Molecules 25, no. 15 (August 1, 2020): 3525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25153525.
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This article presents the findings of a study investigating the explosion and combustion parameters of dust from the raw biomass of wheat straw and energy willow and from the products of biomass torrefaction generated at temperatures ranging from 220 to 300 °C. Agricultural waste and energy crops and their modifications, e.g., in the torrefaction process, did not find a place in explosive risk research, which the authors decided to present in their work. The study was designed to estimate explosion hazard during the processing of the materials into fuels and during the storage process. The measurements recorded a maximum explosion pressure Pmax in the case of dust from biomass ranging from 7.2 to 7.3 bar and for dust from torrefied materials amounting to 7.5–9.2 bar, and a maximum rate of pressure rise over time (dp/dt)max in raw biomass ranging from 201.4 to 261.3 bar/s and in torrefied materials amounting to 209.6–296.6 bar/s. The estimated explosion index Kstmax for raw biomass was 55–72 m*bar/s and for torrefied materials was in the range from 57 to 81 m*bar/s. In the results, the authors present values for specific types of fuel which differ significantly depending on the type of biomass. The research findings show that the torrefaction process used in fuel production is not associated with a significantly greater risk of explosion and the materials obtained may safely be used as an alternative to conventional solid fuels. Given the growing interest in the use of biomass and in the variety of biomass processing methods for energy-related purposes, it seems there is a need for research to develop appropriate guidelines and for effective practices to be introduced in the energy industry in order to ensure the safety of the processes used in the production of novel fuels especially in small installations converting these materials into more efficient energy material.
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Motrichuk, R., O. Kyrychenko, O. Dibrova, V. Vashchenko, and S. Kolinko. "THE RESEARCH OF IGNITION AND COMBUSTION OF ALUMINUM AND MAGNESIUM ALLOYS IN THE PRODUCTS OF DECOMPOSITION OF SOLID PYROTECHNICAL FUELS." Scientific bulletin: Сivil protection and fire safety 1, no. 2 (February 18, 2020): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33269/nvcz.2019.2.81-85.
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The results of experimental research of processes of ignition and combustion of particles of aluminum and magnesium alloys in gaseous purges of high-temperature decomposition of solid pyrotechnic fuels leading to their fire explosive hazardous development are presented. The relevance of these research is due to the wide scope of application of pyrotechnic products based on pyrotechnic mixtures of powders of aluminum-magnesium alloys with additives of organic substances, in particular applications in military technology and use in various industries related to the rotation of solid pyrotechnic equipment. Accordingly, in case of fire at facilities where pyrotechnic products are kept or during their transportation there exists the risk of ignition of pyrotechnic mixtures with different acceleration of their subsequent combustion process and destruction of the pyrotechnic products. As a result, high-temperature combustion products are formed, which are fire hazardous to the surrounding environment.
Based on the foregoing, it is necessary to obtain data on the regularities of ignition and combustion particles of aluminum-magnesium alloys, which determines the ability to predict the properties of fire hazard pyrotechnic mixtures. As a result of conducted research, data on the ignition and combustion of particles of aluminum-magnesium alloys was obtained, in particular, the dependence of the delay time of the particles of aluminum-magnesium alloys on their chemical composition was obtained, the data on the process of combustion of particles of aluminum-magnesium alloys was obtained, the data on the effect of additives to aluminum-magnesium alloys was obtained.
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Xie, Xing Hua, Xiao Jie Li, Shi Long Yan, Meng Wang, Ming Xu, Zhi Gang Ma, Hui Liu, and Zi Ru Guo. "Low Temperature Explosion for Nanometer Active Materials." Key Engineering Materials 324-325 (November 2006): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.324-325.193.
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This paper describes a new method for prediction of the Chapman–Jouguet detonation parameters of CaHbNcOdLieMnf explosives for mixture of some of low temperature explosion explosives at 0 = 1000 kg/m3. Explosion temperatures of water-gel explosives and explosive formulations are predicted using thermochemistry information. The methodology assumes that the heat of detonation of an explosive compound of products composition H2O–CO2–CO–Li2O–MnO2–Mn2O3 can be approximated as the difference between the heats of formation of the detonation products and that of the explosive, divided by the formula weight of the explosive. For the calculations in which the first set of decomposition products is assumed, predicted temperatures of explosion of water-gel explosives with the product H2O in the gas phase have a deviation of 153.29 K from results with the product H2O in the liquid state. Lithium and manganese oxides have been prepared by the explosion of water-gel explosives of the metal nitrates, M (NO3) x (M = Li, Mn) as oxidizers and glycol as fuels, at relative low temperature. We have also used the Dulong-Petit’s values of the specific heat for liquid phase H2O. Lithium manganese oxide powders with chrysanthemum-like morphology secondary particles, but with smaller primary particles of diameters from 5 to 30 nm and a variety of morphologies were found. The oxides produced by this cheap method affirmed the validity of explosion synthesis of nano-size materials for lithium ion batteries.
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Viktorov, S. D., A. E. Frantov, and I. N. Lapikov. "Development of the Potential for the Cheap Explosives in Russia." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 8 (August 2021): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2021-8-7-14.
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The most accessible and popular means of destruction of rocks, which are used in the extraction of ores, non-metallic minerals, mining and chemical raw materials, are the cheap explosives, in the Russian technical literature called granulites or AS-DT, in the foreign — ANFO. The article presents the research carried out to improve the formulation and explosive properties of granulites A6, Igdanit, Igdanit-P, A3. They are aimed at using the modern raw material base, increasing the efficiency of blasting, the safety of manufacturing and loading drill holes and boreholes, maintaining a balanced composition, and preserving physical stability, providing energy potential with secondary aluminum additives. Further development of granulites is aimed at creating a line of formulations using saltpeter with variable technical parameters, mixed fuels in the form of liquid (waste oil products, fuel mixtures, diesel fuel) and solid (coal powder, coke fines, rubber crumbs) phases. Based on the use of the cheap explosives in the formulation of recycling materials formed at the mining enterprises, blasting technologies are being improved, and mixing and charging equipment is being developed. The proposed approaches are aimed at maintaining high technical and economic indicators of the use of explosives, ensuring the stationarity of the explosive process and the completeness of detonation of granulites reducing the sensitivity to mechanical and thermal influences, and maintaining susceptibility to initiation by practical means of an explosive pulse. When compiling the new formulations of granulites to reduce production costs, it is proposed to use the most economical types of oxidants and fuels with ensuring quality control of mixing components with different technological properties and conditioning the temperature-viscosity properties of the waste oil products.
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Yan, Shi Long, Xing Hua Xie, and Hui Sheng Zhou. "Deflagration of Emulsion Explosive." Advanced Materials Research 1082 (December 2014): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1082.18.
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Analog emulsion explosives production, observed its detonation. Deflagration and detonation of explosives determine how the phenomenon is long plagued with explosive materials in the field of military issues directly related to the safe and efficient use of explosives, by observing the special emulsion explosive blasting product, you can visually distinguish qualitatively blasting boundaries. Emulsion explosive detonation accompanied undecomposed completely yellow mist generated, and XRD test results showed the product to an amorphous structure, with detonation products feature a clear distinction.Then the factors of hot spots generated in the production of emulsion explosives and the occurred conditions of the heat accumulation are analyzed and summarized.
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Akinin, N. I., A. S. Garmashov, and D. I. Mikheev. "Ecotoxicity Assessment of the Industrial Explosives Explosion Products." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 2 (February 2021): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2021-2-36-40.
