Journal articles on the topic 'Explosions – Safety measures'
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1
Lowery, Alex W., and Terry Bateman. "Can the Aluminium Industry Learn from another Industry's Catastrophe?" Materials Science Forum 693 (July 2011): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.693.133.
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On April 20, 2010, an explosion rocked the Deepwater Horizon in the Gulf of Mexico resulting in the deaths of 11 workers. Tens of thousands of documents were released during the investigation for the root cause of the explosion."What emerges is stark and singular fact: crew members died and suffered terrible injuries because every one of the Horizon's defenses failed on April 20. Some were deployed but did not work. Some were activated too late, after they had almost certainly been damaged by fire or explosions. Some were never deployed at all.(Barstow et al. 2011)". Parallels with the aluminium industry standout when comparing the Deepwater Horizon disaster (e.g. violent explosions, damaged equipment, worker deaths and worker injuries). The list of aluminium industry catastrophes is not short: Binzhou Weiqiao Aluminum, Reynolds Alabama, Alcan France, etc. Aluminium plants, just as deepwater oil rigs, value training and safety measures to prevent accidents from occurring. But, on April 20, 2010 every safety measure employed failed, could the safety measures employed in a casthouse to prevent a molten metal steam explosion fail too?
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Babrauskas, Vytenis. "The West, Texas, ammonium nitrate explosion: A failure of regulation." Journal of Fire Sciences 35, no. 5 (September 2017): 396–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904116685723.
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On 17 April 2013, the West Fertilizer Company’s ammonium nitrate storage building exploded, killing 15 persons and injuring over 200. Numerous Federal and State agencies regulated the facility. But none of the agencies demonstrated a viable understanding of what is liable to cause accidental ammonium nitrate explosions, nor what is needed to prevent these. Specifically, none of them recognized the fact that ammonium nitrate fertilizer explosion accidents, when they occur, are inevitably the consequence of an uncontrolled fire and that such fires can be precluded by well-known fire safety measures. In fact, existing regulations have generally focused on everything but features needed to make such storage facilities incapable of sustaining an uncontrolled fire. Ammonium nitrate manufacturers, however, did have technical knowledge concerning safety and were aware of the ineffectiveness of governmental regulations. Espousing proper Product Stewardship principles by the manufacturers would have precluded selling dangerous chemicals to buyers who cannot safely store them.
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Kong, Lingxi, Chuan Li, Jiuchun Jiang, and Michael Pecht. "Li-Ion Battery Fire Hazards and Safety Strategies." Energies 11, no. 9 (August 22, 2018): 2191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11092191.
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In the past five years, there have been numerous cases of Li-ion battery fires and explosions, resulting in property damage and bodily injuries. This paper discusses the thermal runaway mechanism and presents various thermal runaway mitigation approaches, including separators, flame retardants, and safety vents. The paper then overviews measures for extinguishing fires, and concludes with a set of recommendations for future research and development.
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Звягинцева, Алла, Alla Zvyaginceva, Светлана Сазонова, Svetlana Sazonova, В. Кульнева, and V. Kul'neva. "MODELING OF PROCESSES AND DEVELOPMENT OF MEASURES TO REDUCE DUST AND GAS EMISSIONS AT THE QUARRIES OF MINING AND PROCESSING PLANT." Modeling of systems and processes 12, no. 2 (October 24, 2019): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5db1e3e603a636.30835581.
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Existing measures for the suppression of dust and gas emissions during mass explosions at the quarry of a mining and processing plant were investigated. Measures have been developed to reduce dust and gas emissions, taking into account the analysis of existing measures to suppress dust and gas emissions from mass explosions in the open pit of the mining and processing plant of Lebedinsky GOK. The studies of surface active substances on the wettability of dust particles. In order to improve working conditions, it was proposed to reduce dust and gas emissions by suppressing them at the source of education, using the method of wetting and sticking of dust particles. The proposed engineering - technical solution can be used to reduce dust and gas emissions during massive explosions in the quarries of various mining and processing enterprises. The developed method is proposed to be used to ensure environmental safety and improve working conditions in industries with high dustiness by increasing the efficiency of dust collection.
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Вогман, Леонид Петрович, Иван Ардашевич Болодьян, Евгений Николаевич Простов, and Дмитрий Александрович Бритиков. "Localization and reduction of accident consequences during deflagration and explosion." Pozharnaia bezopasnost`, no. 1(102) (March 24, 2021): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37657/vniipo.pb.2021.90.78.004.
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Ранее нами был рассмотрен вопрос о целесообразности более четкой дифференциации процессов горения горючих газо-, паро- и пылевоздушных смесей по показателям горения и критериям, характеризующим последствия аварий, сопровождающихся пожарами и взрывами, также было введено понятие «повышенная дефлаграция» («хлопк»). Такой подход может способствовать устранению коллизий в вопросах определения последствий аварий на объектах защиты, а также исключению различных толкований применимости как для промышленных объектов, так и для жилых зданий мероприятий по обеспечению их пожаровзрывобезопасности. В настоящей работе поставлена обратная задача: исследование закономерностей локализации роста давления при взрыве до критически приемлемых значений, представление средств и способов достижения минимизации последствий аварий и взрывов в зданиях и помещениях. In previously published work there was considered the question of reasonability of differentiation of the combustion processes of combustible mixtures according to combustion parameters and criteria characterizing the accident consequences of involving fires and explosions. The concept of enhanced deflagration (clap) was introduced. Such approach can help to eliminate conflicts in determining the accident consequences at objects of protection, as well as to exclude different interpretations of the applicability of fire and explosion safety measures for both industrial facilities and residential buildings. The task of this paper is to study the regularities of localization of pressure growth during an explosion to critically acceptable values, as well as to present the means and methods for achieving minimization of the accident consequences and explosions in buildings and premises. The flame spreads unevenly with acceleration or deceleration depending on the composition of the fuel mixture, gas dynamic conditions of combustion propagation and other factors. The combustion process intensification in closed volumes is caused by turbulization of the flame due to the influence of gas-dynamic disturbances of various nature on the flame front and is characterized by the coefficient of intensification or turbulization. Safety structures designed to prevent the propagation of explosive wave in a room are the following: glazing; easy-to-throw lightweight wall panels; lightweight coatings. The glazing is the most widely used as easy-to-throw structures both in housing and in industrial premises. The most practical and quite effective is the use of safety structures in the form of glazed window openings with design characteristics that reduce the excess pressure of the shock wave. These measures are not sufficient for industrial facilities. Such measures should include the following: space-planning and design solutions aimed at limiting the spread of fires and the consequences of explosions (for example, limiting the possibility of fire spread (explosion) to neighboring rooms and stairwells by installing vestibule locks); using equipment that prevents the spread of flames and combustion products along production lines; application of systems for combustion and explosion localization in equipment using high-speed devices, fire-prevention and check valves, fire barriers, means of supplying inert gases to it and to product pipelines, phlegmatizing additives or other technical means that prevent the formation of fire-explosive mixtures and their explosion in the presence of an initiation source; protection of equipment and industrial premises from destruction in explosion using explosion dischargers and easy-to-throw structures; use of equipment designed for explosion pressure.
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Kolesnik, V., A. Pavlychenko, T. Kholodenko, and A. Kirichenko. "Rational crushing of mineral raw materials by well charges as a factor of environmental safety of blasting works in quarries." Collection of Research Papers of the National Mining University 64 (2021): 138–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/crpnmu/64.138.
