Journal articles on the topic 'Explosions'
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1
Huseinov, R., and Yu Panchuk. "Basic calculation methods of investigation of circumstances and mechanism of man-made explosions." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 23, no. 1 (July 27, 2021): 258–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.1.2021.20.
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The article purpose is to analyze the danger of man-made explosions and provide calculation methods for determining the mechanism of the occurrence of an explosion during forensic examinations of the study of the circumstances and mechanism of man-made explosions.
The relevance of the article is caused by the fact that present-day production and everyday life cannot dispense with the usage of combustible and explosive substances. The particular attention to be paid to emergency prevention related to explosives, as well as the research to determine the mechanism of man-made explosions. The research on the mechanism of man-made explosions will make it possible to determine the technical cause of their occurrence, to analyze for what reason and for whose fault the event occurred, and also what measures should be taken to minimize the likelihood of such situations occurence.
It is noted that in order to obtain reliable conclusions about the mechanism of man-made explosions, it is necessary to use scientifically based methods and methodologies allowing us to assess the extent of destruction. The degree of destruction of surrounding building structures and harm to people depends on overpressure caused as the result of a significant expansion of the explosion products and their spread to all directions from the center of explosion. The most frequent causes of explosions in the explosive object are: destruction and damage to production tanks, equipment and pipelines; deviation from production regulations (excess pressure and temperature of equipment operating mode), low-quality control of equipment and work while conducting require work, and untimely or poor-quality maintenance of technological equipment.
The main calculation methods for the research of the man-made explosions in open areas, indoors, and limited space are given, which will allow to systematize the research process and analyze the flow of explosions in specific situations, and to establish a mechanism for their occurrence when conducting forensic examinations of the circumstances and mechanism of man-made explosions.
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Davis, Scott, Derek Engel, Kees van Wingerden, and Erik Merilo. "Can gases behave like explosives: Large-scale deflagration to detonation testing." Journal of Fire Sciences 35, no. 5 (September 2017): 434–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904117715648.
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A large vapor cloud explosion followed by a fire is one of the most dangerous and high consequence events that can occur at petrochemical facilities. However, one of the most devastating explosions is when a deflagration transitions to a detonation, which can travel at speeds greater than 1800 m/s and pressures greater than 18 barg. This phenomenon is called a deflagration-to-detonation transition, whereby the deflagration (flame front) continues to accelerate due to confinement or flow-induced turbulence (e.g. obstacles) and ultimately transitions at flame speeds greater than the speed of sound to a detonation. Unlike a deflagration that requires the presence of confinement or obstacles to generate high flame speeds and associated elevated overpressures, a detonation is a self-sustaining phenomenon having the shock front coupled to the combustion. Once established, the resulting detonation will continue to propagate through the vapor cloud at speeds (1800 m/s) that are of similar order as high explosives (7000–8000 m/s). While there are differences between high explosives and vapor cloud explosions (e.g. high explosives can have pressures well in excess of 100 bar), vapor cloud explosions that transition to detonations can cause significant damage due to the extremely high pressures not typically associated with gas phase explosions (>18 barg), high energy release rate per unit mass, and higher impulses due to large cloud sizes. While the likelihood of deflagration-to-detonation transitions is lower than deflagrations, they have been identified in some of the most recent large-scale explosion incidents. The consequences of deflagration-to-detonation transitions can be orders of magnitude larger than deflagrations. This article will present the results of large-scale testing conducted in a newly developed test rig of 1500 m3 gross volume involving stoichiometric, lean, and rich mixtures of propane and methane.
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Eckhoff, Rolf K., and Gang Li. "Industrial Dust Explosions. A Brief Review." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (February 12, 2021): 1669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041669.
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This paper first addresses the question: what is a dust explosion? Afterwards, some specific issues are briefly reviewed: materials that can give dust explosions, factors influencing ignitability and explosibility of dust clouds, the combustion of dust clouds in air, ignition sources that can initiate dust explosions, primary and secondary dust explosions, dust flash fires, explosions of “hybrid mixtures”, and detonation of dust clouds. Subsequently, measures for dust explosion prevention and mitigation are reviewed. The next section presents the case history of an industrial dust explosion catastrophe in China in 2014. In the final section, a brief review is given of some current research issues that are related to the prevention and mitigation of dust explosions. There is a constant need for further research and development in all the areas elucidated in the paper.
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Skřínský, Jan, Ján Vereš, Jana Trávníčková, and Andrea Dalecká. "Explosions Caused by Corrosive Gases/Vapors." Materials Science Forum 844 (March 2016): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.844.65.
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Gas/vapor cloud explosions and fires are responsible for most of the largest property loss events worldwide in the hydrocarbon industry. Motivation for this article is to summarize explosion pressure caused by corrosive gases/vapors in terms of mathematical modeling. Presented explosions based on real scenarios of accidents associated with transport and storage facilities with corrosive flammable chemicals. While explosions of pure flammable chemicals are well described in the literature, the information about explosions of corrosive and toxic flammable substances is rather scarce. This work aims at studying the explosion behavior of pure hydrogen-air, pure ammonia-air, ammonia-hydrogen-air, ammonia-methanol-air, ammonia-ethanol-air mixtures at different initial temperatures and pressures. The results of mathematical modeling of the calculated maximum explosion pressure are described.
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Byard, Roger W. "Lethal explosions in a non-terrorist civilian setting." Medicine, Science and the Law 58, no. 3 (April 22, 2018): 156–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0025802418767797.
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A study was undertaken to investigate the range and nature of deaths that may result from explosions in a civilian population that has not been exposed to terrorist attacks or significant military activities. A search was conducted of autopsy files at Forensic Science SA, Adelaide, Australia, from July 2000 to June 2017 for all cases where death had been attributed to an explosion. Twenty cases were identified, consisting of 10 accidents, five suicides, two homicides, one murder-suicide with two decedents and one case where the manner of death was undetermined. Explosives were involved in nine deaths, petrol in seven and propane/butane/natural gas in a further four. Deaths caused by explosions were a rare event, with most cases being caused by accidents in a domestic or industrial environment. Although suicides formed the next most-common group, it is possible that explosions caused by petrol in cases of self-immolation were not intended.
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Sim, Bohoon, Kukjoo Kim, Chunho Kim, Sang-woo Park, Jang-woon Baek, and Youngjun Park. "Experimental Evaluation of Internal Blast Resistance of Reinforced Concrete Structures using Blast Resistance Panels." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 20, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2020.20.6.15.
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Blast loading varies based on the location of the explosion. Furthermore, blast loading can be classified into unconfined explosions and confined explosions. Many studies have evaluated blast resistance performance based on unconfined explosions, focusing on military applications. However, there is a paucity of studies considering confined explosions. Given that confined explosions are significantly different from unconfined explosions, full-scale field experiments are necessary for the development of numerical models. Therefore, in this study, the performance of blast resistance panels was evaluated as a method for reducing explosion pressure in facilities such as underground ammunition storage. Two structures were manufactured using normal-strength and high-strength concrete, and 5.9 kg of TNT was blasted internally. The experimental results confirmed that the maximum acceleration could be reduced by 28.87% and 61.65% in the normal-strength and high-strength concrete structures, respectively, when using a blast resistance panel.
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Kostenko, Viktor, Olena Zavialova, Yuliia Novikova, Оlha Bohomaz, Yaroslav Krupka, and Tetiana Kostenko. "SUBSTANTIATING THE PARAMETERS OF QUICKLY ERECTED EXPLOSION-PROOF STOPPING." Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik 37, no. 4 (2022): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2022.4.12.
