Academic literature on the topic 'Explorers – Great Britain'
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Journal articles on the topic "Explorers – Great Britain"
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Keller, Harold W. "Aquatic Plants of Northern and Central Europe Including Great Britain and Ireland." Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 18, no. 1 (July 9, 2024): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v18.i1.1358.
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The introduction takes the reader back to early explorers of river systems and aquatic habits in the 1800s for the geographical areas highlighted in the book. Pages are filled with color photographs illustrating plant morphological examples along with taxonomic key couplets. Each species is profusely illustrated with line drawings and color photographs along with distribution maps. There is an illustrated glossary (pp. 728–733) that aids in interpreting the species descriptions. A literature citation section (pp. 734–738) is organized by topical headings, e.g., Species Identification and Biology. The Index of Latin Names locates the species by page numbers. I found this book easy to use because the authors have focused their attention on organization, function, and usability for the public, as well as aquatic taxonomists. Everything about this book is first class! The size and weight will limit its use in the field and will be more appropriate for in house laboratory or classroom use. The design, layout, printing, binding, and overall quality of the text is of exceptional high quality. I highly recommend this book for botanists interested in European aquatic habitats at a bargain price.
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Bristol-Alagbariya, Edward T. "Ancient Niger Delta Trading States, 1884/85 Negative Sovereignty Treaties, Positive International Law, British Colonization & Good Governance towards the Advancement of Civilization in Nigeria." International Journal of Developing and Emerging Economies 10, no. 2 (February 15, 2022): 34–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37745/ijdee.13/vol10n23461.
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This socio-legal study examines the 1884/85 imperialistic vis-à-vis negative sovereignty treaties of friendship, commerce and protection, simply called treaties of protection, which were entered into by Great Britain and the Ancient Niger Delta Trading States, so as to maintain and strengthen the cordial relations that were existing between the parties. However, positive international law altered the hitherto proto natural law-based equal and cordial relations between the Ancient Niger Delta Trading States and the Western European nations, from the 15th Century AD, when the Portuguese explorers and merchants were dominant in the Niger Delta region, before the arrival of Great Britain and France in the region about the 18th Century AD. Positive international law, enhanced by British gunboat diplomacy associated with it, promoted Western imperialism and thereby enabled Great Britain to achieve her imperialist ambition of transforming the erstwhile naturally sovereign Ancient Niger Delta Trading States and their mainland and hinterland ethnic nationality areas into the 1885 British Protectorate of the Niger Districts. Based on British imperialist protectionism over the Niger Districts and the rest of pre-colonial Nigeria, the entire ethnic nationality areas of pre-colonial Nigeria became a single British colonial possession called the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria, otherwise called modern Nigeria, in 1914. The British colonial government eventually granted political independence to modern Nigeria in October 1960. From the background of the aforementioned 1884/85 negative sovereignty treaties and continuing agitation of separatist groups in post-colonial Nigeria for improvement of their lots, the study makes a case for good governance, boosted by ethos of natural law and the social contract of governance, towards the advancement of civilization in the country.
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Blowers, Paul M. "“Living in a Land of Prophets”: James T. Barclay and an Early Disciples of Christ Mission to Jews in the Holy Land." Church History 62, no. 4 (December 1993): 494–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3168074.
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In the nineteenth century the West truly rediscovered Palestine. A land many western observers had long considered fallen from its former glory was roused amid its Ottoman occupation to abide the hopes, dreams, and designs not only of aspiring Jewish nationalists but of British and American diplomats, explorers, archaeologists, adventurers, Christian pilgrims, missionaries, and others in that great entourage which Naomi Shepherd has dubbed the “zealous intruders.” Protestant missionaries in the Levant, to the extent that they established an early and enduring physical presence in the Holy Land and a living link with evangelical churches in Europe, Britain, and America, played a memorable, if limited, role in this modern reopening of Palestine to the West.
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Beard, John A. S. "What motivated Dr David Livingstone (1813–73) in his work in Africa?" Journal of Medical Biography 17, no. 2 (April 28, 2009): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jmb.2008.008011.
