Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Exploration de l'espace des solutions'
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Pouget, Julien. "Test des systèmes sur puce : ordonnancement et exploration de l'espace des solutions architecturales." Montpellier 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON20094.
Full textGarbay, Thomas. "Zip-CNN." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2023SORUS210.pdf.
Full textDigital systems used for the Internet of Things (IoT) and Embedded Systems have seen an increasing use in recent decades. Embedded systems based on Microcontroller Unit (MCU) solve various problems by collecting a lot of data. Today, about 250 billion MCU are in use. Projections in the coming years point to very strong growth. Artificial intelligence has seen a resurgence of interest in 2012. The use of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) has helped to solve many problems in computer vision or natural language processing. The implementation of CNN within embedded systems would greatly improve the exploitation of the collected data. However, the inference cost of a CNN makes their implementation within embedded systems challenging. This thesis focuses on exploring the solution space, in order to assist the implementation of CNN within embedded systems based on microcontrollers. For this purpose, the ZIP-CNN methodology is defined. It takes into account the embedded system and the CNN to be implemented. It provides an embedded designer with information regarding the impact of the CNN inference on the system. A designer can explore the impact of design choices, with the objective of respecting the constraints of the targeted application. A model is defined to quantitatively provide an estimation of the latency, the energy consumption and the memory space required to infer a CNN within an embedded target, whatever the topology of the CNN is. This model takes into account algorithmic reductions such as knowledge distillation, pruning or quantization. The implementation of state-of-the-art CNN within MCU verified the accuracy of the different estimations through an experimental process. This thesis democratize the implementation of CNN within MCU, assisting the designers of embedded systems. Moreover, the results open a way of exploration to apply the developed models to other target hardware, such as multi-core architectures or FPGA. The estimation results are also exploitable in the Neural Architecture Search (NAS)
Lampaert, Marie-Claire. "Economie de l'espace." Paris, EHESS, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987EHES0034.
Full textTwo objectives motivate our study : comparing the efficiency of methods to measure the economic and social impact of the space sector and providing reliable data on this impact. The investigating field is canada. But, taking into account the interdependence of the leading countries in the space sector, and moreover the american experience, the methods used by these two groups will be analysed. The first chapter presents the space industry in general, with the main particularities of the canadian space industry. This chapter put the emphasis on the determinants of the creation, evolution and transformation of the structures. The second chapter deals with the macroeconomics models used mainly to measure the indirect impact of the space sector on the economy. These models are based on the integration of the variable research and development (rd) in the production function. The third chapter replaces the variable research and development used in the macroeconomics models in the process of innovation and diffusion. It also allos to differentiate between private return and social return of innovations. These two chapters - macroeconomics and microeconomics - show the exis- tence of a positive impact of the space research and development (chapter 2) and identify the main explicative variable (chapter 3). The fourth chapter intends to identify and quantify the economic and social benefit of two majors canadian space programs (m-sat and radarsat) and presents the next step in space applications : the orbital stations
Bossuet, Lilian. "Exploration de l'Espace de Conception des Architectures Reconfigurables." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne Sud, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00012212.
Full textCette méthode intervient très tôt dans le flot de conception, ainsi dès les premières phases de spécification de l'application, les concepteurs peuvent définir une architecture adaptée pour leurs applications. La méthode d'exploration s'appuie principalement sur l'estimation de la répartition des communications dans l'architecture ainsi que sur le taux d'utilisation des ressources de l'architecture. Ces métriques permettent en effet d'orienter le processus d'exploration afin de minimiser la consommation de puissance de l'architecture puisque cette dernière est directement corrélée à ces deux métriques.
Les résultats obtenus montrent que notre méthode permet de converger rapidement vers une architecture efficace en ce qui concerne la consommation de puissance.
VISCIO, MARIA ANTONIETTA. "Space Exploration Systems, Strategies and Solutions." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2538894.
Full textPellegrini, Paola <1980>. "ACO: parameters, exploration and quality of solutions." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/724.
Full textROSTAND, BRUNO. "Sur l'espace des solutions de la theorie des cordes. Gravite quantique bidimensionnelle." Paris 6, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA066314.
Full textDubois, Sandrine. "Equations de Navier-Stokes dans l'espace : espaces critiques et solutions d'énergie finie." Amiens, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AMIE0210.