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The objective of this paper is to substantiate the method of construction and design parameters of explosion-proof stoppings for the quick and safe remote sealing-off of the sources of complex fires and explosions in coal mines. A new method was designed for the remote erection of explosion-proof stoppings in mine workings and a mathematical model of mass transfer through the body of a stopping made of discrete material. Tactics were improved for the containment of underground fires and explosions due to rapid remote erection of explosion-proof stoppings. The technology of the quick erection of stoppings made of rocks crushed by an explosion for sealing-off of the emergency sections of the mine has been proposed. A computational model and a method for calculating the parameters of explosion-proof stoppings erected by the method of directed explosion have been created. The results of the calculations open the possibility to prepare the means of containment of dust explosions in advance and to improve the tactics of safe containment of explosions and fires.
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Lowery, Alex W., and Joe Roberts. "Organic Coatings to Prevent Molten Metal Explosions." Materials Science Forum 630 (October 2009): 201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.630.201.
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Over 60 years ago the first reported molten metal explosion from a bleed-out during direct chill casting in an aluminium mill was reported. Soon thereafter, testing was performed to determine the root cause of the explosion. Upon determination of the root cause, an investigation to determine if any preventive measures could be instituted to prevent the explosions was conducted. Results found that a specific organic coating (e.g., Wise Chem E-212-F) prevented molten metal explosions, whereas some specific organic coatings initiated the explosions. Fifteen years ago the U.S. Department of Energy in conjuncture with the Aluminum Association reinvestigated the root cause of molten metal explosions. Testing revealed that an initiation or trigger had to be present for a molten metal explosion to occur. Testing identified three additional coatings that could afford protection.
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Yu, Jun, Hai-tao Li, Zhen-xin Sheng, Yi Hao, and Jian-hu Liu. "Numerical research on the cavitation effect induced by underwater multi-point explosion near free surface." AIP Advances 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 015021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0136546.
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In this study, the cavitation effect induced by two charges in underwater explosions near free surfaces is numerical researched by two dimensional compressible multiphase fluids based on a four-equation system with a phase transition model. The occurrence of the generation, development, and collapse of cavitation in two-charge underwater explosions near free surfaces can be captured directly. The detailed density, pressure, and vapor volume fraction contours during the interaction process are obtained and can better reveal the characteristic underlying the cavitation, free surface, and explosion bubbles. Numerical results reveal that the cavitation domain has expanded to an area much deeper than the explosion bubble location in two-charge underwater explosions, which should be paid enough attention due to its influence on the input load of underwater structures. The detailed density and pressure contours during the interaction process can also be captured and can better reveal the mechanism underlying the explosion bubble, cavitation, and surface wave dynamics. The present results can expand the currently limited database of multiphase fluid in underwater explosions and also provide new insights into the strong nonlinear interaction between underwater explosion and cavitation, which provides a deep understanding of multi-point explosions.
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Komarov, Alexander, and Jahongir Azamov. "Processing of experimental data describing internal deflagration explosions." E3S Web of Conferences 410 (2023): 02042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202341002042.
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This article is devoted to issues related to experimental studies of internal deflagration explosions or emergency explosions occurring inside buildings and premises. In internal emergency explosions, the main role in reducing the explosive pressure to a safe level is played by discharge openings blocked by safety structures (SS). As discharge openings, windows are often used, covered with glazed window blocks, or opened explosion venting structures (EVS). The article deals with processing experimental data obtained in the study of deflagration explosions occurring inside buildings and premises. The main features and difficulties that arise while analyzing experimental materials are described. The article considers the general methodology for processing experimental data to study deflagration explosions inside buildings and premises. Examples of processing materials from experiments performed in chambers equipped with a transparent edge allow high-speed filming of the explosive combustion process inside the chamber. The article presents a technique that allows, based on data processing on the overpressure in the explosion chamber, to obtain complete characteristics of the loads that occur in the experimental chamber during an internal deflagration explosion. The proposed technique makes it possible to abandon the transparent edge of the explosion chamber and obtain data on the explosion process based on the numerical processing of the excess pressure created in the explosion chamber. An example of processing a full-scale experiment to determine the effectiveness of a real explosion venting structure (EVS) is given.
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Wang, Guangyong, Ansheng Cao, Zhilin Dun, Lianwei Ren, and Xiaowang Sun. "Numerical Simulation of the Dynamic Responses and Cumulative Damage of Underground Caverns under Multiple Explosions." Shock and Vibration 2020 (November 26, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8836375.
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Attacking underground caverns with earth-penetrating bombs usually involves multiple explosions in succession. To assess the dynamic responses and cumulative damage of underground caverns under multiple explosions, based on a reduced-scale physical model test, the modified Riedel–Hiermaier–Thoma (RHT) model in the finite-element software LS-DYNA is used to build an underground cavern model that encounters four explosions above the vault. The characteristics of the stress wave attenuation and the evolution laws for the cumulative damage of the surrounding rock in the process of the four explosions are presented. Also, the displacement of the vault, the strain of the cavern wall, and the damage of a rock bolt-supported cavern and an unanchored cavern are compared. The results indicate that the peak pressure is attenuated increasingly in the latter three explosions. The circumferential strain of the cavern wall changes from tensile to compressive from the vault to the corner. The damage of the surrounding rock on the left and right sides of the explosion source is attenuated with increasing distance from the explosion source, and the attenuation curve has a reverse “S” shape. Moreover, the attenuation rate of the curve decreases with each explosion. Multiple explosions do not affect the size of the crushed zone, but they do increase the range of the fracture zone. With each explosion, the cumulative damage of the surrounding rock increases irreversibly, but the damage increment decreases. The cumulative damage of the surrounding rock exhibits a highly nonlinear relationship with successive explosions, and the effect of the rock bolt reinforcement becomes more obvious with successive explosions. Accordingly, the present research results offer a reference for antiexplosion design and support the optimization of underground engineering.
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Chybowski, Leszek, Andrzej Jakubowski, and Sławomir Żółkiewski. "Analysis of the Relationship between Selected Ship and Propulsion System Characteristics and the Risk of Main Engine Turbocharger Explosion." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 2 (February 5, 2023): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11020360.
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The scientific aim of this paper is to analyse the topicality of the turbocharger explosions and to attempt to answer the question of whether some technical characteristics of the engine can be perceived as directly connected with the risk of the turbocharger explosion. Moreover, our objective was also to calculate the turbocharger explosion probability. This article presents the results of a quantitative and qualitative analysis of 42 explosions of marine main engine turbochargers occurring between 1977 and 2022. The number of explosions was analysed, and the average and instantaneous frequencies of turbocharger explosions each year were determined. An analysis was performed of the number of explosions with respect to the age and type of ship on which the accident occurred. An analysis of the contribution of different types of main engine to the studied population of explosions was also carried out. Criteria such as the number of strokes, engine speed, type of crank-piston mechanism, cylinder arrangement, engine power per cylinder, and number of cylinders were considered. An analysis was carried out of the disasters that had occurred, considering the contribution of the various engine manufacturers. An integrated distribution of the number of turbocharger explosions by year was presented, considering the engine speed, the maximum continuous rating of the engine, and the engine design. The analysis did not indicate a significant correlation between the type of ship and the number of explosions that occurred. More than half of the analysed population of explosions (median) occurred on vessels no older than 15 years. It is highly likely that engine type does not directly affect the number of turbocharger explosions and the risk of explosions. On the other hand, it is not possible to exclude the influence of the individual characteristics of an engine built to a particular manufacturer’s design on the magnitude of the risk of a turbocharger exploding during engine operation. Considering the number of ships worldwide, the probability of an explosion in a given year on a given ship is not less than 1.61 × 10−7.
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Baumgardt, Douglas R., and Kathleen A. Ziegler. "Spectral evidence for source multiplicity in explosions: Application to regional discrimination of earthquakes and explosions." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 78, no. 5 (October 1, 1988): 1773–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0780051773.