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Born of humble beginnings in a Scottish mill-town, David Livingstone would become one of the great explorers of the 19th century, traversing 30,000 miles of unknown Africa. His pioneering spirit and inquisitive mind brought knowledge and discoveries in the fields of tropical medicine, linguistics, botany, zoology, anthropology and geology. While it can be argued that Livingstone exhibited contradictions and shortcomings as a man, he nonetheless grasped the imagination of Victorian Britain and helped to change European attitudes towards Africa forever. His numerous endeavours were undertaken under the banner of divinely inspired missionary work – ‘If God has accepted my service, then my life is charmed till my work is done’ (Livingstone D. Livingstone's Private Journals, 1851–53. London: Chatto & Windus, 1960:108). Yet whether it was indeed religion that truly motivated Livingstone, or rather that he used it as a vehicle for his other passions, is less certain.
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ahmoud AL-JADER, Ilham M., and Israa Mohammed KAREEM. "DAVID LIVINGSTONE 'S JOURNEY TO AFRICA ( 1813 - 1873)." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 05, no. 02 (March 1, 2023): 831–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.22.48.
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The fifteenth century for Europe represents the beginning of the modern era, and it is at the same time for Africa the era in which the continent lost its independence, and became plundered by the European powers, especially Britain، which contributed to the movement of geographical discoveries، which is one of the most important stations in the history of Africa during this era, as a precursor to European colonialism in general and the British in particular. The topic has a special importance because the European countries during this period showed the factors of the colonial movement represented by the industrial revolution، the imbalance between the West and the East, the growth of nationalism, demographic pressures and internal conditions in Europe، economic greed, strategic motives, the weakness of non-European powers, the call to embrace Christian religion, geographical discoveries and their role in exploiting the continent and then occupying it As for the research problem, it is represented by the following question: Did the scouting movement provide a great service to Britain for the colonization of Africa? Did the information sent by the explorers, including David Livingstone, help Britain extend its political influence and economic exploitation of the continent? Did the geographical discoveries open Africa to the missionaries? In order to answer these questions, the research was divided into an introduction, two sections, and a conclusion that included the most prominent findings of the study. The first topic entitled (David Livingston... birth and upbringing 1813-1840) was devoted. It contained the second topic entitled (David Livingstone's scout trips in Africa 1841-1873). The research required relying on the inductive historical scientific method to clarify past historical events and facts dating back to the nineteenth century, based on several sources that will be mentioned among the folds of the research
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Reno, William. "The Clinton Administration and Africa: Private Corporate Dimension." Issue: A Journal of Opinion 26, no. 2 (1998): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004716070050290x.
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Prior to the start of the colonial era in Africa in the late 19th century, European states conducted relations with African rulers through a variety of means. Formal diplomatic exchanges characterized relations with polities that Europeans recognized as states, between European diplomats and officials of the Congo Kingdom of present-day Angola, Ethiopia, and Liberia, for example. Other African authorities occupied intermediate positions in Europeans’ views of international relations, either because these authorities ruled very small territories, defended no fixed borders, or appeared to outside eyes to be more akin to commercial entrepreneurs than rulers of states. Relations between Europe and these authorities left much more room for proxies and ancillary groups. Missionaries, explorers, and chartered companies commonly became proxies through which strong states in Europe pursued their relations with these African authorities. So too now, stronger states in global society increasingly contract out to private actors their relations toward Africa’s weakest states. Especially in the United States, but also in Great Britain and South Africa, officials show a growing propensity to use foreign firms, including military service companies, as proxies to exercise influence in small, very poor countries where strategic and economic interests are limited. This privatized foreign policy affects the worst-off parts of Africa—states like Angola, the Central African Republic, Liberia, Mozambique, and Sierra Leone—where formal state institutions have collapsed, often amidst long-term warfare and disorder.
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Gao, Jie. "Compromise and Defence: Great Britain and the Burma Road Crisis." China and Asia 3, no. 1 (September 29, 2021): 5–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2589465x-030102.
