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1
Andriamanalina, Drouot, and Alain Merlen. "Explosion violente anisotrope dans un gaz stratifié." Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences - Series IIB - Mechanics-Physics-Chemistry-Astronomy 324, no. 5 (March 1997): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1251-8069(99)80039-6.
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Bouhours, G., B. Tesson, S. De Bourmont, G. Lorimier, and J. C. Granry. "Explosion peropératoire de gaz intestinaux : à propos d’un cas." Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 22, no. 4 (April 2003): 366–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0750-7658(03)00062-5.
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Prunet, Bertrand, Olivier Stibbe, Guillaume Burlaton, Benoit Frattini, Olivier Yavari, Anne-Lise Marmoser, and Michel Bignand. "Explosion due au gaz le 12 janvier 2019 rue de Trévise a Paris." Médecine de Catastrophe - Urgences Collectives 4, no. 2 (June 2020): 93–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pxur.2020.04.001.
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Kashevarova, Galina, and Andrey Pepelyaev. "Numerical Simulation of Domestic Gas Deflagration Explosion and Verification of Computational Techniques." Advanced Materials Research 742 (August 2013): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.742.3.
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Accidents caused by domestic gas explosions occur regularly enough. Gas explosion accidents indoors are defined as deflagration explosions. The formation of an explosive cloud depends on many factors inside the building. To understand why the buildings in one case withstand an explosion but collapse in another case, more precise design models and methods of their realization are needed. We used numerical modeling to calculate the blast load intensity and find out the impact of the actual environment parameters. For the model verification we referred to the full-scale experiment on the deflagration of domestic gas in enclosed space.
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Jing, Guoxun, Yue Sun, Chuang Liu, and Shaoshuai Guo. "Investigation of the suppression effect of inert dust on the pressure characteristics of gas coal dust explosion." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2024): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci231209095j.
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The suppression effect of inert powder on gas-induced suspension coal dust explosions was investigated using a semi-closed pipeline experimental platform. The shock wave overpressure propagation characteristics of gas explosions with different concentrations of mixed dust (calcium carbonate and coal dust) were measured and analyzed. The suppression mechanism of inert powder on the explosion process was also discussed. The results indicate that when the coal dust concentration is 200g/m?, the peak overpressure of the explosion decreases gradually with increasing inert powder concentration, and the peak overpressure ratio in the pipeline shows a decreasing-increasing trend; the acceleration of the explosion pressure reduces with increasing mixed dust concentration, and when high concentration of mixed dust is involved in the explosion, the acceleration of the explosion pressure is lower than that when only coal dust is involved; The inhibitory effect of calcium carbonate on dust explosion increased linearly with its concentration when the ratio of inert dust to coal dust was 1:2.; Inert powder mainly suppresses the explosive power by physical heat absorption and reducing heat exchange efficiency. The experimental results established the theoretical basis for inert dust suppressing coal dust participation in explosions, and have reference significance for formulating mine explosion suppression measures.
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Lee, Kwanwoo, and Chankyu Kang. "Expansion of Next-Generation Sustainable Clean Hydrogen Energy in South Korea: Domino Explosion Risk Analysis and Preventive Measures Due to Hydrogen Leakage from Hydrogen Re-Fueling Stations Using Monte Carlo Simulation." Sustainability 16, no. 9 (April 24, 2024): 3583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16093583.
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Hydrogen, an advanced energy source, is growing quickly in its infrastructure and technological development. Urban areas are constructing convergence-type hydrogen refilling stations utilizing existing gas stations to ensure economic viability. However, it is essential to conduct a risk analysis as hydrogen has a broad range for combustion and possesses significant explosive capabilities, potentially leading to a domino explosion in the most severe circumstances. This study employed quantitative risk assessment to evaluate the range of damage effects of single and domino explosions. The PHAST program was utilized to generate quantitative data on the impacts of fires and explosions in the event of a single explosion, with notable effects from explosions. Monte Carlo simulations were utilized to forecast a domino explosion, aiming to predict uncertain events by reflecting the outcome of a single explosion. Monte Carlo simulations indicate a 69% chance of a domino explosion happening at a hydrogen refueling station if multi-layer safety devices fail, resulting in damage estimated to be three times greater than a single explosion.
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KOMAROV, A. A., and E. V. BAZHINA. "The impact of gas-dynamic flows accompanying emergency explosions on buildings and structures." Prirodoobustrojstvo, no. 1 (2022): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/1997-6011-2022-1-84-92.
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In the article, using the example of a real explosive object, the methodology for determining the maximum dynamic load that forms during an emergency explosion is considered. The article shows that when determining the load from an emergency explosion, it should be considered that a deflagration explosion of a gas-air mixture occurs. It should be accepted that only a certain part of the combustible substance is involved in the explosion, which is determined as a result of solving the diffusion problem. Detonation explosion should be excluded from sources of explosive danger. A detonation explosion at enterprises using hydrocarbons can occur with a powerful ignition source, such as lightning, a voltaic arc, or a TNT stick. These sources of mixture initiation must be excluded by engineering or organizational measures. It is shown that during a deflagration explosion, which is characterized by a smooth increase in explosive pressure, an explosive wave flows around buildings. Therefore, a significant increase in explosive loads on the facades of buildings, which is associated with the effect of reflection of a compression wave, will not occur. In addition, a smooth increase in explosive pressure leads to a significant decrease in the dynamic coefficient. These features of the development of an explosive accident must be taken into account when assessing the potential danger of an emergency explosion. The article describes a design scheme that allows calculating the dynamic load that is formed during a deflagration emergency explosion. The calculation method is based on linearized equations of motion of a continuous medium. The possibility of using linearized equations of motion is associated with the smallness of the apparent flame velocity realized during deflagration explosions of hydrocarbons. An additional advantage of using the acoustic approximation is the ability to calculate vibration or acoustic loads. A calculation scheme is presented that allows replacing the dynamic load with an equivalent static one, which is necessary when designing in an explosion-proof version of buildings located on the territory of explosive objects.
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Li, Dong, Shijie Dai, and Hongwei Zheng. "Investigation of the explosion characteristics of ethylene-air premixed gas in flameproof enclosures by using numerical simulations." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2022): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci220905189l.
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Flameproof enclosures are widely installed as safety equipment at dangerous industrial sites to reduce ignition risks. However, electrical components typically installed in such flameproof enclosures for the production process can cause ignition and compromise the safety of the enclosures. Thus, in such cases, the explosive characteristics of the flameproof enclosures is severely affected. Accidental gas explosions in industrial sites rarely occur under standard operating conditions. Premixed gas explosions in flameproof shells are complex processes. A 560 mm ? 400 mm ? 280 mm flameproof enclosure commonly used in industrial sites was used to investigate the phenomenon. The explosion characteristics of ethylene-air premixed gas in the flameproof enclosure was simulated using Fluent software to investigate the influences of ignition source location, ignition source energy, ambient temperature, and obstacles on the maximum explosion pressure, maximum explosion pressure rise rate, and maximum explosion index of the flameproof enclosure. The results revealed that the surface area of heat exchange considerably influences the maximum explosion pressure of the flameproof enclosure. The larger the ignition energy is, the larger the maximum explosion pressure value, the maximum rate of explosion pressure rise, and the maximum explosion index of the flameproof enclosure are. With the increase in the ambient temperature, the maximum explosion pressure decreased, whereas the maximum rate of explosion pressure rise and the maximum explosion index exhibited limited change. The results of this study provide theoretical guidance for the design and suppression of flameproof enclosures.
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Liu, Yan, Lin Chen, Xuting Wang, Yaqi Zhao, Zhen Zhao, Chen Zhang, and Jinghan Xu. "Study on Overpressure Explosion of Oil and Gas Pipelines and Risk Prevention & Control Measures." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2520, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2520/1/012028.
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Abstract In view of the flammable and explosive characteristics of oil and gas pipeline transportation medium, once it leaks, production safety accidents are easy to occur. This study uses explosions with severe consequences caused by natural gas pipeline leakage as an example. The risk factors and accident modes of oil and gas storage and transportation pipelines are analyzed; the explosion load is calculated by a scaling explosion prediction model with the TNO multi-energy method; the relationship between overpressure load and combustible gas cloud radius is studied. The methane-air explosion volume fraction of 9.5% is taken as another example, with which the overpressure attenuation law of explosion wave is obtained. Based on the above research, safety risk prevention and control measures are proposed. The research results can provide technical support for daily management and risk prevention and control of oil and gas storage and transportation pipelines.