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Purpose. Improving the environmental safety of blasting operations in quarries for the extraction of non-metallic and construction materials based on their rational explosive crushing, aimed at reducing the effect of overgrinding, accompanied by the formation of fine fractions of materials and significant dust emissions. The research methodology provided a theoretical analysis of the destruction processes of a rock massif by well charges of explosives on the basis of calculations of shock adiabats of an explosive wave in rocks at different speeds of detonation of explosives. Experimental verification of the identified patterns was performed by assessing the quality of blasting by the particle size distribution of the rock in the collapse. Research results. The scientific and practical task of ensuring rational explosive crushing of materials in quarries with the use of elongated borehole charges has been solved. Mechanisms for the destruction of rock massifs and the peculiarities of the distribution of destruction zones by dispersed composition have been established, which contributes to the reduction of dust emissions into the atmosphere to an acceptable level of environmental safety of blasting operations in quarries. Comparative estimates of the shock load during the explosion of the explosive charge for the main rocks at different levels of the rate of detonation of charges are given. The dependence of the volume of overgrinding rock in the zone of its adjacency to the charge on the detonation velocity of explosives has been established. An experimental verification of the identified patterns in the current quarry by assessing the quality of blasting by the particle size distribution of rock mass in its collapse after experimental explosions with different parameters is done. Scientific novelty. The multiphase process of rock destruction by explosion was investigated by the calculated determination of the parameters of the shock adiabats of the blast wave in different rocks and at different detonation velocities of explosives. It is shown that during the destruction of a rock mass by the explosion of an elongated borehole charge of explosives, several specific zones of destruction are formed, the characteristics of which differ in particle size distribution. The area of controlled crushing is highlighted, where the intensity of rock destruction can be changed by adjusting the parameters of the explosive load and the area of little or almost unregulated crushing. The possibility of managing the process of dust formation and, accordingly, the level of environmental safety of blasting works in quarries for the extraction of non-metallic and construction materials is substantiated. Practical meaning. The identified patterns and provisions to reduce the effect of mineral overgrinding were used in the development of measures to improve the environmental safety of blasting in the quarry, which, in particular, provided an increase in well spacing in the range up to 3.0-3.4 m and reduce specific energy consumption from 1.27 g/cm3 to 0.97 g/cm3.
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Ahn, Young-Joong, Yong-Ung Yu, and Jong-Kwan Kim. "Accident Cause Factor of Fires and Explosions in Tankers Using Fault Tree Analysis." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 8 (August 4, 2021): 844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9080844.
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Fire and explosion accidents occur frequently in tankers because they transport large quantities of dangerous cargo. To prevent fire and explosion accidents, it is necessary to analyze factors that cause accidents and their effects. In this study, factors that cause fire and explosion accidents were classified using the 4M disaster analysis method, and each factor’s effect on the accident was analyzed using fault tree analysis (FTA). First, the unsafe tank atmosphere environment was identified as a primary cause of fire and explosion accidents in tankers, and the underlying causes of these accidents were investigated. The probability of underlying causes leading to primary causes was derived using an expert survey. The results showed that management and media factors had a greater impact on the unsafe tank atmosphere environment than human factors. To prevent fire and explosion accidents, it is necessary to ensure sufficient working and resting times for seafarers and compliance with procedures and work guidelines. A generalization of the results of present and future studies will enable the identification of the cause and preventive measures for fire and explosion accidents in tankers. Furthermore, this will reduce accidents in tankers and contribute to future safety management measures of ships and companies.
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Szer, J., and E. Błazik-Borowa. "Incidents Associated with Gas Operation." Archives of Civil Engineering 63, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 145–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ace-2017-0022.
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AbstractThis article shows incidents associated with the use of gas as an energy carrier. It presents selected incidents which have occurred in Poland and around the world in recent decades. Based on this, consequences of gas and air mixture explosions were analysed as well. The article presents the main causes of gas incidents which have taken place, as per instances which are similar worldwide. Incidents associated with the use of gas are not frequent, but at the same time very tragic as they often lead to illness or even death. In Poland, in the last twenty years, construction area disasters caused by gas explosions account for only 5% of all which have occurred, but the number of fatalities resulting from these cases is approximately 14%. The number of individuals injured reached 39% of all construction disaster victims. Considering all these facts, it is necessary to undertake wide preventive measures in order to increase safety in the use of gaseous fuels.
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Eggenschwiler, Corinne D. C., Reinhard Dummer, and Laurence Imhof. "Laser Treatment of Accidental Tattoos: Experience at a Tertiary Referral Center." Dermatology 236, no. 4 (2020): 383–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000506459.
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Background: To date, information on laser treatment of accidental tattoos is limited. Objectives: This study analyzes the efficacy and safety of quality-switched ruby, quality-switched Nd:YAG and picosecond lasers in the treatment of accidental hyperpigmentation in a larger patient cohort. To date, there is limited information on laser therapy of accidental hyperpigmentation. Methods: We conducted a retrospective systematic single-center analysis on 70 patients, which presented with accidental hyperpigmentation at the Dermatology Department of the University Hospital of Zurich between 2008 and 2017. Patients with accidental tattoos due to road injuries, explosives or other traumas and iatrogenic measures were included. We analyzed the data including laser parameters such as wavelength, energy density, spot size and intervals between the sessions. Also, the number of sessions performed and the overall success were registered. Results: We treated 38 patients by quality-switched nano- and/or picosecond laser therapy and completed the treatment in 28 cases within a mean number of 3–5 laser sessions. No complications occurred. Conclusion: We demonstrate the validity and safety of quality-switched and picosecond lasers in the treatment of accidental hyperpigmentation. Using a combination of different wavelengths and pulse lengths on the same lesion and gradually increasing the fluence in the course of the laser treatment is recommendable to increase efficacy. We observed a tendency towards faster elimination of facial accidental tattoos and/or originating from road injuries compared to tattoos located on the extremities and those caused by explosions, piercings or iatrogenic measures or consisting of metal pigment particles.
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Gözübenli, Murat, and Fatih Mehmet Harmancı. "An investigation of occupational accidents and safety risks in policing: Views of employees." International Journal of Human Sciences 13, no. 1 (February 15, 2016): 809. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/ijhs.v13i1.3446.
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Policing is one of the riskiest and dangerous professions by its nature. Police officers face a range of risks at work: homicide, assaults, attacks, communicable diseases, car crashes or explosions. The risks vary according to the task being undertaken such as arresting offenders, attending street disturbances or performing traffic duties. These risks, having the characteristics of occupational accident in a way, have institutional losses like compensation, loss of manpower and reputation besides individual results like injury, death, mutilation, and posttraumatic stress disorder, exposure to psychological disorders or decrease in quality of life. Opinions and suggestions of 1066 employees currently working at different ranks and units in Turkish National Police in regards with reducing the risks of occupational accidents and safety risks were studied in this research. Suggestions of the participants were reviewed under total nine headings (themes) consisting of training, physical fitness and health, security measures, institutional policies and procedures, managerial policies, working conditions, equipment, uniforms, and patrol cars.
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Arenillas, Isabel Amez, Javier García Torrent, Blanca Castells Somoza, and Liliana Medic Pejic. "Experimental Study of Explosive Intervals of Ternary Gas Mixtures." Proceedings 2, no. 23 (October 31, 2018): 1483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2231483.
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The use of hydrogen as an energy vector seems today one of the most viable alternatives, although its use involves safety problems due to the generation of explosive atmospheres. Lower and upper flammability limits are one of the most important parameters at the time of characterize and handle flammable gases. This paper is focused on the evaluation of the safety prevention measures more commonly applied to explosive atmospheres, specifically the inertization, by means of a non-flammable gas (CO2) in air-hydrogen mixtures. In this study both theoretical and experimental methods to determine the flammability interval have been carried out. The flammability limits and the LOC value are represented in a ternary diagram enable to determine the explosive area containing the entire range of explosive mixtures. The experimental study has been conducted in a flameproof chamber of 0.5 dm3 volume, designed to withstand explosions inside. The results show that the theoretical approaches are only valid as a previous step to the experimental tests, since the observed differences between both implies that the use of such approaches could lead to important safety risks.