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The statistics is presented in the article concerning the industrial explosives consumption in the world and in the Russian Federation, based on which it is possible to estimate the scale of emission of toxic gaseous explosion products into the environment. The mechanism of formation of gaseous explosion products depending on the oxygen balance of the mixed ammonium nitrate explosive is briefly outlined. In the methodological part of the work, an overview is made related to some computational methods for determining the qualitative and quantitative compositions of gaseous explosion products of industrial explosives based on ammonium nitrate. The main regularities of the influence of physical and physicochemical factors surrounding the charge of an industrial explosive on the formation of toxic gaseous explosion products are described. Computational part of the work is a description of the calculation parameters and the used software packages Shock and Detonation and Real, and the tabulated results of the calculations in comparison with the experimental data obtained from the literature sources. When discussing the results, it is shown that using theoretical calculation methods, only an approximate estimate (with an error of more than 32 %) of the qualitative and quantitative compositions of gaseous explosion products is possible. Doubt is expressed about the conversion coefficient of the concentration of nitrogen oxides to the conditional carbon monoxide-6.5, which is adopted for use in the calculations without substantiating the reasons. It is concluded that only computational methods for determining the composition of gaseous explosion products are available, the results of which are far from reality, and experimental methods are only partially close to the real conditions, respectively, it is required to develop new computational methods. It is noted that the prospect for the development of this topic is the creation of a new computational software package based on the experimental data.
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Damdinsuren, Erdenechimeg. "Automation of Producing Explosives for Mining Industry." Applied Mechanics and Materials 513-517 (February 2014): 4378–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.513-517.4378.
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Mining industry is growing rapidly during the last few years. It shows that the use of explosives is a crucial part mining industry explosion and drilling costs take about 40% of all mining related expenditure. Cost effective explosion procurement and services will help mining industry to save time and money. This process demands the automation of the production of explosives with the goal to save time and manufacture safe and reliable products. This article provides an overview of creating an automated system design for emulsification by using technology of proportionally mixed liquid.
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Permana, Sidik, Novi Trian, Abdul Waris, Su'ud Zaki, I. Mail, and Mitsutoshi Suzuki. "Irradiation and Cooling Process Effects on Material Barrier Analysis Based on Plutonium Composition of LWR." Advanced Materials Research 772 (September 2013): 513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.772.513.
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Nuclear fuel utilization program from front-end up to back-end processes especially spent fuel management have been monitored and safeguarded by the IAEA in order to ensure the utilization of nuclear fuels from all nuclear facilities including nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities are dedicated only for civil and peaceful purposes. Nuclear fuel production processes including reactor criticality condition is one of the major topics in term of nuclear fuel sustainability which related to energy security issues. Meanwhile, reduction level or preventing processes of nuclear fuel utilization from its potential risk from nuclear explosive purposes should be also strengthened and prioritized. To increase the intrinsic proliferation resistance of nuclear fuel, one of the potential ways is by increasing the material barrier level such as isotopic barrier. In case of plutonium, increasing the intrinsic properties of plutonium isotopes can be used by increasing material barrier of even mass number (Pu-238, Pu-240 and Pu-242). In this study, the effect of different irradiation process during reactor operation which related to discharged fuel burnup have been used and decay time to analyzed its dependeny to plutonium production as well as plutonium production dependency to decay or cooling time processes. Fuel production analysis of the reactor are based on the spent fuel of light water reactor (LWR) with different discharged fuel burnup (33 GWd/t, 50 GWd/t and 60 GWd/t) and different decay or cooling time process (1 to 30 years cooling time). Fuel behavior optimization of LWR design are obtained by using ORIGEN code by employing some modules for analyzing fuel production dependencies to burnup and decay time processes. In this study, two parameters for investigating the material barriers are adopted such as decay heat (DH) and spontaneous fission neutron (SFN) compositions. The compositions of DH and SFN are sensitive to the composition of isotopic plutonium especially more sensitive to even mass plutonium composition. Higher discharged fuel burnup level produces more even mass plutonium compositions and effectively reduce Pu-239 production because of more fissile Pu-239 are consumed for higher burnup. Isotopic Pu-238 gives the highest DH contributor, while Isotope Pu-240 obtains the highest contribution of SFN followed by other plutonium isotopes. DH and SFN compositions of plutonium can be increased effectively by increasing burnup process. Longer decay time is also effective to increase SFN compositions because of its dependency to all even mass plutonium while it gives less DH compositions because of its dependency to the contribution of Pu-238.
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Yuan, Xiaoxia, Hongliang Ma, Lei Zhang, and Fang Li. "Study on the cylinder test of aluminized explosives with different content of Al powder." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2478, no. 3 (June 1, 2023): 032019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2478/3/032019.
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Abstract To investigate the effect of the content of Al powder on the acceleration ability of the aluminized explosives, a series of 25mm cylinder experiments was conducted, and the content of Al/LiF powder is 0%, 15%, 30%. The radial expansion velocities of the cylinder wall were measured through the Photonic Doppler Velocimetry (PDV) system. The cylinder experiments verify that Al powder could react with detonation products to release energy, which enhance the accelerating ability of explosives. By comparing the different content of Al powder of aluminized explosives, it is found that the accelerating ability of aluminized explosives is related to the content of Al powder, and the optimal content of Al powder is 15% in this experiment. By comparing the same content of Al/LiF powder, it is indicated that the reaction delay time of Al powder in RDX80/Al15 explosive does not exceed 2.8µs, and as RDX65/Al30, the reaction delay time is less than 3µs. Finally, through normalization method, the specific reaction delay time of Al powder are 0.147 and 0.203, with the content of Al powder 15% and 30%.
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Miliukiene, Valė, and Narimantas Čėnas. "Cytotoxicity of Nitroaromatic Explosives and their Biodegradation Products in Mice Splenocytes: Implications for their Immunotoxicity." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 63, no. 7-8 (August 1, 2008): 519–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2008-7-809.
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Nitroaromatic explosives like 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-Nmethyl- nitramine (tetryl) comprise an important group of toxic environmental pollutants, whose toxicity is mainly attributed to the flavoenzyme electrontransferase-catalyzed redox cycling of their free radicals (oxidative stress) and DT-diaphorase [NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase, NQO1, EC 1. 6.99.2]-catalyzed formation of alkylating nitroso and/or hydroxylamine metabolites. Because of the incomprehensive data on the immunotoxic effects of nitroaromatic explosives, we have studied the structure-cytotoxicity relationships in the action of tetryl, TNT as well as its amino and hydroxylamino metabolites, and related nitroaromatic compounds towards mouse splenocyte cells. The protective effects of desferrioxamine and the antioxidant N,N′-diphenyl-p-phenylene diamine against the cytotoxicity of TNT and other nitroaromatics showed that the oxidative stress-type cytotoxicity mechanism takes place. In addition, the cytotoxicity of nitroaromatics is also partly prevented by an inhibitor of NQO1, dicumarol. The cytotoxicity of the amino metabolites of TNT is also partly prevented by α- naphthoflavone and isoniazide, which points to the involvement of cytochromes P-450 in their activation. In general the cytotoxicity of nitroaromatics in splenocytes increases with an increase in their single-electron reduction potential, Eζ . This points to the prevailing mechanism of the oxidative stress-type cytotoxicity. The obtained structure-activity relationship and the studies of other mammalian cell lines showed that the immunotoxic potential of nitroaromatic explosives may decrease in the order tetryl ≥TNT ≥ hydroxylamino metabolites of TNT > amino and diamino metabolites of TNT.
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Williams, Richard E., Deborah A. Rathbone, Nigel S. Scrutton, and Neil C. Bruce. "Biotransformation of Explosives by the Old Yellow Enzyme Family of Flavoproteins." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 6 (June 2004): 3566–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.6.3566-3574.2004.
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ABSTRACT Several independent studies of bacterial degradation of nitrate ester explosives have demonstrated the involvement of flavin-dependent oxidoreductases related to the old yellow enzyme (OYE) of yeast. Some of these enzymes also transform the nitroaromatic explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). In this work, catalytic capabilities of five members of the OYE family were compared, with a view to correlating structure and function. The activity profiles of the five enzymes differed substantially; no one compound proved to be a good substrate for all five enzymes. TNT is reduced, albeit slowly, by all five enzymes. The nature of the transformation products differed, with three of the five enzymes yielding products indicative of reduction of the aromatic ring. Our findings suggest two distinct pathways of TNT transformation, with the initial reduction of TNT being the key point of difference between the enzymes. Characterization of an active site mutant of one of the enzymes suggests a structural basis for this difference.