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Burton, Mike, Catherine Hayer, Craig Miller, and Bruce Christenson. "Insights into the 9 December 2019 eruption of Whakaari/White Island from analysis of TROPOMI SO2 imagery." Science Advances 7, no. 25 (June 2021): eabg1218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abg1218.
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Small, phreatic explosions from volcanic hydrothermal systems pose a substantial proximal hazard on volcanoes, which can be popular tourist sites, creating casualty risks in case of eruption. Volcano monitoring of gas emissions provides insights into when explosions are likely to happen and unravel processes driving eruptions. Here, we report SO2 flux and plume height data retrieved from TROPOMI satellite imagery before, during, and after the 9 December 2019 eruption of Whakaari/White Island volcano, New Zealand, which resulted in 22 fatalities and numerous injuries. We show that SO2 was detected without explosive activity on separate days before and after the explosion, and that fluxes increased from 10 to 45 kg/s ~40 min before the explosion itself. High temporal resolution gas monitoring from space can provide key insights into magmatic degassing processes globally, aiding understanding of eruption precursors and complementing ground-based monitoring.
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Florea, Gheorghe Daniel, Dan Codruț Petrilean, Nicolae Ioan Vlasin, and Vlad Mihai Păsculescu. "Design of an experimental stand for hydrogen explosions." MATEC Web of Conferences 389 (2024): 00072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202438900072.
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Hydrogen, with its remarkable potential as a clean and abundant energy carrier, has gained significant attention as a promising solution for a sustainable future. However, the handling, storage, and utilization of hydrogen come with inherent risks, particularly the potential for explosions. The present work deals with the design of an experimental stand for hydrogen explosions in interconnected spaces, based on previous experience in the field of air-methane mixtures explosions. Considering the explosive properties of hydrogen, much more aggressive than methane gas, a comparative analysis is carried out between the results of a physical experiment of a methane explosion carried out on a spiral stand and the results obtained from a computational simulation of a hydrogen explosion on a similar geometry. The purpose of the comparative analysis is to highlight the vulnerable points of the future construction, bringing improvements to the new experimental model in the sense of increasing operational safety, while preserving, at the same time, the possibilities of recording the explosion parameters (pressures, velocities, flame front behavior) at a higher level of accuracy.
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Choi, Yoo Youl, Soo Young Kim, Kyu Nam Jeon, Tae Woo Kim, and Byung Chul Choi. "Numerical Simulation of Evaporative Gas Behavior Inside Fuel Tank During Fire Extinguishing Process." Fire Science and Engineering 38, no. 4 (August 31, 2024): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.c1c93a12.
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A series of explosions at a domestic business site injured approximately 20 people, and joint analysis revealed substandard fuel at the site. The first explosion was caused by the ignition of oil vapor released from the fuel tank, and the second had likely occurred when an ignition source entered the tank. This study models the secondary explosion using a fire dynamics simulator, with acetone and dodecane adopted as representative fuels. The results show that acetone exceeds the upper explosive limit under external heating, whereas it re-enters the flammable range upon cooling, thereby increasing the explosion risk if ignited. By contrast, dodecane does not re-enter the flammable range under the same criteria.
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Sherzod, Zairov, Khudaiberdiev Oibek, Normatova Muborak Zh., and Nomdorov Rustam. "Developing the methods of controlling dust and gas conditions when blasting high benches in deep pits." Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii Gornyi zhurnal, no. 4 (June 25, 2020): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/0536-1028-2020-4-113-121.
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Research aim is to develop a method of reducing dust and gas emissions concentration at bulk explosions in open pits. Research relevance. When drilling and blasting in open pits, a huge amount of dust and toxic gaseous products is released, and the rate of their formation is affected by the blasting method, the range of explosives used, the method of drilling blast holes, type and sort of stemming, massif water content, rock properties, meteorological conditions, etc. It has been established that in an explosion of 1 kg of explosives, 15% from an average of 900 liters of various gases and gaseous products formed are toxic and dangerous to humans and the environment. To prevent dust and gas emissions, various types of tamping are currently used, which affect not only emissions reduction, but also the efficiency and safety of blasting contributing to the fullest use of explosion energy and increasing the exposure time of the products of explosive 120 "Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal". No. 4. 2020 ISSN 0536-1028 transformation. Despite the significant amount of research and successes achieved in this direction, for deep pits it is necessary to determine the rational parameters of stemming in borehole explosive charges, reduce the formation of toxic gases released in bulk explosions, develop a method of producing an absorption solution capable of neutralizing toxic compounds after an explosion, and develop an effective way to reduce dust and gas emissions in bulk explosions. Research methodology. To solve this problem, integrated research methods were used, including theoretical generalizations and experimental studies in laboratory, testing ground and industrial conditions, methods of mathematical modeling of stemming parameters in borehole explosive charges, methods of mathematical programming using modern computer equipment, as well as methods of mathematical statistics and correlation analysis of research results. Results. Detonation products pressure change in the well has been determined taking into account motion processes of sand and absorbing mixture stemming of various lengths. It has been established that when using stemming made of absorbing mixture, detonation products pressure and escape time are higher compared to sand stemming. The effective stemming length in borehole explosive charges has been established depending on well pressure fall time and stemming length in different sections of the well. Mathematical modeling of stemming parameters in the explosion of borehole explosive charges established the change in pressure in the blast chamber as a function of stemming time and length during its escape from the well, as well as the of stemming escape duration and expiration of detonation products during emulsion explosive blast depending on stemming length. A method has been developed of dust and gas atmospheric pollution parameters determination during the production of bulk explosions in deep pits, An absorption mixture has been developed, which makes it possible to intensify the process of dust deposition above the explosion site and reduce pollution of the surrounding quarry, which favorably affects the environmental situation in the mining region. A method has been developed to reduce dust and gas emissions during blasting operations in open pits, which allows to reduce the concentration of dust and gas clouds formed. Scope of the results. A method of suppressing dust and gas emissions has been introduced at the Muruntau open pit of the Navoi Mining and Metallurgical Combinat. As a result, the process of dust deposition above the explosion site has been intensified, pollution of the surrounding open pit area has been reduced, the concentration of nitrogen dioxide has been reduced by 30.1%, carbon monoxide by 28.6% and sulfur dioxide by 20.5%. The results can be used in quarries where rock crushing is carried out using a blasting method
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Zairov, Sh, Sh Urinov, A. Tukhtashev, and Y. Borovkov. "LABORATORY STUDY OF PARAMETERS OF CONTOUR BLASTING IN THE FORMATION OF SLOPES OF THE SIDES OF THE CAREER." Technical science and innovation 2020, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.51346/tstu-01.20.3-77-0078.
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Explored theoretically the interaction of explosive charges in the preliminary gap formation in quarries. A methodology has been developed for conducting experimental studies of blast well contour explosions on models, which allows one to investigate crack formation on volumetric models and wave interaction using high-speed video recording of the explosion process in transparent models, as well as determine the parameters of explosion stress waves in samples of real rocks. Theoretical and laboratory researches have established that only the creation of a screening gap for the entire height of the non-working ledge allows you to get a virtually undisturbed array with a high-quality surface of the slope
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Shi, Shulei, Bingyou Jiang, Xiangrui Meng, and Li Yang. "Fuzzy fault tree analysis for gas explosion of coal mining and heading faces in underground coal mines." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 8 (August 2018): 168781401879231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814018792318.
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During the past decade, gas explosions have been one of the most serious types of disasters in China, threatening the lives of miners and causing significant losses in terms of national property. This article, by constructing the fuzzy fault tree model of gas explosion on the coalface and heading face, deduces the minimum cut sets and minimum path of the fault tree, analyzes the importance of the fault tree structure, and obtains the ratio of gas explosion. The results show that the isolation of gas and heat sources is the most effective way to prevent gas explosion. In addition, a close detection of gas concentration and appropriate treatment can also avoid explosive accidents by reducing the ratio of explosion to below 0.059%, which is the critical value of explosion. The probability of gas explosion occurred in coal working face is about 0%–2.055%, and the most likely probability is 0.059%. However, the probability of gas explosion occurred in heading face is about 0%–8.543%, and the most probability likely to occur is 0.772% which is larger than that in coal working face. The fuzzy fault tree can not only be applied in the analysis of the coal mining gas explosion, but it also provides the theoretical basis for the precaution and prevention of coal mining accidents.