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Abstract Spectral and cepstral analysis were performed on regional-array NORESS recordings of mining explosions in Scandinavia and Russia in order to detect the effects of delayed explosions or “ripple firing” commonly used in mine-blasting practice. NORESS array-stacked spectra, corrected for instrument and noise, were computed in windows on Pn, Pg, Sn, and Lg waves from the mine blasts by averaging individual channel spectra, frequency by frequency, across the array. For comparison, spectra were also computed for six western Norway earthquakes located near the Blasjo and Titania Norwegian mines. Also, stack spectra of P coda, Sn, and Lg were computed using NORSAR seismograms for presumed peaceful nuclear explosions (PNEs) located at near-regional distances (Δ > 10°) in western Russia. The NORSAR spectra were determined in the same manner as the NORESS spectra, except that an individual source correction was applied to the spectra. Comparison of western Norway mine-blast spectra and nearby earthquakes shows that the earthquake Pn spectra are peaked in the 8- to 16-Hz band, with little energy below 6 Hz, whereas the explosion spectra have flatter spectra from 3 to 16 Hz. This difference in the Pn spectra may be caused by the earthquakes occurring at greater depths than the explosions, differences in the near-source media, or source mechanism effects in the earthquake spectra. The main difference between earthquake and explosion spectra is that the explosion spectra exhibit marked scalloping or modulation patterns not observed in the earthquake spectra. The modulation patterns are identical in spectra of all phases, indicating that they are caused by multiple-shot sequences or ripple firing. Simulated multiple-source spectra, determined using the NORESS seismograms for one of the western Norway earthquakes, resulted in spectra that resembled many of the explosion modulation patterns. Based on the simulation studies and cepstral analysis of the spectra, the mine explosions appear to be composed of two to three separate explosions delayed by between 80 to 150 msec. Moreover, the NORSAR spectra of PNEs indicate that these signals are also produced by multiple explosions, although they have larger delay times of between 0.9 to 1.5 sec. These results show that spectral modulations in seismogram spectra of economic explosions, including mine explosions and nuclear explosions fired for peaceful, economic purposes, can be used to distinguish them from earthquakes and nuclear-explosion weapons tests.
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Chu, Z. X., J. Q. Li, Xiao Lei, Y. D. Gan, Y. L. Zhang, and H. Z. Liang. "Numerical Simulations of Plasmas Generated by Air Explosion." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2478, no. 7 (June 1, 2023): 072052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2478/7/072052.
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Abstract The explosion process of explosives is very complex, often accompanied by phenomena such as luminescence, heat, and electromagnetic radiation. Many studies have shown that the electromagnetic radiation of explosive explosions is related to plasma generated by explosion. In this paper, through the thermal equilibrium ionization model, the plasma model of explosive explosion is established, the calculation formula of plasma state parameters is obtained, and the plasma dynamics program is written. The numerical simulation analysis of the air explosion conditions is carried out by using the plasma dynamics program, and the relationship between the electron density and conductivity of the air explosion plasma and the mass of explosive and distance are summarized.
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Voyles, Jonathan R., Monique M. Holt, J. Mark Hale, Keith D. Koper, Relu Burlacu, and Derrick J. A. Chambers. "A New Catalog of Explosion Source Parameters in the Utah Region with Application to ML–MC‐Based Depth Discrimination at Local Distances." Seismological Research Letters 91, no. 1 (November 6, 2019): 222–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220190185.
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Abstract A catalog of explosion source parameters is valuable for testing methods of source classification in seismically active regions. We develop a manually reviewed catalog of explosions in the Utah region for 1 October 2012 to 30 June 2018 and use it to assess a newly proposed, magnitude‐based depth discriminant. Within the Utah region we define 26 event clusters that are primarily associated with mine blasts but also include explosions from weapons testing and disposal. The catalog refinement process consists of confirming the explosion source labels, revising the local (ML) and coda duration (MC) magnitudes, and relocating the hypocenters. The primary features used to determine source labels are waveform characteristics such as frequency content, the proximity of the preliminary epicenter to a permitted blast region, the time of day, and prior notification from mine operators. We reviewed 2199 seismic events of which 1545 are explosions, 459 are local earthquakes, and 195 are other event types. Of the reviewed events, 127 (5.8%) were reclassified with new labels. Over 74% of the reviewed explosions have both ML and MC, a sizable improvement over the unreviewed catalog (65%). The mean ML–MC value for the new explosion catalog is −0.196±0.017 (95% confidence interval) compared with a previously determined value of 0.048±0.008 for naturally occurring earthquakes in the Utah region. The shallow depths of the explosions lead to enhanced coda production, which in turn leads to anomalously large MC values. This finding confirms that ML–MC is a useful metric for discriminating explosions from deeper tectonic earthquakes in Utah. However, there is significant variation in ML–MC among the 26 explosion source regions, suggesting that ML–MC observations should be combined with other classification metrics to achieve the best performance in distinguishing explosions from earthquakes.
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Xun-Ren, Yang, and Xie Jin-Lai. "Detection and Analysis of the Infrasonic Waves Attached to the Tragic Explosion of U.S. Space Shuttle “Challenger”." Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 5, no. 3 (September 1986): 100–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026309238600500302.
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Thirteen hours after the tragic explosion of the U.S. space shuttle “Challenger” at an altitude of 15km on 29th January 1986, a sequence of strong infrasonic waves was received by a set of sensitive microbarographs on the ground level about 14300km distant. These waves, with periods 400–700 seconds, amplitude about 30Pa and propagation velocity about 300m/s are very similar in character to those from nuclear explosions. Based on the analysis of the power spectrum, the main period of the signal can be determined as 537 sec and over 90 per cent of the energy concentrates within the range of 300–1000 sec. According to the theoretical formula for nuclear explosions, the equivalence of this explosion can be estimated from the wave characters as 140 Mt of TNT. This estimation is on the high side, owing to the fact that, compared with nuclear explosions, the altitude at which the explosion has taken place is much higher and the mechanisms of these two explosions are quite different.
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Ichinose, Gene A., Kenneth D. Smith, and John G. Anderson. "Seismic analysis of the 7 January 1998 Chemical plant explosion at Kean Canyon, Nevada." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 89, no. 4 (August 1, 1999): 938–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0890040938.
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Abstract An accident at the Sierra Chemical Company Kean Canyon plant, 16 km east of Reno, Nevada, resulted in two explosions 3.52 sec apart that devastated the facility. An investigation into a possible cause for the accident required the determination of the chronological order of the explosions. We resolved the high-precision relative locations and chronology of the explosions using a cross-correlation method applied to both seismic and air waves. The difference in relative arrival times of air waves between the explosions indicated that the first explosion occurred at the northern site. We then determined two station centroid separations between explosions, which average about 73 m with uncertainties ranging from ± 17 to 41 m depending on the alignment of station pairs. We estimated a centroid separation of 80 m using P waves with a larger uncertainty of ± 340 m. We performed a grid search for an optimal separation and the azimuth by combining air-wave arrivals from three station pairs. The best solution for the relative location of the second explosion is 73.2 m S35°E from the first explosion. This estimate is well within the uncertainties of the survey by the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB). The CSB reported a separation of approximately 76.2 m S33°E. The spectral amplitudes of P waves are 3 to 4 times higher for the second explosion relative to the first explosion, but the air waves have similar spectral amplitudes. We suggest that this difference is due to the partitioning of energy between the ground and air caused by downward directivity at the southern explosion, and upward directivity at the northern explosion. This is consistent with the absence of a crater for the first explosion and a 1.8-m-deep crater for the second explosion.
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Kuracina, Richard, and Zuzana Szabová. "Design of Dust Dispersion System for Explosion Chamber KV-150 M2." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 3, no. 12 (December 12, 2018): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2018.3.12.988.
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Dust explosions are a major hazard in many industrial processes. In operations such as crushing and grinding, conveying, classifying and storage, an explosion may occur in the presence of combustible dusts or powders. Such explosions can result in loss of production, process equipment and quite possibly human life. This paper is oriented on design of dust dispersion system for explosion chamber KV-150 M2. The explosion chamber KV-150 M2 is designed to measure the explosion parameters of dispersed dusts.
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Kuracina, Richard, and Zuzana Szabová. "Design of Dust Dispersion System for Explosion Chamber KV-150 M2." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 3, no. 12 (December 12, 2018): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2018.3.12.988.