Full textVillard, Caroline. "Sélection dans l'espace des solutions engendrées par un plan de construction géométrique." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STR13182.
Full textDiguet, Jean-Philippe. "Exploration de l'espace de conception de SOC,de l'asservissement à la coopération." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Bretagne Sud, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00105917.
Full textl'information et de la communication. Le terme systemes enfouis désigne son intégration sous
forme de composants d'un système plus complexe issus des domaines de l'avionique, de l'automobile,
des objets mobiles communiquants, du multimedia etc. Leur realisation sous la forme
de systemes sur silicium (SOC) souligne la complexite et l'heterogeneité qui les caractérisent
desormais. La maitrise de la conception des SOC représente un enjeu économique majeur a la
hauteur de la place qu'ils occupent dans tous les secteurs d'activites (industriel, loisirs, domestique).
Les outils et méthodes pour la conception de SOC constituent un domaine de recherche
multi-formes dont le but global est de concevoir rapidement des systemes qui soient fiables,
performants et efficaces d'un point de vue energétique.
Ce document est une synthese de mes recherches effectues dans le domaine général des
outils et methodes de conception de SOC. Plus précisément, les travaux detailles ici traitent des
differents aspects d'un domaine unique a savoir l'exploration de l'espace de conception des SOC
eventuellement reconfigurables. Ces travaux de recherche s'articulent principalement autour de
six projets menes depuis la these de doctorat. Il s'agit de l'exploration de la hierarchie memoire,
du projet Design Trotter pour l'exploration des solutions architecturales de la specification
algorithmique jusqu'au niveau tache au sens temps réel. Dans le domaine de la gestion des
entrees/sortie les projets presentes traitent d'un exemple d'interface reseau / flux multimédia
et d'un environnement μSpider de synthese et de dimensionnement de Network On Chip. Enfin,
le document présente le projet en cours dans le domaine des architectures auto-reconfigurables.
Gaudard, François-Charles. "Contribution à l'analyse des discours littéraires : exploration stylistique de l'espace poétique baudelairien." Toulouse 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989TOU20035.
Full textThis thesis is set in the scientific context of present research concerning discourses analysis. The chosen perspective is a stylistic one since i have attempted to bring a dialectical answer to a twofold type of problematics : how to describe literary discourses, methodically and objectively, and how to evaluate a particular literary discourse. Thus i had first to ask myself which scientific methods could be efficiently used to describe and classify the objects of my analysis and i then had to test validity of the method i elaborated. Baudelaire's poetic works have been selected as a corpus. The analysis of correspondences (statistical analysis of data) has been applied at the prosodic level of baudelaire's poetic discourse in view of an exploration of the pragmatic type. My research then bore on the enonciative systems within the frame of such oppositions as discursive continuity discontinuity and narration description, and on the most important figurative constructions. The systematic analysis of my corpus led me to recognize the existence of stylistic filters of conventional and institutional type, and of patterns which are undeniably susceptible to vary but have to be recognized before any acces to knowledge is possible
Bres, Yannis. "Exploration implicite et explicite de l'espace d'états atteignables de circuits logiques Estérel." Nice, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NICE5767.
Full textBRES, Yannis. "Exploration implicite et explicite de l'espace d'´etats atteignables de circuits logiques Esterel." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003600.
Full texttechniques génériques ou spécifiques à notre cadre de travail. Nous utilisons les résultats de ces explorations à des fins de vérification formelle de propriétés de sûreté, de génération d'automates explicites ou de génération de séquences de tests exhaustives. Nous décrivons trois outils.
Le premier outil est un vérificateur formel implicite, à base de Diagrammes de Décisions Binaires (BDDs). Ce vérificateur présente plusieurs techniques permettant de réduire le nombre de variables impliquées dans les calculs d'espace d'états. Nous proposons notamment l'abstraction de variables à l'aide d'une logique trivaluée. Cette nouvelle méthode étend la technique usuelle de remplacement de variables d'états par des entrées libres. Ces deux méthodes calculant des sur-approximations de l'espace d'états atteignables, nous proposons différentes techniques utilisant des informations concernant la structure du modèle et permettant de réduire la sur-approximation.
Le deuxième outil est un moteur d'exploration explicite, basé sur l'énumération des états accessibles.