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Gorev, V. A., and A. D. Korolchenko. "The effect of venting structures on overpressure caused by an indoor explosion." Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety 31, no. 3 (July 24, 2022): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/0869-7493.2022.31.03.12-23.
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Introduction. The article considers an accidental indoor gas explosion on condition of pressure relief through openings in which venting structures were installed.A solution to this problem can protect residential buildings from consequences of explosions due to the fact that the volume of premises in residential buildings is small compared to industrial buildings, and it determines more stringent pressure relief conditions at the initial moment of the explosion development. The article shows that pressure can reach critical values in a small space during the motion of a venting structure in the opening before the onset of pressure relief.Goals. The authors aim to identify the pattern of blast load development from the moment of explosion to the attainment of the maximum pressure value with account taken of the properties of venting structures and patterns of their opening. This goal is relevant due to the fact that until now at this stage pressure development has been considered without any account taken of how deeply the venting structure is installed in the wall opening. Much attention was focused on the selection of the opening size.Methods. The methods of the theory of dimensions, numerical and analytical modeling of explosion processes, patterns of gas escape and rigid body motion were applied to obtain dimensionless groups describing the development of an explosive load until maximum values. These dimensionless groups allow identifying explosive loads for rooms having different volumes, which is also a new result.Results. In this work, the influence of individual factors on the ultimate result has been identified. These factors are the room volume, the pressure at which the venting structure starts moving, the mass and position of the venting structure in the opening, the opening perimeter and the rate of explosive combustion.Conclusions. The results, obtained in the course of this work, allow identifying the dynamic load of an explosion at the stage of its growth. This value can be used to set more reliable bearing characteristics of structures for cases of accidental explosions in living accommodations.
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Liu, Wei, Xiangyun Xu, Huahui Yi, and Lifan Zhu. "Studying the Effects of Wave Dissipation Structure and Multiple Size Diffusion Chambers on Explosion Shock Wave Propagation." Fire 6, no. 10 (September 24, 2023): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire6100371.
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Explosion chambers are crucial to the technology used to prevent coal mine gas explosions. Investigating the shock wave propagation law at various coal mine tunnel cross-sections helps ensure mine safety. A self-built, highly explosive experimental setup was used to conduct empirical research on straight tubes, eight sizes of single-stage explosion chambers, and multi-stage tandem explosion chambers. Ansys Fluent numerical simulation software constructed five different tandem explosion chamber models. The wave dissipation efficiency of various types of explosion chambers was calculated, the propagation law and process of shock waves across multiple explosion chambers were examined, and the best size and type of explosion chambers were summarized to increase the wave dissipation efficiency of single-stage explosion chambers. Gun silencers inspired these models. The findings indicate that the three-stage tandem explosion chamber is the best diffusion tandem combination form, the 60° silencer-type explosion chamber is the best single-stage explosion chamber modification program, and the 500 mm × 500 mm × 200 mm explosion chamber is the best single-stage explosion chamber.
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Tuhut, Ligia Ioana, Gheorghe Daniel Florea, and Bogdan-Adrian Simon-Marinica. "Prediction of structural deformations in a research stand for the study of hydrogen explosions." MATEC Web of Conferences 389 (2024): 00075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202438900075.
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Along with the development of facilities that employ hydrogen in many aspects such as hydrogen production, storage systems, fueling stations, and so on, it is critical to understand the features of this gas, particularly those affecting the explosive qualities. Researchers can create advanced modeling approaches, risk assessment procedures, and safety standards to lessen the potential impact of accidents by researching the behavior of hydrogen explosions. The present paper deals with the design of a stand intended for hydrogen explosion experimentation, anticipating the possible values of the explosion overpressures to which the stand structure is subjected. To approximate these values, a computer simulation of the hydrogen explosion was carried out in the virtual environment, in two stages. The explosive process was first simulated in a strictly fluid environment, with overpressure values at the domain's limits being recorded. The values of the explosion overpressures from the first stage were taken in the second stage and applied to the surfaces where the fluid and solid environments came into contact, ultimately yielding the potential deformations of the stand construction. The map of the resulting deformations becomes a point of reference in the design of the stand considering, first of all, its safe use.
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Şimon-Marinică, Adrian Bogdan, and Zoltan Vass. "Automation of physical experiments regarding explosions of air-methane mixtures." MATEC Web of Conferences 305 (2020): 00013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202030500013.
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In the following study, experimental results are obtained from an automated stand. With the help of this experimental stand, visualization techniques such as Schlieren and Shadowgraph can be applied, to study the flame front propagation of air and inflammable gas mixtures initiation. In parallel, an infrared sensor was used to control a push-pull solenoid to open the gas escape diaphragm of the stand. To obtain the explosive gas mixture at various concentrations (between the lower explosion limit and the upper explosion limit) an original programmable mixer was used, based on computational algorithms for accurate control of stepper motors which allow attainment of air and inflammable gas flows in order to achieve a homogeneous and continuous mixture at the desired concentration. The performed experiments allow for a better understanding of the flame front production and propagation, facilitating the knowledge and optimization of the operating times from the reduction mechanisms for reducing the effects of explosions of the flammable gas-air mixtures.
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Gui, Xiaohong, Haiteng Xue, Junwei Zhu, Xingrui Zhan, and Fupeng Zhao. "Study on Inhibition Characteristics of Composite Structure with High-Temperature Heat Pipe and Metal Foam on Gas Explosion." Energies 15, no. 3 (February 3, 2022): 1135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15031135.
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The hazards caused by gas explosion are mainly due to high temperatures and shock waves. It is of great practical significance to explore a device that can restrain these two hazards at the same time. Through the establishment of the gas explosion calculation model, a numerical analysis of the flame propagation in the three types of pipelines, including the empty pipe, the single metal foam pipe, and the high-temperature heat pipe metal foam composite structure, was carried out. The numerical results are compared with the relevant experimental results. The accuracy, rationality, and accuracy of the calculation model is verified. The research results show that that the gas explosion flame propagation develops fastest and accelerates in the empty pipe, followed by a single metal foam pipe. The gas explosion flame in the pipe with the high-temperature heat pipe metal foam composite structure develops the slowest. The composite structure composed of the high-temperature heat pipe and metal foam is an obvious choice to attenuate the temperature and overpressure of gas explosion. The high-temperature heat pipe can rapidly transmit heat in the form of phase change, and metal foam can effectively reduce the explosion pressure wave. The composite structure with the high-temperature heat pipe, and metal foam, destroys the coupling between flame and pressure wave, which acts as a barrier to explosion. It can effectively reduce the energy of flammable and explosive gas in the rear part of the pipeline and restrain the occurrence of the two explosions. The research results provide a scientific basis for the technical application of new, effective anti-explosion devices in coal mines.
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Wickramasinghe, Chathula Ushari, and Amal Nishantha Vadysinghe. "Blast Injury from Locally Manufactured “Hakka Patas”." Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine 9, no. 1 (January 2023): 81–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_69_21.
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Explosives are potentially harmful devices that can create an explosion by a rapid release of a pressurized gas consequent to a chemical reaction within the device. They can inflict a variety of injuries, due to the blast wave, fire, and shrapnel. The pattern and severity of injuries will be determined by various factors, including explosive potential and constituents such as shrapnel. Homemade explosive devices (HEDs) pose a further threat due to their volatile, unpredictable nature which can lead to accidental explosions. We present the case of a 28-year-old farmer who presented with extensive blast injury to the left hand from a “Hakka patas,” a HED endemic to Sri Lanka. The injuries to his hand consisted of extensive soft tissue and muscle loss, and fractures of metacarpal bones with amputation of the first distal phalanx. Low-grade explosives such as “Hakka patas” have the potential to cause injury greater than expected due to their volatile, unpredictable nature, causing accidental explosions. This can injure unintended targets, resulting in grave consequences. The specific pattern described in low-grade explosive injuries will be important to differentiate other explosive-related injuries for medicolegal purposes.
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Zhong, Wei, and Zhou Tian. "Calculating the Quasi-Static Pressures of Confined Explosions Considering Chemical Reactions under the Constant Entropy Assumption." Applied Mechanics and Materials 164 (April 2012): 396–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.164.396.