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Dust explosions are a major hazard in many industrial processes. In operations such as crushing and grinding, conveying, classifying and storage, an explosion may occur in the presence of combustible dusts or powders. Such explosions can result in loss of production, process equipment and quite possibly human life. This paper is oriented on design of dust dispersion system for explosion chamber KV-150 M2. The explosion chamber KV-150 M2 is designed to measure the explosion parameters of dispersed dusts.
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Li, Zhenping, Sanming Wang, and Dongliang Sun. "Research on Safety Spacing of Chemical Storage Tanks Based on Accident Consequence and Risk Analysis." E3S Web of Conferences 198 (2020): 01021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019801021.
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The placement of chemical storage tanks is an important topic in industrial safety, and its placement method is based on the study of the safety spacing of storage tanks. This paper takes LPG and LNG storage tanks as examples. It uses vapor cloud explosions, pool fires, pressure vessel explosions, boiling liquid expansion vapor explosions and other fire and explosion accident consequences models and risk probability analysis methods to analyze. It is proved that the transfer of storage tanks from ground to underground can significantly reduce the scope of impact of explosion accidents, thereby increasing the utilization rate of industrial land.
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Chapman, M. C., G. A. Bollinger, and M. S. Sibol. "Modeling delay-fired explosion spectra at regional distances." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 82, no. 6 (December 1, 1992): 2430–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0820062430.
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Abstract The objectives of this study are to model the observed seismic spectra from large industrial explosions using information obtained from blaster's logs and to compare the explosion spectra with those of small earthquake signals from the same source region. The data set consists of digital waveforms from four mining explosions (200,000 + lb. of explosives each) and two earthquakes (M = 3.5 and 4.0) in eastern Kentucky. The data were recorded on a short-period regional network at distances ranging from 180 to 400 km and have good signal-to-noise ratios at frequencies from 0.5 to 10 Hz. The explosion amplitude spectra differ markedly from those of the earthquakes, by exhibiting strong time-independent amplitude modulations. This spectral modulation is directly attributable to the explosive charge geometry and firing sequence and is largely independent of source-station path and recording site. Modeling of the explosion source spectra shows that the major contributor to the modulated character of the spectra are amplitude minima at frequencies related to the total duration of the explosion sequence. Another important effect is amplitude reinforcement at low frequencies (e.g., 5 Hz) due to the comparatively long delay (0.2 sec) between the firing of individual rows of explosives. These features dominate both Pg and Lg amplitude spectra at frequencies less than 7 Hz. Accurate modeling of the observed spectra at frequencies greater than a few Hertz requires that the azimuth of the recording site be taken into account. Also, the spectra at higher frequencies become sensitive to random variations in the firing times of any of the various subexplosions.
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Zavialova, Оlena. "IMPROVEMENT OF MEANS OF LOCALIZATION OF COAL DUST EXPLOSIONS." JOURNAL of Donetsk mining institute, no. 1 (2021): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31474/1999-981x-2021-1-110-118.
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Purpose. Improving the design of coal dust explosion localization devices to increase their speed, premature creation of an effective barrier from the cloud of extinguishing agent by reliable suppression of the fire front and, as a consequence, stop the spread of explosion on the mine, which will increase personnel protection from negative explosion factors. Methods. A comprehensive approach was used, which includes analysis and generalization of statistical data on explosions of methane-air and dust-air mixtures in mines of Ukraine, critical analysis of means for localization of coal dust explosions, computer modeling of rock deformations during the explosion. Results. The obtained data on the redistribution of explosion energy in the mountain massif allowed to scientifically substantiate a qualitatively new approach to obtaining information about the approach of the shock front. The results of the study confirmed that the loosening of dust accumulations under the influence of seismic waves, which are significantly ahead of the explosion front moving along the production, creates conditions for the formation of explosive dust concentration in front of the fire front. But early signaling from the seismic sensor of the presence of an explosion contributes to the formation of an explosion-proof environment to the approach of the fire front and provides prevention of the combustible environment and the creation of a non-combustible zone in the path of the fire front. Scientific novelty. A fundamentally new approach to explosion detection in mining is substantiated and a new design of a device for localization of coal dust explosions based on the disclosure of the mechanism of explosion energy propagation in the mountain environment is proposed. Practical significance. The use of the proposed device for localization of coal dust explosions allows to accelerate the localization of dust explosions, to create an effective barrier from the cloud of extinguishing agent by reliably suppressing the fire front and as a result to create an explosion-proof environment in mining.
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Yan, Chen, Zhirong Wang, Kai Liu, Qingqing Zuo, Yaya Zhen, and Shangfeng Zhang. "Numerical simulation of size effects of gas explosions in spherical vessels." SIMULATION 93, no. 8 (March 20, 2017): 695–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037549717698227.
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To study the law of sizes on gas explosions, numerical simulations of methane–air mixture explosions in spherical vessels were performed. The law of sizes on gas explosions is studied using FLUENT simulations with the [Formula: see text] two-equation turbulent model, the eddy-dissipation-concept model, thermal dissipation at a wall boundary, the P1 model, and the SIMPLE algorithm. The experimental results suggest that under an adiabatic condition without energy loss, the maximum explosion pressures in different spherical vessels are all 0.82 MPa, and the effect on the explosion intensity in spherical vessels is small. Under the condition of heat dissipation at the wall boundary, the maximum explosion pressure increases with volume of the spherical vessel. However, the explosion intensity in this condition is lower than that in adiabatic condition. Also, the size effect is not obvious. The size effect on the explosion intensity is significant under the combined effects of heat dissipation at the wall boundary and thermal radiation, where the maximum explosion pressure increases with volume of spherical vessels. On the contrary, the maximum pressure rising rate decreases with the volume of the spherical vessels; this rule coincides with the “cube” law. The studies on the size effects of methane–air mixture explosions in a spherical vessel provide an important reference for establishing a model system that can be used to test and design industrial vessels.
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Hoggard, Mark J., Janice L. Scealy, and Brent G. Delbridge. "Seismic moment tensor classification using elliptical distribution functions on the hypersphere." Geophysical Journal International 237, no. 1 (February 2, 2024): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggae011.
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SUMMARY Discrimination of underground explosions from naturally occurring earthquakes and other anthropogenic sources is one of the fundamental challenges of nuclear explosion monitoring. In an operational setting, the number of events that can be thoroughly investigated by analysts is limited by available resources. The capability to rapidly screen out events that can be robustly identified as not being explosions is, therefore, of great potential benefit. Nevertheless, possible mis-classification of explosions as earthquakes currently limits the use of screening methods for verification of test-ban treaties. Moment tensors provide a physics-based classification tool for the characterization of different seismic sources and have enabled the advent of new techniques for discriminating between earthquakes and explosions. Following normalization and projection of their six-degree vectors onto the hypersphere, existing screening approaches use spherically symmetric metrics to determine whether any new moment tensor may have been an explosion. Here, we show that populations of moment tensors for both earthquakes and explosions are anisotropically distributed on the hypersphere. Distributions possessing elliptical symmetry, such as the scaled von Mises–Fisher distribution, therefore provide a better description of these populations than the existing spherically symmetric models. We describe a method that uses these elliptical distributions in combination with a Bayesian classifier to achieve successful classification rates of 99 per cent for explosions and 98 per cent for earthquakes using existing catalogues of events from the western United States. The 1983 May 5 Crowdie underground nuclear test and 2018 July 20 DAG-1 deep-borehole chemical explosion are the only two explosions out of 140 that are incorrectly classified. Application of the method to the 2006–2017 nuclear tests in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea yields 100 per cent identification rates and we provide a simple routine MTid for general usage. The approach provides a means to rapidly assess the likelihood of an event being an explosion and can be built into monitoring workflows that rely on simultaneously assessing multiple different discrimination metrics.
