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Published: 22 June 2024

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1

Berger, Chloé. "Liban : chronique d’une faillite annoncée." Questions internationales 103-104, no. 2 (October 13, 2020): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/quin.103.0110.

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Resté en marge des troubles qui ont agité la région depuis 2011, le Liban apparaît à bien des égards comme un cas d’école. En dépit de la proximité du conflit syrien, le pays avait réussi à préserver les fragiles équilibres communautaires sur lesquels repose son modèle politico-institutionnel. Or, le mouvement de contestation populaire qui a émergé à l’automne 2019 appelle à une remise en cause fondamentale de ce système et à la définition d’un nouveau contrat social à même de représenter l’ensemble de la population libanaise. Alors que la classe dirigeante libanaise semble bien en peine de proposer des solutions à la mesure des problèmes, la terrible explosion sur le port de Beyrouth qui a endeuillé durant l’été 2020 le Liban a porté la colère des Libanais à son comble .
2

Zoghbi, Marianne, Eugénie Bitar, Elio Haroun, Anthony Nasr, Etienne Melky, and Antoine Zoghbi. "4 août 2020 : explosion du port de Beyrouth, réponse de la Croix-Rouge libanaise et leçons apprises." Médecine de Catastrophe - Urgences Collectives 5, no. 4 (December 2021): 292–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pxur.2021.07.004.

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3

Corbo, Stefano, and Marie-Pierre Duhamel Muller. "Les cicatrices de la ville." Le Visiteur N° 27, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/visit.027.0043.

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En dix-huit mois, le Liban a été confronté à une série d’événements dramatiques. L’aggravation de la crise économique systémique a fait passer le PIB du pays de 55 milliards de dollars en 2018 à 33 milliards en 2020. L’épidémie de Covid-19 et les terribles explosions au port de Beyrouth en août 2020 ont fait des centaines de victimes et des milliers de blessés, et ont causé des dégâts matériels, qui concernent essentiellement les logements et le patrimoine culturel, estimés à 4 milliards de dollars. De larges zones du front de mer, ainsi que des bâtiments historiques, des hôpitaux, des infrastructures, des entrepôts et le silo à grain principal, ont été sérieusement endommagés. Aujourd’hui, dans le centre-ville, les traces des dégâts causés par ces explosions côtoient d’autres ruines, qui remontent à la guerre civile de 1975-1990, et qui sont tout aussi chargées de connotations politiques et culturelles. À quelques kilomètres du port, en effet, se dresse ce qu’on appelle l’Œuf, une coquille de béton dégradée située à proximité de la place des Martyrs. Conçu en 1965 par l’architecte libanais Joseph Philippe Karam, l’Œuf fait figure de paradigme des problèmes actuels de Beyrouth, mais aussi de ses enjeux et de ses exceptionnelles possibilités. Sa situation nous renseigne sur les relations complexes entre architecture, politique et espace public. Le texte souligne la pertinence de l’Œuf en tant que caisse de résonance de questions plus larges, et décrit son appropriation en tant qu’acte politique. Le choix de l’Œuf comme lieu idéal de débat a cristallisé l’essor de modèles alternatifs de participation, et en même temps a témoigné de la capacité latente de l’architecture à fournir un cadre à l’action. L’Œuf est un amplificateur : ses intérieurs absorbent et réverbèrent l’expression de nouvelles exigences, spatiales et politiques.
4

Nemer, Tony S. "The Beirut Port Explosion: A Geoscience Perspective." Seismological Research Letters 92, no. 4 (April 28, 2021): 2093–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220210051.

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5

Huang, Yaoxuan, Tsz Leung Yip, and Cong Liang. "Risk Perception and Property Value: Evidence from Tianjin Port Explosion." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (February 6, 2020): 1169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031169.

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This paper aims to investigate the perceived risk after the Tianjin port explosion event and its impact on property value. In addition to focusing on the relationship between homebuyers’ risk perception and property sales price, this paper also considers the risk perception of property sellers via the sale-to-list ratio. By using the difference-in-differences method and the sample from the property agent, we found that the explosion event generated a long-time effect on the public and property market in the city of Tianjin. Relative to those properties far away from the explosion site, the sales price and the sale-to-list ratio of the property near the explosion site were detected to have significant drops for the first six months after the explosion event. The temporal decrease of the relative sales price and the sale-to-list ratio are the evidence of short period overreaction from the public, which decays over time. This study demonstrates an indirect method to estimate the perceived risk of the general public and provides valuable insight into sustainable port management policies.
6

Cao, Xinhu, and Jasmine Siu Lee Lam. "A fast reaction-based port vulnerability assessment: Case of Tianjin Port explosion." Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 128 (October 2019): 11–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2019.05.019.

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7

Calargé, Carla. "Cartographies du deuil dans Mon port de Beyrouth de Lamia Ziadé." Contemporary French Civilization 49, no. 1 (April 2024): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/cfc.2024.2.

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Cet article examine le quatrième livre illustré de Lamia Ziadé, Mon port de Beyrouth (2021) dans lequel l’auteure-dessinatrice raconte l’explosion du 4 août 2020 qui a fait 215 victimes, plus de 6,000 blessés, détruit 20 pour cent de la capitale libanaise et laissé 300,000 personnes sans domicile. Créé sous le choc de la catastrophe et dans l’urgence de témoigner, ce récit graphique raconte les premiers moments de la tragédie et les semaines qui suivent. En m’appuyant sur le modèle conceptuel d’Avril Maddrell (2016), je propose de cartographier l’expérience de la perte, du deuil et du souvenir dans trois types d’espaces: les espaces physiques, les espaces incarnés psychologiques du corps et de l’esprit et les espaces virtuels. Dans chacun de ces espaces, je montrerai comment s’entrecroisent des cartographies individuelles et collectives; l’œuvre elle-même devenant à la fois l’incarnation et la sublimation d’un travail de deuil individuel et un site de commémoration (collective) des victimes, soit un lieu de mémoire dans lequel s’ancrent le désir de justice et le refus d’oublier.
8

Gebran, Anthony, Elissa Abou Khalil, Mohamad El Moheb, Obey Albaini, Mohamad El Warea, Rand Ibrahim, Karin Karam, et al. "The Beirut Port Explosion Injuries and Lessons Learned." Annals of Surgery 275, no. 2 (November 23, 2021): 398–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/sla.0000000000005322.