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On the basis of the energy conservation and the state equation of the ideal gas, a formula of quasi-static pressures of the confined explosions calculating was derived under the constant entropy assumption of the detonation products expansion and the constant volume assumption of the chemical reactions. Taking the TNT explosive as an example, the quasi-static pressures of the confined explosion either considering the influence of the chemical reactions or not were calculated and the quasi-static pressures of the confined space were obtained
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Sun, Wen Bin, Qiang Qiang Zhu, and Wei Zhong He. "Experimental Study of the Carbon FRP Retrofitted Reinforced Concrete Panels under Explosion." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 831–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.831.
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Explosions, such as a bomb explosion and a gas explosion, can cause catastrophic damage on the buildings. In fact, an explosion may result in large dynamic loads, greater than the original design loads, of many structures. Two RC specimens were tested under explosive loading. The first specimen was used as a control for the experiment, while the other was retrofitted with 6 near surface mounted (NSM) Carbon FRP strips on each face. Both specimens were subjected to a 60g Pentolite at stand off distances of 0.6m. The aim of this experiment was to observe and compare the behavior of the two specimens, and their ability to resist blast loads respectively. Of particular interest was the response of the retrofitted RC specimens NSM Carbon FRP. The experimental results showed that NSM retrofitting with Carbon FRP is an effective way to provide extra strength when retrofitting against blast loading.
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Huang, Zichao, Rongjun Si, Guangcai Wen, Songling Jin, and Shaoqian Xue. "Experimental Study on the Isolation Effect of an Active Flame-Proof Device on a Gas Explosion in an Underground Coal Mine." Fire 6, no. 12 (December 13, 2023): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire6120468.
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Passive explosion-isolation facilities in underground coal mines, such as explosion-proof water troughs and bags, face challenges aligned with current trends in intelligent and unmanned technologies, due to restricted applicability and structural features. Grounded in the propagation laws and disaster mechanisms of gas explosions, the device in this paper enables accurate identification of explosion flames and pressure information. Utilizing a high-speed processor for rapid logical processing enables judgments within 1 ms. Graded activation of the operating mechanism is enabled by the device. The tunnel flame-proof device’s flame-extinguishing agent has a continuous action time of 6075 ms. Experiments on the active flame-proof effect of a 100 m3 gas explosion were conducted using a cross-sectional 7.2 m2 large-tunnel test system. With a dosage of 5.6 kg/m2, the powder flame-extinguishing agent completely extinguished the explosion flame within a 20 m range behind the explosion isolator. Numerical calculations unveiled the gas-phase chemical suppression mechanism of the powder flame-extinguishing agent NH4H2PO4 in suppressing methane explosions. Building upon these findings, application technology for active flame-proofing was developed, offering technical support for intelligent prevention and control of gas explosions in underground coal mines.
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Hang, Chaoyuan, Fei Liu, Kai Xin, Yonghong Gao, Liqiang Zhou, Hao Wu, and Yapeng Duan. "Characterization of gas explosion shock wave propagation in long straight confined space." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2791, no. 1 (July 1, 2024): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2791/1/012007.
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Abstract Currently, China is engaged in the construction of urban subterranean areas and the deployment of gas pipelines within these spaces. Nonetheless, the entry of gas into subterranean areas poses a definite threat of leaks and explosions. An explosion triggered by a gas pipeline leak will gravely compromise the underground space’s integrity and significantly affect nearby structures. Consequently, examining the spread properties of gas explosion shock waves in urban subterranean areas is essential. This document utilizes FLACS software to develop an extensive straight confined space gas explosion model, examining the load properties of gas explosion shock waves and deriving the propagation law and distribution patterns of blast shock wave loads across various methane volumes. Gas explosion tests confirm the precision of the numerical model. Findings from the study can supply data on load for comparable safety assessments in underground spaces, enhancing their resilience to explosions.
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Garanina, Elena, Artur Tymanovsky, and Fyodor Dementyev. "SELECTION OF PARAMETERS FOR ASSESSING THE PROBABILITY OF FIRE AND EXPLOSION OF VAPOR-GAS-AIR MIXTURES AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES." MONITORING AND EXPERTISE IN SAFETY SYSTEM 2024, no. 3 (October 22, 2024): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.61260/2304-0130-2024-3-8-15.
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The article is devoted to the selection of parameters that allows one to assess the probability and consequences of a fire and explosion of vapor-gas-air mixtures. A review of literature sources devoted to the study of fires and explosions associated with the ignition of vapor-gas-air mixtures is carried out. The study of fires and explosions of vapor-gas-air mixtures in the normative and technical literature is considered in detail. The main calculation parameters are given to assess the probability and consequences of a fire and the explosion of vapor-gas-air mixtures. Characteristics of combustion and explosion of vapor-gas-air mixtures are also considered. It is shown that the timely determination of the causes of fires and explosions of vapor-gas-air mixtures makes it possible to lower the probability of their occurrence.
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Giudicepietro, Flora, Sonia Calvari, Salvatore Alparone, Francesca Bianco, Alessandro Bonaccorso, Valentina Bruno, Teresa Caputo, et al. "Integration of Ground-Based Remote-Sensing and In Situ Multidisciplinary Monitoring Data to Analyze the Eruptive Activity of Stromboli Volcano in 2017–2018." Remote Sensing 11, no. 15 (August 2, 2019): 1813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11151813.
Full textAbstract:
After a period of mild eruptive activity, Stromboli showed between 2017 and 2018 a reawakening phase, with an increase in the eruptive activity starting in May 2017. The alert level of the volcano was raised from “green” (base) to “yellow” (attention) on 7 December 2017, and a small lava overflowed the crater rim on 15 December 2017. Between July 2017 and August 2018 the monitoring networks recorded nine major explosions, which are a serious hazard for Stromboli because they affect the summit area, crowded by tourists. We studied the 2017–2018 eruptive phase through the analysis of multidisciplinary data comprising thermal video-camera images, seismic, geodetic and geochemical data. We focused on the major explosion mechanism analyzing the well-recorded 1 December 2017 major explosion as a case study. We found that the 2017–2018 eruptive phase is consistent with a greater gas-rich magma supply in the shallow system. Furthermore, through the analysis of the case study major explosion, we identified precursory phases in the strainmeter and seismic data occurring 77 and 38 s before the explosive jet reached the eruptive vent, respectively. On the basis of these short-term precursors, we propose an automatic timely alarm system for major explosions at Stromboli volcano.
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Li, Lin, Tiantian Liu, Zhiqiang Li, Xiangjun Chen, Lin Wang, and Shuailong Feng. "Different Prevention Effects of Ventilation Dilution on Methane Accumulation at High Temperature Zone in Coal Mine Goafs." Energies 16, no. 7 (March 31, 2023): 3168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16073168.
Full textAbstract:
In coal mine goafs, spontaneous combustion of coal can result in methane accumulation, which raises the danger of methane explosion disasters. As an atmospheric control tool, ventilation is applied to ensure air quality for avoiding disasters in underground mines. However, during the process of the spontaneous combustion of coal in coal mine goafs, the impact of ventilation dilution on the possible methane explosions induced by coal combustion has not been well investigated. In this study, a validated gas flow model for the spontaneous coal combustion environment in goafs of coal mines is adopted to investigate the influence of ventilation dilution at the three stages of the spontaneous combustion of coal. The research conclusions suggest that (1) ventilation dilution is a quick measure to dilute methane concentration and intensify heat transfer in the vertical direction in coal mine goafs; (2) ventilation dilution can lessen the danger of methane explosions by diluting methane concentration to the lower explosive limit for methane when coal combustion takes place on the air-inlet side; (3) however, ventilation dilution increases the methane explosion risk by decreasing methane concentration, resulting in explosive methane limits, if coal combustion occurs on the air-return side. This provides a reference for the management of ventilation during a spontaneous coal combustion disaster in the goafs of coal mines with methane.
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Komarov, A. A., and V. V. Timokhin. "Experimental Investigation and Modeling of the Formation of Explosive Concentrations." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 1 (January 2023): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2023-1-84-88.