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Lee, Kwanwoo, and Chankyu Kang. "Expansion of Next-Generation Sustainable Clean Hydrogen Energy in South Korea: Domino Explosion Risk Analysis and Preventive Measures Due to Hydrogen Leakage from Hydrogen Re-Fueling Stations Using Monte Carlo Simulation." Sustainability 16, no. 9 (April 24, 2024): 3583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16093583.
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Hydrogen, an advanced energy source, is growing quickly in its infrastructure and technological development. Urban areas are constructing convergence-type hydrogen refilling stations utilizing existing gas stations to ensure economic viability. However, it is essential to conduct a risk analysis as hydrogen has a broad range for combustion and possesses significant explosive capabilities, potentially leading to a domino explosion in the most severe circumstances. This study employed quantitative risk assessment to evaluate the range of damage effects of single and domino explosions. The PHAST program was utilized to generate quantitative data on the impacts of fires and explosions in the event of a single explosion, with notable effects from explosions. Monte Carlo simulations were utilized to forecast a domino explosion, aiming to predict uncertain events by reflecting the outcome of a single explosion. Monte Carlo simulations indicate a 69% chance of a domino explosion happening at a hydrogen refueling station if multi-layer safety devices fail, resulting in damage estimated to be three times greater than a single explosion.
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Galante, Nicola, Lorenzo Franceschetti, Sara Del Sordo, Michelangelo Bruno Casali, and Umberto Genovese. "Explosion-related deaths: An overview on forensic evaluation and implications." Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology 17, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 437–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12024-021-00383-z.
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Abstract Purpose Explosion-related deaths are uncommon events which require expertise and confidence so that an appropriate death investigation can be performed. The present study aims to provide a detailed forensic analysis of the issues and implications arising in the event of an explosion. Methods A retrospective review of casualty data was conducted on electronic literature databases. Cases concerning deadly explosions registered at the Milan Institute of Legal Medicine were examined and analyzed altogether. Results Explosions may involve closed or open systems. A security assessment of the site is always necessary. Alterations of the site due to rescue procedures can occur; thus, on-site forensic investigation should be adapted to the environment. Then, a study protocol based on autopsy procedures is presented. Application of the postmortem radiology enforces forensic procedures both for the analysis of blast injuries and skeleton fractures, and for identification purposes. Blast injuries typically cause lacerations of the lungs, intestine and major vessels; moreover, hyoid fractures can be documented. Histopathology may help to define blast injuries effectively. Forensic chemistry, toxicology and ballistics provide useful investigative evidence as well as anthropology and genetics. Different forensic topics regarding explosions are discussed through five possible scenarios that forensic pathologists may come across. Scenarios include self-inflicted explosion deaths, domestic explosions, work-related explosions, terrorist events, and explosions caused by accidents involving heavy vehicles. Conclusion The scenarios presented offer a useful instrument to avoid misinterpretations and evaluation errors. Procedural notes and technical aspects are provided to the readers, with an insight on collaboration with other forensic experts.
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Filippov, Vladimir, Andrey Eremenko, and Igor Mokrousov. "GEOTECHNOLOGY IMPACT ON SEISMIC ACTIVITY OF THE AREA DURING MINING PROTECTIVE PILLAR IN CONDITIONS OF SHEREGESH DEPOSIT." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 2, no. 5 (2019): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2019-2-5-75-80.
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Analysis of blasting works during reserves mining of protective pillar of level-and-room mining and sublevel mining with application of mobile machinery is carried out. It is established that high power explosions, carried out within border of protective pillar, longtime impact on rock solid (up to 2 days and more). Each explosion forms seismic active zone in which shocks occur on the distance up to 400v and more. Converse to technology of sublevel caving with application of mobile machinery has excepted carrying out explosions with large mass of explosive materials (10t and more). Through a month, 20-30 explosions are carried out with mass of explosive material from 800-900kg up to 3000-3500 kg. Increasing of explosion number causes to the explosions produce seismic active zone and Impact to solid condition and near workings. But reduction of mass of explosive materials has caused to low frequent event. Mainly seismic events of 1 and 2 class happen.
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Huang, Zichao, Rongjun Si, Guangcai Wen, Songling Jin, and Shaoqian Xue. "Experimental Study on the Isolation Effect of an Active Flame-Proof Device on a Gas Explosion in an Underground Coal Mine." Fire 6, no. 12 (December 13, 2023): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire6120468.
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Passive explosion-isolation facilities in underground coal mines, such as explosion-proof water troughs and bags, face challenges aligned with current trends in intelligent and unmanned technologies, due to restricted applicability and structural features. Grounded in the propagation laws and disaster mechanisms of gas explosions, the device in this paper enables accurate identification of explosion flames and pressure information. Utilizing a high-speed processor for rapid logical processing enables judgments within 1 ms. Graded activation of the operating mechanism is enabled by the device. The tunnel flame-proof device’s flame-extinguishing agent has a continuous action time of 6075 ms. Experiments on the active flame-proof effect of a 100 m3 gas explosion were conducted using a cross-sectional 7.2 m2 large-tunnel test system. With a dosage of 5.6 kg/m2, the powder flame-extinguishing agent completely extinguished the explosion flame within a 20 m range behind the explosion isolator. Numerical calculations unveiled the gas-phase chemical suppression mechanism of the powder flame-extinguishing agent NH4H2PO4 in suppressing methane explosions. Building upon these findings, application technology for active flame-proofing was developed, offering technical support for intelligent prevention and control of gas explosions in underground coal mines.
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Kaisig, M., G. Rüdiger, and H. W. Yorke. "The Alpha-Effect by Supernova Explosions." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 157 (1993): 389–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900174480.
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The turbulence in galaxies is assumed to be driven by a sample of stochastically occurring supernova explosions. For simplicity, we replace the complicated real flow by the velocity field of the explosions themselves. The resulting turbulence model can be used to determine the turbulent electromotive force, < u′ × B′ >, a basic quantity in the dynamo theory.If the distribution function of the SN explosion rate is known, it is sufficient to compute the α-effect for a single explosion in a rotating, density stratified galaxy. We use an axisymmetric simulation code to determine the helical velocity field of the explosion, and consider only explosions located on the rotation axis. The (homogeneous) magnetic field is assumed to be purely vertical. Therefore, only the αzz-component of the α-tensor can be obtained with this method.The induced magnetic field fluctuations must be correlated with the velocity field in order to get the turbulent electromagnetic force. The resulting α-effect for a sample of explosions starting in the galactic midplane possesses a z-profile with an amplitude of about 60m/s. It is always negative in the northern hemisphere and positive in the southern hermisphere. The scale of the α-profile is about 60pc. The influence of the density distribution proved to be small. We consider the extreme case of uniform explosion rate and find α-values of only few meters per second for a density scale height of 100pc.
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Simons, Arne, Inge Bellemans, Tijl Crivits, and Kim Verbeken. "Heat Transfer Considerations on the Spontaneous Triggering of Vapor Explosions—A Review." Metals 11, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11010055.
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Vapor explosions have been investigated both theoretically and experimentally for several decades, focusing either on the vapor film, or on mechanical aspects. Where the main interest for industry lies in the safety risks of such an event, fundamental research is focusing on all partial processes that occur during a vapor explosion. In this paper, vapor explosions are discussed from a heat transfer point of view. Generally accepted knowledge of heat transfer between hot surfaces and liquids is compared to early investigations regarding the origin of vapor explosions. Both steady state and transient models are discussed. The review of available literature suggests that vapor explosions trigger spontaneously by the collapse of the boiling film. Better understanding of the fundamental aspects of vapor explosions might give rise to future ideas on how to avoid them.
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Zavyalova, E. L., and G. V. Zavyalov. "Development of Means for Localization of the Coal Dust Explosions." Occupational Safety in Industry 12, no. 12 (December 2022): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2022-12-13-19.