Ce moteur repose sur la simulation de la propagation du courant électrique dans les portes du circuit et supporte les circuits cycliques. Ce moteur comporte de nombreuses optimisations et fait appel à différentes heuristiques visant à éviter les explosions en temps ou en espace inhérentes à cette approche, ce qui lui
confère de très bonnes performances. Ce moteur a été appliqué à la génération d'automates explicites et à la vérification formelle.
Enfin, le troisième outil est une évolution hybride implicite/explicite du moteur purement explicite. Dans cette évolution, les états sont toujours analysés individuellement mais symboliquement à l'aide de BDDs. Ce moteur a également été appliqué à la génération d'automates explicites, mais il est plutôt destiné à la vérification formelle ou la génération de séequences de tests exhaustives.
Nous présentons des résultats d'expérimentations de ces différentes approches sur plusieurs exemples industriels.
Braga, Marília Dias Vieira. "L'Espace de solutions du tri par inversions et sons utilisation dans l'analyse réarrangements de génomes." reponame:Repositório Institucional do INMETRO, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10926/1087.
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RÉSUMÉ: Le calcul de la distance d’inversion et celui d’une séquence optimale d’inversions pour transformer un génome dans um autre sont, des outils algorithmiques très utiles pour l’analyse de scénarios d’évolution réels. Quand les duplications de génes ne sont pas acceptées, il existe des algorithmes polynomiaux pour résoudre ces deux problèmes. Néanmoins, le nombre de séquences optimales différentes est très grand, et il faut alors considérer d’autres critères pour pouvoir réaliser une analyse plus précise. Une stratégie possible est celle de chercher les séquences qui respectent certaines contraintes biologiques, comme par exemple les intervalles communs, qui sont les ensembles de gènes co-localisés dans les génomes analysés - une séquence d’inversions qui ne sépare pas les intervalles communs doit être plus réaliste qu’une séquence qui sépare. Une autre approche est celle de générer l’univers de toutes les séquences optimales, mais, comme cet ensemble peut être trop grand pour être interpreté, un modèle pour regrouper des sous-ensembles de séquences optimales dans des classes d’équivalence a été proposé, ce qui permet de réduire la taille de l’ensemble à traiter. Néanmoins, le problème de trouver les classes sans énumérer toutes les solutions optimales restait ouvert. Un de nos résultats les plus importants est, donc, l’algorithme qui donne une réponse à ce problème, cest-à-dire, un algorithme qui génère une séquence optimale par classe d’équivalence et qui donne aussi le nombre de séquences par classe, sans énumérer toutes les spequences. Mais, bien que le nombre de classes soit beaucoup plus petit que le nombre de séquences, il peut être encore tropo grand. On propose alors l’utilisation de différentes contraintes biologiques, comme les intervalles communs (détectés initialement et progressivement), pour réduire le nombre de classes, et on montre comment utiliser ces méthodes pour analyser des cas réels d’evolution. En particulier, on analyse le scénario évolutif de la bactérie Rickettsia et des chromosomes sexuels X et Y chez l’être humain. Par rapport aux résultats des études précédentes, qui se sont basées sur une seule séquence optimale, on obtient une meilleure caractérisation de ces scénarios évolutifs. Tous les algorithmes développés sont implémentés en java, integrés à BAOBABLUNA, um logiciel qui contient des outils pour manipuler des génomes et des inversions. Le téléchargement et le tutoriel de BAOBABLUNA sont disponibles en ligne. Un autre résultat de notre travail est un modèle pour calculer une mesure de similarité entre deux génomes quand les duplications de gènes sont acceptées. On a montré que notre approche, qu’on appelle repetition-free longest common subsequence (RFLCS), est um problème NP-difficile, comme les autres approches qui considèrent aussi des gènes dupliqués pour calculer une distance génomique. ____________________________________________________________________________________.