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Abstract China and Britain both found themselves in extremely precarious situations by the early summer of 1940, when Japan demanded that Britain close the Burma Road, a vital overland supply route for Chinese forces fighting against Japanese aggression. The British had just seen all of their continental European allies fall like dominoes to Hitler’s forces over the span of a few weeks, while China was fighting a losing defensive war against Japan with minimal outside support. China desperately needed to maintain its overland supply line to the British Empire, the Burma Road, but Britain feared that the very existence of this conduit of war materiel would provoke a Japanese attack on vulnerable British colonies in the Far East. American policy on Japanese aggression was ambiguous at this point and neither Britain nor China could realistically expect help from Washington in the short term. As a result, Britain signed a one-sided confidential memorandum to close the Burma Road to buy time and shore up its East Asian position to the extent that it was able. This deal, a lesser-studied counterpart to Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain’s appeasement policy in Europe, compromised the Chinese war effort against Japan, paved the way for the Japanese conquest of Southeast Asia, and ultimately failed to prevent Britain’s defeat in East Asia. Recognizing that this temporary concession would not moderate Japanese behavior, Britain reopened the Burma Road three months later. This paper examines the vital role of the Burma Road in the Chinese war effort in 1940 and why Japan demanded that London close it, then explores the factors that led to Britain’s unavoidable capitulation on the issue and subsequent reversal three months later, along with the consequences for the Allied war effort in the Far East.
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Ainscow, Mel. "Promoting Equity Within Education Systems: Lessons from Great Britain." FORUM 65, no. 1 (March 15, 2023): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3898/forum.2023.65.1.11.
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Promoting equity is a policy challenge facing education systems throughout the world, not least in the United Kingdom where there are continuing concerns about the progress of learners from disadvantaged backgrounds. This paper draws on the experience of its author within a series of large-scale government-funded improvement initiatives to address this agenda. These have illustrated how contexts shape the progress of such efforts. In particular, the paper explores how the different national contexts of England, Scotland and Wales have influenced the way that change-strategies proceeded. Reflecting on the implications of these differences, the paper makes a series of suggestions as to how progress towards educational equity can be achieved.
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Darwen, Lewis, Donald Macraild, Brian Gurrin, and Liam Kennedy. "‘Unhappy and Wretched Creatures’: Charity, Poor Relief and Pauper Removal in Britain and Ireland during the Great Famine*." English Historical Review 134, no. 568 (June 2019): 589–619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cez137.
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Abstract During the Great Famine (1845–51) hundreds of thousands of Irish refugees fled to Britain, escaping the hunger and disease afflicting their homeland. Many made new lives there, but others were subsequently shipped back to Ireland by poor law authorities under the laws of Settlement and Removal. This article explores the coping strategies of the Famine Irish in Britain, and the responses of poor law authorities to the inflow of refugees with a particular focus on their use of removal. We argue that British poor law unions in areas heavily affected by the refugee crisis adopted rigorous removal policies, and that the non-settled Irish were consequently deeply reluctant to apply for poor relief, doing so only when alternative sources of support were unavailable. Thus, the true scale of Irish hardship was hidden from the official record. The article also explores, for the first time, the experiences of those sent back to Ireland, a country suffering from the devastating effects of Famine. The combination of heavy Irish immigration to Britain and large-scale removals back to Ireland created distrust between the authorities at British and Irish port towns, as both sides felt aggrieved by the inflow of destitute Irish arriving on their shores. At the centre of all this were the Irish poor themselves. Uncertainty, dislocation and hardship were often their experience, and we argue that this endured long after the Famine had ended; that the events of the late 1840s, indeed, created a new reality for the Irish in Britain.
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Evans, Jane A., Vanessa Pashley, Katy Mee, Doris Wagner, Mike Parker Pearson, Delphine Fremondeau, Umberto Albarella, and Richard Madgwick. "Applying lead (Pb) isotopes to explore mobility in humans and animals." PLOS ONE 17, no. 10 (October 26, 2022): e0274831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274831.
