Academic literature on the topic 'Explorers Antarctica Social conditions'
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Journal articles on the topic "Explorers Antarctica Social conditions"
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Miroshnychenko, Olena A. "THE ROLE OF AGE DIFFERENCES OF INDIVIDUAL-TYPOLOGICAL FEATURES OF UKRAINIAN WINTERERS IN THE PROCESS OF ADAPTATION TO EXTREME CONDITIONS." Scientific Notes of Ostroh Academy National University: Psychology Series 1, no. 13 (June 24, 2021): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2415-7384-2021-13-63-67.
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The article considers the individually-typology features of Ukrainian winterers and its role in the process of adaptation to extreme living conditions. The relevance of the article is based on the fact that Ukraine for 26 years has the opportunity to explore the White Continent at the Ukrainian Antarctic Station “AcademicianVernadsky”. Wintering of the Ukrainian polar explorers is related to the protracted stay on a limit territory that requires adaptation to the social isolationsensory and psychological deprivation in wintering. The aim of the article is to present psychological studies the individually-typology features in wintering people in Antarctica as a prerequisite for psychological adaptation of personality. The scientific developments of domestic and foreign researchers dealing with the problem of adaptation to life in extreme conditions are analyzed. The concept of psychological adaptation to life in extreme conditions is specified; the individually-typology features of winterers are determined; some main methodological tools of psychological research are presented. The main accentuations that are characteristic of winterers are highlighted, and the peculiarities of personality behavior with different types of accentuations are described. Age groups of Ukrainian winterers are defined. The role of age differences in individual-psychological characteristics of winterers are shown in the example of ten Ukrainian Antarctic expeditions. It is proved that the most adapted is the average age group – a person at the age of 35-45. Such results allowed to determine new criteria of psychophysiological and psychological forecasting, and also confirmed necessity of application of psychological researches of Antarctic winterers.
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Branagan, D. "Carsten Egeberg Borchgrevink (1864-1934): The Man Who Claimed to be the First to Set Foot on Antarctica." Earth Sciences History 33, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 67–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.33.1.a0768366584n23vv.
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Carsten Borchgrevink continues to be one of the most enigmatic Antarctic explorers. He made two visits to Antarctica, briefly in 1895, and much longer in 1898-1900. Today it is acknowledged that he made significant contributions to Antarctic exploration. He made a claimed first discovery of terrestrial plant life in 1895. He led the first party to winter on Antarctica in 1899 in very difficult weather conditions. His expedition made a year-long continuous record of weather conditions, and glacier movement was briefly measured. Useful zoological data were obtained, but the death of Hanson, the zoologist and loss of some of his records, lessened their possible value. New plants, some insects, and shallow sea-water fauna were discovered. Extensive photographic records were obtained. The 1898-1900 expedition noted the reduction in the seaward extent of the Ross Ice Sheet. It discovered what later became known as the Bay of Whales, and there made the first ascent onto the Ross Sea Barrier, showing that travel inland was feasible in that region, ‘opening the way to the South’. A reasonable estimate of the then position of the South Magnetic Pole was made. In addition Borchgrevink showed the effectiveness of kayaks for local water transport, and dogs with trained dog-handlers for land travel (and companionship). His expedition was underpinned by good planning for housing, equipment (including use of the recently invented Primus Stove), clothing (notably shoes lined with sennegrass) and food. His scientific party was well-chosen for their abilities, but national and social differences played a part in periods of tension with the leader, who was inclined to overestimate his own scientific ability. The achievements of the expedition were given little recognition for most of his life, particularly in Britain, in part because of his initial success, over a period of some years, in gaining financial support for his expedition in the face of strong opposition from ‘official’ British scientific bodies. In addition his rather brash and abrasive personality, some public quarrels and perhaps a rather quirky sense of humour did not make him popular. His achievements have been obscured to some extent by inaccurate and exaggerated criticisms of his activities.
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Bouvel, Bruno. "`No Exit' in Antarctica." Group Analysis 32, no. 3 (September 1999): 365–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0533316499323007.
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This article recounts the experiences of an all-male group of 59 winterers (explorers) who spent almost a year in Antarctica. As well as a group experience, it was also a deep personal experience. For the author; this stay in another world seeming far beyond that of humans was and remains a quasi-spiritual experience, of immersing oneself in the original, untouched splendour of nature, producing a kind of oceanic feeling at the most archaic level of the coself.
