Journal articles on the topic 'Explosifs pressés'

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1

BELIN, Vladimir, and Zdravka MOLLOVA. "INFLUENCE OF THE TYPE OF DONOR CHARGES ON THE DETONATION RATE OF LOW-SENSITIVITY EXPLOSIVES." Sustainable Development of Mountain Territories 13, no. 1 (March 27, 2021): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21177/1998-4502-2021-13-1-112-118.

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The article discusses the creation, testing and implementation of new donor charges designed to initiate low-sensitivity explosives. The cast booster donor charges are made entirely of explosives obtained from the disposal of unnecessary ammunition – TNT, RDX and TEN. The donor charges differ from the mass-produced ones, and have a mass of 150 to 900 g. They also have high explosive characteristics: velocity of detonation from 7200 to 7500 m/s, density of 1.6 g/cm3, excellent water resistance and strength. Their initiating ability on low-sensitivity explosives is significantly better than the one of TNT presses. The velocity of detonation of the main charge of a low-sensitivity emulsion explosive initiated with a cast booster is up to 700 m/s higher than when initiated with a TNT presses. It is especially important when building objects in the constrained conditions, at development of mountain territories for decrease in action of shock air waves and elimination of possibility of mountain collapses and landslides In article advantage of use of cast intermediate detonators on safety of explosive works is proved at development of mountain territories. The new design allows an increase in the security of initiating the charges in the boreholes, which allows them to be initiated with two detonators simultaneously.
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2

Szalay, Andras, Athanasios G. Mamalis, István Zador, Achilleas K. Vortselas, and Laszlo Lukacs. "Explosive Metalworking: Experimental and Numerical Modeling Aspects." Materials Science Forum 767 (July 2013): 138–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.767.138.

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The application of the High Energy Rate Forming (HERF) represents a new paradigm in the field of production of knowledge-based more components materials: furthermore, joining by plastic deformation of the materials is carried out directly, by high speed, high energy shock waves, without using energy transforming equipment as hydraulic presses etc. The energy sources of the HERF processes are either the electrical energy stored in capacitors or chemical energy stored in the high explosives. High explosives can be utilized for many metalworking techniques; however the three main types of explosive metalworking are: Explosive welding and cladding Explosive tubeforming Explosive compaction of powders and granulates. The present work briefly introduces the principles and practices of the three main types of the explosive metalworking techniques mentioned above and discusses aspects of their numerical simulation.
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3

Utkin, A. V., and V. M. Mochalova. "Nonclassical detonation regimes of pressed and liquid explosives (Review)." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 51, no. 1 (January 2015): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0010508215010062.

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4

Belmas, R., and J. P. Plotard. "Physical Origin of Hot Spots in Pressed Explosive Compositions." Le Journal de Physique IV 05, no. C4 (May 1995): C4–61—C4–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:1995406.

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5

Ershov, A. P., N. P. Satonkina, and G. M. Ivanov. "High-resolution conductivity profile measurements in detonating pressed explosive." Technical Physics Letters 30, no. 12 (December 2004): 1048–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1846854.

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6

Bodden, David, Timothy Suchomel, Ally Lates, Nicholas Anagnost, Matthew Moran, and Christopher Taber. "Acute Effects of Ballistic and Non-ballistic Bench Press on Plyometric Push-up Performance." Sports 7, no. 2 (February 18, 2019): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7020047.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a ballistic or non-ballistic concentric-only bench press (COBP) on subsequent plyometric push-up performance. Fourteen resistance trained men completed two separate one-repetition-maximum (1RM) testing sessions followed by three randomized experimental explosive push-up sessions. These sessions combined a heavy concentric bench press with plyometric push-ups. Using a series of 3 × 10 (condition × time) repeated measures ANOVA, comparisons were made between the effects of ballistic and non-ballistic bench presses on performance of plyometric push-ups to investigate push-up performance variables. Compared with the control condition, both ballistic and non-ballistic bench presses produced lower net impulse and take-off velocity data. No differences were found between ballistic and non-ballistic conditions comparing net impulse and take-off velocity. We conclude that the magnitude of loading used in the current investigation may have caused acute fatigue which led to lower push-up performance characteristics. This information can be used to alter loading protocols when designing complexes for the upper body, combining the bench press and plyometric push-ups.
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7

Castille, C., E. Germain, and R. Belmas. "Origine physique des Points chauds dans les compositions explosives pressées au TATB." Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 17, no. 5 (October 1992): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19920170507.

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8

M., Ismail, Abdel-Kader E., and El-Beih E. "PREPARATION AND TESTING OF PRESSED PBXs FOR EXPLOSIVE REACTIVE ARMORS." International Conference on Chemical and Environmental Engineering 4, no. 6 (May 1, 2008): 657–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/iccee.2008.38480.