ABSTRACT: Calculating the reversal distance and finding one optimal sequence of reversals to transform a genome into another are useful algorithmic tools to analyse real evolutionary scenarios. When gene duplications are not allowed, there are polynomial algorithms to solve both problems. However, the number of different optimal sorcing sequences is usually huge and some additional criteria should be talten in consideration in order to obtain a more accurate analysis.One strategy is searching for sequences that respect some biological constraints, such as the common intervals, which are the list of clusters of co-localised genes between the considered genomes - an optimal sequence of reversals that does not brealt the common intervals may be more realistic than one that does break. Another approach is to explore the whole universe of sorting sequences, but, since this set may be too big to be directly interpreted, a model has been proposed to group the sorting sequences into classes of equivalence, reducing thus the size of the set to be handled. Nevertheless, the problem of finding an algorithm to direct generate the classes without enumerating all sequences was stated to be open. One of che most important results of our work is such an algorithm, and besides one representative, we are also able to give the number of sequences in each equivalence class. Although the number of classes is much smaller than the number of sorting sequences, it can also be too big. We then propose che use of different biological constr'aints, such as the common intervals (initially and progrwsively detected), to reduce the universe of sequences and classes, and show how to apply these methods to analyze real cases in evolution. In particular, we analyze the evolution of the Rickettesia bacterium, and of the sexual chromosomes X and Y in human. We obtain a better characterization of the evolutionary scenarios of these genomes, with respect to the results of previous studies, that were based on a single sorting sequence. All the algorithms developed in this work are implemented, integrated to BAQBLABLUNA a java framework to deal with genomes and reversals. Download and tutorial for BAQBABLUNA are available on-line.Another result of our work is a model to compute a measure of similarity between genomes when duplications are allowed. Our approach, that is called repetition-free longest common subsequence (RFLCS), was proven to lead to an NP-hard problem, as well as other approaches to compute a genomic distance measure considering gene duplications. Keywords: Evolutions, rearrangements de genomes,Algorithms, Sorting by reversals
[202] f. : il., tab.
Davin, Tanguy. "Refroidissement des moteurs électriques : exploration des solutions à huile de lubrification." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014VALE0003/document.
Full textElectric motor is one of the most important elements of an electric vehicle. Some elements, particularly the windings, can be affected by rising heat. External cooling, as water jacket in the case, appears to be limited because the losses generated in windings must pass through zones where conduction is very poor. Cooling in the core of the machine is preferable, but heat transfer with air is poor. Due to the presence of lubricating oil in the vicinity of the motor and the heat transfer enhancement that such a liquid provides, oil circulation on the windings has been considered.The research was first dedicated to an extensive bibliography on the different solutions of motor cooling. Then heat transfer within the motor was modelled by using the lumped system analysis. Thanks to a sensitivity analysis, the main parameters affecting temperature have been identified before cooling systems were modelled. Finally, tests were performed on a specially designed bench. Oil was introduced at each side of the machine to directly cool the stator coil end-windings. Several oil injection patterns were tested. The influence of the oil flow rate, rotation speed and oil temperature has been investigated.The objective of this PHD study is to analyse all the thermal issues related to the oil cooling systems. This is a comparative study of the performance of the oil cooling solutions. Comparison is also done with conventional water cooling
Dias, Vieira Braga Marilia. "L'espace de solutions du tri par inversions et son utilisation dans l'analyse de réarrangements de génomes." Lyon 1, 2009. http://n2t.net/ark:/47881/m6rv0kvd.
Full textCalculating the reversal distance and searching for optimal sequences of reversals to transform a genome into another when gene duplications are not allowed are useful algorithmic tools to analyse real evolutionary scenarios. However, the number of sorting sequences is usually huge. Using a model previously proposed to group the sorting sequences into classes of equivalence, we developed an algorithm to direct generate the classes without enumerating all sequences, reducing thus the size of the set to be handled. We then propose the use of different biological constraints, such as the common intervals initially and progressively detected, to reduce the universe of sequences and classes, and show how to apply these methods to analyze real cases in evolution. In particular, we analyzed the evolution of the Rickettsia bacterium, and of the sexual chromosomes X and Y in human. We obtain a better characterization of the evolutionary scenarios of these genomes, with respect to the results of previous studies, that were based on a single sorting sequence. All the algorithms developed in this work are implemented, integrated to baobabLUNA, a java framework to deal with genomes and reversals. Download and tutorial for baobabLUNA are available on-line
Biron, Karole. "Dynamique forme/lumière : exploration du processus de création de l'espace architectural par modèles maquettes/images." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25823/25823.pdf.