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9

Khoury, Christy, Alexander Owen‐Smith, Una Joh, Yiran Duan, and Jeff Hemsley. "Multi‐Modal Crisis Discourse and Collective Sensemaking on TikTok." Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology 60, no. 1 (October 2023): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pra2.781.

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ABSTRACTAn explosion at the Port of Beirut resulted in over 200 fatalities and displaced many more. Hundreds recorded and thousands shared the event, sparking discourse across social media. We provide a mixed‐methods analysis of 26 TikTok videos about the port explosion. Our study involved a semiotic analysis of the videos and a content analysis of the related 21,150 comments. The discourse surrounding the explosion extends a growing body of literature on the role of TikTok in disseminating crisis‐related information. We use a collective sensemaking framework to investigate how TikTok contributes to the understanding of an event. The authors find that Middle Eastern content creators contributed more to collective sensemaking about the event than non‐Middle Eastern creators. We additionally examine the current state of collective sensemaking on TikTok and provide platform implications.
10

Yu, Gending, Yih-Shing Duh, Xiaodong Yang, Yongzhao Li, Yangqing Chen, Yuqi Li, Jingling Li, et al. "Holistic Case Study on the Explosion of Ammonium Nitrate in Tianjin Port." Sustainability 14, no. 6 (March 15, 2022): 3429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14063429.

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On 12 August 2015, Tianjin port, Tianjin City, China, a catastrophic explosion of Ruihai International Logistics Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China) killed 173 and hurt almost 798 people, accompanying a financial loss of almost USD 2 billion. The ignition of the first fire due to the autocatalytic decomposition of nitrocellulose was verified by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) isothermal tests. A crater with a diameter of 97 m was created by the second explosion. For the second catastrophic explosion, an amount of 577 tons of trinitrotoluene was determined by the average through scaling law, crater inverse analysis and blast effects on structures. The overpressure against distance for consequence analysis was conducted using Baker’s, Sadovski’s and Alonso’s methodologies. A distinctive scenario of “two-successive-sympathetic detonations-following-a-fire” was proposed and discussed. Isothermal time-to-maximum-rate was validated to be approximately 9 days for the nitrocellulose inside the containers with an internal temperature of 60 °C stored at Tianjin port. A fatality radius chosen at the overpressure of 0.6 bar was ascertained to be nearly 410 m from the explosion origin.
11

Blanch, Richard J., Robert A. Mazzoli, and Keith Porter. "Ophthalmic Injuries in the Port Explosion in Beirut, Lebanon." JAMA Ophthalmology 139, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.2707.

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12

Shockey, Donald A., Jeffrey W. Simons, and T. Kobayashi. "Cause of the Port Neal ammonium nitrate plant explosion." Engineering Failure Analysis 10, no. 5 (October 2003): 627–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1350-6307(03)00021-9.

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13

Jiang, Zhu Jin, Dao Sheng Ling, and Nan Li. "Numerical Simulation of Shock Wave Caused by Underwater Blasting." Applied Mechanics and Materials 170-173 (May 2012): 3224–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.3224.

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Underwater blasting as an important part of engineering explosion processes engineering characteristics which contains a wide applied range, high technical requirement and complicated measurement and etc. Based on a project item on underwater explosion conducted by port department in Guangzhou, This paper has studied and simulated underwater explosion on multiple models under different conditions. Further more, the relation among major variables is quantized and the influence caused by certain variables comprehensively is elaborated. The research results may offer the guidance for similar projects.
14

Sukkarieh, Georges, Corinne Lahoud, Ralph Ghorayeb, Mariana Abi Karam, Yara Succarieh, Maher Saleh, and Alexandre Jalkh. "Characteristics of open eye injuries in the Beirut Port explosion." Injury 52, no. 9 (September 2021): 2601–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2021.07.031.

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15

Fu, Gui, Jianhao Wang, and Mingwei Yan. "Anatomy of Tianjin Port fire and explosion: Process and causes." Process Safety Progress 35, no. 3 (July 26, 2016): 216–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.11837.

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16

Wang, Hui-Chiao, and Hsuan Shih Lee. "Application of Grey Relational Analysis to Evaluate Port Safety in Keelung Harbor." Journal of Ship Production and Design 26, no. 03 (August 1, 2010): 206–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jspd.2010.26.3.206.

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The objective of this paper is to devise a port safety analysis in a harbor. In this paper, the Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) is applied to analyze and discuss the marine casualties occurring in Keelung Harbor. GRA is mainly applied to explore the relativity between marine casualties and accident sites. The paper concludes that the coastal and in-port areas are the main accident sites. Fire or explosion and damage to machinery are the main marine casualties. The results will assist in improving port safety in Keelung Harbor.
17

Itani, Rania. "A crisis amidst many others: COVID-19 response satisfaction during the economic collapse and post-Beirut port explosion in Lebanon." Journal of Public Health and Development 22, no. 1 (December 19, 2023): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.55131/jphd/2024/220102.