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Excess pressure is the main indicator characterizing the magnitude of explosive loads during emergency gas explosions. The value of this parameter and the entire accident scenario as a whole directly depend on the concentration of gas entering the room. Any typical room is characterized by the presence of two processes: laminar and turbulent diffusion. The laminar diffusion coefficient depends on the main characteristics of the gas (pressure, temperature). The laminar diffusion coefficient depends on the main characteristics of the gas (pressure, temperature). The coefficient of turbulent diffusion is determined only by the turbulent structure of the considered medium. It is established that the incomplete vortex mixing of gas with air is sufficient for flame propagation. This indicates the importance of studying the process of turbulent diffusion from the point of view of the formation of explosive gas-air mixtures. The purpose of the study is the experimental and computational determination of the coefficient of methane turbulent diffusion. This characteristic is required to assess the state of the gas-air environment in the room. It can be used in the development of explosion prevention measures, for example, in the design of a ventilation system. The study of the process of formation of explosive concentrations was carried out on the basis of an experiment and subsequent comparison of its results with a calculation model. In the course of the studies, it was established that the coefficient of turbulent diffusion, due to which explosive mixtures are formed, exceeds the coefficient of molecular diffusion by two orders of magnitude or more and is at least 4∙10–3 m2/s. The applied mathematical model and calculation scheme adequately describe the course of the experiments. Determination of the turbulent diffusion coefficient will allow assessing the state of the gas-air environment in the room and determining the required measures to prevent a possible emergency explosion.
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Garrido-Ceca, Ignacio, María Puig-Gamero, and Álvaro Ramírez-Gómez. "Influence of Bends in the Functionality of Passive Explosion Isolation Valves." Applied Sciences 12, no. 22 (November 16, 2022): 11654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122211654.
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Explosion isolation flap valves are one of the most used explosion protection systems in process industries; research is essential to improve them and to minimise both human and material losses when dust explosions take place. In this regard, there is little knowledge on the effect of bends in the functionality of these protective systems; hence, the main aim of this work is to bridge this gap. Large-scale dust explosions were performed, using three different types of dust: metal dust and two types of organic dust. In order to analyse the effect of bends in the functionality of these protective systems, results using a straight duct and one with bends were compared for each dust tested. In addition, the influence of the bend radius on aluminium dust explosions was also evaluated. The results indicated that the effect of bends depended on the explosive characteristics of the dust. However, for aluminium and maize starch dusts, bends led to higher pressures and flame velocities. Relevant information is provided to help decision-making when designing these valves. Moreover, such data can be used for consideration in the discussions held by the task force entrusted with developing the standard used to assess their functionality.
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Ji, Yuguo, Yuefeng Pan, Shuxin Deng, Fei Gao, Zhangyong Zhao, Tianhan Xu, Songlin Yue, and Zhihao Li. "A Nonexplosive Method for Simulating Stress Waves of Large-Scale Underground Explosions." Geofluids 2022 (July 31, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2006621.
Full textAbstract:
In the large-scale underground explosion, the dynamic mechanical behavior of deep rock mass under the coupled loading of the high in situ stress and the explosive stress wave is difficult to study. And the coupled loading of the in situ stress and the stress waves of large-scale underground explosions are hard to simulate. Based on this problem, an experimental device was developed, and a nonexplosive method for simulating stress waves of large-scale underground explosions was presented by us. In the experimental device, the impact energy is provided by the high-pressure gas in the air chamber, the stress wave is generated by the impact of the piston, and the waveform of the stress wave is adjusted by the composite pulse shaper. The adjusted stress wave can be transmitted to the container, where the coupled loading of the stress wave and the confining stress can be realized. The stress wave that corresponded to the real explosion is obtained by the developed device, and the function of the composite pulse shaper for adjusting the waveform is verified in the experiments by using a variety of mediums for wave adjustment. The experimental and calculation results showed that the stress wave corresponding to underground explosion at kilotons of equivalent on rock mass at great depth can be simulated by the experimental device, and the simulated explosion equivalent and buried depth can be adjusted by controlling the experimental conditions.
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Perestoronin, M. O., O. S. Parshakov, and M. D. Popov. "Parameterization of a ventilation network model for the analysis of mine working emergency ventilation modes." Gornye nauki i tekhnologii = Mining Science and Technology (Russia) 8, no. 2 (July 18, 2023): 150–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/2500-0632-2022-10-13.
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Digital simulation of mine fires and explosions is an important stage in the process of developing technical solutions and measures aimed at improving the safety of personnel involved in underground mining. Correct simulation results determine the effectiveness of decisions in the event of an actual emergency situation. In this regard, due attention should be paid to each stage of the simulation, and especially to the initial stage of model parameterization. This study formulates a general principle for determining the parameters of mine fire and explosion models, in order to assess their development using the AeroNetwork analytical package. Such parameters in the event of a fire are heat and gas (afterdamp) releases. In the event of an explosion, excessive pressure at the shock front in the explosion origin. It has been established that when simulating a fire, it is advisable to use equivalent heat and gas releases determined by the content of combustible components in the combustion origin. In the event of burning mining equipment, these parameters can be calculated on the basis of the technical characteristics of a machine. Furthermore, when simulating an unauthorized explosion of explosives, the excess pressure determined by the dimensionless length of the active combustion area is calculated taking into account the weight and specific heat of an explosive, as well as the geometric parameters of a mine working. When simulating an explosion of a methane-air mixture (firedamp), the excess pressure is calculated taking into account the gas content of rocks in terms of free combustible gases, the length of a blast cut, the size of the area of increased fracturing, and the lower explosive limit of methane. Based on the proposed principle of the parameterization of emergency models, as an example, a model of fire and explosion development in existing extended dead-end workings (more than 1000 m long) passing coaxially to each other at different heights was developed. The numerical simulation of different emergency situations in workings was carried out, taking into account performing mining in difficult mining conditions.
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Yan, Chen, Zhirong Wang, Kai Liu, Qingqing Zuo, Yaya Zhen, and Shangfeng Zhang. "Numerical simulation of size effects of gas explosions in spherical vessels." SIMULATION 93, no. 8 (March 20, 2017): 695–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037549717698227.
Full textAbstract:
To study the law of sizes on gas explosions, numerical simulations of methane–air mixture explosions in spherical vessels were performed. The law of sizes on gas explosions is studied using FLUENT simulations with the [Formula: see text] two-equation turbulent model, the eddy-dissipation-concept model, thermal dissipation at a wall boundary, the P1 model, and the SIMPLE algorithm. The experimental results suggest that under an adiabatic condition without energy loss, the maximum explosion pressures in different spherical vessels are all 0.82 MPa, and the effect on the explosion intensity in spherical vessels is small. Under the condition of heat dissipation at the wall boundary, the maximum explosion pressure increases with volume of the spherical vessel. However, the explosion intensity in this condition is lower than that in adiabatic condition. Also, the size effect is not obvious. The size effect on the explosion intensity is significant under the combined effects of heat dissipation at the wall boundary and thermal radiation, where the maximum explosion pressure increases with volume of spherical vessels. On the contrary, the maximum pressure rising rate decreases with the volume of the spherical vessels; this rule coincides with the “cube” law. The studies on the size effects of methane–air mixture explosions in a spherical vessel provide an important reference for establishing a model system that can be used to test and design industrial vessels.
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Salehi, Hossein, and Simin Taj Sharififar. "Investigating the Challenges of Ammonia Emission in Firuzabad Sodium Carbonate Factory Incident: A Case Study." Health in Emergencies & Disasters Quarterly 9, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/hdq.8.4.545.1.
Full textAbstract:
Background: An ammonia gas explosion poses immediate health hazards such as respiratory tract burns, skin and eye irritation, and potential death within seconds. It also causes long-term negative impacts on biodiversity, affecting aquatic life and vegetation. An explosion in the Firuzabad sodium carbonate factory in Iran led to massive ammonia gas leakage and the poisoning of several employees. This study evaluates the risks of ammonia gas release caused by the explosion and the rescue team’s response in the same factory. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in 2020 in Firuzabad City, Iran. The investigation was based on case reports and data analysis obtained via field observations, document reviews, interviews, and experiments. Technical and specialized information on explosion were analyzed by ALOHA software. Results: Based on data analysis, red, orange, and yellow zones around the explosion area were identified. The red zone had an ammonia emission range of 1.2 km with an explosive power of 10 kW, causing potential death in 60 seconds. Orange zone had a range of about 1.7 km, an explosive power of 5 kW, and the potential for second-degree burns and respiratory damage within 60 seconds of release. The yellow zone covered an area of about 3.3 km. Interviews and field observations provided information on the risk-based response process, response equipment, medical treatment, hazardous materials, handling and response equipment, personal protective equipment, mutual aid, and resource typing. Conclusion: The results of this study show that the immediate evacuation of the area, employment of the rapid warning system, the triage of the injured, the presence of an emergency operation plan to control hazardous and toxic materials disasters, the performance of the rapid response team and multi-specialty teams were among the existing challenges of the operation team. Background of this study confirms the potential hazards associated with ammonia gas emissions from explosions in sodium carbonate plants.