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Patterson, Diana, Janette G. Simmonds, and Tristan L. Snell. "“Savage Beasts,” “Great Companions”: The First Dogs to Winter on the Antarctic Continent." Society & Animals 28, no. 5-6 (October 26, 2018): 651–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341564.
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Abstract By investigating the nature of the social interactions between “sledge dogs” and explorers in the first land-based exploration in Antarctica, this research contributes to an animal-human perspective in Antarctic historical studies. Consideration of the interspecies interactions provide further insight into attitudes to nonhuman animal welfare, including towards wildlife, at the turn of the twentieth century. The companionship of favored animals appeared to have alleviated some of the stresses of isolation and confinement in the inhospitable Antarctic environment.
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Nielsen, Hanne E. F., and Cyril Jaksic. "Recruitment advertising for Antarctic personnel: between adventure and routine." Polar Record 54, no. 1 (January 2018): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247418000207.
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ABSTRACTThis paper examines how Antarctica has been depicted in recruitment material, and compares the expectations set up in the advertising imagery with the reality of expeditioners’ experiences. Textual analyses of advertisements and job descriptions are used to reveal dominant themes, including the trope of extremity, while interviews with those who have spent time on the ice provide reflections on the actual challenges encountered when working in Antarctica, such as boredom. Much of the popular discourse around Antarctica continues to centre on the Heroic Era (1895–1922), a time of exploration typified by men pitting themselves against nature and striding out into unchartered expanses of ice. Although modern day life on Antarctic stations differs markedly from the extreme conditions experienced by early explorers, the continent continues to be associated with notions of toughness and extremity. We argue that in some cases, advertisements may actually target the wrong audience. This has important implications for how an Antarctic station as a workplace is conceptualised, and then experienced by those who head south, with potential detrimental effects.
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Zhuravel, Valery. "200th anniversary of the discovery of Antarctica: a breakthrough in scientific research is needed." Contemporary Europe, no. 100 (December 31, 2020): 227–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope72020227237.
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The article is devoted to the 200th anniversary of the discovery of Antarctica under the guidance of 2nd rank captain F. Bellingshausen and lieutenant M. Lazarev. Analyzing the peculiarities of Antarctica, the author notes that this is one of а few regions of our planet, the resources and territory of which are used by various states jointly and exclusively for peaceful purposes for the benefit of science. The article analyzes in detail the celebration of this anniversary in Russia and foreign countries, while paying special attention to the thematic focus of socio-political and scientific events. Considerable attention is paid to the study of the region by Russia and the European States. Interstate cooperation between countries in Antarctica is aimed at finding effective solutions to global problems facing humanity, such as environmental pollution, climate change and its consequences, and the loss of components of biological diversity. It is concluded that despite the fact that Antarctica is traditionally one of the strategic regions for ensuring the national interests and security of our state, the Russian Federation in its state policy in comparison with the Arctic, does not always respond promptly to the existing challenges, does not pay enough attention to improving the research base and living conditions of polar explorers, which negatively affects Russia's positions in Antarctica.
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Ilyin, E. A. "THE PSYCHOLOGICAL STATUS OF THE POLAR EXPLORERS AND ITS PHARMACOCORRECTION IN CONDITIONS OF ANNUAL ISOLATION AT «VOSTOK» STATION IN ANTARCTICA." Aerospace and Environmental Medicine 51, no. 4 (2017): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21687/0233-528x-2017-51-4-5-14.
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Blanchette, Robert A., Benjamin W. Held, Joel A. Jurgens, Douglas L. McNew, Thomas C. Harrington, Shona M. Duncan, and Roberta L. Farrell. "Wood-Destroying Soft Rot Fungi in the Historic Expedition Huts of Antarctica." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 3 (March 2004): 1328–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.3.1328-1335.2004.
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ABSTRACT Three expedition huts in the Ross Sea region of Antarctica, built between 1901 and 1911 by Robert F. Scott and Ernest Shackleton, sheltered and stored the supplies for up to 48 men for 3 years during their explorations and scientific investigation in the South Pole region. The huts, built with wood taken to Antarctica by the early explorers, have deteriorated over the past decades. Although Antarctica has one of the coldest and driest environments on earth, microbes have colonized the wood and limited decay has occurred. Some wood in contact with the ground contained distinct microscopic cavities within secondary cell walls caused by soft rot fungi. Cadophora spp. could be cultured from decayed wood and other woods sampled from the huts and artifacts and were commonly associated with the soft rot attack. By using internal transcribed spacer sequences of ribosomal DNA and morphological characteristics, several species of Cadophora were identified, including C. malorum, C. luteo-olivacea, and C. fastigiata. Several previously undescribed Cadophora spp. also were found. At the Cape Evans and Cape Royds huts, Cadophora spp. commonly were isolated from wood in contact with the ground but were not always associated with soft rot decay. Pure cultures of Cadophora used in laboratory decay studies caused dark staining of all woods tested and extensive soft rot in Betula and Populus wood. The presence of Cadophora species, but only limited decay, suggests there is no immediate threat to the structural integrity of the huts. These fungi, however, are widely found in wood from the historic huts and have the capacity to cause extensive soft rot if conditions that are more conducive to decay become common.