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The COVID-19 pandemic in Lebanon has been compounded by the economic collapse and devastating ‎Beirut port explosion, leading to a severe humanitarian crisis. This study aimed to assess the satisfaction of ‎the Lebanese population with the government's response to the pandemic and evaluate the public ‎perception of the economic crisis and the Beirut port blast's impact on the COVID-19 situation. This is a web-based cross-sectional study that utilized a self-administered questionnaire comprising closed-ended ‎questions with predefined response options. To identify predictors of the governmental response score, a ‎multiple linear regression analysis was conducted. A total of 2,384 participants were enrolled, with a mean ‎COVID-SCORE of 15.38 ± 5.28 (out of 40 points). The majority of participants‎‏ ‏‎ (2,163, 90.7%) expressed ‎mistrust in the Lebanese government's ability to effectively address unexpected health threats related to the ‎COVID-19 pandemic. Two-thirds of the participants (1,849, 77.6%) ‎ believed that the economic crisis had ‎impacted the government's response to the pandemic. Nearly 70% of the participants perceived that the ‎Beirut port explosion contributed to COVID-19 transmission. Government mistrust, along with the ‎economic crisis impact, were significantly associated with lower satisfaction scores (P < 0.001). This study ‎revealed a significant level of dissatisfaction among the Lebanese population regarding the government's ‎response to the COVID-19 pandemic, underscoring a lack of trust in its ability to effectively manage the ‎crisis. The compounding challenges arising from the Beirut port explosion, economic collapse, and depleted ‎resources have further impeded Lebanon's ability to navigate the pandemic successfully. Urgent ‎interventions and collaborative efforts are required to effectively manage the economic and political ‎repercussions, rebuild a resilient healthcare system, and alleviate the humanitarian crisis in Lebanon. ‎
18

Liu, Peng, and Rui Wang. "Public attitudes toward technological hazards after a technological disaster." Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 28, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 216–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-08-2018-0244.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to understand how the 2015 Tianjin Port explosion – which resulted in more than 100 deaths – changed local residents’ acceptance, perceived benefit and risk and trust related to hazardous goods warehouses and chemical plants (HGWCPs) and how it influenced local residents’ decisions about accepting HGWCPs through the lens of the trust heuristic.Design/methodology/approachA survey was conducted eight months after the disaster. Respondents were classified into two groups: involved (with direct experience of the explosion) and uninvolved (without direct experience). Their trust in those responsible for HGWCPs, and perceived benefit, perceived risk and acceptance associated with HGWCPs were surveyed.FindingsThe disaster reduced public acceptance of HGWCPs and trust and increased perceived risk. Trust retained an indirect effect on acceptance through perceived benefit in both groups and a direct effect on acceptance in the involved group. Trust partly accounted for the reduction in acceptance of HGWCPs.Practical implicationsResults remind the local government of the medium-term psychological consequences of the Tianjin Port explosion (e.g. increased perceived risk and reduced trust) and suggest the importance of building trust in mitigating risk perceptions of relevant technological hazards.Originality/valueIt represents a valuable addition to the literature on the medium-term psychological consequences of technological disasters and on the public’s decision making about hazardous technologies.
19

Ghalib, Hafidh A. A., Gordon Kraft, Abdulmutaleb Alchalbi, and Robert Wagner. "Seismic Location of the 4 August 2020 Beirut Port Chemical Explosion." Seismological Research Letters 93, no. 1 (October 13, 2021): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220210123.

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Abstract On 4 August 2020 Lebanon’s capital, Beirut, was rocked by a sequence of colocated fires and chemical explosions that left hundreds of people dead, thousands injured and homeless, demolished the city’s seaport, and heavily damaged the surrounding neighborhoods and businesses. The event was well recorded by many regional seismic stations in and around the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Using a network of 58 stations, 105 regional seismic phases, and a Bayesian methodology places the event at 1.8 km south of the ground-truth location, the seaport warehouse. Achieving this accuracy is significant, considering very limited local seismic data were available to use in this study. The location bias is attributed, in large part, to a small but statistically significant difference in the Moho velocity for sea paths compared with continental paths. The depth to the Moho is generally consistent with the iasp91 model. Concurrent to the port explosion is a series of unrelated small explosions, 11 s apart, attributed to a seismic survey that was being carried out at the time in the eastern Mediterranean Sea using air guns.
20

El-Hussein, Mahmoud, Cima Hamieh, Michelle Estephan, and Nagi Souaiby. "August 4th Beirut Port Explosion. Challenges of mass casualty hospital management." Médecine de Catastrophe - Urgences Collectives 5, no. 4 (December 2021): 286–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pxur.2021.04.006.

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21

Formaleoni, Lilly. "Les enjeux d’une coopération des ports méditerranéens dans le cadre de la reconstruction du port de Beyrouth." Confluences Méditerranée N° 120, no. 1 (April 15, 2022): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/come.120.0170.

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22

Rigby, S. E., T. J. Lodge, S. Alotaibi, A. D. Barr, S. D. Clarke, G. S. Langdon, and A. Tyas. "Preliminary yield estimation of the 2020 Beirut explosion using video footage from social media." Shock Waves 30, no. 6 (September 2020): 671–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00193-020-00970-z.

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Abstract Rapid, accurate assessment of the yield of a large-scale urban explosion will assist in implementing emergency response plans, will facilitate better estimates of areas at risk of high damage and casualties, and will provide policy makers and the public with more accurate information about the event. On 4 August 2020, an explosion occurred in the Port of Beirut, Lebanon. Shortly afterwards, a number of videos were posted to social media showing the moment of detonation and propagation of the resulting blast wave. In this article, we present a method to rapidly calculate explosive yield based on analysis of 16 videos with a clear line-of-sight to the explosion. The time of arrival of the blast is estimated at 38 distinct positions, and the results are correlated with well-known empirical laws in order to estimate explosive yield. The best estimate and reasonable upper limit of the 2020 Beirut explosion determined from this method are 0.50 kt TNT and 1.12 kt TNT, respectively.
23

Jahami, Ali, Jana Halawi, Yehya Temsah, and Lina Jaber. "Assessment of Soil–Structure Interaction Effects on the Beirut Port Silos Due to the 4 August 2020 Explosion: A Coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian Approach." Infrastructures 8, no. 10 (October 12, 2023): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures8100147.