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Liu, Chun, Jinshi Li, and Di Zhang. "Fuzzy Fault Tree Analysis and Safety Countermeasures for Coal Mine Ground Gas Transportation System." Processes 12, no. 2 (February 6, 2024): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr12020344.
Full textAbstract:
The coal mine ground gas transportation system is widely used for gas transportation and mixing preheating in the gas storage and oxidation utilization system. However, gas or coal dust explosions may occur, which could result in heavy casualties and significant economic losses. To prevent accidents in the gas transportation system, the present study takes the gas transportation system of Shanxi Yiyang Energy Company as an example to identify the composition and hazardous factors of the gas transportation system. Fault tree analysis (FTA) models were established with pipeline gas and coal dust explosions as the top events, and the importance of each basic event was quantitatively analyzed using the fuzzy fault tree analysis (FFTA) method. The results show that gas and coal dust explosion accidents are mostly caused by the combination of high-temperature ignition sources and explosive materials. The uneven mixing gas and the ventilation carrying a large amount of coal dust are the fundamental causes of coal mining accidents. Consequently, based on the general pipeline safety measures, gas indirect preheating, ventilation air methane in dust removal, and gas intelligent mixing and regulation were proposed to enhance the safety of the gas transportation system.
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В. В., Адушкин, and Спивак А. А. "ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ И РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЕ УДАРНЫХ ВОЛН В АТМОСФЕРЕ ЗЕМЛИ." ДИНАМИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОЦЕССЫ В ГЕОСФЕРАХ 16, no. 3 (November 12, 2024): 122–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26006/29490995_2024_16_3_122.
Full textAbstract:
Предложен новый подход к оценке амплитуды ударных волн и волн сжатия в атмосфере, вызванных источниками взрывного типа: промышленные взрывы, мощные взрывы сосредоточенных зарядов, взрывы конденсированных химических ВВ и взрывы газовых смесей. В результате обобщения данных инструментальных наблюдений показана возможность использования формул М.А. Садовского для описания механического эффекта ударных волн в атмосфере, для всех выше перечисленных источников, путем учета зависимости масштабных коэффициентов закона энергетического подобия и тротилового эквивалента взрыва от объемной плотности энергии в источнике, что делает формулу М.А. Садовского универсальной для расчета параметров механического действия взрывов зарядов ВВ с любым состоянием вещества, различными свойствами и энергетическими характеристиками. Полученные данные могут быть использованы для предупреждения негативных последствий применения взрывных технологий в народном хозяйстве и при проведении экспериментальных взрывов взрывчатых веществ. A new approach is proposed to estimate the amplitude of shock waves and compression waves in the atmosphere caused by explosive sources: industrial explosions, powerful explosions of concentrated charges, explosions of condensed chemical explosives and explosions of gas mixtures. As a result of generalization of the data of instrumental observations, the possibility of using M.A. Sadovskyʼs formulas to describe the mechanical effect of shock waves in the atmosphere for all the above sources is shown by taking into account the dependence of the scale coefficients of the law of energy similarity and the TNT equivalent of the explosion on the volumetric energy density in the source, which makes M.A. Sadovskyʼs formula universal for calculating the parameters of the mechanical action of explosive charge explosions with any state of matter, different properties and energy characteristics. The data obtained can be used to prevent the negative consequences of the use of explosive technologies in the national economy and during experimental explosions of explosives.
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Богач, V. Bogach, Никулин, V. Nikulin, Потапкин, and V. Potapkin. "About Requirements to Protection of Equipment from Explosion during Gas-Rescuing Work." Safety in Technosphere 2, no. 5 (October 25, 2013): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1576.
Full textAbstract:
The problem of explosive zones’ class definition during gas-rescuing work, as well as requirements related to applied equipment
explosion protection have been considered in this paper. It is established that explosive zones in accident conditions belong to
class 0 or 1. In the absence of data on an accident source and explosive substances’ leakage nature it is necessary to accept 0 class
of an explosive zone and apply the equipment conforming to requirements of special explosion protection during gas-rescuing
work. Liquidation of accident consequences after elimination of continuous leak sources can be made with use of explosionproof
equipment according to 1 level. The equipment of increased explosion reliability isn´t applied during gas-rescuing work in
conditions of explosive mixes formation. It is recommended to accept 2 class related to zones of placement of gas-rescuing works’
command point and gas-rescuing base (inside these zones’ limits the equipment of increased explosion reliability (2Ех) or with
IP 54 cover protection level should be used) in case of their location at a distance less than 5 m from external borders of 1 class
zone. The recommended sizes related to explosive zones of various classes have been specified subject to existence or absence of
gas-analytical control data related to a content of explosive vapors and gases in the atmosphere.
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Вогман, Леонид Петрович, Иван Ардашевич Болодьян, Евгений Николаевич Простов, and Дмитрий Александрович Бритиков. "Localization and reduction of accident consequences during deflagration and explosion." Pozharnaia bezopasnost`, no. 1(102) (March 24, 2021): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37657/vniipo.pb.2021.90.78.004.
Full textAbstract:
Ранее нами был рассмотрен вопрос о целесообразности более четкой дифференциации процессов горения горючих газо-, паро- и пылевоздушных смесей по показателям горения и критериям, характеризующим последствия аварий, сопровождающихся пожарами и взрывами, также было введено понятие «повышенная дефлаграция» («хлопк»). Такой подход может способствовать устранению коллизий в вопросах определения последствий аварий на объектах защиты, а также исключению различных толкований применимости как для промышленных объектов, так и для жилых зданий мероприятий по обеспечению их пожаровзрывобезопасности. В настоящей работе поставлена обратная задача: исследование закономерностей локализации роста давления при взрыве до критически приемлемых значений, представление средств и способов достижения минимизации последствий аварий и взрывов в зданиях и помещениях. In previously published work there was considered the question of reasonability of differentiation of the combustion processes of combustible mixtures according to combustion parameters and criteria characterizing the accident consequences of involving fires and explosions. The concept of enhanced deflagration (clap) was introduced. Such approach can help to eliminate conflicts in determining the accident consequences at objects of protection, as well as to exclude different interpretations of the applicability of fire and explosion safety measures for both industrial facilities and residential buildings. The task of this paper is to study the regularities of localization of pressure growth during an explosion to critically acceptable values, as well as to present the means and methods for achieving minimization of the accident consequences and explosions in buildings and premises. The flame spreads unevenly with acceleration or deceleration depending on the composition of the fuel mixture, gas dynamic conditions of combustion propagation and other factors. The combustion process intensification in closed volumes is caused by turbulization of the flame due to the influence of gas-dynamic disturbances of various nature on the flame front and is characterized by the coefficient of intensification or turbulization. Safety structures designed to prevent the propagation of explosive wave in a room are the following: glazing; easy-to-throw lightweight wall panels; lightweight coatings. The glazing is the most widely used as easy-to-throw structures both in housing and in industrial premises. The most practical and quite effective is the use of safety structures in the form of glazed window openings with design characteristics that reduce the excess pressure of the shock wave. These measures are not sufficient for industrial facilities. Such measures should include the following: space-planning and design solutions aimed at limiting the spread of fires and the consequences of explosions (for example, limiting the possibility of fire spread (explosion) to neighboring rooms and stairwells by installing vestibule locks); using equipment that prevents the spread of flames and combustion products along production lines; application of systems for combustion and explosion localization in equipment using high-speed devices, fire-prevention and check valves, fire barriers, means of supplying inert gases to it and to product pipelines, phlegmatizing additives or other technical means that prevent the formation of fire-explosive mixtures and their explosion in the presence of an initiation source; protection of equipment and industrial premises from destruction in explosion using explosion dischargers and easy-to-throw structures; use of equipment designed for explosion pressure.
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Li, Runzhi, Zhigang Zhang, Rongjun Si, Lei Wang, Shengnan Li, Weidong Wu, Jia Cao, and Wenjie Ren. "Experimental Study on Injuries to Animals Caused by a Gas Explosion in a Large Test Laneway." Shock and Vibration 2021 (April 5, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6632654.