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Lead (Pb) isotopes provide a complementary method to other provenance tools for tracking the origin and movement of humans and animals. The method is founded in the geographic distribution of Pb isotope ratios. However, unlike the Sr isotope method that is closely linked to the lithology of underlying rocks, Pb more closely reflects the tectonic regimes. This makes it particularly pertinent to use in Britain as there is major tectonic boundary (the Iapetus Suture) that runs between Berwick-upon-Tweed and the Solway Firth providing a compositional boundary in Pb isotope domains that approximates to the geographic areas of Scotland versus England and Wales. Modern pollution makes it difficult to use modern floral or faunal samples to characterize biosphere variation, and so we use geological datasets to define isoscape variation and present the first Pb isotope map of Britain. We have validated the use of these data form biosphere studies using well provenanced samples. Reference fields of diagnostic compositions, are created in μ-T space and these have been used in a test case to assess the geographic origins of Neolithic animals in Great Britain.
Books on the topic "Explorers – Great Britain"
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Fiennes, Ranulph. Living dangerously: The autobiography of Ranulph Fiennes. London: Warner, 1992.
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Feinstein, Stephen. Captain Cook: Great explorer of the Pacific. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow, 2010.
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Moore, Heidi. Joseph Banks. Chicago, Ill: Raintree, 2009.
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Asher, Michael. Thesiger: A biography. London: Viking, 1994.
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Rice, Edward. Captain Sir Richard FrancisBurton: The secret agent who made the pilgrimage to Mecca, discovered the Kama Sutra, and brought the Arabian nights to the West. New York: Scribner's, 1990.
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Gregory, Lionel. Journey of a lifetime. Plymouth: Northcote House, 1997.
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Poetry Explorers Poets from Great Britain 2009. Young Writers, 2010.
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Nugent, Frank. Seek the Frozen Lands: Irish Polar Explorers 1740-1922. M.H. Gill & Co. U. C., 2013.
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Nugent, Frank. Seek the Frozen Lands: Irish Polar Explorers 1740-1922. M.H. Gill & Co. U. C., 2013.
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Nugent, Frank. Seek the Frozen Lands: Irish Polar Explorers 1740-1922. M.H. Gill & Co. U. C., 2013.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Explorers – Great Britain"
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Kaprāns, Mārtiņš. "Latvian Migrants in Great Britain: ‘The Great Departure’, Transnational Identity and Long Distance Belonging." In IMISCOE Research Series, 119–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12092-4_6.
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Abstract This chapter explores the transnational aspects of identity and the long distance belonging of Latvian migrants in Great Britain. In particular, it focuses on the discourses and practices of long distance belonging to Latvia. The article is based on a comparative analysis of The Emigrant Communities of Latvia survey data as well as semi-structured interviews with Latvian migrants in Great Britain. The analytical sections are organised so as to discuss the three main analytical contexts of long distance belonging: ethno-cultural, political and social. In the ethno-cultural context, migrants who identify themselves as ethnic Latvians rediscover and strengthen their links to the Latvian cultural space, its traditions and its ways of collective self-understanding. Conversely, the absence of this cultural capital among Russian-speaking migrants from Latvia advances their faster assimilation into British society. The political context of long distance belonging reveals high levels of distrust of the Latvian government and the migrants’ overall disappointment with Latvia’s political elite, as well as political apathy. Nevertheless, Latvian migrants in the United Kingdom are discovering new motivation and fresh opportunities to influence the political reality in Latvia and that has increased participation in Latvian national elections. The social context of long distance belonging, in turn, enables new forms of allegiance towards Latvia. These are manifested in philanthropic initiatives, in participation in various interest groups and in regular interest in what is happening in Latvia. The social context does not put the migrants’ activities into ethno-cultural or political frameworks, but encourages moral responsibility towards the people of Latvia.
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Zalasiewicz, Jan. "6. Geological fieldwork." In Geology: A Very Short Introduction, 74–87. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198804451.003.0006.
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The rare, exotic, and wonderful has been one of the great attractions of geology, often being the ‘hook’ that initially attracted the attention of many a geological enthusiast. Dating back to at least Greek and Roman times, explorers went in search of mammoth and dinosaur bones, and prospectors targeted precious gems and metal ores. ‘Geological fieldwork’ explains, though, that systematically working out the total geology of a landscape requires a very different approach. It outlines the work of William Smith, who from the late 18th century produced the first geological maps of Great Britain, and describes some of the new technology used in modern geological fieldwork.
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Schulz, Raimund J. "The Romans Explore the North." In To the Ends of the Earth, 255–94. Oxford University PressNew York, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197668023.003.0007.