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Blast loadings have become the subject of research in recent decades due to the threats they pose to the surrounding medium. On 4 August 2020, a huge explosion occurred in the Port of Beirut that led to massive damages in the medium surrounding it. Researchers have conducted studies in order to estimate the equivalent explosive mass as well as the damage extent left on structures; however, the studies considered the soil–structure interaction by simple methods. For that, this paper aims to understand the effect of explosion on the grain silo structure present at the port with an emphasis on the soil–structure interaction effects. The structure consists of a group of silos resting on a raft footing that is supported by group of driven piles. A soil–structure model analysis is performed in order to investigate the soil behavior, the damage extent in piles, and the soil–structure interaction due to the Beirut explosion using the CEL (Coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian) approach that suits events involving large deformation. The analysis is performed using the ABAQUS/Explicit FEM software (version 6.14) taking into account the properties of soil medium, the contact algorithm at the soil–structure interface, and the boundary conditions in order to better simulate the real field conditions and ensure accurate results. The work is primarily validated through site data such as the crater size and silo damage.
24

Moukarzel, Pierre. "Le commerLe commerce de Venise aux ports de Tripoli et de Laodicée durant la première moitié du XVe sièclece de Venise aux ports de Tripoli et de Laodicée durant la première moitié du XVe siècle." Chronos 20 (April 30, 2019): 33–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31377/chr.v20i0.474.

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Des premières Croisades jusqu'à la veille des grandes découvertes à la fin du XVe siècle, les flottes des villes commerçantes européennes, et en particulier celles des Italiens, ont continué à fréquenter les principaux ports du Levant pour déposer marchands et marchandises. Cette activité a été stimulée par la possession d'avantages territoriaux et commerciaux de grande ampleur dans les villes dominées par les Latins. Le développement de l'activité commerciale de l'Europe avec la Syrie2 et l'Égypte a connu un grand essor grâce aux conditions favorables et des privilèges accordés par les sultans ayyoubides et mamelouks à partir des XIIe et XIIIe siècles. En 1291, avec la chute d'Acre et la perte des États latins sur le littoral syrien, le commerce entre l'Europe et le Levant a subi un coup très dur. Mais, dès le début du XIVe siècle et malgré les prohibitions pontificales, le commerce a repris avec les pays soumis au sultan et il a connu un élan croissant à partir de la seconde moitié de ce siècle et tout au long du siècle suivant. En Syrie, Beyrouth est le principal port à travers lequel s'effectuent les échanges commerciaux avec l'Europe. Mais il y avait d'autres ports de la côte syrienne qui ont connu une croissance progressive et ont pu, durant la première moitié du XVe siècle, concurrencer Beyrouth et devenir les principaux ports de Syrie du Nord pour le commerce du coton et des cendres avec l'Europe et particulièrement Venise : il s'agit de Tripoli (Tarâblous) et de Laodicée (Lâdhkiya).
25

Zaiter, Manar, Abir Ayoub, Assaad Mohana, Ali Guermazi, and Mohamed Jarraya. "Beirut port explosion: unusual presentation of bilateral blast-related extensor mechanism rupture." Skeletal Radiology 50, no. 7 (January 27, 2021): 1479–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00256-020-03707-2.

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26

Zhao, B. "Facts and lessons related to the explosion accident in Tianjin Port, China." Natural Hazards 84, no. 1 (May 28, 2016): 707–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2403-0.

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27

Jayalakshmi, S., B. Jayanthi, and R. Ezhilarasi. "Assessment of air quality and damage caused after an anthropogenic disaster in the city of Beirut." MATEC Web of Conferences 384 (2023): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202338401003.

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Air pollution is an important cause of concern and has a significant impact on health as well as the environment. Air pollutants are released into the atmosphere by various sources, and the concentration in cities is mainly due to anthropogenic sources like emissions from industries, factories, vehicles, fossil fuel combustion, waste production, etc. But certain high episodes of air pollution can be witnessed in cities which can cause serious threats to human beings and the environment. Remote sensing is one of the sustainable measures, which allows the integration and presentation of useful information at various temporal and spatial scales. This tool can be helpful in understanding and managing natural disasters and man-made risks contributing to air pollution. Analyzing the cause of such high pollution episodes can help to take necessary steps to reduce the emissions, and damage or to take precautions to avoid man-made disasters. One such incident of an explosion of ammonium nitrate in a port had a long-lasting impact on the air quality in Beirut where the average concentration of air pollution already exceeds WHO threshold limits. This paper explores the concentration of aerosols and NO2, before and after the incident of an explosion that took place in Beirut. Assessment of the damage near the port caused by the explosion in Beirut was done using a change detection technique for which an algorithm was developed. Due to the non-availability of field data for the study area of Beirut, the algorithm was developed and validated for Chennai city and extended to Beirut. The aerosol and NO2 concentration data were extracted from sentinel-5p/TROPOMOI and validated with ground data through regression analysis. The results obtained from this study can be used as an early warning system and decision support system for mitigating loss due to the explosion.
28

Mansour, Hana A., Eugenie Bitar, Youssef Fares, Assad A. Makdessi, Antoine Maalouf, Mahmoud El Ghoul, Mohamad A. Mansour, et al. "The Beirut Port explosion: injury trends from a mass survey of emergency admissions." Lancet 398, no. 10294 (July 2021): 21–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01246-0.