Full textAbstract:
Gas explosion accidents in underground coal mines caused a significant number of casualties. By using a large laneway test system, the damage to Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats at locations at different distances from the source of ignition along the direction of propagation of an explosion was investigated after 100 m3 of the gas-air mixture was ignited and exploded. In this way, the data pertaining to explosion flames and explosion pressures at different propagation distances were obtained to investigate the propagation of explosion flames and explosion pressures along the laneway. Besides, the damage to SD rats at different propagation distances was statistically analyzed. Furthermore, the damage mechanism of explosion flames, explosion pressures, and hazardous gases on humans or animals was discussed. The results indicated that explosive blast injury induced by the gas explosion was the primary reason for the death of animals and SD rats at a distance equal to or greater than 80 m from the point of ignition under the effects of an explosive blast even though SD rats at a distance of 240 m were killed. During the explosion of 100 m3 of mixed gas, the explosion flames propagated 40 m from the point of ignition, and the SD rats in the cage located some 40 m from the point of ignition were subjected to combined damage involving being burned at high temperature and suffering the effects of the explosive blast. These findings provide a theoretical basis for emergency rescue and salvage after gas explosion accidents in underground coal mines.
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Skřínský, Jan, Ján Vereš, Jana Trávníčková, and Andrea Dalecká. "Explosions Caused by Corrosive Gases/Vapors." Materials Science Forum 844 (March 2016): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.844.65.
Full textAbstract:
Gas/vapor cloud explosions and fires are responsible for most of the largest property loss events worldwide in the hydrocarbon industry. Motivation for this article is to summarize explosion pressure caused by corrosive gases/vapors in terms of mathematical modeling. Presented explosions based on real scenarios of accidents associated with transport and storage facilities with corrosive flammable chemicals. While explosions of pure flammable chemicals are well described in the literature, the information about explosions of corrosive and toxic flammable substances is rather scarce. This work aims at studying the explosion behavior of pure hydrogen-air, pure ammonia-air, ammonia-hydrogen-air, ammonia-methanol-air, ammonia-ethanol-air mixtures at different initial temperatures and pressures. The results of mathematical modeling of the calculated maximum explosion pressure are described.
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Wei, Chun Rong, Min Qiang Xu, Jian Hua Sun, and Xian Wei Zhang. "The Solid Barrier Explosion Device of the Gas Recoil Type of the Extracting Coal Face of the Coal Mine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 121-126 (October 2011): 3015–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.121-126.3015.
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Aiming at the limitation of the roadway-type barrier explosion device which is being used in the coal mine, this paper suggests to establish the gas recoil type barrier explosion device. Using the mechanism of the gas recoil type, it made the structure design of the solid barrier explosion device of the circle-arch roadway. The device has the better effect on the elimination of the damage and the influence of the high-temperature flame of the gas and coal dust explosion and the overpressure damage of the shock wave. Especially, it can have a more realistic function for the secondary explosion or multiple explosions of the underground gas explosion.
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Zhuohua, Yang, Ye Qing, Jia Zhenzhen, and Li He. "Numerical Simulation of Pipeline-Pavement Damage Caused by Explosion of Leakage Gas in Buried PE Pipelines." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (September 15, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4913984.
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In order to investigate the damage influence of the leakage explosion in urban gas pipeline on the surrounding environment, the numerical models of buried PE (polyethylene) pipes under urban pavement were established by using ANSYS/LS-DYNA in this study. The reliability of the numerical models was verified on the basis of the explosion experiments. According to the amount of gas leakage, the TNT explosive equivalent was determined. The gas leakage explosion process of buried PE pipes was studied, and the pressure and stress changes of pipes and pavements under different explosive equivalents and buried depths were analyzed; at last, the deformation law of pipes and pavements were discussed. The results show that the PE pipes are fractured during the leakage explosion and a spherical explosion cavity is formed in the soil. The pavement above the explosion point bulges upward and forms a circle. The maximum pressure of pipe near the explosion point increases linearly with the increase of explosive equivalent, and a proportional relation is observed between the fracture width of pipe and the explosive equivalent. The degree and duration of pavement deformation increase significantly with the increase of explosive equivalents. The dynamic response of the pipes is rarely affected by the buried depth, and the change of maximum effective stress is no more than 7%. However, the buried depth is of great influence on the damage degree of pavement. When the buried depth increases from 0.9 m to 1.5 m, the pavement deformation can be reduced effectively. The variation rule of pavement deformation is similar to the change rule of maximum overpressure and effective plastic stress; they change in the form of concave functions with the increase of buried depth. The results can provide theoretical basis for municipal pipeline construction design and urban safety planning and provide references for the risk assessment of gas explosion in buried pipelines.
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Hlova, T., M. Semerak, B. Hlova, and O. Korolova. "The investigation of the stress-strain state of special purpose capacities for storage of explosion and toxic substances under their heating." Military Technical Collection, no. 26 (June 23, 2022): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33577/2312-4458.26.2022.28-32.
Full textAbstract:
Using the method of mathematical modeling, as well as the laws of thermodynamics, analytical dependences were obtained to study the stress-strain state of spherical tanks depending on the different surface temperatures of this structure. The calculations performed showed that the radial stresses are insignificant compared to the tangential ones, which act on tension. The greatest absolute value of tangential stresses is taken on the inner surface of the spherical structure, acting in tension and on the outer surface – compression. The investigation results are presented graphically.
Explosive and toxic substances are a major component of military bases stored in special-purposes tanks, namely spherical tanks, which are one of the most common. As a result of sabotage or arson of these tanks, there is a leak of toxic substances and the formation of steam and gas clouds which can lead to an explosion, significant thermal radiation, and the possibility of infection of military equipment, territory, and various objects in the vicinity of the accident, including personnel, which makes it impossible to conduct hostilities for a long time.
Analyzing the experience of accidents at similar facilities, several types of accidents of spherical gasholders during their depressurization are possible, namely: explosion, flare, fireball, fire of toxic substances and the presence of a saturated explosive cloud. Analyzing the extraordinary accidents in the places of storage of toxic, explosive substances and fuels and lubricants, which are related to the violation of their storage and exploitation, allows us to conclude that this is a global problem of today. Therefore, to prevent explosion and fire hazards, the strength of engineering structures that contain toxic and explosive substances are quite high requirements.
One of the main tasks in the general problem of explosion and fire safety is the ability to timely warn or prevent accidental explosions on building, military or explosion-proof structures, as well as personnel nearby. Therefore, the impact of temperature on special-purpose tanks due to sabotage, natural factors and abnormal cases on the strength characteristics of engineering structures of this type are important, both theoretically and practically.
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Hlova, T., B. Hlova, A. Baranov, and O. Korolova. "Investigation of the stress-strain state of the wall and bottom of cylindrical tanks for the storage of explosive substances." Military Technical Collection, no. 27 (November 30, 2022): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33577/2312-4458.27.2022.53-59.
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Using the method of mathematical modeling, as well as the laws of thermodynamics, analytical dependences were obtained to study the stress-strain state of spherical tanks depending on the different surface temperatures of this structure. The calculations performed showed that the radial stresses are insignificant compared to the tangential ones, which act on tension. The greatest absolute value of tangential stresses is taken on the inner surface of the spherical structure, acting in tension and on the outer surface – compression. The investigation results are presented graphically.
Explosive and toxic substances are a major component of military bases stored in special-purposes tanks, namely spherical tanks, which are one of the most common. As a result of sabotage or arson of these tanks, there is a leak of toxic substances and the formation of steam and gas clouds which can lead to an explosion, significant thermal radiation, and the possibility of infection of military equipment, territory, and various objects in the vicinity of the accident, including personnel, which makes it impossible to conduct hostilities for a long time.
Analyzing the experience of accidents at similar facilities, several types of accidents of spherical gasholders during their depressurization are possible, namely: explosion, flare, fireball, fire of toxic substances and the presence of a saturated explosive cloud. Analyzing the extraordinary accidents in the places of storage of toxic, explosive substances and fuels and lubricants, which are related to the violation of their storage and exploitation, allows us to conclude that this is a global problem of today. Therefore, to prevent explosion and fire hazards, the strength of engineering structures that contain toxic and explosive substances are quite high requirements.
One of the main tasks in the general problem of explosion and fire safety is the ability to timely warn or prevent accidental explosions on building, military or explosion-proof structures, as well as personnel nearby. Therefore, the impact of temperature on special-purpose tanks due to sabotage, natural factors and abnormal cases on the strength characteristics of engineering structures of this type are important, both theoretically and practically.
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Meng, Xiang Bao, Guo Liang Yu, Qing Guo Yao, and Chun Yan Bao. "Impact Analysis of Ignition Energy for Gas Explosive Limit." Advanced Materials Research 827 (October 2013): 255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.827.255.