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The aim of the research was to increase the speed of the device for localizing coal dust explosions to reliably suppress the fire front by creating a barrier from a cloud of fire extinguishing agent and, as a result, stopping the spread of an explosion in a mine working. The result is an increase in the safety of a mine personnel. In the paper, an integrated approach was applied, including the following: analysis and generalization of statistical data on explosions of the methane-air and dust-air mixtures in the mines of Ukraine; critical analysis of means of localization of explosions of coal dust; computer simulation of stress propagation in a rock mass during an explosion. The obtained data on the propagation of stresses in a rock mass allowed to scientifically substantiate the new approach to obtaining information about a shock front approaching. The results of the study confirmed that the transfer of dust accumulations into a suspended state under the influence of seismic waves moving along the working with a significant advance of the explosion front creates conditions for the formation of an explosive concentration of dust ahead of the fire front. Earlier receipt of an explosion signal from a seismic sensor can contribute to the formation of an explosion-proof environment even before the fire front approaches, which will allow taking measures to prevent the creation of a combustible environment and the formation of a non-combustible zone in the path of the fire front. Thanks to the discovery of the mechanism of propagation of explosion energy in a mountain environment, a fundamentally new approach to detecting an explosion in a mine working was substantiated, and a new design of a device for localizing coal dust explosions was developed. The introduction of this device will speed up the localization of dust explosions by creating an efficient barrier from a cloud of fire extinguishing agents. At the same time, an explosion-proof environment will be formed in the mine working, which will lead to an increase in the level of protection of miners from the harmful and hazardous explosion factors.
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Pak, Seonggyu, Seongho Jung, Changhyun Roh, and Chankyu Kang. "Case Studies for Dangerous Dust Explosions in South Korea during Recent Years." Sustainability 11, no. 18 (September 6, 2019): 4888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11184888.
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Despite recent extensive research and technical development to prevent and mitigate dust explosions, processes that produce and handle combustible materials in the form of powders and dusts, either as a main product or as an undesired by-product, have become a constant dust explosion threat as they become more sophisticated and complicated. This study analyzed the characteristics of 53 dust explosions that occurred in South Korea over the last 30 years, and investigated the differences of dust explosions that happened in various countries, such as Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, and France. In addition, case studies showed the severity of dust explosions occurring in South Korea. Through the special focus on the three most recent years of dust explosions, the causes and processes of the accidents were identified. Analyses of dust explosions in South Korea show that they were mainly caused by organic matter and metal, and, unfortunately, dust explosions occurred repeatedly during grinding, mixing, and injection of powder materials into facilities. No reported accidents occurred during the production processes of wood or paper during the last three years. Taking these characteristics into account, effective ways to prevent or mitigate dust explosions at workplaces where many dust explosions occurred were suggested.
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Jing, Guoxun, Yue Sun, Chuang Liu, and Shaoshuai Guo. "Investigation of the suppression effect of inert dust on the pressure characteristics of gas coal dust explosion." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2024): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci231209095j.
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The suppression effect of inert powder on gas-induced suspension coal dust explosions was investigated using a semi-closed pipeline experimental platform. The shock wave overpressure propagation characteristics of gas explosions with different concentrations of mixed dust (calcium carbonate and coal dust) were measured and analyzed. The suppression mechanism of inert powder on the explosion process was also discussed. The results indicate that when the coal dust concentration is 200g/m?, the peak overpressure of the explosion decreases gradually with increasing inert powder concentration, and the peak overpressure ratio in the pipeline shows a decreasing-increasing trend; the acceleration of the explosion pressure reduces with increasing mixed dust concentration, and when high concentration of mixed dust is involved in the explosion, the acceleration of the explosion pressure is lower than that when only coal dust is involved; The inhibitory effect of calcium carbonate on dust explosion increased linearly with its concentration when the ratio of inert dust to coal dust was 1:2.; Inert powder mainly suppresses the explosive power by physical heat absorption and reducing heat exchange efficiency. The experimental results established the theoretical basis for inert dust suppressing coal dust participation in explosions, and have reference significance for formulating mine explosion suppression measures.
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Yong, Zhang, Xue Zheng-yu, Lin Zhen-rong, Lu Yu-song, and Wang Xiao-hui. "Testing the Explosion Resistance and Energy Absorption of a Polyurethane-Foamed Aluminum Composite Structure." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (October 25, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4186943.
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Concrete structures can suffer damage from the shock waves caused by explosions. However, the damage can be mitigated in practice by increasing the size of the energy-absorbing interlayers to improve the antiknock performance of the concrete. The aim of this paper is to investigate the energy-absorbing capability of a composite structure of polyurethane-foamed aluminum and concrete. The composite structure consisted of C60 concrete with foamed aluminum or polyurethane-foamed aluminum as a sandwich material. The thickness of the interlayers and the relative amounts of the different materials in the structure were the variables that were adjusted from test to test. To capture data related to the explosion, the structure was instrumented with pressure, acceleration, strain gauge, and displacement sensors. The efficacy of this structure was validated by way of surface contact explosions using 0.5 kg of TNT. By appropriately positioning the explosives in each test, the related parameters in the explosions, including the stress, displacement, acceleration, and strain, were recorded. The results of the tests indicated that the energy-absorbing capability of the polyurethane-foamed aluminum was significantly higher than that of the foamed aluminum, and the thickness of the energy-absorbing layer had a great impact on the energy absorption effect.
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Zhang, Zhifan, Hailong Li, Longkan Wang, Guiyong Zhang, and Zhi Zong. "Formation of Shaped Charge Projectile in Air and Water." Materials 15, no. 21 (November 7, 2022): 7848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15217848.
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With the improvement of the antiknock performance of warships, shaped charge warheads have been focused on and widely used to design underwater weapons. In order to cause efficient damage to warships, it is of great significance to study the formation of shaped charge projectiles in air and water. This paper uses Euler governing equations to establish numerical models of shaped charges subjected to air and underwater explosions. The formation and the movement of Explosively Formed Projectiles (EFPs) in different media for three cases: air explosion and underwater explosions with and without air cavities are discussed. First, the velocity distributions of EFPs in the formation process are discussed. Then, the empirical coefficient of the maximum head velocity of EFPs in air is obtained by simulations of air explosions of shaped charges with different types of explosives. The obtained results agree well with the practical solution, which validates the numerical model. Further, this empirical coefficient in water is deduced. After that, the evolutions of the head velocity of EFPs in different media for the above three cases are further compared and analyzed. The fitting formulas of velocity attenuation of EFPs, which form and move in different media, are gained. The obtained results can provide a theoretical basis and numerical support for the design of underwater weapons.
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Suteau-Henson, Anne, and Thomas C. Bache. "Spectral characteristics of regional phases recorded at Noress." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 78, no. 2 (April 1, 1988): 708–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0780020708.
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Abstract The spectral characteristics of Pn and Lg are studied for regional events recorded at the NORESS array in Norway. The emphasis is on the potential value of spectral ratios for identifying events as earthquake, chemical explosions, and nuclear explosions. The events studied include a suite of explosions from the Titania Mine in southwest Norway, a suite of events of unknown source type from a site offshore about 90 km from this mine, suites of explosions from several mines in the Soviet Union about 1000 km from NORESS, events from several locations along the 90° azimuth from NORESS, an apparent earthquake in the North Atlantic, and a nuclear explosion (PNE) at a range of 1560 km. The event identification issues addressed are as follows: (1) Can earthquakes and explosions be identified based on the ratio of high- and low-frequency energy in their signal spectra? (2) Do spectral ratios separate mine blasts from earthquakes for all source areas? (3) Will spectral ratio discriminants be effective for identifying decoupled underground nuclear explosions? We conclude that spectral ratios can sometimes separate events. An example is separation of the Titania mine blasts from the events at the nearby offshore locations, although we cannot be sure how much this is due to path differences. However, in general, spectral ratios vary as much within classes of events as they do among different classes. The PNE in our data set allows the simulation of spectra from a decoupled nuclear explosion by simply applying the frequency-dependent decoupling factor to the observed Pn spectrum for this event. After applying a distance correction, the spectrum for this simulated decoupled nuclear explosion is similar to those for the Soviet Union mine blasts in our data set.