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Hellas, Mohamed Seddik, Chaib Rachid, and Ion Verzea. "Modelling of accidental phenomena related to leakage and tank rupture of a vehicle converted to LPG." World Journal of Engineering 18, no. 3 (February 10, 2021): 505–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-03-2020-0083.
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Purpose Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), known by its ecological qualities, making Algeria has since the 1980s carried out a policy of development of LPG fuel in substitution of traditional fuels and especially petrol. However, following a series of accidents (fires, explosions, etc). that occurred in 1999, 20 years after the introduction of the LPG in France these incidents led to the search for the strengthening of the safety of the installations by better or new technical and/or organizational measures. This strategy consists in establishing a balance between environmental protection and economic profitability while ensuring the safety aspect. Design/methodology/approach The approach used is quantitative risk analysis authors have identified the potential accident scenarios that consist of leakage and rupture of tanks depend on bow tie. According to the latter using PHAST software, to model these scenarios (thermal, overpressure and dispersion) and their effects on human beings and goods. Findings In this paper, it was noted that there are scenarios such as (jet fire, dispersion), are affected by atmospheric conditions (wind speed humidity), the stronger the wind, the higher the LPG spread unlike instant scenarios (1.3 s for the fireball and millisecond for the explosion) that have not been related to climatic conditions because they have a short duration on the one hand, and on the other hand, a safe distance is given in each phenomenon. Finally, some instructions for drivers and installers have been identified by protective and preventive action. Originality/value Based on a quantitative risk analysis, this work involves modelling potential accident scenarios such as (fireball, jet fire, flash fire and explosion) in the event of a gas leak and rupture in the tank. It aims to sensitize drivers and LPG kit installers, even to get a clear view on these accidental phenomena and how to avoid them.
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Berg, Heinz-Peter, and Nicole Fritze. "Risk and Consequences of Transformer Explosions and Fires in Nuclear Power Plants / Ryzyko I Konsekwencje Wybuchów Transformatora I Pożarów W Elektrowniach Jądrowych." Journal of KONBiN 23, no. 1 (September 1, 2012): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jok-2013-0034.
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Abstract The high failure frequency and the resultant reliability and safety implications in recent years of transformers, in particular at nuclear power plants (NPP), required an in-depth assessment. Fires of main transformers are considered as critical because of the large quantity of oil in contact with high voltage elements. Therefore, these phenomena have been investigated in more detail using the information from the OECD FIRE database for NPP. 12.8 % of all fires and, thus, the most frequent fire source in this database are transformer fires, mainly fires of high voltage oil-filled transformers. Thus, possible diagnostic measures to avoid such events and enhance the reliability currently discussed in Germany are shortly described. Moreover, consequences of transformer failures with respect to a reliable electric power supply are addressed.
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Doughty, Kevin, and Mike Orton. "AT and telecare to manage fire risks in the homes of older and vulnerable people." Journal of Assistive Technologies 8, no. 1 (March 12, 2014): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jat-08-2013-0021.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify opportunities where technology interventions could help manage the risks associated with fire and explosions in homes of people who are older or who are vulnerable through other causes such as mental health problems or a history of substance abuse. Design/methodology/approach – The approach focused on reviewing the latest available statistics in order to identify the major causes and rooms in which fire accidents occurred. Findings – The authors found that the number of incidents and fatalities continues to decrease as a result of preventive measures such as a greater use of smoke detectors, but that there remained issues with cooking safety. New products for limiting damage and managing risks are available which could have a positive impact. Research limitations/implications – The paper concludes that the challenges are making both professionals and the public aware of the available technologies and of introducing them following appropriate assessment of needs and risks. Practical implications – Greater resources need to be offered for training of the public and of health and safety professionals. Further funding may be needed to implement the introduction of new technology. Originality/value – This is the most up-to-date review of fire control measures employing assistive technology and telecare for domestic properties and will be of value to community health teams, adults care organisations, housing associations and other public bodies.
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Pasculescu, Vlad Mihai, Marius Cornel Suvar, Ligia Ioana Tuhut, and Laurentiu Munteanu. "Numerical modelling of hydrogen release and dispersion." MATEC Web of Conferences 342 (2021): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134201004.
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Hydrogen is the most abundant element on earth, being a low polluting and high efficiency fuel that can be used for various applications, such as power generation, heating or transportation. As a reaction to climate change, authorities are working for determining the most promising applications for hydrogen, one of the best examples of crossborder initiative being the IPCEI (Important Project of Common European Interest) on Hydrogen, under development at EU level. Given the large interest for future uses of hydrogen, special safety measures have to be implemented for avoiding potential accidents. If hydrogen is stored and used under pressure, accidental leaks from pressure vessels may result in fires or explosions. Worldwide, researchers are investigating possible accidents generated by hydrogen leaks. Special attention is granted to the atmospheric dispersion after the release, so that to avoid fires or explosions. The use of consequence modelling software within safety and risk studies has shown its’ utility worldwide. In this paper, there are modelled the consequences of the accidental release and atmospheric dispersion of hydrogen from a pressure tank, using state-of-the-art QRA software. The simulation methodology used in this paper uses the “leak” model for carrying out discharge calculations. This model calculates the release rate and state of the gas after its expansion to atmospheric pressure. Accidental release of hydrogen is modelled by taking into account the process and meteorological conditions and the properties of the release point. Simulation results can be used further for land use planning, or may be used for establishing proper protection measures for surrounding facilities. In this work, we analysed two possible accident scenarios which may occur at an imaginary hydrogen refuelling station, accidents caused by the leaks of the pressure vessel, with diameters of 10 and 20 mm, for a pressure tank filled with hydrogen at 35 MPa / 70 MPa. Process Hazard Analysis Software Tool 8.4 has been used for assessing the effects of the scenarios and for evaluating the hazardous extent around the analysed installation. Accident simulation results have shown that the leak size has an important effect on the flammable/explosive ranges. Also, the jet fire’s influence distance is strongly influenced by the pressure and actual size of the accidental release.
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Grimes, Alexandra, and Nicholas Olden. "CONSIDERATION OF TOTAL VOLATILE HYDROCARBON EXPOSURE DURING OIL SPILL RESPONSE1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2005, no. 1 (May 1, 2005): 979–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2005-1-979.
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Public perception and environmental awareness place increasing demands on the petroleum industry to facilitate fast and efficient oil spill containment and recovery to mitigate environmental damage. HSE legislation also places increasing demands on Oil Spill Response Organisations to ensure a safe working environment for responders. This paper looks at the trade-offs facing oil spill response planning from the perspective of occupational exposure to Total Volatile Hydrocarbons (TVH). TVH is a term used to represent a large group consisting of hundreds of chemical compounds that derive from crude oil. Under certain circumstances, in-situ response measures represent a significant risk to local air quality and human health. Mechanical and manual oil spill recovery in close proximity with TVHs place spill responders and potentially the general public at an increased risk from fire/ explosions as well as acute and chronic health implications. Over the course of a spill, physical and chemical processes are continuously changing TVH composition. This requires rapid on-scene monitoring and/ or predictive modelling to optimise spill counter measures and responder safety. The use of personal and area TVH monitoring equipment is discussed in a practical spill recovery context, and an overview is provided of portable gaseous testing equipment with respect to key criteria such as; conformity, configuration, user-friendliness and robustness. Current developments in TVH monitoring models are reviewed and their contribution to future oil spill contingency planning assessed. Consideration is given to hazardous vapour exposure and the resulting health and safety issues that were faced by OSRL during the Tasmin Spirit and an inland well-blow out in Georgia.