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29

Maalouf, Fadi T., Riwa Haidar, Fatima Mansour, Martine Elbejjani, Joseph El Khoury, Brigitte Khoury, and Lilian A. Ghandour. "Anxiety, depression and PTSD in children and adolescents following the Beirut port explosion." Journal of Affective Disorders 302 (April 2022): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.01.086.

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30

Zhang, Wen-Xu, Sheng-Ting Gao, Xiao-Ning Zhang, Wei-Feng Zhen, Yu Zhu, Na Wang, Zhen-Hua Shi, Ying Guo, Dong-Rui Ding, and Xiang-Zhong Meng. "Successful treatment of a severely injured victim from 8.12 Tianjin Port Explosion, China." Chinese Journal of Traumatology 18, no. 6 (December 2015): 320–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cjtee.2015.11.013.

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31

Scanlon, T. Joseph, and John Handmer. "The Halifax Explosion and the Port Arthur Massacre: Testing Samuel Henry Prince's Ideas." International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters 19, no. 2 (August 2001): 181–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028072700101900203.

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Samuel Henry Prince wrote that major catastrophes lead to change. Despite his status in the field, there have been few attempts to examine empirically Prince's ideas about change. In this paper the authors describe a massacre in Port Arthur, Tasmania, in 1996 in which a man armed with automatic weapons killed 35 persons and injured 19 others. As a result of the massacre, changes occurred in Australian gun-control laws. The fallout from the massacre is examined in light of Prince's thesis about change following catastrophes.
32

Geha, Carmen, Fida Kanaan, and Najat Aoun Salib. "Breaking the Cycle: Existential Politics and the Beirut Explosion." Middle East Law and Governance 12, no. 3 (December 17, 2020): 357–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763375-12030007.

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Abstract This essay was written in the wake of the Beirut port explosion on August 4th, 2020. We explore the extent to which activists, academics, and practitioners can find a way to break the cycle of corruption caused by decades of sectarian power-sharing. Through our own story and experience of breaking our own cycle of hopelessness and transcending disciplinary boundaries, we document and analyze how we can create an evidence-based, community-led, and locally-driven roadmap for Beirut’s recovery. The essay focuses on our experience creating and building Khaddit Beirut (the shake-up) amidst multiple crises and in doing so opening up the university to the grievances of a devasted community. In doing so we review existing literature about what we already know about Lebanon’s political system and explain why breaking the cycle is as much an existential project as it is a political struggle.
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Hamama, Islam, Masa-yuki Yamamoto, Mohamed N. ElGabry, Noha Ismail Medhat, Hany S. Elbehiri, Adel Sami Othman, Mona Abdelazim, Ahmed Lethy, Sherif M. El-hady, and Hesham Hussein. "Investigation of near-surface chemical explosions effects using seismo-acoustic and synthetic aperture radar analyses." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 3 (March 2022): 1575–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0009406.

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Chemical explosions are ground truth events that provide data, which, in turn, can enhance the understanding of wave propagation, damage assessment, and yield estimation. On 4 August 2020, Beirut, Lebanon was shocked by a catastrophic explosion, which caused devastating damage to the Mediterranean city. A second strong chemical explosion took place at the Xiangshui, China chemical plant on 21 March 2019. Both events generated shock waves that transitioned to infrasound waves, seismic waves, as well as hydroacoustic signals with accompanying T-phases in the case of the Beirut event. In this work, the seismo-acoustic signatures, yields, and associated damage of the two events are investigated. The differentiainterferometry synthetic aperture radar analysis quantified the surface damage and the estimated yield range, equivalent to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene [C7H5(NO2)3] (TNT), through a “boom” relation of the peak overpressure was evaluated. Infrasound propagation modeling identified a strong duct in the stratosphere with the propagation to the west in the case of the Beirut-Port explosion. In the case of the Xiangshui explosion, the modeling supports the tropospheric propagation toward the Kochi University of Technology (KUT) sensor network in Japan. Although the Beirut yield (202–270 ± 100 tons) was slightly larger than the Xiangshui yield (201 ± 83.5 tons), the near-source damage areas are almost the same based on the distribution of damaged buildings surrounding the explosions.
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Charara, R., and J. El-Khoury. "The psychiatric impact of the 2020 beirut port explosion on civilians and relief workers." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.387.

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IntroductionOn August 4th 2020, a massive port explosion shook Beirut, killing at least 200, injuring more than 6,000 people and leaving more than a quarter of a million living in unfit homes. Various factors can participate in the severity of mental health outcomes of a disaster including the number of injuries, the degree of property destruction, unexpectedness of the occurrence of the event, and the type of the disaster.ObjectivesThe main aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (acute stress disorder) and major depression at 1 and 6 months following the Beirut explosion. The secondary aim is to determine predictors of PTSD incidence among civilians and relief workers affected by the disaster.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study with data collected via an online survey through convenience sampling. People will be recruited via social media platforms. To achieve a power of 80% and a two-sided significance of 5% and because gender differences will be explored, assuming a design effect (deff) of 2.5, a minimum sample of 960 participants would be needed. The survey will include sociodemographic data, questions about exposure levels to trauma and a psychiatric symptom inventory. Pearson’s Chi Square test will be used to examine the association between categorical variables and regression models will be run to examine the associations while controlling for confounders, including age, gender and others.ResultsThe results from both rounds of data collection (months 1 and 6) will be available in late March 2021.Conclusionsto follow based on resultsDisclosureNo significant relationships.
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Maalouf, Fadi, Riwa Haidar, Fatima Mansour, Martine Elbejjani, Joseph ElKhoury, Brigitte Khoury, and Lilian Ghandour. "50.12 The Mental Health Impact of the Beirut Port Explosion on Children and Adolescents." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 60, no. 10 (October 2021): S253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2021.09.393.