Full textThe act of creation is a privileged moment at the time of its artistic and architectural process. It is, among other things, the time and place for imagination, for experimentation with matter, for conceptual development and for the construction of what is perceived. It is a moment of enthusiasm and effervescence when we instinctively manipulate as well as conceive intellectually. As for the «Art of space», multiple factors are to be considered from the origin of its process such as, shapes, colours, sizes and positioning. Beyond each of these parameters, space, scene of its multiple interactions, becomes a creation in itself. This research particularly leans on the spatial and perceptual relation between objects and light, two elements completing and modifying each other in various ways, whereas its esthetic potential is obvious. It suggests the resetting of the creative process by direct and simple manipulations with matter, through miniature tryouts and photographic images, two familiar media of architectural practice. These minimal interventions simultaneously present a richness in spatial relations as well as information on luminous surroundings. The research proposes the circumscription of a vocabulary of the main parameters linking objects with light, leading to the elaboration of a method of creation and analysis to assist architects and artists in their creative explorations. The theoretical framework releases notions, principles and terms related to space, form, light and perception, assisting in the construction of physical models to visualize and control aspects of the invention. An exploration of a series of parameters of objects and lighting complete the research in order to stimulate the imagination and creativity in architecture.
LORINCZ, ERIKA. "Exploration visuo-motrice de l'espace chez le chat : asymetrie fonctionnelle et parallelisme du systeme moteur." Paris 6, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA066380.
Full textDelay, Erwann. "Prescription de courbures sur l'espace hyperbolique." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011944.
Full textPremière partie :
thème de la courbure scalaire conforme sur l'espace hyperbolique. Nous
apportons ici une étude fine du comportement asymptotique en toute
dimension. Nous traitons toujours d'équations semi-linéaires
générales, avant d'appliquer nos résultats au cas particulier de
l'équation géométrique.
Deuxième partie :
thème de la courbure de Ricci sur l'espace hyperbolique.
Nous obtenons le résultat suivant.
Sur la boule unité de $\R^n$, on considère la métrique
hyperbolique standard $H_0$, dont la courbure de Ricci vaut $R_0$
et la courbure de Riemann-Christoffel vaut ${\cal R}_0$.
Nous montrons qu'en dimension $n\geq10$, pour
tout tenseur symétrique $R$ voisin
de $R_0$, il existe une unique métrique $H$ voisine de $H_0$
dont la courbure de Ricci vaut $R$.
Nous en déduisons, dans le cadre $C^\infty$, que l'image
de l'opérateur de Riemann-Christoffel est une sous-variété
au voisinage de ${\cal R}_0$.
Nous traitons aussi dans cette partie de la courbure de Ricci contravariante
en toute dimension, du problème de Dirichlet à l'infini en dimension 2,
et de quelques obstructions.
Pazos, Escudero Nuria. "Performance estimation for the design space exploration of system-on-chip solutions." [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=969626657.
Full textBonnin, Gaël. "L'experience de magasinage : conceptualisation et exploration des rôles du comportement physique et de l'aménagement de l'espace." Dijon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000DIJOE016.
Full textAndré-Minvielle, Pauline. "Exploration de l'espace chez l'enfant et aventure autour de "trois montagnes" d'après une expérience de Piaget." Paris 10, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA100248.
Full textVivie, de Régie Jean-Baptiste de. "Recherche de bosons de higgs invisibles a lep2 et exploration de l'espace des parametres du mssm." Paris 11, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA112080.
Full textMinvielle, Pauline André Mme de. "Exploration de l'espace chez l'enfant et aventure autour de trois montagnes, d'après une expérience de Piaget." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37594471n.
Full textLorenzo, Sarah-Jane Lasek. "Planning Postsecondary Pathways: An Exploration ofCollege and Career Access through Solutions-Based Reporting." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1502999397675549.
Full textGaude, Linn Linn. "Megacity Challenges: Safe Food and Education– : an exploration of challenges and possible ICT solutions." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-150415.
Full textZwan, F. M. van der. "Integrated solutions as a new perspective for eco efficient services : a cross industry exploration." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274181.
Full textLi, Zhen. "Reconfigurable computing architecture exploration using silicon photonics technology." Thesis, Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ECDL0001/document.