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Karp, Grażyna, and Wojciech Dzięgielewski. "The Use of Instrumental Methods to Identify Liquid Fuels Applied in the Polish Armed Forces." Journal of KONBiN 49, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 421–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jok-2019-0043.
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Abstract The publication topic is to present the research results on the identification methodology of liquid fuels used in the Polish Armed Forces and beyond them. The part related to the use of non-standard instrumental methods to recognise the differences between various types of products was presented. The results of testing the samples of diesel fuels and fuels for aircraft turbine engines both from the civil market and from the stock of the armed forces were described. The usefulness of chromatography, infrared (IR) spectrometry and UV-VIS spectroscopy as instruments being an element of the procedure of the fuel type and origin identification was presented.
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Krivosheeva, Alina R., Anna V. Ananeva, Elvira N. Tarazova, Tatiana A. Eneykina, and Rose F. Gatina. "An algorithm development for producing of standard samples of explosives." Butlerov Communications 59, no. 8 (August 31, 2019): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-59-8-69.
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The analysis of requirements for standard samples (SS) of the explosives’ composition, aimed for improving of a determination (an identification) accuracy of the polluting emissions in the environment is given in the present work. As a result of the analysis of the requirements, defining the purpose of SS of the explosives’ composition, the functions of the latter have been established; there are the measurement assurance and ensuring of measurement procedures of an explosives content in solutions, air, aqueous media, soils, surfaces washing-off, special products and also in various fields of a science and an industry, engaged in the production, an adjustment, a research and an operation of equipment for carrying out the quantitative chemical analysis and controlling the objects of the environment (signaling devices). There has been formed the circle of potential consumers of new SS of the explosives’ composition, in which the enterprises of the industry of ammunition and special chemistry, subordinate organizations of the ministries of Russia (Ministry of Industry and Trade), higher educational establishments and also privately owned enterprises and organizations, carrying out the work related to the use of explosives are included; this circle imposes the requirements for SS quality and establishes a rating of the approved state SS (SSS). The purity degree of explosives (a base material fraction of total mass is no less than 99.5 % by mass) and an acetonitrile (used as a solvent) (a water content is no more than 0.03 % by mass) has been established in the course of carrying out of the analysis of the requirements for the initial materials. The ampoules, which are filled by means of the syringe and the glass medicine bottles of a general purpose were selected as a container in order to protect of SS specimen from the action of a complex of destructive factors, imposing the requirements for their storage conditions. In the course of studying of the necessity of SS material of the explosives’ composition in different groups of purpose the volumes of a material in each individual ampoule (bottle) have been established, that is 5 cm3 and 20 cm3. It has been developed the algorithm for producing of SS of explosives’ composition, meeting the aforementioned requirements.
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Wang, Mingyang, Songlin Yue, Ning Zhang, Kanghua Gao, and Derong Wang. "A Method of Calculating Critical Depth of Burial of Explosive Charges to Generate Bulging and Cratering in Rock." Shock and Vibration 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6860743.
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For underground explosions, a thin to medium thickness layer near the cavity of an explosion can be considered a theoretical shell structure. Detonation products transmit the effective energy of explosives to this shell which can expand thus leading to irreversible deformation of the surrounding medium. Based on mass conservation, incompressible conditions, and boundary conditions, the possible kinematic velocity fields in the plastic zone are established. Based on limit equilibrium theory, this work built equations of material resistance corresponding to different possible kinematic velocity fields. Combined with initial conditions and boundary conditions, equations of motion and material resistance are solved, respectively. It is found that critical depth of burial is positively related to a dimensionless impact factor, which reflects the characteristics of the explosives and the surrounding medium. Finally, an example is given, which suggests that this method is capable of calculating the critical depth of burial and the calculated results are consistent with empirical results.
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Bayseytov, D. A., A. A. Prikhodko, B. Zh Shirinbekova, B. U. Bayzakova, and E. L. Iovleva. "Chemical Marking of Explosives to Improve the Safety of Blasting Operations." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 2 (February 2023): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2023-2-48-54.
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The article is devoted to the development of a marking composition for industrial explosives to improve the safety of blasting. Polymethylsiloxane liquids of PMS-10 and PMX-200 grades were chosen as a marker-identifier of industrial explosives, which can be identified even after the explosion by residual fragments of soil or other materials from the epicenter of the explosion. Polymethylsiloxane fluids are very heat-resistant, the combustion process takes place with great difficulty, they are little affected by the aquatic environment, most chemical and physical factors that destroy ordinary organic materials. The experiments were carried out to determine the physicochemical parameters of polymethylsiloxane liquids PMS-10 and PMX-200. Based on these results, the polymethylsiloxane liquid PMX-200 with linear chains was chosen as a marking additive in the composition of explosives. It is able to withstand a higher-temperature effect than the PMS-10 polymethylsigsane fluid, and will be less disintegrate, and interact with the products of the explosion. The SIM-K marker, made on the basis of polymethylsiloxane liquid PMX-200, was developed, which allows to visualize the explosive and determine the required identification information. At the technological plant of Orika-Kazakhstan JSC, without disturbing the technological process, a marking composition was introduced into the ANFO explosive by drop spraying. Field tests of the ANFO explosive with a marking composition based on PMX-200 polymethylsiloxane liquid were carried out. The technology was tested related to introduction of marking additives into the compositions of multicomponent explosives without violating the technological process of their manufacture.
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Mathur, Shivangi, Hunny Waswani, Deeksha Singh, and Rajiv Ranjan. "Alternative Fuels for Agriculture Sustainability: Carbon Footprint and Economic Feasibility." AgriEngineering 4, no. 4 (October 19, 2022): 993–1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering4040063.
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Agriculture is the foremost source of food for humans. Fossil fuels are typically used to operate farm machines, contributing to carbon emissions and accelerating climate change. It is possible to mitigate environmental damage by promoting renewable or alternative fuels, namely biofuels, solar energy, biomass, wind, geothermal, small-scale hydro, and wave power. Biofuels are considered as low carbon-emitting alternatives to conventional fuels. The use of biofuels promotes reduced emissions of greenhouse gases and reduces the related detrimental impact of transport. As an alternative to fossil fuels, renewable fuels seem to present a promising scenario. However, if low carbon products are promoted, analysis of each particular product’s GHG emissions and carbon footprint (CF) is needed. Nowadays, CF is considered as the prime indicator of environmental impact, and its calculation is in utmost demand. Agriculture significantly benefits from the use of renewable resources. The carbon footprint measurement has the potential to assess and compare carbon emissions generated by agricultural products and to identify points for improving environmental performance. Several studies have compared alternative fuels with conventional fuels, and it has been proven that using alternative fuels can significantly reduce traditional fuel consumption. Bioenergy includes a number of socio- economic, technical as well as environmental benefits that helps in achieving the UN sustainable development goals (SDG). The aim to end malnutrition and hunger (SDG 2) requires a sustainable system for food production as well as resilient agriculture practices to improve agricultural productivity. The revenues from bioenergy projects can provide food and a better diet for small farming communities, thereby improving their quality of life. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive outlook of the role of alternative or biofuels in the agriculture sector, in terms of economic feasibility and carbon footprint, for sustainable development. This review also discusses the various generations of biofuels in attaining carbon neutrality, biofuel’s impact on the environment, applications in agriculture, and limitations.
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Hidalgo, José, Michal Zbuzek, Radek Černý, and Petr Jíša. "Current uses and trends in catalytic isomerization, alkylation and etherification processes to improve gasoline quality." Open Chemistry 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-013-0354-9.