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9

Azmi, Nor Azmaliana, Ahmad Humaizi Hilmi, M. Alias Yusof, and Ariffin Ismail. "Characteristics of Iron powder when Pressed using Explosive Pressing method." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 429 (November 9, 2018): 012095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/429/1/012095.

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10

Kim, Hyoun-Soo, and Bang-Sam Park. "Characteristics of the Insensitive Pressed Plastic Bonded Explosive, DXD-59." Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 24, no. 4 (August 1999): 217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-4087(199908)24:4<217::aid-prep217>3.0.co;2-a.

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11

Huan, Shi, Wei Jun Tao, Feng Lei Huang, and Guo Ping Jiang. "Critical Initiating State and 2D Lagrangian Analysis of Pressed TNT." Applied Mechanics and Materials 94-96 (September 2011): 1715–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.94-96.1715.

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Shock initiation experiments on the explosives pressed TNT was performed to obtain in-situ pressure/radial displacement gauge data for the purpose of determining the Ignition and Growth reaction flow model with proper modeling parameters. The pressure and radial displacement were got by manganin-constantan composite 2-D Lagrange sensor. The particle velocity, relative volume, internal energy and fraction reacted of shock initiation process has been calculated by 2-D Lagrangian analysis method.
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12

Schwarz, Ricardo B., Geoffrey W. Brown, Darla G. Thompson, Barton W. Olinger, Jevan Furmanski, and Howard H. Cady. "The Effect of Shear Strain on Texture in Pressed Plastic Bonded Explosives." Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 38, no. 5 (May 29, 2013): 685–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.201200204.

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13

Dagley, I. "Simulation and moderation of the thermal response of confined pressed explosive compositions." Combustion and Flame 106, no. 4 (September 1996): 428–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(95)00260-x.

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14

Zuev, Y. S., and N. I. Karmanov. "Determination of kinetic parameters for pressed tetranitropentaerytrite according to results of ODTX experiments." Journal of «Almaz – Antey» Air and Space Defence Corporation, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.38013/2542-0542-2019-2-57-64.

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The paper introduces a method for determining kinetic parameters for the pressed explosive tetranitropentaerytrite. This method includes analytical dependence for the period of induction, which is used to process the experimental data, and the ANSYS CFD finite element analysis software package. The found values of the kinetic parameters made it possible to obtain a satisfactory agreement between the calculated and experimental ignition distances for pressed tetranitropentaerytrite
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15

Rydz, Dariusz, Grzegorz Stradomski, Arkadiusz Szarek, Katarzyna Kubik, and Piotr Kordas. "The Analysis of Pressed Cups Producing Possibilities from Rolled Bimetallic Al-1050 + Cu-M1E Sheets." Materials 13, no. 10 (May 25, 2020): 2413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13102413.

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Drawability tests of metal sheets are known and used as technological processes that allow assessing possibilities of plastic forming. One such test is the cupping test, which is very useful for examining thin sheets of both uniform and multilayer materials. In this work, a comprehensive analysis of the shaping of the bimetallic product Al–Cu (Al-1050 + Cu-M1E) was carried out. The research covers the entire production cycle, from explosive-welding, through asymmetric rolling (ASR) to deep drawing. The scientific and cognitive aspect of the work is to determine the potential of plastic-forming processes without the need for interoperational heat treatments. Tests were carried out for two variants of bimetals used in tools: matrix–Al-1050 + Cu-M1E and matrix–Cu-M1E + Al-1050.
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16

Bat'kov, Yu V., B. L. Glushak, and S. A. Novikov. "Desensitization of pressed explosive compositions based on TNT, RDX, and HMX under double shock-wave loading." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 31, no. 4 (1995): 482–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00789372.

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17

Li, Tao, Cheng Hua, and Qiang Li. "Shock Sensitivity of Pressed RDX-Based Plastic Bonded Explosives under Short-Duration and High-Pressure Impact Tests." Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 38, no. 6 (August 27, 2013): 770–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.201300012.

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18

Trumel, H., P. Lambert, and M. Biessy. "Mechanical and microstructural characterization of a HMX-based pressed explosive: Effects of combined high pressure and strain rate." EPJ Web of Conferences 26 (2012): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/20122602005.

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19

Li, Xin, Shusen Chen, Xia Wang, Fengqin Shang, Wenbo Dong, Ziyang Yu, Yuehai Yu, Haoming Zou, Shaohua Jin, and Yu Chen. "Effect of polymer binders on safety and detonation properties of ε-CL-20-based pressed-polymer-bonded explosives." Materials Express 7, no. 3 (June 1, 2017): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/mex.2017.1363.

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20

Spear, Robert J., and Victor Nanut. "Reversal of particle size/shock sensitivity relationship at small particle size for pressed heterogeneous explosives under sustained shock loading." Journal of Energetic Materials 7, no. 1-2 (March 1989): 77–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07370658908012561.