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Abstract Towards the end of the second century bce, the Greek mariner Eudoxus, sailing at the behest of the Ptolemies, discovered the monsoon system governing the Indian Ocean. Now voyages could be made from the end of the Red Sea and southern Arabia over the open seas to the west coast of India. In the west, the defeat of Carthage and Roman military expansion into Spain and Gaul prepared the way for the exploration of territories that had been only selectively explored by the Greeks. Caesar and other commanders of the late Republican and Augustan eras presented themselves as both conquerors and explorers. They led armies and fleets into Britain and the Baltic Sea and by land towards the Elbe River. In doing so, they opened new avenues for merchants and scholars whose experiences had a great impact on the Latin and Greek literature of the time.
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Fagan, Brian. "To Desert and Steppe." In From Stonehenge to Samarkand. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195160918.003.0014.
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The vast reaches of central Asia are redolent with history, with stirring tales of Marco Polo’s epic journeys and all the romance of the Silk Road, an arduous caravan route that connected Asia and the West for hundreds of years. The archaeology of both central Asia and the Silk Road has yet to reveal all their secrets, for the area presents formidable obstacles for even the most experienced researchers and travelers. A century ago, the obstacles were even more severe—no rail lines, no roads beyond caravan tracks and horse trails, and endemic political instability, to say nothing of harsh deserts and high mountain passes. Despite these obstacles, Afghanistan, Tibet, and other countries along the Silk Road were the arena for what became known in the nineteenth century as the “great game,” the hide-and-seek struggle between Russia and Britain for control of a strategically vital area north of British India. Here, archaeological travel was in the hands of explorers and truly dedicated scientists, and certainly was not the domain of tourists. The logistics and enormous distances ensured that anyone traveling in central Asia vanished from civilization for months, and more often for years. During the nineteenth century, the occasional British army officer and political agent, and also French and German travelers, ventured widely through the region, although their concerns were predominantly military and strategic rather than scientific. The great game culminated in Colonel Francis Younghusband’s military and diplomatic expedition for Britain into Tibet in 1904, prompted by rumors that Russia had its eye on the country. After Younghusband’s return to India and because of his account of the fascinating, mountainous regions to the north, the rugged terrain that formed India’s northern frontier became a place where solitary young officers went exploring, hunting, or climbing mountains for sport. During this period, only a handful of travelers penetrated central Asia with scientific objectives, among them the Swedish explorer Sven Hedin, who traveled via Russia and the Pamirs to China in 1893–1897. He nearly died crossing the western Taklimakan Desert in the Tarim Basin to reach the Khotan River. This huge basin was a melting pot of different religions and cultures, a bridge for silk caravans between East and West.
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Fischer, Steven Roger. "Katherine Pease Routledge." In Rongorongo The Easter Island Script, 125–39. Oxford University PressOxford, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198237105.003.0015.
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Abstract In 19rn Sir Hercules Read, Keeper of Ethnography at the British Museum and President of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, suggested to the remarkable husband-and-wife team of explorers William Scoresby Routledge and Katherine Pease Routledge, who had expressed to him an interest in seeing the Pacific, that they should set sail for Easter Island, then still largely anthropological terra incognita. The Routledges, of 9 Cadogan Mansions in fashionable Sloane Square, London, had already spent an amazing two years (1906-08) among Kikuyu villagers in Kenya and together had authored the well-received socio-anthropological study With a Prehistoric People: The AkikÚyu of British East Africa (London: Arnold, 19rn). Independently wealthy and university trained, the Routledges were immediately intrigued by Sir Hercules’s suggestion. Yet it was a daunting proposal. They first decided against it. Then they changed their minds. When they discovered no ship was available to take them to Easter Island, they had one built for them-a 90-foot, 126-tonne wooden schooner that they christened Mana, a pan-Polynesian word usually meaning “supernatural power”. Embarking for Easter Island on 28 February 1913, they herewith commenced one of the most extraordinary anthropological voyages of the early twentieth century.
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Weightman, Gavin. "A Suttonian in America." In The Great Inoculator, 79–85. Yale University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300241440.003.0009.