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AbstractDue to the growing restrictions on the content of aromatic compounds by the European legislation in motor fuels and at the same time the need for higher quality fuels (minimizing the presence of contaminants and hazardous products to health), it has become necessary to increase processes that can maximize the number of octane in gasoline. This manuscript is aimed to provide current trends and processes related to isomerization, alkylation and etherification processes to improve gasolines as final product. Examples provided include the isomerization of light n-alkanes into iso-alkanes or the alkylation, in which the preferred olefin is the methylbutilene and i-butane to produce a high octane number gasoline. Currently, there are two main commercial processes for alkylation processes (hydrofluoric and sulfuric acid technologies). Other incoming suitable process is the etherification of iso-olefins to bio-ethers (the European Union have as a minimum target of biofuel content in fuels of 10% in 2020). The refiners are recently investing in the production of bio-ETBE (ethyl tertiary butyl ether) and other products as additives using bio-ethanol and olefins. Commercial and new potential catalysts for all these processes are currently being used and under investigation.
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Ghezavati, VR, A. Sahihi, and A. Barzegar. "Using an the intelligent self-modifier of probability of section approach to study the revenue influence of the pricing scheme of recyclable items in a green vehicle routing problem." SIMULATION 94, no. 4 (June 26, 2017): 359–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037549717714332.
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In this article, a hybrid meta-heuristic algorithm is applied to solve a green vehicle routing problem with respect to economic aspects. In this research, a transportation model will be studied in which the fleet operates with eco-friendly fuels in order to collect used products in different nodes. By implementing value-added processes, the firm can sell products and gain profit. However, using alternative fuels causes some limitations because of lack of alternative fuel stations. These limitations usually affect the travel distance range of vehicles and, consecutively, route selection to serve desired customers. A proper formulation for this type of problem could be applicable to manage imposed costs of transportation pertaining to alternative fuels and related issues. To reach this goal, the proposed model represents the revenue and purchasing price of used products in the output. These results are attained by using an improved Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithm. The self-modifier of probability of section approach (SMPSA) featured with a SA algorithm can solve the model in less time compared with the classic SA algorithm. In addition, a heuristic algorithm is used to generate each initial solution with higher quality. Finally, the results and running time of the proposed algorithm are compared with the exact method and the SA algorithm without the SMPSA. Then the results are discussed.
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Kazakov, Petar, Atanas Iliev, and Emil Marinov. "DIESEL ENGINE OPERATION IN USE OF FUEL WITH ADDITIVES." International Conference on Technics, Technologies and Education, no. 1 (2018): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/10.15547/ictte.2018.01.003.
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Over the decades, more attention has been paid to emissions from the means of transport and the use of different fuels and combustion fuels for the operation of internal combustion engines than on fuel consumption. This, in turn, enables research into products that are said to reduce fuel consumption. The report summarizes four studies of fuel-related innovation products. The studies covered by this report are conducted with diesel fuel and usually contain diesel fuel and three additives for it. Manufacturers of additives are based on already existing studies showing a 10-30% reduction in fuel consumption. Comparative experimental studies related to the use of commercially available diesel fuel with and without the use of additives have been performed in laboratory conditions. The studies were carried out on a stationary diesel engine СМД-17КН equipped with brake КИ1368В. Repeated results were recorded, but they did not confirm the significant positive effect of additives on specific fuel consumption. In some cases, the factors affecting errors in this type of research on the effectiveness of fuel additives for commercial purposes are considered. The reasons for the positive effects of such use of additives in certain engine operating modes are also clarified.
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Rashid Khan, Haroon ur, Usama Awan, Khalid Zaman, Abdelmohsen A. Nassani, Mohamed Haffar, and Muhammad Moinuddin Qazi Abro. "Assessing Hybrid Solar-Wind Potential for Industrial Decarbonization Strategies: Global Shift to Green Development." Energies 14, no. 22 (November 15, 2021): 7620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14227620.
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The global energy mix is shifting from fossil fuels to combinations of multiple energy storage and generation types. Hybrid energy system advancements provide opportunities for developing and deploying innovative green technology solutions that can further reduce emissions and achieve net-zero emissions by 2050. This study examined the impact of an increasing share of wind and solar electricity production on reducing carbon intensity by controlling coal and lignite domestic consumption and the production of refined oil products in a world aggregated data panel. Data covering the last three decades were used for the analysis by the ARDL bounds testing approach. The results showed that an increasing share of wind and solar electricity production would be helpful to decrease carbon intensity in the short and long term. On the other hand, a 1% increase in coal and domestic lignite consumption increased carbon intensity by 0.343% in the short run and 0.174% in the long run. The production of refined oil products decreases carbon intensity by 0.510% in the short run and 0.700% in the long run. However, refining oil products is associated with positive and negative environmental externalities. The positive aspect depends upon the removal of harmful pollutants and the production of cleaner-burning fuels, while the negative part is related to the operational side of refineries and processing plants that may release contaminants into the atmosphere, affecting global air and water quality. Hence, it is crucial to improve processing and refining capacity to produce better-refined oil products by using renewable fuels in energy production. It is proposed that these are the most cost-effective pathways to achieve industrial decarbonization.
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Krawczyk, Piotr, Krzysztof Badyda, and Aleksandra Mikołajczak. "The environmental impact of refuse derived fuel co-combustion with lignite." MATEC Web of Conferences 240 (2018): 05013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824005013.
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Legal regulations on waste disposal require waste producers to limit landfilling and to find different ways of waste management, the preferred methods being recycling of material and energy potential. Currently, in Poland, the only consumers of refuse-derived fuels (RDF) are cement plants. However, their ability to utilize alternative fuel is far from the estimated potential. One solution would be to redirect the excess fuel to power and heat production facilities. Unfortunately, these sectors are facing a number of problems related to the thermal treatment of waste, mainly formal nature. Co-combustion of waste in power plants raises a lot of concern among their employees and local communities. Especially significant is the harmfulness of usage of fuel from waste for the people’s lives or health, or the environment. The article compares the environmental footprints of the combustion process of: waste - based fuel (RDF) and lignite. The analysis was performed for a standard pulverized coal fired boiler. Comparative assessment was made by analyzing the total environmental impact of all combustion products of the two fuels. Final results have shown, that the environmental footprint of waste-based fuels can be similar or even smaller than traditional coal-based fuels
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Kazakov, Petar, Atanas Iliev, and Emil Marinov. "DIESEL ENGINE OPERATION IN USE OF FUEL WITH ADDITIVES." International Conference on Technics, Technologies and Education, no. 1 (2018): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/ictte.01.003.
Full textAbstract:
Over the decades, more attention has been paid to emissions from the means of transport and the use of different fuels and combustion fuels for the operation of internal combustion engines than on fuel consumption. This, in turn, enables research into products that are said to reduce fuel consumption. The report summarizes four studies of fuel-related innovation products. The studies covered by this report are conducted with diesel fuel and usually contain diesel fuel and three additives for it. Manufacturers of additives are based on already existing studies showing a 10-30% reduction in fuel consumption. Comparative experimental studies related to the use of commercially available diesel fuel with and without the use of additives have been performed in laboratory conditions. The studies were carried out on a stationary diesel engine СМД-17КН equipped with brake КИ1368В. Repeated results were recorded, but they did not confirm the significant positive effect of additives on specific fuel consumption. In some cases, the factors affecting errors in this type of research on the effectiveness of fuel additives for commercial purposes are considered. The reasons for the positive effects of such use of additives in certain engine operating modes are also clarified. Key words: diesel fuel, diesel fuel additives, engine efficiency.
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Rus, Daniela-Carmen, Claudia Miron, Olga Miclea, Claudia Ilici, and Mircea Grecea. "Computerized simulations and modelling for evaluation of ballistic and security parameters of explosives for civil use." MATEC Web of Conferences 373 (2022): 00047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202237300047.