Full textAdvances in the design of high performance silicon chips for reconfigurable computing, i.e. Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), rely on CMOS technology and are essentially limited by energy dissipation. New design paradigms are mandatory to replace traditional, slow and power consuming, electronic computing architectures. Integrated optics, in particular, could offer attractive solutions. Many related works already addressed the use of optical on-chip interconnects to help overcome the technology limitations of electrical interconnects. Integrated silicon photonics also has the potential for realizing high performance computing architectures. In this context, we present an energy-efficient on-chip reconfigurable photonic logic architecture, the so-called OLUT, which is an optical core implementation of a lookup table. It offers significant improvement in latency and power consumption with respect to optical directed logic architectures, through allowing the use of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) for computation parallelism. We proposed a multi-level modeling approach based on the design space exploration that elucidates the optical device characteristics needed to produce a computing architecture with high computation reliability (BER~10-18) and low energy dissipation. Analytical results demonstrate the potential of the resulting OLUT implementation to reach <100 fJ/bit per logic operation, which may meet future demands for on-chip optical FPGAs
Couillaud, Julie. "The terpene mini-path : nouvel accès aux terpènes et exploration de l'espace chimique par une cascade enzymatique originale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AIXM0188.
Full textTo date, terpenoids form the most abundant and diversified class of natural products with more than 80,000 compounds whose structural, biological (antibiotic, anticancer, antimalarial, etc.) and physicochemical (flavor, fragrance, dye, etc.) properties hold the attention of the scientific community. However, their access is limited because of the low available quantity by extraction from natural sources; an often expensive and laborious chemical synthesis; and long biosynthetic pathways. By combining bioinformatic, statistical, biochemical and molecular biology approaches, we have developed the « Terpene mini-path », with only two enzymatic steps, as a synthetic and potentially bio-sourced alternative to access DMAPP and IPP, universal precursors of terpenes. This new artificial pathway allowed the synthesis of various natural and unnatural terpenoids, such as cyclobutylic derivatives, in the absence of any metabolic and enzymatic engineering. The mini-path provides thus an easy access to all terpenoids and represents an attractive new biosynthetic tool to explore the diversity of the terpene chemical space
Boillot, François. "Mission Perseus-Exobiologie : comportement d'acides aminés et de peptides soumis aux conditions de l'espace." Orléans, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ORLE2009.
Full textKhan, Shahid Nawaz. "Exploration par résonance magnétique de l'espace conformationnel et de la dynamique du facteur de transcription partiellement désordonné Engrailed-2." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066146/document.
Full textIntrinsically Disordered Proteins (IDPs), which lack a stable rigid structure constitute a large and functionally important class of proteins. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is a well-established technique to characterize the structural and dynamical features of IDPs at atomic resolution. The broad conformational space of IDPs makes them challenging targets for structural biology to define their precise structural features and motions, the physical and chemical properties that underlie their biological functions. The present thesis establishes biophysical investigation of the disordered region of the transcription factor Engrailed-2 (13.5 kDa) primarily by NMR. After describing the protocol of expression and purification of the isotopically labeled protein, we present a novel approach to characterize the pico – nano second motions in IDPs using nuclear spin relaxation data at multiple fields. Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancements (PREs) are used to identify transient long-range interactions between the disordered region and the folded homeodomain of Engrailed-2. Binding to DNA was studied by fluorescence anisotropy and highlights the role of the disordered region in the DNA binding. We used Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) to probe the potential interaction between the hydrophobic cluster (hexapeptide) in the disordered region and the homeodomain. The one-bond 1H-15N, Cα-Hα and Cα-C′ residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) measured for Engrailed-2 provide important constraints for the refinement of the conformational space of Engrailed_2. All these approaches provide valuable insights in understanding the structural, dynamical and functional properties of this IDP
Venturelli, Andrea. "Application de la minimisation de l'action au problème des N corps dans le plan et dans l'espace." Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA077190.
Full textAfonso, Amandine. "Propriétés analogiques des représentations mentales de l'espace : étude comparative auprès de personnes voyantes et non-voyantes." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA112326.