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21

Li, Xin, Shusen Chen, Guangyuan Zhang, Ziyang Yu, Jinxin Li, Minglei Chen, Xiao Ma, Kailun Xiang, Shaohua Jin, and Yu Chen. "Influence of energetic plasticizer bis(2,2-dinitropropyl)acetal/formal on properties of ε-CL-20 based pressed polymer-bonded explosives." Materials Express 7, no. 3 (June 1, 2017): 216–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/mex.2017.1368.

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22

Pushkarev, A. I., and YU I. Isakova. "A spiral self-magnetically insulated ion diode." Laser and Particle Beams 30, no. 3 (June 12, 2012): 427–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034612000316.

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AbstractThe paper presets the results of a study on a self-magnetically insulated ion diode with an explosive-emission potential electrode. The experiments have been carried out using the TEMP-4M accelerator, operating in a double-pulse mode: the first negative pulse (300–500 ns, 100–150 kV) followed by the second positive pulse (150 ns, 250–300 kV). The ion beam energy density was 0.3–2.5 J/cm2; the beam was composed from carbon ions (80–85%) and protons. We studied several geometries of the diode: planar and focusing strip arrangement, annular and spiral geometries. It was shown that during the second voltage pulse, a condition of magnetic insulation in the diode gap is fulfilled (B/Bcr ≥3). Using the new spiral geometry of the diode, it was possible to increase the efficiency of ion current generation due to the suppression of the electron component of the total diode current by increasing the electron transit time in the gap. We have increased the efficiency of carbon ion generation from 5–9% (in the planar strip diodes) up to 17–20% in the spiral diode. The spiral geometry of the diode makes it possible to increase the efficiency of C+ ion generation 25–30 times compared to the space-charge-limited current (Childe-Langmuir limit). This is more than two times higher than in other known geometries of self-magnetically insulated diodes. The spiral diode has a resource of more than 107 pulses.
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23

Du, Lixiaosong, Shaohua Jin, Zhiyue Liu, Lijie Li, Mengxia Wang, Pengsong Nie, and Junfeng Wang. "Shock Initiation Investigation of a Pressed Trinitrotoluene Explosive." Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, September 24, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.202100071.

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24

Hobbs, Michael L., Judith A. Brown, Michael J. Kaneshige, and Cuauhtemoc Aviles‐Ramos. "Cookoff of Powdered and Pressed Explosives Using a Micromechanics Pressurization Model." Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 47, no. 2 (November 15, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.202100156.

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25

Feng, Xiao-Jun, Bo Feng, Le-Xing Xue, and Yu Shang. "Mechanical Properties and Constitutive Equation of Pressed CL−20 Based Aluminized Explosives." FirePhysChem, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fpc.2021.08.001.

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26

"96/06399 Simulation and moderation of the thermal response of confined pressed explosive compositions." Fuel and Energy Abstracts 37, no. 6 (November 1996): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6701(97)83781-2.

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27

Liu, Bing-Xin, Qi-Xuan Du, Shi-Xiong Chen, Jiu-Hou Rui, and Da-Bin Liu. "A New Insight into the Mechanical Behavior of High-Quality RDX in Pressed Polymer Bonded Explosives." Materials Today Communications, February 2023, 105622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2023.105622.

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28

Hobbs, Michael L., Judith A. Brown, Michael J. Kaneshige, and Cuauhtemoc Aviles‐Ramos. "Back Cover: Cookoff of Powdered and Pressed Explosives Using a Micromechanics Pressurization Model (Prop., Explos., Pyrotech. 2/2022)." Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 47, no. 2 (February 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.202280204.

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29

Dawson, Stephanie. "Preprints in Context." Septentrio Conference Series, no. 1 (November 20, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/5.4522.