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Explosives are chemical compounds - substances or mixtures of substances that have a large amount of energy and which under the influence of external actions decompose suddenly, violently with the release of heat and the formation of gases capable of performing a mechanical work. Due to their specific characteristics, these products are used, both in the civil field and in industry, for the execution of works such as: extraction from the massif, in mines or quarries of useful rocks, execution of mining works (galleries) for opening and preparing deposits for exploitation, tunnels, wells, road constructions, railways, canals, demolition of foundations / civil / industrial buildings that have become unusable, geophysical-seism metric surveys, etc. Research in the field of use of explosives for civil use in various industrial and civil applications requires in-depth knowledge of areas such as the phenomenology of explosion, the behaviour of materials in shock waves, the dynamics of structures, seismic engineering, etc. The design of these types of processes requires the consideration, with a relative approximation, of the degree of danger due to the design of fragments resulting from detonation, vibrations, pressures, tensions created in the space affected by the explosion, generation of explosion gases, etc. legislation in force, being an important indicator regarding the classification, handling, storage and transport in the assessment and management of the risks related to these operations. The paper presents a series of computer simulations, both of the ballistic parameter regarding the working capacity of the explosives, and of the security parameter regarding the impact sensitivity.
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Zhang, Xiao Xiong, Guan Yi Chen, and Yi Wang. "Review of Reactor and Catalyst in the Pyrolysis of Biomass for Liquid Fuels." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 552–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.552.
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Due to the rapid growth of energy consumption, fossil-based fuel is at the verge of extinction. Hence, the world needs new energy to substitute for the non-renewable energy resources. Various biomass resources have been discussed by virtue of the ability of generating alternative fuels, chemicals and energy-related products. To date, the utilization of biomass is mainly thermochemical conversion which involves combustion, gasification and pyrolysis. The focus, currently, is on the catalytic pyrolysis of biomass. A variety of reactors are designed and many new catalysts for the yields of liquid products and upgrading of bio-oil are investigated. Different reactors have their own unique characteristics, and fixed bed reactor is not complicated and can be controlled easily but is difficult to upsize. Fluidized bed has a good suitability for different kinds of biomass but is more complex in structure and more difficult to control. Compared with non-catalytic pyrolysis, the quality of bio-oil improves considerably in the presence of a catalyst. Different catalysts exert different effects on the upgrading of bio-oil. HZSM-5 can reduce a vast output of acid compounds and increases hydrocarbon yields. Au/Al2O3 catalyst leads to an increase of H2 yield. All the catalysts can promote the upgrading of pyrolysis products. Optimal yields and the best quality of bio-oil can be obtained by an appropriate reactor with a proper catalyst.
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Yadav, Vikramaditya G., Ganapati D. Yadav, and Saurabh C. Patankar. "The production of fuels and chemicals in the new world: critical analysis of the choice between crude oil and biomass vis-à-vis sustainability and the environment." Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 22, no. 9 (September 21, 2020): 1757–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10098-020-01945-5.
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Abstract Energy and the environment are intimately related and hotly debated issues. Today’s crude oil-based economy for the manufacture of fuels, chemicals and materials will not have a sustainable future. The over-use of oil products has done a great damage to the environment. Faced with the twin challenges of sustaining socioeconomic development and shrinking the environmental footprint of chemicals and fuel manufacturing, a major emphasis is on either converting biomass into low-value, high-volume biofuels or refining it into a wide spectrum of products. Using carbon for fuel is a flawed approach and unlikely to achieve any nation’s socioeconomic or environmental targets. Biomass is chemically and geographically incompatible with the existing refining and pipeline infrastructure, and biorefining and biofuels production in their current forms will not achieve economies of scale in most nations. Synergistic use of crude oil, biomass, and shale gas to produce fuels, value-added chemicals, and commodity chemicals, respectively, can continue for some time. However, carbon should not be used as a source of fuel or energy but be valorized to other products. In controlling CO2 emissions, hydrogen will play a critical role. Hydrogen is best suited for converting waste biomass and carbon dioxide emanated from different sources, whether it be fossil fuel-derived carbon or biomass-derived carbon, into fuels and chemicals as well as it will also lead, on its own as energy source, to the carbon negative scenario in conjunction with other renewable non-carbon sources. This new paradigm for production of fuels and chemicals not only offers the greatest monetization potential for biomass and shale gas, but it could also scale down output and improve the atom and energy economies of oil refineries. We have also highlighted the technology gaps with the intention to drive R&D in these directions. We believe this article will generate a considerable debate in energy sector and lead to better energy and material policy across the world. Graphic abstract
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Margellou, Antigoni, and Konstantinos Triantafyllidis. "Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenolysis Reactions for Lignin Valorization to Fuels and Chemicals." Catalysts 9, no. 1 (January 4, 2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9010043.
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Lignocellulosic biomass is an abundant renewable source of chemicals and fuels. Lignin, one of biomass main structural components being widely available as by-product in the pulp and paper industry and in the process of second generation bioethanol, can provide phenolic and aromatic compounds that can be utilized for the manufacture of a wide variety of polymers, fuels, and other high added value products. The effective depolymerisation of lignin into its primary building blocks remains a challenge with regard to conversion degree and monomers selectivity and stability. This review article focuses on the state of the art in the liquid phase reductive depolymerisation of lignin under relatively mild conditions via catalytic hydrogenolysis/hydrogenation reactions, discussing the effect of lignin type/origin, hydrogen donor solvents, and related transfer hydrogenation or reforming pathways, catalysts, and reaction conditions.
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Naim, I., and T. Mahara. "Fuel Substitution for Energy Saving: A Case Study of Foundry Plant." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 8, no. 5 (October 13, 2018): 3439–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2298.
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Foundry based organizations consume significant amounts of energy for producing their final products. Recently, techno-commercial and environmental factors have started triggering change from fossil fuels to cleaner ones. In this paper, factors acting as driving forces for migration from one fuel to another in order to improve energy efficiency, including various performance parameters in support of environment preservation, have been identified. Focus is also given to challenges which encounter during fuel switching. A new framework has been applied that can be used for fuel switching in manufacturing organizations. A real case of switching from three types of fuels to a single fuel has been studied and the outcomes are evaluated. Analysis related to energy consumption before and after fuel switching with respect to corresponding production data have been performed.
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Silva, Susmita, Abdi Seno, and Andy Hermanto. "Kinerja Inert Gas Generator Untuk Mendapatkan Oksigen Konten 3% Pada Gas Lembam." Jurnal Sains Teknologi Transportasi Maritim 4, no. 1 (May 30, 2022): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.51578/j.sitektransmar.v4i1.43.
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Inert Gas System is a machine that functions as a security system to prevent explosions on tankers. Explosion prevention is carried out by introducing inert gas into the cargo tank with the aim of reducing oxygen levels in the cargo tank atmosphere so as to prevent the formation of a flammable gas mixture. Inert gas contains very little oxygen, namely 1-2% by volume. The device that produces the inert gas is called the Inert Gas Generator (IGG). The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that cause high oxygen content contained in the inert gas and the efforts made related to the factors mentioned so that the inert gas generator can work optimally. The research method used by the author is descriptive qualitative with Fishbone data analysis techniques and SWOT analysis. The results of the study stated that the factors causing oxygen content of more than 3% were dirty fuel filter, too much combustion air supply, oxygen analyzer that was rarely calibrated, flow sampling was too large, fuel quality was not good, lack of crew knowledge. to PMS (Plan Maintenance System) IGG. Efforts have been made to clean the fuel pump filter, close the air capacity valve a little, calibrate the oxygen analyzer according to the PMS schedule, reduce the sampling valve flow into the oxygen analyzer, add fuel oil treatment (additives) to the fuel, pay attention to the IGG maintenance schedule according to PMS, restore the maintenance implementation system based on the PMS inert gas generator schedule.
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Park, Myung Ho, and Dae Yong Shin. "The Combustion Characteristics of Refuse Derived Fuels Using Coke/Waste Tire." Materials Science Forum 486-487 (June 2005): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.486-487.265.