Full textWe are interested in behavioral "plasticity" of individuals who have been deprived of vision from birth. More specifically, we have studied the manner in which the individual mentally represents the space around them, and the way in which the inidividual benefits from information coming from other senses. The aim of the study consists in understanding if the essential stages for the construction of the mental representations are in operation from an early age, and up to what point behavioral/cerebral plasticity could mitigate this early visual deprivation. Three series of experiments were proposed with participants who were categorized as blind from birth, late blind, sighted and blindfolded, or sighted with eyes open. The first two experiments consisted of a task of mental exploration and of mental comparison of distances. In these two experiments, the participants learned the configuration of a small spatial environment through verbal description or tactile exploration. The third series of experiments was aimed at examining whether the immersion of the individual in the environment would improve their performance. We designed an immersive Virtual Reality system for "3D sound", which allows for the generation of a human scale environment consisting of a spatial distribution of virtual sound sources in which the individual has the capacity to move about. The results suggest that the size of the initial configuration does not have an effect on the treatment of the spatial relations, even though blind from birth participants made more erros with regards to distance evaluation with the smaller sized configuration
Birch, Stephen John. "An exploration with proposed solutions of the problems and issues in conducting clinical research in acupuncture." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284782.
Full textBlais, Hélène. "Les voyages français dans le Pacifique : pratique de l'espace, savoirs géographiques et expansion coloniale : (1815-1845)." Paris, EHESS, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000EHES0049.
Full textQueenan, Kimberly M. "A New Hampshire Workforce Study| Exploration of the Existence of Brain Drain Phenomenon, Reasons it Exists and Proposed Solutions." Thesis, Franklin Pierce University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10076131.
Full textThe objective of this study was to explore if New Hampshire is experiencing ‘Brain Drain’ phenomenon. For this study, Brain Drain is defined as a metaphor denoting “difficulty finding skilled and talented workers to work in New Hampshire”. This study explored the lived experiences and perceptions of two groups over many years, including the recent downturn in the economy and through its ongoing recovery.
Group 1 were participants from New Hampshire State Level Offices and State Organizations whose purpose is to assist New Hampshire businesses and their workforces. They were asked if they believed New Hampshire was experiencing brain drain phenomenon, and if so how were the New Hampshire State Offices and State Organizations trying to solve it. Group 2 were participants from New Hampshire Businesses, residing in all 10 New Hampshire counties, as well as across different Industry Sectors. They were asked if they believed if their New Hampshire Businesses were experiencing brain drain phenomenon, and if so how were their New Hampshire Businesses trying to solve it. The researcher compared the results of Group 1 and Group 2, to see if they believed New Hampshire and the New Hampshire Businesses were experiencing brain drain phenomenon, and if so were both groups working together to help solve it?
The study revealed three major findings. First, both Groups believed New Hampshire was experiencing brain drain phenomenon, however there was a disconnect on how they were both trying to solve it. Second, the results demonstrated that the New Hampshire Businesses were experiencing two types of brain drain phenomenon. They were finding difficulty filling Knowledge and Information Age jobs—mainly in the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematic) fields. However, even more evident, they were finding much more difficulty filling Industrial Age jobs, mainly in the Manufacturing industry sector. Third, the two types of brain drain phenomenon were being compounded with a decline in New Hampshire workforce population, as demographics show the state’s population is aging.
Leadership examples from both groups were cited. Future leadership opportunities were presented. Conclusion: Strive to match business opportunities, with the right skills, and available population.
Vandelle, Erika. "Exploration de solutions antennaires et de formation passive de faisceaux pour la récupération et le transfert d’énergie sans fil." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAT060.