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Watch the VIDEO.The big story in scholarly publishing of the last years was the preprint revolution. Researchers demanded a faster channel for the early communication of their results, journal editors revised their policies to accept manuscripts also published as preprints, there was an explosion of new platforms and infrastructure, and Crossref gave the old/new species of not-really published articles a DOI. Funders even jumped into the fray, allowing researchers to use their preprints in grant proposals. The non-profit Center of Open Science launched a platform for new preprint servers, and publishers are jumping into the arena with preprint repositories like Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press’s bioRxiv, PeerJ Preprints, ACS’s ChemRxiv, MDPI’s Preprint.org and Elsevier’s acquisition of SSRN. These developments create new challenges for content aggregators and discovery platforms, librarians, publishers, and readers, including persistent identification of the version of record, aggregation of citations and metrics across article versions, and questions around copyright. The wide proliferation of preprint repositories across different sources also makes it difficult for researchers to reach their peers with their early results. As an aggregator and interactive discovery platform, ScienceOpen has been working to place preprints in the context of the published literature with quick preprint-filters on keyword searches and first efforts to aggregate metrics. We further provide a framework to peer review preprints in a portable system with a Crossref DOI for each peer review report, as well as editorial management of preprints in thematic collections. By showing how preprints fit in to the academic record in a broad discovery database, we are able to bring them to the attention of those searching for the newest research and more clearly highlight their status as open for peer review. Increased visibility through contextualization is our value proposition for publishers, authors and readers of preprints in 2018. We explore the disruptive potential of preprints from our experience with ScienceOpen’s discovery platform.
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"Comparison of two new surface treatment processes, laser-induced shock waves and primary explosive: application to fatigue behaviorGerland, M., Hallouin, M. and Presles, H.N. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 15 Aug. 1992 A156, (2), 175–182." International Journal of Fatigue 15, no. 4 (July 1993): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0142-1123(93)90438-v.

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31

Murphy, Ffion, and Richard Nile. "The Many Transformations of Albert Facey." M/C Journal 19, no. 4 (August 31, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.1132.