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Kravets, I. P., O. I. Bashynskiy, A. P. Kushnir, and O. V. Shapovalov. "FACTORS OF FIRE HAZARD OF ELECTRICITY-GENERATING EQUIPMENT." Fire Safety, no. 34 (July 19, 2019): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20786662.34.2019.07.
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The article deals with the problems of fire hazard of electricity-generating equipment during their exploitation. Intensive electrification of industrial and residual objects leads to the saturation of these objects with different electricity-generating equipment. Functioning of such equipment is accompanied with high heat emission and contains significant fire hazard. The electric current in an electrical conductor produces heat, when electric energy turns into thermal. All electrical equipment must be produced in strict adherence to fire safety rules and requirements. Ignoring these requirements causes heating of conductors through all the length, spunking of isolation, sparkling and, as a result, breaking-out of fire. Therefore, reducing the probability of fire even in the cases of abnormal work, wrong exploitation and foreseen refuses is the main task during planning and exploitation of electrical equipment and also during selection of structural materials. The primary purpose of fire prevention measures in the electrical equipment is avoiding of its self-ignition, and localization of fire after the self-ignition of electricity-generating equipment. Fire safety during exploitation of electricity-generating equipment depends on its technical state. Correct choice of conductor cross section is very important. Protection stage of electrical equipment, type of wiring, and cable laying method must comply with environmental conditions and have the proper climatic implementation and placement category. Proper protective devices from a short circuit and overloads must be used. Their operating values must be also foreseen. All above-mentioned measures prevent fires and explosions during exploitation of electrical equipment. Key
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Oludiran, O. O., and P. F. A. Umebese. "Pattern and outcome of children admitted for burns in Benin City, mid-western Nigeria." Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery 42, no. 02 (July 2009): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1699342.
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ABSTRACTChildren are a vulnerable to burns, an injury, which is often preventable. A study of the profile of cases of children admitted for burns will provide background information to suggest locally doable preventive strategies as well as supply basic information for future reference. We studied the records of 62 children aged 0-16 years, admitted for burns, at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, between January 2002 and December 2006. There were 34 male and 28 female children. Children under three years constituted 56.5%. Whereas the leading cause of burns in all the children was flame burns from kerosene explosions (52%), scalds were responsible for 68.6% of cases in those under three. The extent of burn injury ranged from 6 to 50% and most of them presented late. 64.6% were discharged within three weeks. Wound sepsis and post burn contractures were the most frequently encountered complications (19.4% and 9.7% respectively). There were two deaths (3.2%) related to sepsis. Particular attention to burn safety precautions in children (especially, in the >3 years age group), safer storage and dispensing of combustible chemicals particularly petroleum products is advocated. Fire safety awareness, correct first aid measures and early presentation in the hospital will reduce morbidity and mortality. Early physiotherapy and splinting strategies will reduce contractures. There is the need locally for the establishment of specialized burn centres both to treat these children and to stimulate interest in burn management.
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Ait Ouffroukh, Louiza, Rachid Chaib, Verzea Ion, and Lakhdar Khochmane. "Analysis of risk and the strengthening of the safety technical barriers: application of Skikda (Algeria) oil refining complex." World Journal of Engineering 15, no. 1 (February 12, 2018): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-02-2017-0031.
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Purpose Algeria occupies an important place in all of the oil-producing countries. However, in recent years, industrial facilities have experienced a rapid increase in the number of major industrial accidents and calamities, where fires and explosions have caused impacts and severe effects on people, property and the environment. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze the risks involved and assess the performance of the technical barriers at the thermo-hydraulic level of facilities at the level of the refinery of Skikda. Design/methodology/approach The most effective methods in this field of activity are the systematic analyses of deviations or failures. As working tools, hazard and operability (HAZOP) method and fault tree analysis (FTA) were used to identify the various possible risks that could lead to undesirable phenomena, with the Topping unit. Using this type of analysis, it is possible to understand what the most risky process steps are and, where appropriate, to propose appropriate corrective and preventive measures. HAZOP is dedicated to the analysis of the risks of thermo-hydraulic systems and to control drift parameters such as pressure, temperature and flow. Unfortunately, with its limitations to the detection of leaks, the authors completed the study by FTA, working with a predetermined set of process parameters associated with system operation (compression, temperature, flow, etc.). Each of these parameters are combined with a series of possible potential deviations (too much, little, inverse, etc). For each analyzed equipment, the relevant parameters are selected and combined with the relevant deviations. For each parameter of the deviant process, the causes and consequences are determined. Findings The combination of these two methods has allowed to highlight the various possible risks that could lead to undesirable phenomena, to respond to industrial expectations or even to manage the operation process safely. Thus, it enabled the authors to detect the weaknesses of the process. This allowed the authors to reinforce the technical safety barriers of the functional links of the process and propose appropriate, corrective and preventive measures. Originality/value The work intends to reflect the real situation in which companies face risks. The originality of the work is represented by the combination of two methods: HAZOP and the FTA. This association allowed the authors to identify areas of weakness to set priorities for action by the company, through organizational, technical and human solutions, while engaging in a process of continuous improvement.
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Kang, Sin-Dong, Sung-Chul Kim, Ku-Byeoung Park, and Jae-Ho Kim. "A Study on the Current Status and Reduction Method Caused by Lightning at Educational Facilities." Energies 14, no. 11 (May 23, 2021): 3015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113015.
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This study was aimed at identifying the causes of continuous failures, fires, and explosions of electrical and electronic systems in educational facilities that result from lightning, which occurs frequently during the summer. The study is also aimed at suggesting prevention measures for such damage. The installation status and problems of lightning protection systems (LPSs) were examined by analyzing the damage compensation data of the Korea Institute of Educational Facility Safety, a questionnaire and field survey, and related laws. A total of 49,989 educational facilities responded to the questionnaire. The survey indicated that out of all the educational facilities, 21% had external LPSs, 6.2% had internal LPSs, 4% had both internal and external LPSs, and only 2.5% had installed bonding in addition to internal and external LPSs. The LPSs were not installed properly because the heights of most educational facilities are less than 20 m although the Building Act stipulates that LPSs should be installed in buildings with a height of 20 m or more. Furthermore, periodic inspections and checkups were not performed because the Electric Utility Act does not apply to LPSs. However, starting in January 2021, the installation and management of LPSs will be conducted in accordance with the Korean Electric Equipment Regulation, which includes the standards for LPSs. A design using a field survey must be performed prior to the installation of LPSs. Based on the survey, an estimate should be calculated, and the design, construction, and supervision should be performed.
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Nalisko, Mykola, Valerii Sobolev, Dmytro Rudakov, and Nataliia Bilan. "Assessing safety conditions in underground excavations after a methane-air mixture explosion." E3S Web of Conferences 123 (2019): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912301008.
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A technique for evaluation of shock wave impulse after a methane-air mixture explosion is elaborated. The numerical model developed in previous studies has been verified in the laboratory by using laser initiation of explosives and measuring the pressure impulses of explosion products on a ballistic pendulum. To evaluate the mechanical impulse the functional correlations between its magnitude, the swing angle, and the pendulum characteristics have been derived analytically. The reliability of experimental results is ensured by calibrating the sensor that measures the pendulum swing angle and estimating the impulse measurement errors caused by specifics of angle measurements by a digital voltmeter, pendulum axis friction, and the pauses between measurements. Testing the developed technique to evaluate the shock wave impact showed satisfactory consistency of experimental and theoretical results with the momentum deviation below 9%, which confirms model applicability and correct reproducibility of the shock wave propagation process.