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Today every nation faces serious problems of energy supply. Reasonable technologies to make use of coal (including coke) can not only help the mining-related economy which is showing a downward trend but also may fit in with the governmental energy policy. In this research, we aim to supply heating systems in factories, homes, and farms with a substitute fuel by developing coke/waste tire compound fuel with high efficiency for rational use of energy and for recycling of industrial products. A coke/waste boiler was used for this experiment, and different kinds of fuel were experimented including coke, waste tire, coke/waste A and coke/waste B. Four kinds of exhaust gas were also sampled by a gas analyzer, including CO, CO2, NO and NO2 at different temperatures.
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Slavinskaya, N. A., U. Riedel, V. E. Messerle, and A. B. Ustimenko. "Chemical Kinetic Modeling in Coal Gasification Processes: an Overview." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 15, no. 1 (December 24, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj134.
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<p>Coal is the fuel most able to cover world deficiencies in oil and natural gas. This motivates the development of new and more effective technologies for coal conversion into other fuels. Such technologies are focused on coal gasification with production of syngas or gaseous hydrocarbon fuels, as well as on direct coal liquefaction with production of liquid fuels. The benefits of plasma application in these technologies is based on the high selectivity of the plasma chemical processes, the high efficiency of conversion of different types of coal including those of low quality, relative simplicity of the process control, and significant reduction in the production of ashes, sulphur, and nitrogen oxides. In the coal gasifier, two-phase turbulent flow is coupled with heating and evaporation of coal particles, devolatilization of volatile material, the char combustion (heterogeneous/porous oxidation) or gasification, the gas phase reaction/oxidation (homogeneous oxidation) of gaseous products from coal particles. The present work reviews literature data concerning reaction kinetic modelling in coal gasification. Current state of related kinetic models for heterogeneous/homogeneous oxidation of coal particles, included plasma assisted, is reviewed.</p>
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Hubbe, Martin A. "Retro-,' An emerging prefix for future technological development?" BioResources 4, no. 1 (2009): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.4.1.1-2.
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It is proposed that the prefix “retro” can serve as an irreverent, but timely buzzword for the development of new technology to meet human needs. Society has carried out experiments at a very large scale for the last century or so to meet our collective needs though the use of fossil-based fuels and synthetic materials. Those experiments have seemed successful in the short term, feeding more of us and supplying a lot of us with rising standards of living. But the experiments often have failed us in terms of sustainability. A health crisis, global warming, and resource depletion are urgent problems caused by careless use of fossil fuels and related synthetic organic chemicals. The prefix “retro,” as in “retrotechology,” signals a disciplined return to a reliance on nature-based products, as well as a respect for the beauty, but also the fragile character of our natural environment.
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Johnson, Eric, and Carl Vadenbo. "Modelling Variation in Petroleum Products’ Refining Footprints." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 10, 2020): 9316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229316.
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Energy-related greenhouse gas emissions dominate the carbon footprints of most product systems, where petroleum is one of the main types of energy sources. This is consumed as a variety of refined products, most notably diesel, petrol (gasoline) and jet fuel (kerosene). Refined product carbon footprints are of great importance to regulators, policymakers and environmental decision-makers. For instance, they are at the heart of current legislation, such as the European Union’s Renewable Energy Directive or the United States’ Renewable Fuels Standard. This study identified 14 datasets that report footprints for the same system, namely, petroleum refinery operations in Europe. For the main refined products, i.e., diesel, petrol and jet fuel, footprints vary by at least a factor of three. For minor products, the variation is even greater. Five different organs of the European Commission have estimated the refining footprints, where for the main products, these are relatively harmonic; for minor products, much less so. The observed variation in carbon footprints is due mainly to differing approaches to refinery modelling, especially regarding the rationale and methods applied to assign shares of the total burden from the petroleum refinery operation to the individual products. Given the economic/social importance of refined products, a better harmony regarding their footprints would be valuable to their users.
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Saletnik, Bogdan, Grzegorz Zaguła, Marcin Bajcar, Maria Tarapatskyy, Gabriel Bobula, and Czesław Puchalski. "Biochar as a Multifunctional Component of the Environment—A Review." Applied Sciences 9, no. 6 (March 18, 2019): 1139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9061139.
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The growing demand for electricity, caused by dynamic economic growth, leads to a decrease in the available non-renewable energy resources constituting the foundation of global power generation. A search for alternative sources of energy that can support conventional energy technologies utilizing fossil fuels is not only of key significance for the power industry but is also important from the point of view of environmental conservation and sustainable development. Plant biomass, with its specific chemical structure and high calorific value, is a promising renewable source of energy which can be utilized in numerous conversion processes, enabling the production of solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels. Methods of thermal biomass conversion include pyrolysis, i.e., a process allowing one to obtain a multifunctional product known as biochar. The article presents a review of information related to the broad uses of carbonization products. It also discusses the legal aspects and quality standards applicable to these materials. The paper draws attention to the lack of uniform legal and quality conditions, which would allow for a much better use of biochar. The review also aims to highlight the high potential for a use of biochar in different environments. The presented text attempts to emphasize the importance of biochar as an alternative to classic products used for energy, environmental and agricultural purposes.
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Kumar, Brajesh, Shashi Kumar, and Surendra Kumar. "Butanol reforming: an overview on recent developments and future aspects." Reviews in Chemical Engineering 34, no. 1 (December 20, 2017): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revce-2016-0045.
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AbstractRecently, hydrogen is utilized by numerous chemical industries as an alternate over non-renewable fuels, and surely it will be considered as an important fuel in the near future. This paper reports a review of various reforming technologies for hydrogen production from butanol produced by fermentation of feedstocks like wheat, sugar beets, sugar cane, etc. with a number of aspects involving selection of an appropriate catalyst to suppress undesirable products as many reforming reactions are dependent on the catalyst properties to enhance the formation of significant fuels which may fulfill the future energy needs. An overview of butanol reforming processes with experimental and theoretical studies in order to grasp possibilities and restrictions of these processes is not comprehensively presented yet. In this paper, an assessment of published articles in brief related to essential parameters to carry out a pertinent research in the future is presented for the advancement of fuel processing technologies.
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Nair, Reena Das, Pamela Mondliwa, and Simon Roberts. "The inter-relationships between regulation and competition enforcement in the South African liquid fuels industry." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 26, no. 1 (March 23, 2015): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2015/v26i1a2216.
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The competition authorities have devoted considerable time and energy to investigating anticompetitive conduct in the broad area of liquid fuel, gas and related products, where regulation sets rules for firm conduct. Competition cases have included the Sasol-Engen merger, collusive arrangements in gas distribution and the pricing of bitumen for road construction projects, and alleged coordination through information exchange in diesel. Drawing on a review of these matters we assess the inter-relationships between regulation and competition enforcement. We argue that regulation can be designed to enable greater competitive rivalry, while anti-competitive conduct can also be better remedied through recognition of the role of regulation.
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Andrade, Larissa Renata Santos, Raul José Alves Felisardo, Ianny Andrade Cruz, Muhammad Bilal, Hafiz M. N. Iqbal, Sikandar I. Mulla, Ram Naresh Bharagava, Ranyere Lucena de Souza, Lucas Carvalho Basilio Azevedo, and Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira. "Integrated Biorefinery and Life Cycle Assessment of Cassava Processing Residue–From Production to Sustainable Evaluation." Plants 11, no. 24 (December 18, 2022): 3577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11243577.
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Commonly known as a subsistence culture, cassava came to be considered a commodity and key to adding value. However, this tuber’s processing for starch and flour production is responsible for generating a large amount of waste that causes serious environmental problems. This biomass of varied biochemical composition has excellent potential for producing fuels (biogas, bioethanol, butanol, biohydrogen) and non-energetic products (succinic acid, glucose syrup, lactic acid) via biorefinery. However, there are environmental challenges, leading to uncertainties related to the sustainability of biorefineries. Thus, the provision of information generated in life cycle assessment (LCA) can help reduce bottlenecks found in the productive stages, making production more competitive. Within that, this review concentrates information on the production of value-added products, the environmental impact generated, and the sustainability of biorefineries.