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In the last months of his life, 86-year-old Albert Facey became a best-selling author and revered cultural figure following the publication of his autobiography, A Fortunate Life. Released on Anzac Day 1981, it was praised for its “plain, unembellished, utterly sincere and un-self-pitying account of the privations of childhood and youth” (Semmler) and “extremely powerful description of Gallipoli” (Dutton 16). Within weeks, critic Nancy Keesing declared it an “Enduring Classic.” Within six months, it was announced as the winner of two prestigious non-fiction awards, with judges acknowledging Facey’s “extraordinary memory” and “ability to describe scenes and characters with great precision” (“NBC” 4). A Fortunate Life also transformed the fortunes of its publisher. Founded in 1976 as an independent, not-for-profit publishing house, Fremantle Arts Centre Press (FACP) might have been expected, given the Australian average, to survive for just a few years. Former managing editor Ray Coffey attributes the Press’s ongoing viability, in no small measure, to Facey’s success (King 29). Along with Wendy Jenkins, Coffey edited Facey’s manuscript through to publication; only five months after its release, with demand outstripping the capabilities, FACP licensed Penguin to take over the book’s production and distribution. Adaptations soon followed. In 1984, Kerry Packer’s PBL launched a prospectus for a mini-series, which raised a record $6.3 million (PBL 7–8). Aired in 1986 with a high-rating documentary called The Facey Phenomenon, the series became the most watched television event of the year (Lucas). Syndication of chapters to national and regional newspapers, stage and radio productions, audio- and e-books, abridged editions for young readers, and inclusion on secondary school curricula extended the range and influence of Facey’s life writing. Recently, an option was taken out for a new television series (Fraser).A hundred reprints and two million readers on from initial publication, A Fortunate Life continues to rate among the most appreciated Australian books of all time. Commenting on a reader survey in 2012, writer and critic Marieke Hardy enthused, “I really loved it [. . .] I felt like I was seeing a part of my country and my country’s history through a very human voice . . .” (First Tuesday Book Club). Registering a transformed reading, Hardy’s reference to Australian “history” is unproblematically juxtaposed with amused delight in an autobiography that invents and embellishes: not believing “half” of what Facey wrote, she insists he was foremost a yarn spinner. While the work’s status as a witness account has become less authoritative over time, it seems appreciation of the author’s imagination and literary skill has increased (Williamson). A Fortunate Life has been read more commonly as an uncomplicated, first-hand account, such that editor Wendy Jenkins felt it necessary to refute as an “utter mirage” that memoir is “transferred to the page by an act of perfect dictation.” Sidonie Smith and Julia Watson argue of life narratives that some “autobiographical claims [. . .] can be verified or discounted by recourse to documentation outside the text. But autobiographical truth is a different matter” (16). With increased access to archives, especially digitised personnel records, historians have asserted that key elements of Facey’s autobiography are incorrect or “fabricated” (Roberts), including his enlistment in 1914 and participation in the Gallipoli Landing on 25 April 1915. We have researched various sources relevant to Facey’s early years and war service, including hard-copy medical and repatriation records released in 2012, and find A Fortunate Life in a range of ways deviates from “documentation outside of the text,” revealing intriguing, layered storytelling. We agree with Smith and Watson that “autobiographical acts” are “anything but simple or transparent” (63). As “symbolic interactions in the world,” they are “culturally and historically specific” and “engaged in an argument about identity” (63). Inevitably, they are also “fractured by the play of meaning” (63). Our approach, therefore, includes textual analysis of Facey’s drafts alongside the published narrative and his medical records. We do not privilege institutional records as impartial but rather interpret them in terms of their hierarchies and organisation of knowledge. This leads us to speculate on alternative readings of A Fortunate Life as an illness narrative that variously resists and subscribes to dominant cultural plots, tropes, and attitudes. Facey set about writing in earnest in the 1970s and generated (at least) three handwritten drafts, along with a typescript based on the third draft. FACP produced its own working copy from the typescript. Our comparison of the drafts offers insights into the production of Facey’s final text and the otherwise “hidden” roles of editors as transformers and enablers (Munro 1). The notion that a working man with basic literacy could produce a highly readable book in part explains Facey’s enduring appeal. His grandson and literary executor, John Rose, observed in early interviews that Facey was a “natural storyteller” who had related details of his life at every opportunity over a period of more than six decades (McLeod). Jenkins points out that Facey belonged to a vivid oral culture within which he “told and retold stories to himself and others,” so that they eventually “rubbed down into the lines and shapes that would so memorably underpin the extended memoir that became A Fortunate Life.” A mystique was thereby established that “time” was Albert Facey’s “first editor” (Jenkins). The publisher expressly aimed to retain Facey’s voice, content, and meaning, though editing included much correcting of grammar and punctuation, eradication of internal inconsistencies and anomalies, and structural reorganisation into six sections and 68 chapters. We find across Facey’s drafts a broadly similar chronology detailing childhood abandonment, life-threatening incidents, youthful resourcefulness, physical prowess, and participation in the Gallipoli Landing. However, there are also shifts and changed details, including varying descriptions of childhood abuse at a place called Cave Rock; the introduction of (incompatible accounts of) interstate boxing tours in drafts two and three which replace shearing activities in Draft One; divergent tales