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This chapter explores the practice of Suttonian inoculation in America. In Britain, there were not really any challenges to the Suttons' claim of their inoculation method's originality. However, most of those who practised the new method in Britain were members of the Sutton family or practitioners who were credited, having bought the Sutton seal of approval. Not many tried their luck abroad. In particular, there seemed to be little incentive to set up in practice in the American colonies. Smallpox inoculation had been pioneered in Boston in 1721, the same year as the Newgate trial in London. In some of the thirteen counties of colonial America it had been banned altogether, in others it had been practised with considerable success. Why cross the Atlantic for such an unpromising venture? One who did was James Latham, an army sergeant who, before he was posted to Quebec with the threat of revolution growing in the colonies to the south, had got himself accredited as a Suttonian inoculator.
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Frei, Gabriela A. "Conclusion." In Great Britain, International Law, and the Evolution of Maritime Strategic Thought, 1856–1914, 201–6. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198859932.003.0009.
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Custom, state practice, and codification provided important reference points for the legal framework governing international relations in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The Conclusion explores the shifts from custom to codification in international maritime law. It also outlines how Great Britain used international maritime law as an instrument in foreign policy to protect its economic and strategic interests as a sea power. This last chapter then discusses how international maritime law in turn affected visions of future warfare. Great Britain’s neutrality policy, and in particular the Foreign Enlistment Act, shaped the country’s state practice in the second half of the nineteenth century, and the conclusion discusses the importance of state practice in foreign policy at the time.
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Frei, Gabriela A. "The Law of Neutrality and State Practice." In Great Britain, International Law, and the Evolution of Maritime Strategic Thought, 1856–1914, 43–87. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198859932.003.0004.
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Chapter 3 explores how Great Britain applied and implemented its neutrality policy after 1870, building a coherent state practice based on its Foreign Enlistment Act. Several case studies from various conflicts after 1870 highlight the main areas of dispute between neutral Great Britain and belligerent powers, dealing with the sale of ships, coaling, contraband, and the destruction of ships. More broadly, the chapter shows the challenges which Great Britain faced in the application of its domestic legislation. It shows the important role of the Foreign Office and the Law Officers of the Crown in dealing with these matters, and how they shaped the understanding of neutrality more generally.
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Snape, Michael. "‘The Great Surrender Made’." In A Church Militant, 356–412. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192848321.003.0006.
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Abstract This chapter focuses on the role played by Anglicans in shaping the culture of Remembrance in Great Britain, the Dominions, and the United States in the formative years after the First World War. In doing so, it highlights the defining role of the King James Bible and the 1662 Book of Common Prayer in the idiom of Remembrance, questioning assumptions as to its innately ‘secular’ quality. It also illustrates Anglican influence on the work of the Imperial War Graves Commission and how this was accompanied by the phenomenon of post-war Anglican ‘pilgrimage’ to the battlefields of 1914 to 1918. Besides considering the significance of the practical demands and iconography of Remembrance and memorialization, it also examines the political overtones of Anglican-sponsored Remembrance, especially its quest for social harmony and its affirmation of loyalty to the Empire. The chapter explores the inter-war multiplication of regimental chapels in the cathedrals and major churches of England and Wales, their place in the vaunted regimental system of the British Army, and their potency as symbols of Anglican identification with the service and sacrifice of local communities. The chapter concludes with a consideration of how these tendencies persisted after 1945, especially with the creation of the Battle of Britain Memorial Chapel in Westminster Abbey and in the imperatives which drove the transformation of St Clement Danes in London into the Central Church of the Royal Air Force in the 1950s.
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Singha, Radhika. "Making the Desert Bloom?" In The Coolie's Great War, 95–158. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197525586.003.0004.
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World War one witnessed the first dense flow of Indian labor into the Persian Gulf. To reconstruct the campaign in Mesopotamia/Iraq after the reverses of 1915-16, the Indian Army demanded non-combatants for dock-work, construction labor and medical and transport services. This chapter explores the Government of India’s anxious deliberations about the choice of legal form in which to meet this demand. The sending of labor for military work overseas had to be distanced conceptually from the stigmatized system of indentured labor migration. There was a danger of disrupting those labor networks across India and around the Bay of Bengal which maintained the supply of material goods for the war. Non-combatant recruitment took the war into new sites and spaces. Regimes of labor servitude were tapped but some form of emancipation had to be promised. The chapter focusses on seven jail- recruited Indian Labor and Porter Corps to explore the work regime in Mesopotamia. Labor units often insisted on fixed engagements rather than ‘duration of war’ agreements, but had to struggle for exit at the conclusion of their contract. After the Armistice, Britain still needed Indian labor and troops in Mesopotamia but sought to prevent the emergence of a settler population.