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Schaul, Martine, Yves Schortgen, and Thorsten Schwark. "Theoretical principles of explosions and explosion injuries." Rechtsmedizin 34, no. 2 (March 25, 2024): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00194-024-00686-9.
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Paul, Akshoy Ranjan, and Firoz Alam. "Compliance of Boiler Standards and Industrial Safety in Indian Subcontinent." International Journal of Engineering Materials and Manufacture 3, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.26776/ijemm.03.04.2018.02.
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The economic development and industrialisation necessitate the use boilers/pressure vessels. With the increase of boiler numbers and uses, the boiler explosion due to non-compliance of standards and regulations, poor operation, maintenance, repair and safety awareness is also growing. Human error and poor maintenance are responsible nearly 50% of the global boiler explosions. The fatalities due to boiler explosions are sky rocketing in the Indian subcontinent. The paper has reviewed the global boiler explosions fatalities with a special emphasis on boiler accidents occurred in the Indian subcontinent and suggested some remedial actions.
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AZAMOV, Jahongir M. "General principles for conducting experimental studies of internal deflagration explosions." Fire and Emergencies: prevention, elimination 4 (2023): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.25257/fe.2023.4.79-86.
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PURPOSE. Currently, during construction of facilities, the most comfortable conditions for their operation are created. The main principles that ensure comfort during operation of a construction facility are safety and reliability of building structures and the entire edifice. One of the conditions for the reliability of a building structure is its stability in relation to possible explosive loads or the explosion resistance of the object. This article substantiates the need to study deflagration explosion in relation to the design and construction of facilities where emergency explosions may occur. The study of this phenomenon is necessary for designing buildings and structures with explosion-proof features. METHODS. In studying emergency explosions, most important is an experimental study of the development of explosive combustion in a specific room equipped with pressure relief structures of certain parameters. This is due to the fact that a lot of parameters affect explosion loads, and for specific individual parameters of the pressure relief structures, explosion pressure may differ significantly. This feature is characteristic of most non-stationary processes, which include explosive phenomena. Experimental determination of characteristics and indicators of an emergency explosion is the most reliable tool in assessing the effectiveness of a specific pressure relief structure aimed at reducing explosive loads to a safe level. This article describes in detail the methodology for conducting experimental studies aimed at investigating this issue. FINDINGS. The experimental research methodology used by the author makes it possible to obtain all the necessary information about the parameters of explosive loads formed during internal emergency explosions. RESEARCH APPLICATION FIELD. As a result of experimental studies, the efficiency of specific pressure relief structures aimed at ensuring safe levels of explosive loads is determined. This allows for the design of buildings and structures to be explosion-proof. CONCLUSIONS. When designing and constructing facilities, it is often necessary to determine the parameters of possible loads formed during internal deflagration explosions. To determine them experimentally, the author has developed a methodology for conducting experimental studies aimed at studying internal deflagration explosions. The article provides a detailed description of stands and equipment for conducting such experiments. It thoroughly outlines the measuring system and method of processing experimental data, provides an example of processing the results of the experiment.
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Hung, Cheng-Wei, Hsin-hung Lai, Bor-Cherng Shen, Pin-Wen Wu, and Tai-An Chen. "Development and Validation of Overpressure Response Model in Steel Tunnels Subjected to External Explosion." Applied Sciences 10, no. 18 (September 4, 2020): 6166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186166.
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This study employed C4 explosives to evaluate the overpressure response in steel tunnels subjected to external explosions. The explosive scaled distance of the C4 charge from 2.15 to 3.26 m/kg1/3 was evaluated by experiments and the hydrodynamic finite element code LS-DYNA. The numerical results are in agreement with the experimental results. A simple way to estimate the overpressure in steel tunnels was proposed in this paper. The proposed methodology is both useful and efficient and can be further developed for designing protection for military structures and other facilities against explosion.
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Kim, Keehoon. "Acoustic source characterization for chemical explosions in air." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 155, no. 3_Supplement (March 1, 2024): A144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0027104.
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Chemical explosions in the air generate large pressure disturbances. These pressure waves propagate as non-linear shock waves near the source and transition into acoustic waves in the far-field. Since low-frequency acoustic waves propagate long distances without significant loss of energy, acoustic signals induced by explosions are often used to determine explosion energies of the events in terms of an explosion yield. In order to estimate the explosion energy accurately, the relationship between acoustic energy and explosion yield must be understood. However, explosion yields are often measured by non-linear shock waves in the near-field, and it is not clear how much acoustic energy accounts for the explosion energy. In addition, acoustic signals typically have lower-frequency contents than shock waves in the near-field, and hence frequency-dependent explosion energy should be understood to accurately infer explosion yields based on acoustic observations. In this study, we investigate the relationship between acoustic energy and explosion yield based on ground-truth explosion data. A standard acoustic source waveform will be determined by acoustic observations, and frequency-dependent energy will be explored for yield estimation. We will demonstrate that this frequency-dependent acoustic source characterization can improve the accuracy and confidence of explosion yield estimation.
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Florea, Gheorghe Daniel, Dan Codruț Petrilean, Nicolae Ioan Vlasin, and Vlad Mihai Păsculescu. "Design of an experimental stand for hydrogen explosions." MATEC Web of Conferences 389 (2024): 00072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202438900072.
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Hydrogen, with its remarkable potential as a clean and abundant energy carrier, has gained significant attention as a promising solution for a sustainable future. However, the handling, storage, and utilization of hydrogen come with inherent risks, particularly the potential for explosions. The present work deals with the design of an experimental stand for hydrogen explosions in interconnected spaces, based on previous experience in the field of air-methane mixtures explosions. Considering the explosive properties of hydrogen, much more aggressive than methane gas, a comparative analysis is carried out between the results of a physical experiment of a methane explosion carried out on a spiral stand and the results obtained from a computational simulation of a hydrogen explosion on a similar geometry. The purpose of the comparative analysis is to highlight the vulnerable points of the future construction, bringing improvements to the new experimental model in the sense of increasing operational safety, while preserving, at the same time, the possibilities of recording the explosion parameters (pressures, velocities, flame front behavior) at a higher level of accuracy.
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Emanov, Alexander, Aleksey Emanov, Nikolay Serezhnikov, Alexander Fateev, Uliana Vorona, and Elena Shevkunova. "SEISMOLOGICAL MONITORING OF INDUSTRIAL EXPLOSIONS AS AN EFFECTIVE APPROACH TO MONITORING SEISMIC EXPOSURE ON BOWELS." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 2, no. 2 (2019): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2019-2-2-56-66.
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For Kuzbass, based on the use of data from the registration of industrial explosions, a network of seismological stations and information on the parameters of explosions received from mining enterprises has created a system that allows monitoring the effectiveness of short-delayed blasting in reducing seismic impact on the subsoil. Theoretically, any charge can be distributed so that the seismic effect does not depend on the total charge of the explosion, but is determined by the charge of the stage. It has been experimentally shown that explosions with a smaller total charge explode with a greater seismic effect than explosions with the largest charges. The reasons for this result have been revealed and a system has been created for monitoring errors in blasting operations on cuts. Seismological data allows you to control the technogenic impact of explosions in Western Siberia and provide information for its reduction by correcting errors in the schemes of short-delayed blasting.
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Miralles, Ramón, Guillermo Lara, Alicia Carrión, and Manuel Bou-Cabo. "Assessment of Arrow-of-Time Metrics for the Characterization of Underwater Explosions." Sensors 21, no. 17 (September 4, 2021): 5952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21175952.