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Jiang, Hao, Chao Xue, Yanlin Gao, and Yan Wang. "Analysis of Ocular Injury Characteristics in Survivors of the 8.12 Tianjin Port Explosion, China." Journal of Ophthalmology 2019 (August 7, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1360805.

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Introduction. On the evening of August 12, 2015, a large chemical explosion occurred at Tianjin Port. We analyzed ocular injury characteristics in the survivors of this accident. Methods. Twenty injured eyes of 17 hospitalized patients were included. Initial best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), injury type, injury cause, relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD), zone of injury (ZOI), and ocular trauma score (OTS) were evaluated. Final BCVA and enucleation were the final outcome index. The relationship between risk factors and final outcomes was analyzed. Results. The patients comprised 14 males and 3 females (mean age, 35.24 ± 12.68 years). Eighteen eyes had open-globe and 2 had closed-globe injuries. Fifteen ocular injury types were reported. Initial visual acuity (VA) was 20/50 to 20/200, 20/200 to finger counting (FC), hand motion to light perception (HM-LP), and no light perception (NLP) in 2, 7, 7, and 4 eyes, respectively. RAPD was found in 5 eyes. Most eyes sustained severe injuries with OTSs of 1 (25%) and 2 (40%). Of the injured eyes, 50% had Zone III injuries. In 95% of the injured eyes, glass was the cause of injury. Three of 4 eyes with an initial VA of NLP had a final VA of NLP and an outcome of enucleation. In 5 eyes with RAPD, 3 had a final VA of NLP and a final outcome of enucleation. Eyes with lower OTSs generally had poorer outcomes. All eyes with a final VA of NLP and an enucleation outcome had Zone III injuries. All 3 eyes with an enucleation outcome had retinal injuries, whereas eyes with no retinal injury had a better final BCVA. Conclusions. Explosions can inflict severe ocular trauma, even indoors; 90% of injured eyes had open-globe injuries caused by glass fragments. Initial NLP, RAPD, low OTS, posterior extended wound, and retinal injury indicate a poor final outcome.
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Zhao, Yi-Bo, Nathalie Hayeck, Najat A. Saliba, Claudia Schreiner, Markus Zennegg, Fuze Jiang, Renato Figi, Davide Bleiner, and Jing Wang. "Any Long-term Effect of the Beirut Port Explosion on the Airborne Particulate Matter?" Aerosol and Air Quality Research 23 (2023): 220395. http://dx.doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.220395.

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Yan, Qiushi, Chen Liu, Jun Wu, Jun Wu, and Tieshuan Zhuang. "Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Reinforced Concrete Pile Subjected to Near-Field Non-Contact Underwater Explosion." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 20, no. 06 (May 30, 2020): 2040003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455420400039.

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High-pile wharf is an important port structure and may suffer from accidental explosions or terrorist bombing attack during the service life. The reinforced concrete (RC) pile is one of the popular vertical load-bearing piles of high-pile wharf structure. As a main load-bearing member of the high-pile wharf structure, the damage of RC pile due to underwater explosive may cause subsequently progressive collapse of the whole structure. In this paper, the dynamic response and failure mode of RC pile in high-pile wharf structure under the near-field non-contact underwater explosion are investigated using a combined experimental and numerical study. First, a typical RC pile was designed and tested for the near-field non-contact underwater explosion. The failure mode and damage of the RC pile specimen were obtained and analyzed. Second, the numerical model of the RC pile under near-field non-contact underwater explosion was established by adopting the commercial software AUTODYN, and then validated based on experimental results. It was shown that the results from numerical model and experimental test compared very well in terms of the damage pattern and lateral displacement. Furthermore, the full-scale numerical model of the RC pile for the near-field non-contact underwater explosion was developed based on the validated numerical model to investigate the damage pattern and failure mode of RC pile under varied underwater explosives. Lastly, the safety distance for the RC pile for the underwater explosion loading with consideration of different explosive mass, the explosive depth and the concrete strength was suggested. The outcome of this study presented reference for analysis, assessment and design of the type of RC pile for high-pile wharf structure subjected to near-field non-contact underwater explosion.
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Yang, Yuehong, Ye Su, Bocheng Liu, Junxiong Chai, Li Dai, Xiao Jiang, Yichen Ye, Tingting Song, and Yiyuan Xie. "An N-Port Universal Multimode Optical Router Supporting Mode-Division Multiplexing." Micromachines 12, no. 12 (November 25, 2021): 1438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12121438.

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Optical network-on-chip (ONoC) is based on optical interconnects and optical routers (ORs), which have obvious advantages in bandwidth and power consumption. Transmission capacity is a significant performance in ONoC architecture, which has to be fully considered during the design process. Relying on mode-division multiplexing (MDM) technology, the system capacity of optical interconnection is greatly improved compared to the traditional multiplexing technology. With the explosion in MDM technology, the optical router supporting MDM came into being. In this paper, we design a multimode optical router (MDM-OR) model and analyze its indicators. Above all, we propose a novel multimode switching element and design an N-port universal multimode optical router (MDM-OR) model. Secondly, we analyze the insertion loss model of different optical devices and the crosstalk noise model of N-port MDM-OR. On this basis, a multimode router structure of a single-mode five-port optical router is proposed. At the same time, we analyze the transmission loss, crosstalk noise, signal-to-noise radio (OSNR), and bit error rate (BER) of different input–output pairs by inputting the 1550 nm TE0, TE1, and TE2 modes to the router.
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Devianto, Hary, Mitra Eviani, Pramujo Widiatmoko, and Isdiriayani Nurdin. "Hazard Assessment of LNG Loading-Unloading Process in Cirebon Port." Reaktor 18, no. 2 (June 26, 2018): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.18.2.117-121.