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Edinburgh, Tom, and Jonathan J. Day. "Estimating the extent of Antarctic summer sea ice during the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration." Cryosphere 10, no. 6 (November 21, 2016): 2721–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2721-2016.
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Abstract. In stark contrast to the sharp decline in Arctic sea ice, there has been a steady increase in ice extent around Antarctica during the last three decades, especially in the Weddell and Ross seas. In general, climate models do not to capture this trend and a lack of information about sea ice coverage in the pre-satellite period limits our ability to quantify the sensitivity of sea ice to climate change and robustly validate climate models. However, evidence of the presence and nature of sea ice was often recorded during early Antarctic exploration, though these sources have not previously been explored or exploited until now. We have analysed observations of the summer sea ice edge from the ship logbooks of explorers such as Robert Falcon Scott, Ernest Shackleton and their contemporaries during the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration (1897–1917), and in this study we compare these to satellite observations from the period 1989–2014, offering insight into the ice conditions of this period, from direct observations, for the first time. This comparison shows that the summer sea ice edge was between 1.0 and 1.7° further north in the Weddell Sea during this period but that ice conditions were surprisingly comparable to the present day in other sectors.
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ISERSON, KENNETH V. "Bioethical Issues in Antarctica." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 30, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 136–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180120000638.
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AbstractThis paper describes the Antarctic environment, the mission and work setting at the U.S. research stations, the general population and living conditions, and the healthcare situation. It also dispels some common misconceptions that persist about this environment and about the scope and quality of medicine practiced there. The paper then describes specific ethical issues that arise in this environment, incorporating examples drawn from both the author’s experiences and those of his colleagues. The ethics of providing healthcare in resource-poor environments implies two related questions. The first is: What can we do with the available resources? This suggests that clinicians must not only know how to use all available equipment and supplies in the standard manner, but also that they must be willing and able to go beyond standard procedures and improvise, when necessary. The second question is: Of all the things we can do, which ones should we do? This paper addresses both questions in relation to Antarctic medical care. It describes the wide range of activities required of healthcare providers and some specific ethical issues that arise. Finally, it suggests some remedies to ameliorate some of those issues.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Explorers Antarctica Social conditions"
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Sarris, Aspasia. "Australians in Antarctica : a study of organizational culture." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs247.pdf.
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Includes Organisational Culture Inventory (OCI) and 6 item subscales adapted from the OCI as appendices. Bibliography: leaves 240-255. Investigates the culture of isolated Australian Antarctic stations using qualitative and quantitative research methods. The research also investigated the assessment of person-culture fit within the context of Antarctic station life and culture. Five studies were undertaken on returned Australian Antarctic expeditioners and the results reflect a historical overview of Antarctic station culture from 1950 to 1999.
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Temp, Anna Gesine Marie. "Exploring the explorers : studying the mood, mental health, cognition and the lived experience of extreme environments in a small isolated team confined to an Arctic research station." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31102.