of Facey as a world-standard athlete, league footballer, expert marksman, and powerful swimmer; and changing stories of enlistment and war service (see Murphy and Nile, “Wounded”; “Naked”).Jenkins edited those sections concerned with childhood and youth, while Coffey attended to Facey’s war and post-war life. Drawing on C.E.W. Bean’s official war history, Coffey introduced specificity to the draft’s otherwise vague descriptions of battle and amended errors, such as Facey’s claim to have witnessed Lord Kitchener on the beach at Gallipoli. Importantly, Coffey suggested the now famous title, “A Fortunate Life,” and encouraged the author to alter the ending. When asked to suggest a title, Facey offered “Cave Rock” (Interview)—the site of his violent abuse and humiliation as a boy. Draft One concluded with Facey’s repatriation from the war and marriage in 1916 (106); Draft Two with a brief account of continuing post-war illness and ultimate defeat: “My war injuries caught up with me again” (107). The submitted typescript concludes: “I have often thought that going to War has caused my life to be wasted” (Typescript 206). This ending differs dramatically from the redemptive vision of the published narrative: “I have lived a very good life, it has been very rich and full. I have been very fortunate and I am thrilled by it when I look back” (412).In The Wounded Storyteller, Arthur Frank argues that literary markets exist for stories of “narrative wreckage” (196) that are redeemed by reconciliation, resistance, recovery, or rehabilitation, which is precisely the shape of Facey’s published life story and a source of its popularity. Musing on his post-war experiences in A Fortunate Life, Facey focuses on his ability to transform the material world around him: “I liked the challenge of building up a place from nothing and making a success where another fellow had failed” (409). If Facey’s challenge was building up something from nothing, something he could set to work on and improve, his life-writing might reasonably be regarded as a part of this broader project and desire for transformation, so that editorial interventions helped him realise this purpose. Facey’s narrative was produced within a specific zeitgeist, which historian Joy Damousi notes was signalled by publication in 1974 of Bill Gammage’s influential, multiply-reprinted study of front-line soldiers, The Broken Years, which drew on the letters and diaries of a thousand Great War veterans, and also the release in 1981 of Peter Weir’s film Gallipoli, for which Gammage was the historical advisor. The story of Australia’s war now conceptualised fallen soldiers as “innocent victims” (Damousi 101), while survivors were left to “compose” memories consistent with their sacrifice (Thomson 237–54). Viewing Facey’s drafts reminds us that life narratives are works of imagination, that the past is not fixed and memory is created in the present. Facey’s autobiographical efforts and those of his publisher to improve the work’s intelligibility and relevance together constitute an attempt to “objectify the self—to present it as a knowable object—through a narrative that re-structures [. . .] the self as history and conclusions” (Foster 10). Yet, such histories almost invariably leave “a crucial gap” or “censored chapter.” Dennis Foster argues that conceiving of narration as confession, rather than expression, “allows us to see the pathos of the simultaneous pursuit and evasion of meaning” (10); we believe a significant lacuna in Facey’s life writing is intimated by its various transformations.In a defining episode, A Fortunate Life proposes that Facey was taken from Gallipoli on 19 August 1915 due to wounding that day from a shell blast that caused sandbags to fall on him, crush his leg, and hurt him “badly inside,” and a bullet to the shoulder (348). The typescript, however, includes an additional but narratively irreconcilable date of 28 June for the same wounding. The later date, 19 August, was settled on for publication despite the author’s compelling claim for the earlier one: “I had been blown up by a shell and some 7 or 8 sandbags had fallen on top of me, the day was the 28th of June 1915, how I remembered this date, it was the day my brother Roy had been killed by a shell burst.” He adds: “I was very ill for about six weeks after the incident but never reported it to our Battalion doctor because I was afraid he would send me away” (Typescript 205). This account accords with Facey’s first draft and his medical records but is inconsistent with other parts of the typescript that depict an uninjured Facey taking a leading role in fierce fighting throughout July and August. It appears, furthermore, that Facey was not badly wounded at any time. His war service record indicates that he was removed from Gallipoli due to “heart troubles” (Repatriation), which he also claims in his first draft. Facey’s editors did not have ready access to military files in Canberra, while medical files were not released until 2012. There existed, therefore, virtually no opportunity to corroborate the author’s version of events, while the official war history and the records of the State Library of Western Australia, which were consulted, contain no reference to Facey or his war service (Interview). As a consequence, the editors were almost entirely dependent on narrative logic and clarifications by an author whose eyesight and memory had deteriorated to such an extent he was unable to read his amended text. A Fortunate Life depicts men with “nerve sickness” who were not permitted to “stay at the Front because they would be upsetting to the others, especially those who were inclined that way themselves” (350). By cross referencing the draft manuscripts against medical records, we can now perceive that Facey was regarded as one of those nerve cases. According to Facey’s published account, his wounds “baffled” doctors in Egypt and Fremantle (353). His medical records reveal that in September 1915, while hospitalised in Egypt, his “palpitations” were diagnosed as “Tachycardia” triggered by war-induced neuroses that began on 28 June. This suggests that Facey endured seven weeks in the field in this condition, with the implication being that his debility worsened, resulting in his hospitalisation. A diagnosis of “debility,” “nerves,” and “strain” placed Facey in a medical category of “Special Invalids” (Butler 541). Major A.W. Campbell noted in the Medical Journal of Australia