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Under the different experimental condition of ignition energy, the variations of gas explosive limit were obtained. The explosive limit ranges from 4.86% to 16.72%, under the condition of high ignition energy of 450 J. The result is quite different from the theoretical explosion limit range from 5% to 16%, thus providing a new basis to effectively prevent the gas explosion accidents.
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Ran, Dezhi, Jianwei Cheng, Rui Zhang, Yu Wang, and Yuhang Wu. "Damages of Underground Facilities in Coal Mines due to Gas Explosion Shock Waves: An Overview." Shock and Vibration 2021 (October 30, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8451241.
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With coal mining depth increase, gas explosion accidents due to the high gas emission rates often occur which cause significant casualties and property damages. Among them, gas explosion shock waves not only can destroy the machines and equipment in mine roadways but also cause the failure of mine ventilation facilities resulting in secondary hazards. Thus, the mines’ serious disasters could happen. For many years, researchers have already done a great lot of works to study damages caused by the impact of shock waves of the gas explosions in underground mines. Research results provide a baseline for judgments of hazard effects by explosions. In this paper, the formation mechanism of the gas explosion shock wave is introduced firstly. Then, the damages for underground facilities, such as mechanical equipment, roadway, and life-saving devices are summarized and reviewed. Finally, a brief discussion about the methods is given, and some preliminary suggestions are also listed for improvements in the future.
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Wang, Kan, Yang Liu, Hao Wang, Xiaolei Liu, Yu Jiao, and Yujian Wu. "Dynamic Process and Damage Evaluation Subject to Explosion Consequences Resulting from a LPG Tank Trailer Accident." Processes 11, no. 5 (May 16, 2023): 1514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11051514.
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The involvement of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), which is highly combustible and explosive, greatly increases risk in road transport. A 3D numerical model was conducted in FLACS, which depicts the dynamic process and variation of combined effects along the multi-directions of LPG explosion under an actual case. With the simulation of scenarios, power-law explosion and fireball models were used to reproduce the results, and the dynamic evolution of specific parameters during the LPG explosion process was analyzed. The results reveal that the LPG explosion’s expansion around the expressway moved along the spaces between obstacles, while conditions at the site of the accident had an enhancement effect on LPG/air mixture accumulation. The propagation trajectory of the shock wave in the horizontal direction presented a regular circle within 623.73 ms, and the overpressure was enough to lead to extensive damage to surrounding structures. Further, shock wave-driven overpressure brought hazards to buildings further afield with multiple peak values. The influence of the LPG explosive fireball evolution is significantly reflected in the injury range of the heat flux; the maximum diameter of the on-site fireball eventually extended to 148.19 m. In addition, the physical effect indicated that the turbulence intensity induced by the surrounding buildings in the accident site significantly promoted the interaction between the shock wave and flame propagation. This research proposes a detailed analysis of damage coupling characteristics caused by an LPG tank trailer explosion integrated with a FLACS-mirrored model, which are useful for blast-resistant design and disposal planning under similar accidental circumstances.
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TIMOKHIN, V., A. KOMAROV, M. GROKHOTOV, and I. BEGYSHEV. "ENSURING EXPLOSION SAFETY OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS." Fire and Emergencies: prevention, elimination 3 (2021): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.25257/fe.2021.3.69-74.
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Purpose. The article describes constructive and technical solutions for preventing and reducing the consequences of household gas explosions in residential multi-apartment buildings equipped with a fixed gas supply system. Methods. The statistical data on household gas explosions in residential gasified multi-apartment buildings on the territory of Russia have been analyzed. The comparison of existing technical solutions and measures aimed at preventing an emergency explosion and reducing the explosion consequences (gas leak sensor, ventilation system, safety structures of the hinged and swing type) has been carried out. Findings. The data showing the timeliness of this problem due to the significant number of fatalities and large property damage have been obtained. In particular, during the period from 2017 to 2020, 37 explosions of household gas occurred in residential multi-apartment buildings, causing death of 61 people. Despite many positive aspects, the methods being currently used do not provide an adequate level of explosion safety, and therefore the authors see it appropriate to introduce measures aimed at reducing consequences in the event of gas explosion. One of such solutions is the use of a window opening as a safety structure. The main disadvantage, which does not allow us to consider blind glazing as a safety design, is the restriction on the glass thickness (4 mm). In addition, the drawback of using the given construction is low thermal insulation ability and high risk of causing damage to people near the building by glass fragments in the event of an explosion. This disadvantage of modern double-glazed windows can be eliminated by modifying the window frames with the help of special parts or weakened fasteners, which, if excessive pressure occurs, would ensure timely opening of the structure. An example includes safety structures on hinges, which have the ability to rotate these structures when exposed to excessive pressure. Another type of a safety construction is a swing safety design. At a given excess pressure on the working sash, the locking devices, which release the frame rotary sash, are triggered.Research application field. The results of the study can be used in the working out new technical solutions designed to prevent an emergency explosion and reduce the consequences of a potential explosion. Conclusions. The conducted research leads to the conclusion that further work is necessary to study the parameters of internal emergency explosions of household gas in residential buildings under various accident scenarios in order to develop optimal solutions to minimize the consequences of an explosion.
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Park, Soung Woo, Jeong Hwan Kim, and Jung Kwan Seo. "Explosion Characteristics of Hydrogen Gas in Varying Ship Ventilation Tunnel Geometries: An Experimental Study." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 4 (April 12, 2022): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10040532.
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Hydrogen is widely regarded as a key element of prospective energy solutions for alleviating environmental emission problems. However, hydrogen is classified as a high-risk gas because of its wide explosive range, high overpressure, low ignition energy, and fast flame propagation speed compared with those of hydrocarbon-based gases. In addition, deflagration can develop into detonation in ventilation or explosion guide tunnels if explosion overpressure occurs, leading to the explosion of all combustible gases. However, quantitative evidence of an increase in the explosion overpressure of ventilation tunnels is unavailable because the explosive characteristics of hydrogen gas are insufficiently understood. Therefore, this study investigated an explosion chamber with the shape of a ventilation pipe in a ship compartment. The effect of tunnel length on explosion overpressure was examined experimentally. For quantitative verification, the size of the hydrogen gas explosion overpressure was analyzed and compared with experimental values of hydrocarbon-based combustible gases (butane and LPG (propane 98%)). The experimental database can be used for explosion risk analyses of ships when designing ventilation holes and piping systems and developing new safety guidelines for hydrogen carriers and hydrogen-fueled ships.
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Nalysko, M., A. Makhinko, and S. Mamaienko. "Influence of initiation conditions of methane-air mixture on the explosion parameters in the degasation pipeline." Collection of Research Papers of the National Mining University 74 (September 2023): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/crpnmu/74.033.
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Purpose. Increasing the safety of personnel at underground works in case of the threat of gas explosions, including explosion of degassing pipelines by taking into account the influence of the place of initiation of the explosion and the mode of combustion when calculating the parameters of the explosion. Mathematical modeling of the process of ignition and combustion of the methane-air mixture in the degassing pipeline. Research methods. nalysis and generalization of theoretical studies, numerical simulation of gas-dynamic detonation combustion of a gas-air mixture, including a model of chemical combustion kinetics, which, on the whole, allows one to trace the dynamics of formation of shock air waves in conditions of mine workings. Mathematic processing of the results of the experiment by the method of least squares. When solving the nonlinear regression equations, linearization was used by the method of logarithm. Results. It is established that the combustion dynamics of the gas-air mixture has a decisive influence on the formation of UVB: in the deflagration combustion mode of the gas-air mixture, with the initiation at the edge of the cloud, the length of the blast wave is increased 3.6 times in the direction opposite to combustion, and the wave amplitude by 10% spread of flame. In the detonation mode, the effect of a directed explosion is observed, in which the amplitude of the shock air wave is opposite to the motion of the detonation wave 5 times less than in the direct shock air wave. The model of an instantaneous volumetric explosion, in comparison with combustion models, yields an underestimated amplitude value. Scientific novelty. As a result of numerical modeling of the ignition and combustion of the sealed section of the mine atmosphere, regularities in the formation and propagation of shock air waves, the dependence of their parameters on the combustion regime and the location of the initiation of the gas-air mixture were obtained. Practical value. The conducted research allows to improve the method of calculating the resistance of degassing pipelines and their elements to explosive load.