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Background: The human ability to adapt to extreme environments is fascinating. Research into this adaptation has been lacking in Arctic isolated teams because it has concentrated on Antarctic teams. The hazards of the poles often confine the researchers indoors with their colleagues, reducing their privacy. This deployment also limits their contact with loved ones at home. Subsequently, over the course of polar night, rates of anxiety, depression, irritability and sleep disturbance increase (Suedfeld & Palinkas, 2008). Often, the teams complain of cognitive impairments. The High Arctic’s distinctive feature is the polar bear. The presence of bears requires Arctic research station teams to handle fire arms for their personal safety. It also means that fire arms – which are highly restricted in the Antarctic – are ever-present and easily accessible at Arctic stations. This poses a unique psychological challenge for these teams which has not been well-researched. Methodology: This thesis is an original contribution to science in that it employs a mixed-methods approach combining phenomenological interviews, cognitive testing and mental health assessment via questionnaires with a team spending a year at the Polish Polar Station, Hornsund, Svalbard. The participants were ten of the eleven winter team members who spent the year between July 2015 and June 2016 at Hornsund (“Explorers”) and an age-/gender-/education-matched control group (“Controls”). They filled in the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised and the Profile of Mood States-Brief Version in July, September, January, April and June of that year. Cognitive testing was completed in September, January and June; it comprised the Figural Learning and Memory Test, the Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART), the elevator tasks of the Test of Everyday Attention (TEA) and the Raven Standard Progressive Matrices. The interviews took place at the same time as the cognitive testing. Results: The results showed that the most stressful time reported in the questionnaires was April 2016, just after the winter isolation had ended and the sun had risen again. The Explorers reported little subjective complaints about their cognition but they performed near-ceiling on the TEA while scoring far below their Controls on the SART. This implies a dichotomy between sustained attention and inhibition in the Explorers. Their lived experiences were shaped by a struggle to adapt to the other team members rather than by struggling to adapt to the hazardous environment. The environment was perceived as awe-inspiring. Over time, the Explorers shifted their view of the team from informal colleagues to a family which they did not choose to be a member of and then, to friends. Unanimously, other people were seen as the most difficult aspect of the mission. Conclusions: This thesis provides unique insight into a non-Anglo-Saxon Arctic wintering team: the conclusions suggest that participants should receive social training to get along better and be emotionally prepared. The findings can be implemented by my research partner, the Institute of Geophysics (Warsaw) to better select and prepare their future expeditions to Hornsund. Some of the insights such as the nature of the interpersonal stressors may be applicable to space missions.
Books on the topic "Explorers Antarctica Social conditions"
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Antarctica: A biography. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.
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Smoking in Antarctica: Selected writing. Wellington, N.Z: Awa Press, 2010.
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Blazing ice: Pioneering the twenty-first century's road to the South Pole. Washington, D.C: Potomac Books, 2012.
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Arciniegas, Germán. Amerigo y el Nuevo Mundo. Madrid: Alianza, 1990.
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Arciniegas, Germán. América: 500 años de un nombre : vida y época de Amérigo Vespucci. 3rd ed. Bogotá, Colombia: Villegas Editores, 2002.
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América: 500 años de un nombre : vida y época de Amérigo Vespucci. 3rd ed. Bogotá, Colombia: Villegas Editores, 2002.
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Simon, Alvah. North to the night: A year in the Arctic ice. Camden, Me: McGraw-Hill Co./International Marine, 1999.
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Day, Marele. Mrs Cook: The real and imagined life of the captain's wife. Crows Nest, N.S.W: Allen & Unwin, 2002.
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North by 2020: Perspectives on Alaska's changing social-ecological systems. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press, 2011.
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O santo soldado. Rio de Janeiro: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Antropologia Social, 1990.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Explorers Antarctica Social conditions"
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Hochschild, Jennifer L., and Nathan Scovronick. "What Americans Want from Public Schools." In American Dream and Public Schools. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195152784.003.0005.
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AMERICANS CONTINUE TO FOLLOW the advice of Benjamin Franklin in making “the proper education of youth” the most important American social policy. Public education uses more resources and involves more people than any other government program for social welfare. It is the main activity of local governments and the largest single expenditure of almost all state governments. Education is the American answer to the European welfare state, to massive waves of immigration, and to demands for the abolition of subordination based on race, class, or gender. Although public schools in the United States are expected to accomplish a lot for their students, underlying all of these tasks is the goal of creating the conditions needed for people to believe in and pursue the ideology of the American dream. Our understanding of the American dream is the common one, described by President Clinton this way: “The American dream that we were all raised on is a simple but powerful one—if you work hard and play by the rules you should be given a chance to go as far as your God-given ability will take you.” The dream is the unwritten promise that all residents of the United States have a reasonable chance to achieve success through their own efforts, talents, and hard work. Success is most often defined in material terms, but everyone gets to decide what it is for himself or herself. The first man to walk across Antarctica talks about this idea in the same way as people who make their first million: “The only limit to achievement,” he said, “is the limit you place on your own dreams. Let your vision be guided by hope, your path be adventurous, and the power of your thoughts be directed toward the betterment of tomorrow.” The American dream is a brilliant ideological invention, although, as we shall see, in practice it leaves much to be desired. Its power depends partly on the way it balances individual and collective responsibilities. The role of the government is to make the pursuit of success possible for everyone. This implies strict and complete nondiscrimination, universal education to provide the means for pursuing success, and protection for virtually all views of success, regardless of how many people endorse them.