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Anthropogenic impulsive sound sources with high intensity are a threat to marine life and it is crucial to keep them under control to preserve the biodiversity of marine ecosystems. Underwater explosions are one of the representatives of these impulsive sound sources, and existing detection techniques are generally based on monitoring the pressure level as well as some frequency-related features. In this paper, we propose a complementary approach to the underwater explosion detection problem through assessing the arrow of time. The arrow of time of the pressure waves coming from underwater explosions conveys information about the complex characteristics of the nonlinear physical processes taking place as a consequence of the explosion to some extent. We present a thorough review of the characterization of arrows of time in time-series, and then provide specific details regarding their applications in passive acoustic monitoring. Visibility graph-based metrics, specifically the direct horizontal visibility graph of the instantaneous phase, have the best performance when assessing the arrow of time in real explosions compared to similar acoustic events of different kinds. The proposed technique has been validated in both simulations and real underwater explosions.
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Sim, Stuart A., Friedrich K. Röpke, Markus Kromer, Michael Fink, Ashley J. Ruiter, Ivo R. Seitenzahl, Rüdiger Pakmor, and Wolfgang Hillebrandt. "Type Ia Supernovae from Sub-Chandrasekhar Mass White Dwarfs." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 7, S281 (July 2011): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921312015189.
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AbstractWe argue that detonations of sub-Chandrasekhar mass white dwarfs can lead to bright explosions with light curves and spectra similar to those of observed Type Ia supernovae. Given that binary systems containing accreting sub-Chandrasekhar mass white dwarfs should be common, this suggests that a non-negligible fraction of the observed Type Ia supernova rate may arise from sub-Chandrasekhar mass explosions, if they can be ignited. We discuss aspects of how such explosions might be realized in nature and both merits and challenges associated with invoking sub-Chandrasekhar mass explosion models to account for observed Type Ia supernovae.
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Yang, Xiaoning, Brian W. Stump, and W. Scott Phillips. "Source mechanism of an explosively induced mine collapse." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 88, no. 3 (June 1, 1998): 843–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0880030843.
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Abstract Mining explosions and collapses, in addition to earthquakes, may trigger the future Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) monitoring system. Many shallow, spontaneously occurring mine collapses have implosional source mechanisms that might provide a physical basis to discriminate them from explosions. In this study, an explosively induced mine collapse was investigated. The collapse occurred immediately after the support pillars of a 320-m-deep underground mine opening were destroyed by explosives. It had an Lg body-wave magnitude (mbLg) of 2.8. We analyzed free-surface ground-motion data (within 1200 m) from the collapse by waveform forward modeling and time-dependent source moment-tensor inversion. The results indicate that the source mechanism of the collapse can be represented by a horizontal opening and closing crack. The time functions of the diagonal source moment-tensor components are similar to that of a spall source accompanying an underground explosion. A unique source characteristic of the induced collapse is that, unlike spontaneous collapses, the induced collapse initiated as a tensile crack. Because of the initially expansive source characteristic, this kind of induced mine collapses may pose some difficulties to the seismic discrimination problem. Despite the similarities between the induced mine collapse and underground explosions, the collapse has a more band-limited source spectrum and seems to be more efficient in shear and surface-wave generation.
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Xu, Rongzheng, Li Chen, Yuzhou Zheng, Zhan Li, Mingjin Cao, and Qin Fang. "Study of Crater in the Gobi Desert Induced by Ground Explosion of Large Amounts of TNT Explosive up to 10 Tons." Shock and Vibration 2021 (December 13, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7357877.
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Explosion craters on the ground surface induced by contact or near-field explosions have important implications, which can be used to assess blast consequences, guide the design of the explosion, or develop a protective strategy. In this study, to understand the crater characteristics induced by the contact explosion of large weight explosives, four field contact explosion tests were conducted on the surface of the Gobi Desert with large TNT charge weights of 1 ton, 3 tons, and 10 tons (test conducted twice). Cratering on the ground surface generated by large amounts of explosives was measured and evaluated, including the shape, depth, and diameter. A fine-mesh numerical model was developed and validated on the AUTODYN software platform, and a detailed parametric study was performed on the resulting craters. The effects of sand and gravel density, initiation method, shear modulus, and failure criteria were analyzed and discussed. An energy conversion coefficient was determined, and the corresponding theoretical equations were derived to predict the dimensions of the craters resulting from the large weight contact explosion. The calculated cratering characteristics were consistent with previous data and hence can be used in future engineering applications.
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Wallace, Terry C., Donald V. Helmberger, and Gladys R. Engen. "Evidence of tectonic release from underground nuclear explosions in long-period S waves." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 75, no. 1 (February 1, 1985): 157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0750010157.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The SH waves from 21 underground nuclear explosions at Pahute Mesa (NTS) were used to investigate tectonic release. The equivalent double-couple representation of the tectonic release, which was constrained by waveform modeling and the polarity of sP, is very similar for all the explosions. The average orientation is a right-lateral, strike-slip fault trending N15°W. Seismic moments were determined on the basis of comparisons with two western United States strike-slip earthquakes. BENHAM has the largest tectonic release moment (5.6 × 1024 dyne-cm) and STILTON (0.1 × 1024 dyne-cm) the smallest of the events studied. In general, the seismic moments increase with the size of the explosion, but the location of the explosion relative to previous explosions can strongly affect the tectonic release. The Pahute Mesa events can be separated into two populations: (1) events which are well separated (>4 km) from previous explosions, and (2) those events which are close (<4 km) to previous explosions. Those events which are close to previous explosions show a marked decrease in tectonic release. A least-squares fit of seismic moment to event size (as determined from the world wide, average ab amplitude) shows that the two populations are approximately parallel, but offset. The fact that the trends remain separated even at small yields (e.g., PIPKIN and SCOTCH) suggests that for Pahute Mesa there is not a threshold for tectonic release. Since spatial position gives the best separation of high and low tectonic release events, a volume model is favored for the source mechanism. The preferred model is motion on a system of faults and joints.
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Smith, Albert T. "Discrimination of explosions from simultaneous mining blasts." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 83, no. 1 (February 1, 1993): 160–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0830010160.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Large mining blasts can complicate the identification and discrimination of small underground nuclear explosions and may offer evasion opportunities. Mining blasts typically show a unique spectral signature: spectral reinforcements associated with time-delayed detonations between adjacent shot holes or rows of shots. Discrimination of a nuclear detonation that is simultaneous with a mining blast must depend upon recognizing significant spectral or waveform abnormalities within seismic signals from the mining blasts. In this investigation, large, simultaneous detonations within mining blasts are simulated for observed explosions from the Mesabi Range in Minnesota and for a series of quarry blasts at the Kaiser Permanente Quarry in Cupertino, California, which included a simultaneous detonation conducted by Lee et al. (1989). The Mesabi explosions are examples of large, ripple-fired blasts with known blast patterns (Smith, 1989). The models suggest that a large, single, deeply buried explosion dominates the waveform signature if it contains more than 5 to 15% of the total explosive in the mining blast. Spectral signatures of these combined explosions still show periodicities characteristic of ripple firing; however, their amplitude is greatly reduced. Inclusion of a deep simultaneous shot accentuates the high-frequency spectrum. If single explosions are sufficiently close to the combined quarry blast, their application as empirical Green's functions can isolate the simultaneous explosion within the blast. If empirical Green's functions are within 0.5 km of quarry blasts, individual explosions can be retrieved if delays are 100 msec between shot holes and signals extend to 40 Hz. Identification of large, simultaneous detonations within a blast may depend upon knowledge of the mine's blasting practices and its variability from blast to blast.
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Kashevarova, Galina, and Andrey Pepelyaev. "Numerical Simulation of Domestic Gas Deflagration Explosion and Verification of Computational Techniques." Advanced Materials Research 742 (August 2013): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.742.3.
Full textAbstract:
Accidents caused by domestic gas explosions occur regularly enough. Gas explosion accidents indoors are defined as deflagration explosions. The formation of an explosive cloud depends on many factors inside the building. To understand why the buildings in one case withstand an explosion but collapse in another case, more precise design models and methods of their realization are needed. We used numerical modeling to calculate the blast load intensity and find out the impact of the actual environment parameters. For the model verification we referred to the full-scale experiment on the deflagration of domestic gas in enclosed space.