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Lai, Zi, Li Lee, and Hong Li. "Electroreforming of Biomass for Value-Added Products." Micromachines 12, no. 11 (November 16, 2021): 1405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12111405.
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Humanity’s overreliance on fossil fuels for chemical and energy production has resulted in uncontrollable carbon emissions that have warranted widespread concern regarding global warming. To address this issue, there is a growing body of research on renewable resources such as biomass, of which cellulose is the most abundant type. In particular, the electrochemical reforming of biomass is especially promising, as it allows greater control over valorization processes and requires milder conditions. Driven by renewable electricity, electroreforming of biomass can be green and sustainable. Moreover, green hydrogen generation can be coupled to anodic biomass electroforming, which has attracted ever-increasing attention. The following review is a summary of recent developments related to electroreforming cellulose and its derivatives (glucose, hydroxymethylfurfural, levulinic acid). The electroreforming of biomass can be achieved on the anode of an electrochemical cell through electrooxidation, as well as on the cathode through electroreduction. Recent advances in the anodic electroreforming of cellulose and cellulose-derived glucose and 5-hydrooxylmethoylfurural (5-HMF) are first summarized. Then, the key achievements in the cathodic electroreforming of cellulose and cellulose-derived 5-HMF and levulinic acid are discussed. Afterward, the emerging research focusing on coupling hydrogen evolution with anodic biomass reforming for the cogeneration of green hydrogen fuel and value-added chemicals is reviewed. The final chapter of this paper provides our perspective on the challenges and future research directions of biomass electroreforming.
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Beskoski, Vladimir, Valerija Matic, Jelena Milic, Dejan Godjevac, Boris Mandic, and Miroslav Vrvic. "Oxidation of dibenzothiophene as a model substrate for the removal of organic sulphur from fossil fuels by iron(III) ions generated from pyrite by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 72, no. 6 (2007): 533–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0706533b.
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Within this paper a new idea for the removal of organically bonded sulphur from fossil fuels is discussed. Dibenzothiophene (DBT) was used as a model compound of organicmolecules containing sulphur. This form of (bio)desulphurization was performed by an indirect mechanism in which iron(III) ions generated from pyrite by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans performed the abiotic oxidation. The obtained reaction products, dibenzothiopene sulfoxide and dibenzothiophene sulfone, are more soluble in water than the basic substrate and the obtained results confirmed the basic hypothesis and give the possibility of continuing the experiments related to application of this (bio)desulphurization process. .
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Kamarova, Saule, Saule Abildinova, Angel Terziev, and Aliya Elemanova. "The efficiency analysis of the SH-25A ball drum mill when grinding industrial products of fossil fuels." E3S Web of Conferences 180 (2020): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018001003.
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The working characteristics of a laboratory ball drum mill during grinding of Karaganda coal products were studied in order to apply the results obtained to industrial installations. The performed analysis shows that the most complicated and energy-intensive stage of preparation of coal dust is the grinding of fuel. The operational characteristics of the mill productivity, consumed electric power and specific energy consumption in terms of the relative rotational speed of the drum as well as the optimal values of the relative velocity determining the qualitative grinding of the fuel have been determined. The performance of the processed drum mill reaches its maximum at a relative speed of rotation of the drum 0.71 ensuring a waterfall mode of grinding of fuel related to the high-speed mode of a coal-grinding mill. The estimated specific energy consumption for fuel grinding varies in the range from 0.11 kWh/kg up to 0.23 kWh/kg at fuel milling coefficient of Kl = 1.2.
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Pietrzyk, Damian, and Anna Klepacz-Smółka. "The use of out-of-date frozen food as a substrate for biogas in anaerobic methane fermentation." Acta Innovations, no. 29 (October 1, 2018): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.32933/actainnovations.29.7.
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The declining quantity of fossil fuels and the increasing demand for energy are two of the many problems that are affecting current times. This is why there is an increasing interest in and introduction of operations related to renewable sources of energy. One of many such possibilities is to conduct the biomass methane fermentation process and to obtain clean energy in the form of biogas. The aim of this research was to analyse the biogas-generating potential (Biochemical Methane Potential) of out-of-date frozen products in the laboratory anaerobic fermentation process and the near-infrared method with appropriate Biochemical Methane Potential calibration. The results obtained showed that selected frozen products are an excellent material for use as substrates resulting in the production of high quality biogas. It gives the opportunity to continue research, mainly in terms of applications, e.g. for biogas plants, using other available products on the market and the selection of their mixtures.
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Feng, Da-Ming, Ying Sun, Zhao-Qing Liu, Yun-Pei Zhu, and Tian-Yi Ma. "Designing Nanostructured Metal-Based CO2 Reduction Electrocatalysts." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 19, no. 6 (June 1, 2019): 3079–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2019.16648.
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Capture and conversion of CO2 into value-added chemicals and fuels is one of the most sought-after hot points at the scientific frontier. Driven by renewable energy derived electricity, the heterogeneous electrocatalyic CO2 reduction has attracted intensive interests because of the easy manipulation and high-energy-density fuels supply. Metals with general abundance and robust ability for activating CO2 have been adopted as the core-atom for developing advanced CO2 reduction electrocatalysts. As the dramatic development of nano-technology, the nanostructured metal-based materials become promising candidates for various catalytic systems. In this Review article, a general introduction and principles applied in CO2 electroreduction are summarized and discussed. Then the proposed reaction pathways of the CO2 reduction were classified and elaborated depending on the products. The state of the art advances related to the nanostructured metallic electrocatalysts are addressed as well. At last, the remaining challenges and further prospects for the construction of new nanostructured electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction and improvement of existing ones have been presented.
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Xu, Runsheng, Jianliang Zhang, Wei Wang, Bowen Dai, Haibin Zuo, Zhengliang Xue, and Mingming Song. "Evolutional behavior of carbonaceous material during dissolution in molten iron of COREX." Metallurgical Research & Technology 115, no. 4 (2018): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2018020.
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The dissolution behaviours of lumpy coal and coke used in COREX gasifier in molten iron were investigated. The time-dependent interfacial reaction products were observed and the microcrystalline structures of solid fuels were identified. The results showed that the rate of carbon dissolution in molten iron using lumpy coal was significantly less than that when the coke was used. The ordered carbon microcrystalline at the reaction interface would be a priority to dissolve. The interface thickness of the eroded coke was larger than that of coal char due to the uneven microtexture distribution and the irregular pore structure. The amount of attachments on the erosion interface was positively related to the dissolution time regardless of the type of solid fuel. Although the amount of ash phases on the coal char surface was less than that on the coke surface, the final carbon content in molten iron and dissolution rate of coal char were still less due to its microstructure of carbon matrix. This study contributes to understanding the dissolution mechanism of the solid fuels used in COREX gasifier and improving the fuel utilization.
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PETROV, Sergei A., Natali L. MAMAEVA, and Maksim V. NARUSHKO. "PROBLEM-DIALOGUE TECHNOLOGY OF FORMING ENVIRONMENTAL COMPETENCE AMONG SPECIALISTS FOR WORK IN THE ARCTIC AND SUBARCTIC CONDITIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION." Periódico Tchê Química 16, no. 32 (August 20, 2019): 362–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v16.n32.2019.380_periodico32_pgs_362_374.pdf.