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Borowski, Marek, and Zbigniew Kuczera. "Comparison of Methane Control Methods in Polish and Vietnamese Coal Mines." E3S Web of Conferences 35 (2018): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183501004.
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Methane hazard often occurs in hard coal mines and causes very serious accidents and can be the reason of methane or methane and coal dust explosions. History of coal mining shows that methane released from the rock mass to the longwall area was responsible for numerous mining disasters. The main source of methane are coal deposits because it is autochthonous gas and is closely related with carbonification and forming of coal deposits. Degree of methane saturation in coal deposits depends on numerous factors; mainly on presence or lack of insulating layers in cover deposit that allow or do not on degasification and easily methane outflow into surroundings. Hence in coal mining there are coal deposits that contain only low degree of methane saturation in places where is lack of insulating layers till high in methane coal deposits occurring in insulating claystones or in shales. Conducting mining works in coal deposits of high methane hazard without using of special measures to combat (ventilation, methane drainage) could be impossible. Control of methane hazard depends also on other co-occuring natural dangers for which used preventive actions eliminate methane hazard. Safety in mines excavating coal deposits saturated with methane depends on the correct estimation of methane hazard, drawn up forecasts, conducted observations, hazard control as well as undertaken prevention measures. Methane risk prevention includes identification and control methods of methane hazards as well as means of combating the explosive accumulation of methane in longwall workings. The main preventive actions in underground coal mines are: effective ventilation that prevents forming of methane fuses or placed methane accumulation in headings ventilated by airflow created by main fans and in headings with auxiliary ventilation, methane drainage using drain holes that are drilled from underground headings or from the surface, methanometry control of methane concentration in the air; location of the sensors is defined by law, additional ventilation equipment used in places of lower intensity of ventilation and places where methane is concentrated.
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Klapötke, Thomas M., Burkhard Krumm, F. Xaver Steemann, and Georg Steinhauser. "Hands on explosives: Safety testing of protective measures." Safety Science 48, no. 1 (January 2010): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2009.05.002.
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Yuan, Zhi, Nima Khakzad, Faisal Khan, and Paul Amyotte. "Risk-based optimal safety measure allocation for dust explosions." Safety Science 74 (April 2015): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2014.12.002.
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Fossan, Ingar, and Sverre Nodland. "Explosion risk on offshore and onshore facilities—is there an explosion risk problem or an explosion modelling problem?" APPEA Journal 55, no. 1 (2015): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj14026.
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Management of the risk related to the loss of containment of flammable fluid is paramount to ensure safe operations at facilities processing or storing flammable fluids. According to best industry practice, an extensive set of safety functions—including measures that reduce the frequency of initiating events (e.g. leaks) and measures that mitigate consequences in case of ignition—are implemented in design to control the risk. Adopting the risk-based design principles that are commonly enforced in the oil and gas industry, the performance of implemented safety barriers are assessed both qualitatively and quantitatively using different methodologies such as hazard and operability analysis (HAZOP), failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA), and quantitative risk analysis (QRA). The ultimate outcome from the QRA methodology is used to assess the overall risk level as well as to assess dimensioning accidental loads (DALs) for equipment and structures that will ensure a design that is within the tolerable risk level set for the facility. An accurate assessment of DALs resulting from fires and explosion is crucial to manage both the risk and corresponding cost driving factors. The most critical safety barrier in this regard is to minimise leaks and thereafter to prevent ignition of the dispersed flammable fluid. A fundamental safety design principle is to find ways to avoid the occurrence of incidents rather than implement measures that mitigate consequences. This peer-reviewed paper demonstrates the significance of modelling the safety functions that are in place to ensure that the initial leak does not ignite by presenting a case example for different layouts of a conventional jacket installation with gas turbines. It is concluded that the difference between various available ignition models can be more prominent than the uncertainty related to any other model element in the QRA. To uncover potential hazards not reflected by the model and identify optimal control measures, the effect of the ignition model applied should be investigated in detail for installations where the QRA displays a prominent fire and explosion frequency.
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Xiao, Qin Jie, Zhi Dong Zhu, and Rui Fang Mou. "Analysis and Related Preventive Measures of Explosion Risk Factors of LPG Rail Transport." Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (January 2013): 3696–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.3696.
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Railway transportation safety management must adhere to the approach of safety and prevention first. The transport of dangerous goods should be paid more attention as a particularly important part. This paper made use of fault tree analysis to research and analyze the risk factors of dangerous goods LPG which may explode in the rail transport. The analysis was made from two aspects of chemistry and physics, then the minimal cut sets and structure importance of the specific factors which may cause explosion accidents are solved, and the importance of each factor is analyzed and sorted on the calculated results. Based on the above method, measures of LPG rail transport explosion prevention were proposed.
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Trofimov, Vitaly, and Ivan Shipovskii. "Simulation fragmentation of samples of rock at explosive loading." E3S Web of Conferences 192 (2020): 01013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019201013.
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Research to improve the definition of rational parameters for blasting is becoming increasingly important and valuable. This is especially true in the era of digital technology, which allows miners to realize a holistic vision of optimizing the entire process - from the quarry to the receipt of the final product at the processing plant. The proposed computer simulation based on the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method in AUTODYN computer complex to optimize the explosion results by integrating the initial data - charge parameters and rock properties, is aimed at improving measures that reduce the total cost of drilling and blasting, increasing mining productivity and safety. The presented calculations make it possible to estimate the number of fragments and their initial expansion velocity for various explosives.
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Wang, Ji, and Wen-hua Song. "Fire and Explosion Index calculation method incorporating classified safety measure credits." Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 26, no. 6 (November 2013): 1128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2013.04.010.
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Zhang, Miao, and Wen Hua Song. "Application of Improved Dows Fire and Explosion Index (F&EI) for Organic Solvent Recovery Plant." Applied Mechanics and Materials 418 (September 2013): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.418.149.
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The Dow fire and explosion index (F&EI) is universally used in evaluating the hazard category of a process plant, area of exposure, expected losses in case of fire and explosion, etc. In the current procedure, the effects of the safety management measures (SMMs) on the F&EI value are not taken into account. This makes the plant look more hazardous, makes it more spread out, requires more elaborate emergency measures and alarms the public more than is necessary. The objective of this paper is to develop an improved Dows fire explosion index which not only supplemented and detailed the safety compensation coefficient and added the safety management coefficient in the F&EI value. And furthermore, this paper calculates and evaluates quantitatively the fire explosion risk of organic solvent recovery plant in a pharmaceutical factory based on the improved evaluation method. To do this, we have developed the relevant equations and have proved the efficacy of the SMMs by means of an actual case, and the evaluation results are more accurate and scientific.
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Grigor'eva, Yuliya, and Anzhela Krasnova. "MEASURES TO ENSURE THE EXPLOSION SAFETY OF THE DELAYED COK-ING UNIT FOR OIL RESIDUES." Scientific Papers Collection of the Angarsk State Technical University 2021, no. 1 (July 5, 2021): 172–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.36629/2686-7788-2021-1-1-172-175.
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The article considers the main industrial safety requirements for the installation of delayed coking of oil residues. As well as the rules of industrial safety, which are important to observe at a dangerous production facility. Insufficient attention to this aspect of the activity can put the safety of work on the site at risk. And this, in turn, entails a threat to the health and life of persons working at this facili-ty.
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Mu, Bo, Lin Wang, Ting Chun Wang, Xiu Xiang Wang, and Jian Gang Zhu. "The Application of DOW Method for Production Risk Evaluation in Chemical Enterprises." Advanced Materials Research 884-885 (January 2014): 162–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.884-885.162.