Conference papers on the topic "Explorers – Great Britain"
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Christie, Robyn. "The Great Debate: Campaigns and Conflicts in London in the 1980s." In The 39th Annual Conference of the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand. PLACE NAME: SAHANZ, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55939/a5016p9v9h.
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In 1984 HM King Charles III, then HRH The Prince of Wales, gave the infamous speech to the RIBA in which he was critical of a proposed new extension to the National Gallery in Trafalgar Square. The fervour unleashed in the press signified a unique moment when architecture, conservation, planning and development became a much – and still – talked about part of the public discourse in Britain. Conservation theory had dictated since its early guidelines of practice that new additions to historic works should be clearly distinguished from their original host or the existing environment. Historicism, imitating the existing architecture within an urban setting was taboo, a notion that went back to Ruskin and the anti-scrape lobby of Morris. Unravelling the events of the 1980s, however, reveals that the desire to copy past forms as a means of retaining the past maintained an ongoing and strong legacy. It had become a method of seeking refuge from the failures of modernism and the divergence between traditional and modern forms, language and techniques. Openly acknowledged that modernism was anti- historic and anti-urban, classicism and medieval towns and forms offered the example of outdoor rooms and a predominance of solids over voids. For the then Prince and his many followers, including vast members of the public, the use of a traditional architectural style as infill in a classically inspired building setting was “good” design practice. At this point, ironically, the retreat to historicism also comprised not only mimicking traditional details but also their playful reinterpretation through an esoteric postmodernism. But the topic of new into old had become confused: the critical issue was one of urban design and not the language of infill architecture. Three case studies within the historic core of the City of London, the basis of criticism in Charles’ speeches of 1984 and 1987, will be explored through the popular press in order to understand their lessons and relevance to the complexity of current contemporary conflicts in historic urban areas.
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Makrevska Disoska, Elena, Irena Kikerkova, Katerina Toshevska – Trpchevska, and Jasna Tonovska. "Exploring the Drivers and Constraints in Intra-EU Trade." In 7th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2023 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.s.p.2023.61.
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The objective of this paper is to explore the factors that stimulate trade among EU countries and pinpoint areas that require improvement to foster a further increase in trade intensity within the region. The focus is on the effect of aggregate trade restrictions, which are based on the novel indicator Measure of Aggregate Trade Restrictions (MATR), developed by the IMF. The empirical analysis consists of the estimation of a gravity panel model for the 28 EU member countries (including Great Britain) for the period from 1999-2020, by implementing both Ordinary least squares (OLS) and Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML) estimators. The results show that the Eurozone membership has positive effects on increasing intra-EU trade, whereas the MATR indicator has significant negative effects, suggesting that the elimination of the remaining trade restrictions could lead to a further boost of intra-EU trade.
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Palmu, P. Marjatta, and Torsten L. Eng. "Towards an “Implementing Geological Disposal Technology Platform” in Europe." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16365.