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Cirebon Port has spacious work and water area that provides opportunities to be developed in industrial sectors, particularly the petrochemical industries such as ethylene and Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). In atmospheric condition, they are classified as volatile gas. Either in processing or transporting, they are stored in closed system. However, they still have a probability to be released to the environment and may lead to a fire or explosion. This probability is increased in the existence of coal stockpile in the port area which can evoke a fire. Therefore, a safety study is needed to identify the risk of the loading-unloading activities. The problem was solved by following steps. First, the data such as physical properties, layout area, and geographical condition around the port were collected. Then, the hazardous nodes were identified qualitatively, and then the quantitative analysis was done using As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP) analysis. From the safety study, a suitable handling and safety system is provided to ensure safety viability in the ethylene and LNG loading-unloading process at the Cirebon port.Keywords: ethylene; hazard assessment; LNG; loading-unloading process; Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA)
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Devianto, Hary, Mitra Eviani, Pramujo Widiatmoko, and Isdiriayani Nurdin. "Hazard Assessment of LNG Loading-Unloading Process in Cirebon Port." Reaktor 18, no. 2 (October 26, 2018): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.18.2.97-101.

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Cirebon Port has spacious work and water area that provides opportunities to be developed in industrial sectors, particularly the petrochemical industries such as ethylene and Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). In atmospheric condition, they are classified as volatile gas. Either in processing or transporting, they are stored in closed system. However, they still have a probability to be released to the environment and may lead to a fire or explosion. This probability is increased in the existence of coal stockpile in the port area which can evoke a fire. Therefore, a safety study is needed to identify the risk of the loading-unloading activities. The problem was solved by following steps. First, the data such as physical properties, layout area, and geographical condition around the port were collected. Then, the hazardous nodes were identified qualitatively, and then the quantitative analysis was done using As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP) analysis. From the safety study, a suitable handling and safety system is provided to ensure safety viability in the ethylene and LNG loading-unloading process at the Cirebon port.Keywords: ethylene; hazard assessment; LNG; loading-unloading process; Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA)
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Vaisset, Thomas. "Death in port: the explosion of the battleship Liberté in Toulon harbour (25 September 1911)." Human Remains and Violence 5, no. 2 (October 2019): 91–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/hrv.5.2.7.

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On 25 September 1911 the battleship Liberté exploded in Toulon harbour. This tragedy is just one of the many disasters that the French fleet suffered at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries and also represents the peak of these calamities, since it is undoubtedly the most deadly suffered by a French Navy ship in peacetime. The aim of this article is to study how the navy managed this disaster and the resulting deaths of service personnel, which were all the more traumatic because the incident happened in France’s main military port and in circumstances that do not match the traditional forms of death at sea.
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Elmajzoub, Yasmine. "Beirut Heritage Initiative: Safeguarding the City’s Built Heritage After the August 4, 2020, Port Explosion." Journal of Traditional Building, Architecture and Urbanism, no. 2 (November 10, 2021): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.51303/jtbau.vi2.518.

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The devastating explosion in Beirut’s port on August 4, 2020 will forever be engraved in the memory of the Lebanese people. Within moments, a city with over 5,000 years of history was in ruins. Aside from the terrible casualties, the blast impacted one of the largest concentrations of heritage buildings in the city, dating from the 19th and 20th centuries. For this reason Beirut Heritage Initiative (BHI) was established in an attempt to help restore the city’s built heritage and to preserve both the urban and the social fabric of the damaged neighborhoods. BHI’s first mission was focused on emergency works such as rapid sheltering and consolidation of damaged buildings to prevent further damage due to the winter weather. After this emergency phase, BHI has engaged in partial reconstructions to enable vulnerable inhabitants to return to their homes, and a third phase has focused on full restoration projects for highly damaged buildings.
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Guo, Xiao-Xia, Zhi-Jun Li, Hui Li, Zhi-Xiang Zhang, Cong-Zhe Xu, and Bin Zhu. "Organization and management of the treatment for the wounded in 8.12 Tinjin Port Explosion, China." Chinese Journal of Traumatology 18, no. 6 (December 2015): 323–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cjtee.2015.11.014.

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45

Li, Jialiang, and Donghui Ma. "The studies for building failure characteristics of the extraordinarily fire explosion accident in Tianjin Port." KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 22, no. 2 (May 5, 2017): 718–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12205-017-1339-6.

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Alrashidi, Wafaa. "Strategies in Translating Collocations in Political Texts: Case study of the Beirut Port Explosion 2020." International Journal of Arabic-English Studies 23, no. 2 (June 20, 2023): 211–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33806/ijaes.v23i2.461.

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: The present study examines the strategies used by Saudi undergraduate students when translating adjective plus noun collocations and verb plus object collocations in political texts from English into Arabic. An English proficiency test, along with a translation test, were conducted to evaluate the performance of the students. The translation test consisted of 10 English collocations selected from 53 random extracts from two online articles on the BBC and The Guardian websites, focusing on the Beirut port explosions in August 2020. The results show that the literal translation technique was highly dominant in translating both types of classification. This indicates that students encounter some obstacles when it comes to determining the correct equivalents in Arabic. However, the data show that sometimes literal translation can sometimes be adequate in translating the political collocations in both types. The data also reveal that a synonymy strategy was adopted more frequently in translating the verb + object than the noun + adjective. This is mainly because the frequency of (un)restrictedness of collocation errors may be limited in political texts because the structure of political texts is different from that of other texts, in the sense that it has a limited number of culture-specific collocations that are frequently translated, and therefore an equivalent can easily be found in the target language.
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Buysse, Beverly A. "PORT PARTNERSHIPS IN TAMPA BAY1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 1163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-2-1163.