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The DOW’s Fire and Explosion Index (F&EI) was used to assess the chemical enterprise production safety risk. This article used methanol synthesis unit as an example, according to the characteristic of the hazardous chemical and process of the fertilizer production, conducted risk evaluation of the production unit by Fire and Explosion danger index evaluation method, and proposed suitable safety protection measures aim at the evaluation results.
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Yuan, Zhi, Nima Khakzad, Faisal Khan, Paul Amyotte, and Genserik Reniers. "Risk-Based Design of Safety Measures To Prevent and Mitigate Dust Explosion Hazards." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 52, no. 50 (December 3, 2013): 18095–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie4018989.
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Chen, De Hai, and Chang Sheng Fu. "Safety Assessment for CNG Vehicle Energy Storage-Supply System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 668-669 (October 2014): 1646–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.668-669.1646.
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According to the some reason of the Catch fire and explosion in the CNG vehicle energy storage-supply system, the fault tree is established which top event is the explosion event, and the importance of each basic event calculated. It is identified that the major safety hazard of CNG vehicle energy storage-supply systems, this is a new scientific method to analysis the safety and reliability of CNG vehicle energy storage-supply system. By the assessment results some preventive measures are taken, it can improve the reliability of the system running.
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Yue, Zhong, and Xin Li Tian. "Study on Intrinsic Safety and Volume Expansion Ratio of Liquefied Gas Cylinder." Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (July 2012): 2958–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.2958.
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Overfilling or full liquid is the main cause of liquefied gas cylinder explosion accidents; great volume expansion ratio (VER) of cylinder can efficiently prevent explosion accidents arising from overfilling or full liquid. This paper studies the change in pressure in overfilled or full-liquid liquefied gas cylinders as a function of temperature and the relationship between temperature and VER, and puts forward measures of increasing the VER of liquefied gas cylinders.
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Berkowitz, Zahava, D. Kevin Horton, and Wendy E. Kaye. "Hazardous Substances Releases Causing Fatalities and/or People Transported to Hospitals: Rural/Agricultural vs. Other Areas." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 19, no. 3 (September 2004): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00001801.
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AbstractIntroduction:Mass-casualty and hospital preparedness has been analyzed widely. However, information regarding the types of areas where these events occur is limited. Therefore, the characteristics of acute hazardous substances releases resulting in death/multiple-victim events occuring in rural/agricultural areas and in all other areas were studied and compared. Methods: Data reported to the Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance (HSEES) system from 16 state health departments during 1993–2000 were used to examine factors associated with events with death/multiple victims involving acute release of hazardous substances. A death/multiple-victim event is defined as any event resulting in a death and/or at least five people being transported to a hospital.Results:Of a total of 43,133 events, 6,661 occurred in rural/agricultural areas. Of these, 107 were death/multiple-victim events with 632 victims, of whom 91 died and 77 were hospitalized. All other areas had 472 death/multiple-victim events with 7,981 victims, of whom 116 died and 413 were hospitalized. Death/multiple-victim events in rural/agricultural areas were more likely to be associated with transportation (Proportional Ratio (PR) = 4.1, 95% CI = 3.1–5.4) and fires and/or explosions (PR = 1.4, 95% CI = 0.95–2.0) than were death/multiple-victim events in all other areas. Among transportation-related events in rural/agricultural areas, 19 were associated with air transport—mainly crop dusters—and resulted in 18 deaths. Responders were three times more likely to be injured in rural/agricultural areas. Of responders, volunteer firefighters constituted 52% compared with 6.7% in all other areas. The most frequently released chemicals in rural/agricultural areas were ammonia, chlorine, and pesticides. In all other areas, ammonia, chlorine, hydrochloric acid, carbon monoxide, and 0-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile, a tearing agent often associated with an illegal or unauthorized act, were released most frequently.Conclusions:Findings from this analysis suggest that remedial actions should address safety measures in both transportation and fixed facilities containing acute hazardous substances. These include regular maintenance of equipment, education of workers about the substances used in their facility, rigorous training and licensing of drivers and crop duster operators, and education and training of employees and first responders in the use of protective equipment. These activities may reduce the number of events, casualties, and costs associated with hazardous substance events.
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Zhu, Rongchen, Xin Li, Xiaofeng Hu, and Deshui Hu. "Risk Analysis of Chemical Plant Explosion Accidents Based on Bayesian Network." Sustainability 12, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010137.
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Many chemical plant explosion accidents occur along with the development of the chemical industry. Meanwhile, the interaction and influence of various factors significantly increase the uncertainty of the evolution process of such accidents. This paper presents a framework to dynamically evaluate chemical plant explosion accidents. We propose twelve nodes to represent accident evolution and establish a Bayesian network model for chemical plant explosion accidents, combining historical data with expert experience to support the prevention, management, and real-time warning. Hypothetical scenarios and catastrophic explosion scenarios were analyzed by setting different combinations of states for nodes. Moreover, the impacts of factors such as factory type, material form, accident equipment, the emergency response on casualty and property loss are evaluated. We find that sensitivity of property loss and casualties to factory type and ongoing work are less significant; the equipment factors result in more casualties than that from personnel factors; the impact of emergency response on the accident results is significant; equipment safety management and personnel safety training are the most important measures to prevent chemical plant explosion risks.
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Brown, A. E. P., P. L. Metropolo, and Marcio A. Carvalho. "Explosion Study of an Iron Powder Reduction Furnace." Materials Science Forum 498-499 (November 2005): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.498-499.28.
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Explosion study in an iron powder reduction furnace was performed. Pressurized gaseous hydrogen was used as reductive atmosphere to convert iron powder in the interior of the furnace. Hydrogen was fed to the pre-chamber of the iron powder reduction furnace. The furnace was located inside a brick building. Explosion potential causes were determined by the fault tree technique. The impact effects to people, environment and materials were also analyzed by using Chem-Plus software. The consequences and vulnerability analyzes were performed considering a confined explosion inside the furnace pre-chamber, resulting from formation of a hydrogen cloud within the H2 explosion limits. The vent area criteria recommended by NFPA 68 to confined spaces were employed to the reduction furnace and to the vulnerability calculations; probit equations of the Eisenberg model were used. As results, safety measures to enhance safety on the reduction of iron powder operation inside the furnace installation were recommended.
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Shavaliev, Roman, Rinat Yagudin, Daniil Valeev, Elena Elizareva, and Roman Marvanov. "Ensuring fire safety for autogas filling stations in town." Bulletin of scientific research results, no. 1-2 (July 17, 2017): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.20295/2223-9987-2017-1-2-49-59.
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Objective: To ensure industrial safety for autogas filling stations operated in town, analyzing the current status of the issue and identifying accident causes are performed. Methods: It is shown that most motor vehicles are not designed to use liquefied gas as a fuel and consequently converted to fit gas cylinders for using liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) making the hazard to people much higher and contributing to autogas filling station chain growth. As the filling station process involves highly flammable gases, such facilities may be referred to as fire and explosion hazardous. Results: Making a selection of a typical autogas filling station based on systems analysis methods and also approved methods, an emergency is simulated with a gas-air mixture explosion in implementing a worst-case scenario (LPG escape resulting from a destroyed tank truck forming a primary gas-vapor cloud with the gas-air mixture exploding): injurious effects and potential impact are assessed. It is identified that within a 50 m radius there is a risk that people may be affected and also that buildings and structures placed in close vicinity to it be damaged, which causes a special threat if located close to other autogas filling stations. As one of the primary goals for safe operation of autogas filling stations is keeping rated operating conditions for process equipment components, a number of early preventive measures has to be taken, which would allow avoiding any emergencies. Practical importance: Following the patent study, a dusty cloud generation device based on an explosion overpressure triggering mechanism for explosion containment is contemplated and proposed and its location and operating conditions are recommended, which will make the facility better protected from fire and explosion hazards.