in 1916 that the war was creating “many cases of little understood nervous and mental affections, not only where a definite wound has been received, but in many cases where nothing of the sort appears” (323). Enlisted doctors were either physicians or surgeons and sometimes both. None had any experience of trauma on the scale of the First World War. In 1915, Campbell was one of only two Australian doctors with any pre-war experience of “mental diseases” (Lindstrom 30). On staff at the Australian Base Hospital at Heliopolis throughout the Gallipoli campaign, he claimed that at times nerve cases “almost monopolised” the wards under his charge (319). Bearing out Facey’s description, Campbell also reported that affected men “received no sympathy” and, as “carriers of psychic contagion,” were treated as a “source of danger” to themselves and others (323). Credentialed by royal colleges in London and coming under British command, Australian medical teams followed the practice of classifying men presenting “nervous or mental symptoms” as “battle casualties” only if they had also been wounded by “enemy action” (Loughran 106). By contrast, functional disability, with no accompanying physical wounds, was treated as unmanly and a “hysterical” reaction to the pressures of war. Mental debility was something to be feared in the trenches and diagnosis almost invariably invoked charges of predisposition or malingering (Tyquin 148–49). This shifted responsibility (and blame) from the war to the individual. Even as late as the 1950s, medical notes referred to Facey’s condition as being “constitutional” (Repatriation).Facey’s narrative demonstrates awareness of how harshly sufferers were treated. We believe that he defended himself against this with stories of physical injury that his doctors never fully accepted and that he may have experienced conversion disorder, where irreconcilable experience finds somatic expression. His medical diagnosis in 1915 and later life writing establish a causal link with the explosion and his partial burial on 28 June, consistent with opinion at the time that linked concussive blasts with destabilisation of the nervous system (Eager 422). Facey was also badly shaken by exposure to the violence and abjection of war, including hand-to-hand combat and retrieving for burial shattered and often decomposed bodies, and, in particular, by the death of his brother Roy, whose body was blown to pieces on 28 June. (A second brother, Joseph, was killed by multiple bayonet wounds while Facey was convalescing in Egypt.) Such experiences cast a different light on Facey’s observation of men suffering nerves on board the hospital ship: “I have seen men doze off into a light sleep and suddenly jump up shouting, ‘Here they come! Quick! Thousands of them. We’re doomed!’” (350). Facey had escaped the danger of death by explosion or bayonet but at a cost, and the war haunted him for the rest of his days. On disembarkation at Fremantle on 20 November 1915, he was admitted to hospital where he remained on and off for several months. Forty-one other sick and wounded disembarked with him (HMAT). Around one third, experiencing nerve-related illness, had been sent home for rest; while none returned to the war, some of the physically wounded did (War Service Records). During this time, Facey continued to present with “frequent attacks of palpitation and giddiness,” was often “short winded,” and had “heart trouble” (Repatriation). He was discharged from the army in June 1916 but, his drafts suggest, his war never really ended. He began a new life as a wounded Anzac. His dependent and often fractious relationship with the Repatriation Department ended only with his death 66 years later. Historian Marina Larsson persuasively argues that repatriated sick and wounded servicemen from the First World War represented a displaced presence at home. Many led liminal lives of “disenfranchised grief” (80). Stephen Garton observes a distinctive Australian use of repatriation to describe “all policies involved in returning, discharging, pensioning, assisting and training returned men and women, and continuing to assist them throughout their lives” (74). Its primary definition invokes coming home but to repatriate also implies banishment from a place that is not home, so that Facey was in this sense expelled from Gallipoli and, by extension, excluded from the myth of Anzac. Unlike his two brothers, he would not join history as one of the glorious dead; his name would appear on no roll of honour. Return home is not equivalent to restoration of his prior state and identity, for baggage from the other place perpetually weighs. Furthermore, failure to regain health and independence strains hospitality and gratitude for the soldier’s service to King and country. This might be exacerbated where there is no evident or visible injury, creating suspicion of resistance, cowardice, or malingering. Over 26 assessments between 1916 and 1958, when Facey was granted a full war pension, the Repatriation Department observed him as a “neuropathic personality” exhibiting “paroxysmal tachycardia” and “neurocirculatory asthenia.” In 1954, doctors wrote, “We consider the condition is a real handicap and hindrance to his getting employment.” They noted that after “attacks,” Facey had a “busted depressed feeling,” but continued to find “no underlying myocardial disease” (Repatriation) and no validity in Facey’s claims that he had been seriously physically wounded in the war (though A Fortunate Life suggests a happier outcome, where an independent medical panel finally locates the cause of his ongoing illness—rupture of his spleen in the war—which results in an increased war pension). Facey’s condition was, at times, a source of frustration for the doctors and, we suspect, disappointment and shame to him, though this appeared to reduce on both sides when the Repatriation Department began easing proof of disability from the 1950s (Thomson 287), and the Department of Veteran’s Affairs was created in 1976. This had the effect of shifting public and media scrutiny back onto a system that had until then deprived some “innocent victims of the compensation that was their due” (Garton 249). Such changes anticipated the introduction of Post-Traumatic Shock Disorder (PTSD) to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) in 1980. Revisions to the DSM established a “genealogy of trauma” and “panic disorders” (100, 33), so that diagnoses such