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ABSTRACT In August 1993, Tampa Bay, Florida was the scene of a devastating collision between a freighter and two barges. All three vessels came together in a moment of panic that left Tampa Bay looking like a war zone of burning and sinking wrecks. Parts of Tampa Bay were strewn with heavy fuel oil after the August 10 accident between the 345-foot Philippine-flagged freighter Balsa 37, which had been headed out of Tampa Bay, and two tug/barge units, Seafarer/Ocean 255 and Fred Bouchard B. No 155. This collision resulted in an explosion that burned out of control until the Tampa Fire Department extinguished it later that evening. Since the time of this collision, there have been major improvements made in firefighting response capabilities in the Tampa Bay area. The multi-level response community has been exercised extensively, including an exercise involving the evacuation of a cruise ship. Another exercise noted improvements to the response resources and capabilities in a field training exercise where the U.S. Coast Guard Marine Safety Office (MSO) Tampa, Tampa Fire Department, Tampa Port Authority, and Hvide Marine Towing deployed equipment to the scene of a simulated shipboard fire. The Tampa Port Authority supplied a 210-foot roll on-roll off (ro-ro) barge with a 78-foot beam capable of loading 73,230 pounds (32.1 long tons). The barge provided easy mobilization for the Tampa Fire Department to load four engine companies, a foam trailer, one Emergency Medical Service (EMS) vehicle, and all had sufficient room to work. Hvide Marine Towing provided a tug to deploy the ro-ro barge in a stern tow. This exercise demonstrated the joint cooperation and partnership between federal, state, city, and private industry to work together and improve the marine firefighting response posture in Tampa Bay. With every level of government under budget constraints, it is important to look for multi-purpose equipment and resources that will get the job done. Tampa Port Authority's ro-ro barge has presented itself as a unique firefighting resource that can be used as a platform to carry the fire engines from the city or county. The barge can reach any part of the port quickly and can handle a vessel or waterfront situation, thus improving the marine firefighting response posture in the port.
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Polverino, Salvatore. "Fire and Explosion Machine Learning Model for the Port of Los Angeles - California Safety Code and NFPA for Fire-Break Zoning." Journal of Mediterranean Cities 2, no. 1 (August 8, 2022): 58–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.38027/mediterranean-cities_vol2no1_5.

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A correlative Hazard case study of Los Angeles Port has been performed on a tremendous dock fire that occurred on 22nd September 2014 at the Wilmington Dock along with a proposed Machine Learning approach concerning remote sensing techniques, a time-related air quality survey, and port safety codes, which are assessed and based on a modern port governance emergency intervention. The methodology of this research embraces a possible case of high fire severity urban zoning of the Los Angeles Harbour, on the occasion of the severe application of Health and Safety Code Section 18930 by the State Fire Marshal to respond opportunely to the recent extensive ignition across California. Set rules, dispatched by LA Port System, are detected following a Landsat 8/OLI (Operational Land Imager) remote sensing-based geospatial comparison with ground-based air samples. In order to target opportunely risk barriers in favour of Oil Tankers and critical garrisons, an extensive pre-processing calibration of spaceborne datasets has been performed for enhancing minor changes on the platforms. Besides, intrinsic limits of the OLI definition do not permit appropriate accuracy of small-scale evaluations; a decision tree model has been therefore engaged by embracing high variance and low bias of these compensated datasets. In this manner, four Regions of Interest have been marked to strengthen the sub-samples of these features. The flexibility of RF computation delivers positive automation for the missing values, categorical and continuous values; on the other side time consuming and interpretability drawbacks, notice a disadvantage of the implementation in terms of computational training, validation, and testing. In defence of this intervention approach, an air-model geostatistical distribution carried out pixel values based on the pre-burn weighted trained model and finally ensembled to buffer protection zones, according to the Safety Code Section 18930 as an endorsement of further sustainable and financial liabilities that are vital parameters in the post-Covid-sars19 crisis and demonstrate growth limits of Ports as periodically issued to theirs Internal Consistency Analysis. The advisory assessment research moreover a hardware performance to support on-time prediction models, by listing variable dependent regressive accuracy samples.
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Yu, Gending, Yulan Wang, Liang Zheng, Jiale Huang, Jingling Li, Lingzhu Gong, Rongguo Chen, Wei Li, Jiulai Huang, and Yih-Shing Duh. "Comprehensive study on the catastrophic explosion of ammonium nitrate stored in the warehouse of Beirut port." Process Safety and Environmental Protection 152 (August 2021): 201–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2021.05.030.

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50

Al-Shaer, Ahmad Abdulkareem, and Mohammad S. Al-Ghafli. "A Comprehensive Exploration of Chemical Inventory: Multifaceted Challenges and Profound Insights." International Journal of Supply Chain Management 12, no. 3 (June 28, 2023): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.59160/ijscm.v12i3.6193.

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This paper provides a comprehensive exploration of the multifaceted challenges and profound insights associated with chemical inventory. It highlights the critical findings and contributions in the areas of safety, efficiency, and compliance within chemical inventory facilities. By emphasizing the importance of robust risk assessments, implementation of safety measures, adherence to regulatory frameworks, and development of comprehensive emergency response plans, this paper aims to foster safer, more efficient, and compliant chemical inventory environments. Drawing attention to the tragic Beirut port explosion in 2020, this paper underscores the urgent need to address the challenges inherent in chemical inventory and presents valuable insights to mitigate potential hazards.

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