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Boron, Sergiusz. "The Effect of Power Protection Equipment on Explosion Hazards and on the Reliability of Power Supply to Longwall Systems." Archives of Mining Sciences 62, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 355–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amsc-2017-0027.
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Abstract Operational safety of electrical machines and equipment depends, inter alia, on the hazards resulting from their use and on the scope of applied protective measures. The use of insufficient protection against existing hazards leads to reduced operational safety, particularly under fault conditions. On the other hand, excessive (in relation to existing hazards) level of protection may compromise the reliability of power supply. This paper analyses the explosion hazard created by earth faults in longwall power supply systems and evaluates existing protection equipment from the viewpoint of its protective performance, particularly in the context of explosion hazards, and also assesses its effect on the reliability of power supply.
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Qu, Fang, Xiao Wang, and Zhe Zuo. "Preliminary Hazard Analysis on Fire and Explosion Hazard of Stevedoring Process in LNG Terminal." Applied Mechanics and Materials 496-500 (January 2014): 2863–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.496-500.2863.
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Through the introduction to stevedoring process of LNG terminal, the preliminary hazard analysis technique is applied to distinguish and identify three potential dangerous factors which could cause fire and explosion, and corresponding preliminary hazard lists are then established respectively. In the end, the risk levels of fire and explosion are found out to be betweenand, and the appropriate precautionary measures are given to different risk level, those provide scientific reference for putting forward safety management decision effectively.
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Qu, Zhi Ming. "Study on Theoretical Analysis and Numerical Simulation of Smoke Flow during Gas Explosion." Applied Mechanics and Materials 29-32 (August 2010): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.29-32.125.
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In most cases, high gas concentration and oxygen consumption result in severe hypoxia after explosion. When the ventilation system is damaged, the air volume will be re-distributed so that explosion region is lack of oxygen. However, under mechanical ventilation and self-diffusion, the high temperature and toxic and harmful gases will constantly spread downwind of the roadway or certain areas, which threatens substations, winch room and workers’ escape. If the hot gas meets with gas concentration overrun areas or the coal dust explosion hazardous area, secondary disasters such as fire or explosion may be caused. Numerical simulation shows that high temperature, toxic and harmful gas will be disseminated. In conclusion, measures must be taken to withdraw the workers and to restore ventilation to prevent secondary disasters. If the gas explosion power is increased, the safety nearby working face would be threatened. To control and reduce the extent of gas explosion hazards and losses, a reasonable gas explosion disaster prevention and treatment plan should be established.
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Sun, Zhong Qiang, Jin Feng Zhang, and Zai Xing Li. "Study on the Safety Evaluation of Combustion System in Combined Cycle Power Plant." Applied Mechanics and Materials 533 (February 2014): 365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.533.365.
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There exist many dangerous and harmful factors in by-product steel gas power generation process and which easily caused casualties and the pollution of the environment. The study on risk analysis and evaluation are still relatively dearth about the by-product gas generating process of domestic steel enterprises. The boiler system on a Combined Cycle Power Plant was analyzed and evaluation by Dow chemical fires and explosive hazard index evaluation method and the method of fault tree analysis, which combined with the actual situation of steel plant Combined Cycle Power Plant. The results show that the fire and explosion hazard of gas boiler is very dangerous, but the hazard levels are reduced to lower level after safety compensatory measures, so the safety of the device is reliable, and immediately pay is the main reason leading to the explosion of the boiler. According to the analysis some feasible measures was put forward. The study has positive guiding significance for risk management and safety administration decision of the Combined Cycle Power Plant.
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Leikin, V. Z., V. Ye Mikhailov, L. A. Chomenok, and P. M. Luzin. "Modern problems and main directions for ensuring explosion and fire safety of fuel preparation systems for combustion in thermal power plant." Safety and Reliability of Power Industry 12, no. 2 (August 14, 2019): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.24223/1999-5555-2019-12-2-97-105.
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To solve the problem of further improving the efficiency and reliability of solid fuel generation in the Russian Federation, it is necessary to solve a number of main problems: ensuring environmental safety, export-oriented nature of the coal industry, low reliability, efficiency, high emissions of NOx , SO2 and particulate matter of existing obsolete equipment. In modern conditions, these problems can be solved comprehensively with the use of relatively low-cost methods in the case of using highly reactive coals, which at the same time have an increased explosion hazard (coals of explosiveness groups 3 and 4). For this reason, currently a large number of coal-fired power plants (mainly in Siberia and the Urals) experience a global transition to the combustion of highly explosive Kuznetsk coal of grades D, G, GD. In the present work, analysis is undertaken of methods and technologies to ensure the explosion and fire safety of fuel preparation systems for combustion at thermal power plants during the transition to these types of fuels, since most of these thermal power plants were initially designed for explosion-proof types of coal (T, 1CC, AH). A number of additional recommendations are developed to the current "rules of explosion safety", taking into account the specifics of technological schemes and the operation of a large number of these thermal power plants, a number of design solutions for equipment that improve the explosion safety of their dust treatment plants. For systems of preparation of finely crushed fuel (5–15 mm), boilers with circulating fluidized bed that are promising for the Russian power industry, and the use of drying installations at thermal power plants to ensure crushing of ordinary high-humidity fuels entering thermal power plants, a number of measures have been proposed that increase the fire safety of such installations.
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Xu, Qingwei, Kaili Xu, Xiwen Yao, Jinjia Zhang, and Ben Wang. "Sand casting safety assessment for foundry enterprises: fault tree analysis, Heinrich accident triangle, HAZOP–LOPA, bow tie model." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 10 (October 2018): 180915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180915.
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Sand casting operations, though commonplace, pose a significant threat of explosion accidents. This paper presents a novel sand casting safety assessment technique based on fault tree analysis, Heinrich accident triangle, hazard and operability–layer of protection analysis (HAZOP–LOPA) and bow tie model components. Minimal cut sets and minimal path sets are first determined based on fault tree analysis, then the frequency of sand casting explosion accidents is calculated based on the Heinrich accident triangle. Third, the risk level of venting quality can be reduced by adopting HAZOP–LOPA; the residual risk level of venting quality remains excessive even after adopting two independent protective layers. The bow tie model is then adopted to determine the causes and consequences of venting quality. Five preventative measures are imposed to enhance the venting quality of foundry sand accompanied by 16 mitigative safety measures. Our results indicate that the risk attributable to low foundry sand venting quality can be minimized via bow tie analysis.
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Park, Byoungjik, Yangkyun Kim, Kwanwoo Lee, Shinwon Paik, and Chankyu Kang. "Risk Assessment Method Combining Independent Protection Layers (IPL) of Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA) and RISKCURVES Software: Case Study of Hydrogen Refueling Stations in Urban Areas." Energies 14, no. 13 (July 5, 2021): 4043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14134043.
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The commercialization of eco-friendly hydrogen vehicles has elicited attempts to expand hydrogen refueling stations in urban areas; however, safety measures to reduce the risk of jet fires have not been established. The RISKCURVES software was used to evaluate the individual and societal risks of hydrogen refueling stations in urban areas, and the F–N (Frequency–Number of fatalities) curve was used to compare whether the safety measures satisfied international standards. From the results of the analysis, it was found that there is a risk of explosion in the expansion of hydrogen refueling stations in urban areas, and safety measures should be considered. To lower the risk of hydrogen refueling stations, this study applied the passive and active independent protection layers (IPLs) of LOPA (Layer of Protection Analysis) and confirmed that these measures significantly reduced societal risk as well as individual risk and met international standards. In particular, such measures could effectively reduce the impact of jet fire in dispensers and tube trailers that had a high risk. Measures employing both IPL types were efficient in meeting international standard criteria; however, passive IPLs were found to have a greater risk reduction effect than active IPLs. The combination of RISKCURVES and LOPA is an appropriate risk assessment method that can reduce work time and mitigate risks through protective measures compared to existing risk assessment methods. This method can be applied to risk assessment and risk mitigation not only for hydrogen facilities, but also for hazardous materials with high fire or explosion risk.