as “neuropathic personality” (Echterling, Field, and Stewart 192) and “soldier’s heart,” that is, disorders considered “neurotic,” were “retrospectively reinterpreted” as a form of PTSD. However, Alberti points out that, despite such developments, war-related trauma continues to be contested (80). We propose that Albert Facey spent his adult life troubled by a sense of regret and failure because of his removal from Gallipoli and that he attempted to compensate through storytelling, which included his being an original Anzac and seriously wounded in action. By writing, Facey could shore up his rectitude, work ethic, and sense of loyalty to other servicemen, which became necessary, we believe, because repatriation doctors (and probably others) had doubted him. In 1927 and again in 1933, an examining doctor concluded: “The existence of a disability depends entirely on his own unsupported statements” (Repatriation). We argue that Facey’s Gallipoli experiences transformed his life. By his own account, he enlisted for war as a physically robust and supremely athletic young man and returned nine months later to life-long anxiety and ill-health. Publication transformed him into a national sage, earning him, in his final months, the credibility, empathy, and affirmation he had long sought. Exploring different accounts of Facey, in the shape of his drafts and institutional records, gives rise to new interpretations. In this context, we believe it is time for a new edition of A Fortunate Life that recognises it as a complex testimonial narrative and theorises Facey’s deployment of national legends and motifs in relation to his “wounded storytelling” as well as to shifting cultural and medical conceptualisations and treatments of shame and trauma. ReferencesAlberti, Fay Bound. Matters of the Heart: History, Medicine, and Emotions. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2010. Butler, A.G. Official History of the Australian Medical Services 1814-1918: Vol I Gallipoli, Palestine and New Guinea. Canberra: Australian War Memorial, 1930.Campbell, A.W. “Remarks on Some Neuroses and Psychoses in War.” Medical Journal of Australia 15 April (1916): 319–23.Damousi, Joy. “Why Do We Get So Emotional about Anzac.” What’s Wrong with Anzac. Ed. Marilyn Lake and Henry Reynolds. Sydney: UNSWP, 2015. 94–109.Dutton, Geoffrey. “Fremantle Arts Centre Press Publicity.” Australian Book Review May (1981): 16.Eager, R. “War Neuroses Occurring in Cases with a Definitive History of Shell Shock.” British Medical Journal 13 Apr. 1918): 422–25.Echterling, L.G., Thomas A. Field, and Anne L. Stewart. “Evolution of PTSD in the DSM.” Future Directions in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Ed. Marilyn P. Safir and Helene S. Wallach. New York: Springer, 2015. 189–212.Facey, A.B. A Fortunate Life. 1981. Ringwood: Penguin, 2005.———. Drafts 1–3. University of Western Australia, Special Collections.———. Transcript. University of Western Australia, Special Collections.First Tuesday Book Club. ABC Splash. 4 Dec. 2012. <http://splash.abc.net.au/home#!/media/1454096/http&>.Foster, Dennis. Confession and Complicity in Narrative. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1987.Frank, Arthur. The Wounded Storyteller. London: U of Chicago P, 1995.Fraser, Jane. “CEO Says.” Fremantle Press. 7 July 2015. <https://www.fremantlepress.com.au/c/news/3747-ceo-says-9>.Garton, Stephen. The Cost of War: Australians Return. Melbourne: Oxford UP, 1994.HMAT Aeneas. “Report of Passengers for the Port of Fremantle from Ports Beyond the Commonwealth.” 20 Nov. 1915. <http://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/Interface/ViewImage.aspx?B=9870708&S=1>.“Interview with Ray Coffey.” Personal interview. 6 May 2016. Follow-up correspondence. 12 May 2016.Jenkins, Wendy. “Tales from the Backlist: A Fortunate Life Turns 30.” Fremantle Press, 14 April 2011. <https://www.fremantlepress.com.au/c/bookclubs/574-tales-from-the-backlist-a-fortunate-life-turns-30>.Keesing, Nancy. ‘An Enduring Classic.’ Australian Book Review (May 1981). FACP Press Clippings. Fremantle. n. pag.King, Noel. “‘I Can’t Go On … I’ll Go On’: Interview with Ray Coffey, Fremantle Arts Centre Press, 22 Dec. 2004; 24 May 2006.” Westerly 51 (2006): 31–54.Larsson, Marina. “A Disenfranchised Grief: Post War Death and Memorialisation in Australia after the First World War.” Australian Historical Studies 40.1 (2009): 79–95.Lindstrom, Richard. “The Australian Experience of Psychological Casualties in War: 1915-1939.” PhD dissertation. Victoria University, Feb. 1997.Loughran, Tracey. “Shell Shock, Trauma, and the First World War: The Making of a Diagnosis and its Histories.” Journal of the History of Medical and Allied Sciences 67.1 (2012): 99–119.Lucas, Anne. “Curator’s Notes.” A Fortunate Life. Australian Screen. <http://aso.gov.au/titles/tv/a-fortunate-life/notes/>.McLeod, Steve. “My Fortunate Life with Grandad.” Western Magazine Dec. (1983): 8.Munro, Craig. Under Cover: Adventures in the Art of Editing. Brunswick: Scribe, 2015.Murphy, Ffion, and Richard Nile. “The Naked Anzac: Exposure and Concealment in A.B. Facey’s A Fortunate Life.” Southerly 75.3 (2015): 219–37.———. “Wounded Storyteller: Revisiting Albert Facey’s Fortunate Life.” Westerly 60.2 (2015): 87–100.“NBC Book Awards.” Australian Book Review Oct. (1981): 1–4.PBL. Prospectus: A Fortunate Life, the Extraordinary Life of an Ordinary Bloke. 1–8.Repatriation Records. Albert Facey. National Archives of Australia.Roberts, Chris. “Turkish Machine Guns at the Landing.” Wartime: Official Magazine of the Australian War Memorial 50 (2010). <https://www.awm.gov.au/wartime/50/roberts_machinegun/>.Semmler, Clement. “The Way We Were before the Good Life.” Courier Mail 10 Oct. 1981. FACP Press Clippings. Fremantle. n. pag.Smith, Sidonie, and Julia Watson. Reading Autobiography: A Guide for Interpreting Life Narratives. 2001. 2nd ed. U of Minnesota P, 2010.Thomson, Alistair. Anzac Memories: Living with the Legend. 1994. 2nd ed. Melbourne: Monash UP, 2013. Tyquin, Michael. Gallipoli, the Medical War: The Australian Army Services in the Dardanelles Campaign of 1915. Kensington: UNSWP, 1993.War Service Records. National Archives of Australia. <http://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/NameSearch/Interface/NameSearchForm.aspx>.Williamson, Geordie. “A Fortunate Life.” Copyright Agency. <http://readingaustralia.com.au/essays/a-fortunate-life/>.
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