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The economic development of the Arctic and the related disturbances in the natural equilibrium of northern ecosystems have become a source of environmental problems that have now become global. In this regard, the urgent question is about finding an affordable and effective learning technology aimed at developing, humanistic, personality-oriented education. In order to discuss the technology of environmental education, as a means of ensuring environmental safety, environmental management and sustainable development of the Arctic, we proposed a questionnaire for obtaining primary environmental and health information, the key point in which is the relationship of ecology and health. Approbation of the problem-dialogue technology of learning allowed, on the basis of clarifying environmental opinions and assessments, value orientations, attitudes, dispositions and stimulating cognitive motivation on the substantive content, to achieve competences to ensure the environmental safety of northern ecosystems during the economic activities of enterprises of the fuel and energy complex. This is especially important in the conditions of the Far North with difficult climatic conditions (geomagnetic background, sudden temperature changes, strong wind loads, the presence of permafrost, etc.) and the rapid development of the oil and gas complex (in particular, high accident rate associated with the complexity of technical devices, the use of extreme operating conditions, strong environmental influences, flammability and explosive hazards of mined products, human factor).
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Sivriu, Ana Maria, Doinita Roxana Tarpan, Claudia-Irina Koncsag, Alina Monica Mares, and Cosmin Jinescu. "Analytical Semi-Empirical Model for the Prediction of Products Yields at the Fast Pyrolysis of Waste Palm Oil." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 6 (July 15, 2019): 1992–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.6.7261.
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The interest for vegetable oils, as a source of fuels and chemicals, boosted in the last two decades amid concerns related to oil depletion. The fast pyrolysis is a process of industrial consequences. In the present study, original experimental data in fast pyrolysis are processed in order to find the parameters of ASEM- an analytical semi-empirical model developed by the Clean Combustion Technology Laboratory (CCTL), University of Florida. The parameters, constants and coefficients of the model equation (w, To, D, p and q), were calculated for each main product with satisfactory accuracy and results were compared with other authors�. The results were discussed based on similarities and differences between slow and fast pyrolysis. The conclusion was that ASEM is a valid model which can be applied with confidence in very different process conditions.
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van Damme, Irene M., Pol Mestres-Fitó, Henk-Jan Ramaker, Annemieke W. C. Hulsbergen, Antoine E. D. M. van der Heijden, Ruben F. Kranenburg, and Arian C. van Asten. "Rapid and On-Scene Chemical Identification of Intact Explosives with Portable Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Multivariate Data Analysis." Sensors 23, no. 8 (April 7, 2023): 3804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23083804.
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There is an ongoing forensic and security need for rapid, on-scene, easy-to-use, non-invasive chemical identification of intact energetic materials at pre-explosion crime scenes. Recent technological advances in instrument miniaturization, wireless transfer and cloud storage of digital data, and multivariate data analysis have created new and very promising options for the use of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy in forensic science. This study shows that in addition to drugs of abuse, portable NIR spectroscopy with multivariate data analysis also offers excellent opportunities to identify intact energetic materials and mixtures. NIR is able to characterize a broad range of chemicals of interest in forensic explosive investigations, covering both organic and inorganic compounds. NIR characterization of actual forensic casework samples convincingly shows that this technique can handle the chemical diversity encountered in forensic explosive investigations. The detailed chemical information contained in the 1350–2550 nm NIR reflectance spectrum allows for correct compound identification within a given class of energetic materials, including nitro-aromatics, nitro-amines, nitrate esters, and peroxides. In addition, the detailed characterization of mixtures of energetic materials, such as plastic formulations containing PETN (pentaerythritol tetranitrate) and RDX (trinitro triazinane), is feasible. The results presented illustrate that the NIR spectra of energetic compounds and mixtures are sufficiently selective to prevent false-positive results for a broad range of food-related products, household chemicals, raw materials used for the production of home-made explosives, drugs of abuse, and products that are sometimes used to create hoax improvised explosive devices. However, for frequently encountered pyrotechnic mixtures, such as black powder, flash powder, and smokeless powder, and some basic inorganic raw materials, the application of NIR spectroscopy remains challenging. Another challenge is presented by casework samples of contaminated, aged, and degraded energetic materials or poor-quality HMEs (home-made explosives), for which the spectral signature deviates significantly from the reference spectra, potentially leading to false-negative outcomes.
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Casa, Marcello, Michele Miccio, Giovanni De Feo, Andrea Paulillo, Roberto Chirone, Dalia Paulillo, Paola Lettieri, and Riccardo Chirone. "A brief overview on valorization of industrial tomato by-products using the biorefinery cascade approach." Detritus, no. 15 (June 6, 2021): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2021.14088.
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The industrial processing of tomato leads to substantial amounts of residues, typically known as tomato pomace or by-products, which can represent as much as 10% by weight of fresh tomatoes. At present, these residues are either used as feedstock for animals or, in the worst case, disposed of in landfills. This represents a significant waste because tomato pomace contains high-value compounds like lycopene, a powerful antioxidant, cutin, which can be used as a starting material for biopolymers, and pectin, a gelling agent. This article presents an overview of technologies that valorize tomato by-products by recovering added-value compounds as well as generating fuel for energy production. These technologies include operations for extraction, separation, and exploitation of lycopene, cutin and pectin, as well as the processes for conversion of the solid residues to fuels. Data collected from the review has been used to develop a biorefinery scheme with the related mass flow balance, for a scenario involving the tomato supply chain of Regione Campania in Italy, using tomato by-products as feedstock.
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Sameh, Abdel-Hadi Ali. "Production Cycle for Large Scale Fission Mo-99 Separation by the Processing of Irradiated LEU Uranium Silicide Fuel Element Targets." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2013 (2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/704846.
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Uranium silicide fuels proved over decades their exceptional qualification for the operation of higher flux material testing reactors with LEU elements. The application of such fuels as target materials, particularly for the large scale fission Mo-99 producers, offers an efficient and economical solution for the related facilities. The realization of such aim demands the introduction of a suitable dissolution process for the applied U3Si2compound. Excellent results are achieved by the oxidizing dissolution of the fuel meat in hydrofluoric acid at room temperature. The resulting solution is directly behind added to an over stoichiometric amount of potassium hydroxide solution. Uranium and the bulk of fission products are precipitated together with the transuranium compounds. The filtrate contains the molybdenum and the soluble fission product species. It is further treated similar to the in-full scale proven process. The generated off gas stream is handled also as experienced before after passing through KOH washing solution. The generated alkaline fluoride containing waste solution is noncorrosive. Nevertheless fluoride can be selectively bonded as in soluble CaF2by addition of a mixture of solid calcium hydroxide calcium carbonate to the sand cement mixture used for waste solidification. The generated elevated amounts of LEU remnants can be recycled and retargeted. The related technology permits the minimization of the generated fuel waste, saving environment, and improving processing economy.
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Nivinskas, H., R. L. Koder, Z. Anusevicius, J. Sarlauskas, A. F. Miller, and N. Cenas. "Two-electron reduction of nitroaromatic compounds by Enterobacter cloacae NAD(P)H nitroreductase: description of quantitative structure-activity relationships." Acta Biochimica Polonica 47, no. 4 (December 31, 2000): 941–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.2000_3949.
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Enterobacter cloacae NAD(P)H:nitroreductase catalyzes the reduction of a series of nitroaromatic compounds with steady-state bimolecular rate constants (kcat/Km) ranging from 10(4) M(-1) s(-1) to 10(7) M(-1) s(-1), and oxidizing 2 moles NADH per mole mononitrocompound. Oxidation of excess NADH by polynitrobenzenes including explosives 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-N-methylnitramine (tetryl), has been observed as a slower secondary process, accompanied by O2 consumption. This type of 'redox cycling' was not related to reactions of nitroaromatic anion-radicals, but was caused by the autoxidation of relatively stable reaction products. The logs kcat/Km of all the compounds examined exhibited parabolic dependence on their enthalpies of single-electron- or two-electron (hydride) reduction, obtained by quantum mechanical calculations. This type of quantitative structure-activity relationships shows that the reactivity of nitroaromatics towards E. cloacae nitroreductase depends mainly on their hydride accepting properties, but not on their particular structure, and does not exclude the possibility of multistep hydride transfer.