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Husar, B., V. Kovalyshyn, V. Marych, R. Lozynskyi, and P. Pastukhov. "COMBINED EXTINGUISHING OF CLASS D, CLASS A AND CLASS B FIRES." Fire Safety 35 (February 26, 2020): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20786662.35.2019.05.
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The scope of magnesium and aluminium and their alloys in industry, construction and life are expanding over time. As a rule, there are no clean fires of class D, which include combustion of magnesium, aluminium and their alloys. The problem is that the temperature of combustion of magnesium and its alloys can rise above 2800 Celsius degree. Magnesium burns even in the atmosphere of nitrogen and carbon dioxide and such fire is very difficult to extinguish. When water contacts the magnesium or other light metals, the area of fire expands.
The main purpose of this work is to study the combined extinguishing of light metals fires, Class A fires and class B fires with a special dry chemical powder and high resistance foaming agent.
The problem of extinguishing fires at objects with the using of light metals (magnesium, aluminium) and their alloys has been explored. Class D fires usually lead to class A and class B fires. They occur at high temperatures, and may cause explosions. Scenarios for the development of fires can be as follows: burning of light metals or solid combustible materials ad initium and light metal fire that requires combined extinguishing methods afterwards. Dry chemical powder formulation for extinguishing class A, B, D and and electrical installations under voltage, which includes: sodium chloride, blast furnace slag, ammophos, aerosol has been developed. Testing of this powder has been carried out in the laboratory using chips of magnesium and aluminium alloys. The combustion area in all experiments has been equal to 2.85 × 10-2 sq. m. The quality of the powder has been evaluated by the intensity of the D class fire and the extinguishing time of the B class fier. Dry chemical powder KM-2 has been tested for extinguishing fires 21B, 1A. and for magnesium alloy chips fires. Combined extinguishing tests were conducted on class D, class A and class B fires in field conditions. Method of combined extinguishing with the dry chemical powder followed by covering the entire burning area with high-expansion foam has been proposed (the fire with total area of 2.5 square meters has been extinguished for 45 s). Extinguishing methods have been tested on model fires. Safety measures for light metal extinguishing have been developed.
Conclusions: formulation for universal KM 2 dry chemical powder for extinguishing class D, A, B fires, which consists of sodium chloride, ammophos, slag, aerosil, has been developed. Successful extinguishing of class D and B fires has been carried out succesfully; technology of combined fire fighting D and A has been substantiated.
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He, Fei, Fan Jun Meng, Li Guo Lai, Yun He Zhang, Rui Hong, Jun Gao, Hao Yang, and Hui Jun Chao. "Research for Breaking Explosives Green Safe Technology and Advanced." Applied Mechanics and Materials 496-500 (January 2014): 908–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.496-500.908.
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this article do research in explosive broken problem, using the triple differential of the explosive roll type crushing technology to realize safe automation, take man-machine isolation operation measures, effectively reduce the labor intensity of workers, improve working environment ，ensure the personal safety and broken after medicine block size and crushing efficiency, it have high safety and reliability, certain promotion value, laid a solid foundation of technical innovation for the military and civil industry.
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Slavković, Rade, Aleksandar Dumić, and Marko Gnjatović. "Influence of industrial accidents in defense industry on security in the Republic of Serbia." Serbian Journal of Engineering Management 6, no. 1 (2021): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/sjem2101055s.
Full textAbstract:
The security of people and property is one of the basic premises of the business of each company. Security as an important function of management of the organization, particularly evident in companies engaged in the production of explosives and flammable substances. In the category of security risk companies are the defense industry companies. Recently, these findings have been confirmed through several industrial accidents with serious consequences. Security vulnerability of these companies is reflected primarily in the sensitivity of certain production and technological processes in terms of exposure to destructive influences and possible occurrence of fire, explosion of a hazardous gases and liquids. Reasons for increased surveillance and a higher safety level can be found in the volume and sensitivity of explosives and flammable substances on a daily basis participate in the processes of production. Considering aforementioned clearly imposes the task of preventive action and preventing accidents and diminishes the effects of their possible manifestation (if they occur). This paper considers the most characteristic of industrial accidents that have occurred in the defense industry from the point of view of their phenomenological characteristics, with a view to identifying the causes of these phenomena and take measures to correct them, in order to prevent repeated and similar events. As the most relevant, addressed the issues of prevention of accidents and safety activities of operators in terms of prevention and elimination of consequences. Also, paper presents singled out the conclusions derived by treating these very complex and in modern times most of the current problems, which requires the full attention of all security subjects in the country, in order to prevent extremely dangerous and even disastrous consequences for security facilities in the Republic of Serbia and the destruction of valuable and scarce resources.
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Yang, Jiahao, Fan Zhou, Weixing Wu, Jun Zhang, Shaoqiang Chen, and Genmin Zhu. "Analysis of hidden safety hazards and treatment suggestions when the floating roof of oil storage tanks falls to the bottom." E3S Web of Conferences 267 (2021): 01019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126701019.
Full textAbstract:
In the actual production and operation of enterprises, it is sometimes inevitable that the floating roof will fall to the bottom. This paper calculates the explosion limit of the mixture of oil gas under the floating roof, and confirms that the concentration of oil gas will be within the explosion limit under certain circumstances. Through the monitoring and analysis of the oil-gas mixing space below the floating roof, corresponding control measures are proposed to deal with the potential safety hazards of the floating plate falling to the bottom.
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Hendrasto, Muhamad, Surono, Agus Budianto, Kristianto, Hetty Triastuty, Nia Haerani, Ahmad Basuki, et al. "Evaluation of Volcanic Activity at Sinabung Volcano, After More Than 400 Years of Quiet." Journal of Disaster Research 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2012.p0037.
Full textAbstract:
Before its 2010 eruption, Sinabung Volcano was a Btype volcano, in its Indonesian classification. A series of explosions featuring 1-5 km high phreatic-ash columns occurred from August 27, 2010 untill September 7, 2010. SO2 flux measured during the eruptions showed sizeable gas emission and the youngest volcanic product has age of 1200 years BP obtained from 14C dating. At the end of August 2010, four continuous seismic stations were established around the volcano, and 6 additional stations were deployed in October 2010. Deformation monitoring was conducted temporarily till in February 2011, four continuous GPS stations were installed. All were set up through collaboration between Indonesian and Japanese academic and government institutions. Hypocenter calculations using data of 4 seismic stations fromSeptember to October 2010 showed two concentrations for shallow volcanic earthquakes (VTB) 0.5-2 km beneath the crater and for deep volcanic earthquakes (VTA) 2.5-14 km beneath the crater. These epicenters defined a northeast-southwest lineament, near an elongated sinistral fault zone between Sinabung and Sibayak volcanoes. Earthquake sources went deeper northeastward. Results using the data of 10 stations from November 2010 to February 2011 showed that earthquakes were concentrated at depths of 4-6 km beneath Lake Lau Kawar. Tilt and Electro-optic Distance Measurement (EDM) measurements from August to September 2010 showed no significant changes We inferred that since the last explosion in 7 September 2010, stabilization process both in pressure and energy were low.