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Several European waste management organizations have started the work on creating a technology platform to accelerate the implementation of deep geological disposal of radioactive waste in Europe. There is an increasing consensus in the international community [1] about geological disposal as the preferred option for solving the long-term management of spent fuel, high-level waste, and other long-lived radioactive wastes. At the same time, the European citizens [2] have a widespread wish for a solution for high-level radioactive waste disposal. A majority of the European countries with nuclear power have active waste management programmes, but the current status and the main challenges of those programmes vary. The most advanced waste management programmes in Europe (i.e. Sweden, Finland and France) are prepared to start the licensing process of deep geological disposal facilities within the next decade. Despite the differences between the timing and the challenges of the different programmes, there is a joint awareness that cooperation on the scientific, technical, and social challenges related to geological disposal is needed, and the cooperation will be beneficial for the timely and safe implementation of the first geological disposal facilities. Such a demonstration of a viable solution for the management of high-level radioactive waste will enhance stakeholder confidence in Europe. Several decades of research, development and demonstration (RD&D) have been carried out in the field of geological disposal. International opportunities of cooperation and establishing a technology platform were explored in the European Commission co-funded projects like Net.Excel [3] and CARD [4]. According to the CARD project, the majority of the funding for RD&D in waste management comes from the implementing organizations. It is envisaged that a technology platform would enhance European cooperation in this area. The platform intends to constitute a tool for reducing overlapping work, to produce savings in total costs of research and implementation, and to make better use of existing competence and research infrastructures. After the final workshop of the CARD project in 2008, SKB (Sweden) and Posiva (Finland) were committed to lead the preparation work to set-up the Implementing Geological Disposal of Radioactive Waste Technology Platform (IGD-TP). Other implementers from France, Germany, Switzerland, Great Britain, Spain, and Belgium joined en suite. A Vision Document for the IGD-TP is about to be finalized after a wider consultation was carried out in July 2009. The final Vision Document and the platform are launched during November 2009. Simultaneously, the preparation of the Strategic Research Agenda for the technology platform’s joint work starts.
Reports on the topic "Explorers – Great Britain"
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Hilbrecht, Margo, David Baxter, Alexander V. Graham, and Maha Sohail. Research Expertise and the Framework of Harms: Social Network Analysis, Phase One. GREO, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33684/2020.006.
Full textAbstract:
In 2019, the Gambling Commission announced a National Strategy to Reduce Gambling Harms. Underlying the strategy is the Framework of Harms, outlined in Measuring gambling-related harms: A framework for action. "The Framework" adopts a public health approach to address gambling-related harm in Great Britain across multiple levels of measurement. It comprises three primary factors and nine related subfactors. To advance the National Strategy, all componentsneed to be supported by a strong evidence base. This report examines existing research expertise relevant to the Framework amongacademics based in the UK. The aim is to understand the extent to which the Framework factors and subfactors have been studied in order to identify gaps in expertise and provide evidence for decision making thatisrelevant to gambling harms research priorities. A social network analysis identified coauthor networks and alignment of research output with the Framework. The search strategy was limited to peer-reviewed items and covered the 12-year period from 2008 to 2019. Articles were selected using a Web of Science search. Of the 1417 records identified in the search, the dataset was refined to include only those articles that could be assigned to at least one Framework factor (n = 279). The primary factors and subfactors are: Resources:Work and Employment, Money and Debt, Crime;Relationships:Partners, Families and Friends, Community; and Health:Physical Health, Psychological Distress, and Mental Health. We used Gephi software to create visualisations reflecting degree centrality (number of coauthor networks) so that each factor and subfactor could be assessed for the density of research expertise and patterns of collaboration among coauthors. The findings show considerable variation by framework factor in the number of authors and collaborations, suggesting a need to develop additional research capacity to address under-researched areas. The Health factor subcategory of Mental Health comprised almost three-quarters of all citations, with the Resources factor subcategory of Money and Debt a distant second at 12% of all articles. The Relationships factor, comprised of two subfactors, accounted for less than 10%of total articles. Network density varied too. Although there were few collaborative networks in subfactors such as Community or Work and Employment, all Health subfactors showed strong levels of collaboration. Further, some subfactors with a limited number of researchers such as Partners, Families, and Friends and Money and debt had several active collaborations. Some researchers’ had publications that spanned multiple Framework factors. These multiple-factor researchers usually had a wide range of coauthors when compared to those who specialised (with the exception of Mental Health).Others’ collaborations spanned subfactors within a factor area. This was especially notable forHealth. The visualisations suggest that gambling harms research expertise in the UK has considerable room to grow in order to supporta more comprehensive, locally contextualised evidence base for the Framework. To do so, priority harms and funding opportunities will need further consideration. This will require multi-sector and multidisciplinary collaboration consistent with the public health approach underlying the Framework. Future research related to the present analysis will explore the geographic distribution of research activity within the UK, and research collaborations with harms experts internationally.