Full textWireless energy harvesting (WEH) of ambient or intentional electromagnetic power sources of frequency ranging from 100 MHz to 10 GHz, has appeared as a promising solution to develop self-powered electronics in the past decades. However, the low power densities available, usually lower than 1 uW.cm-2, result in a limited RF-to-DC conversion efficiency and sensitivity of the energy harvesting system (rectenna) and the ambient signal diversities (unknown and time-varying direction of arrival, polarization) prohibit the use of directive antennas.In this thesis, the power combination techniques of Radio Frequency (RF) or Direct Current (DC) power in multi-antenna WEH systems, together with original structures, are investigated to address those challenges. Besides, a new Figure-of-Merit (harvesting capability) for rectennas operating in ambient scenarios is derived with probabilistic terms representing the frequency, polarization and spatial diversities of ambient signals.The first part of this thesis focuses on the design of efficient antenna and rectenna elements. Eco-responsible and low-cost prototypes are proposed by using a paper substrate along with an original strategy for the reduction of the losses.In the second part of this work, the rectification efficiency of a WEH system is enhanced through the combination of the RF power prior to the rectification process, without reduction of the spatial coverage. For this, a 3D multidirectional structure of scanning antenna arrays using passive beam-forming networks is designed to obtain a multidirectional high gain aggregate pattern. This radar-inspired solution involving Butler matrices results in a highly efficient RF-to-DC power conversion along with an optimal angular coverage, which leads to a harvesting capability higher than the state-of-the-art.The last part of this work addresses the limited sensitivity of the RF combination technique compared to that obtained with the series DC combination technique thanks to a reconfigurable system. To this end, modular rectenna unit cells are designed to form a scalable and adaptative interferometric beam-forming network, which offers the possibility to achieve a highly efficient and sensitive WEH system. This solution is suitable for low-power energy harvesting, autonomous passive tracking or RFID applications
Afonso, Jaco Amandine. "Propriétés analogiques des représentations mentales de l'espace : Etude comparative auprès de personnes voyantes et non-voyantes." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00874760.
Full textMILIA, GABRIELE. "Cloud-based solutions supporting data and knowledge integration in bioinformatics." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/266783.
Full textReiche-De, Vigan Stéphanie. "Le droit et l'espace souterrain. Enjeux de propriété et de souveraineté en droit international et comparé." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE3044.
Full textUntil today, there has been little interest of international Law concerning the earth’s subsurface, as the space that extends from the surface of the soil or of the seabed to the center of the earth. On the one hand, there is no rule of international law that regulates the use Sovereign States have of their territorial subsurface. It is currently understood that subsburface activities and property law that regulates them, are within domestic jurisdiction only and do not come under international law scrutinity as they waive the exercice of an absolute independance of States. On the other hand, the existing rules of international law that regulates extraterritorial subsurface, notably the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof beyond national jurisdiction and the Antarctic, consider the earth’s subsurface mostly in terms of use and exploitation of mineral resources. Faced with the evergrowing uses of the subsurface that are solely used for extraction or for injection and storing, and regarding the impacts of some underground activities on the environment and on human rights, International Law must play a role by regulating the content and extent of rights that are exercised over the earth’s subsurface inside and outside territorial jurisdiction for development and protection purposes
Pham, Van Dung. "Architectural exploration of network Interface for energy efficient 3D optical network-on-chip." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1S076/document.
Full textElectrical Network-on-Chip (ENoC) has long been considered as the de facto technology for interconnects in multiprocessor systems-on-chip (MPSoCs). However, with the increase of the number of cores integrated on a single chip, ENoCs are less and less suitable to adapt the bandwidth and latency requirements of nowadays complex and highly-parallel applications. In recent years, due to power consumption constraint, low latency, and high data bandwidth requirements, optical interconnects became an interesting solution to overcome these limitations. Indeed, Optical Networks on Chip (ONoC) are based on waveguides which drive optical signals from source to destination with very low latency. Unfortunately, the optical devices used to built ONoCs suffer from some imperfections which introduce losses during communications. These losses (crosstalk noises and optical losses) are very important factors which impact the energy efficiency and the performance of the system. Furthermore, Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technology can help the designer to improve ONoC performance, especially the bandwidth and the latency. However, using the WDM technology leads to introduce new losses and crosstalk noises which negatively impact the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and Bit Error Rate (BER). In detail, this results in higher BER and increases power consumption, which therefore reduces the energy efficiency of the optical interconnects. The contributions presented in this manuscript address these issues. For that, we first model and analyze the optical losses and crosstalk in WDM based ONoC. The model can provide an analytical evaluation of the worst case of loss and crosstalk with different parameters for optical ring network-on-chip. Based on this model, we propose a methodology to improve the performance and then to reduce the power consumption of optical interconnects relying on the use of forward error correction (FEC). We present two case studies of lightweight FEC with low implementation complexity and high error-correction performance under 28nm Fully-Depleted Silicon-On-Insulator (FDSOI) technology. The results demonstrate the advantages of using FEC on the optical interconnect in the context of the CHAMELEON ONoC. Secondly, we propose a complete design of Optical Network Interface (ONI) which is composed of data flow allocation, integrated FECs, data serialization/deserialization, and control of the laser driver. The details of these different elements are presented in this manuscript. Relying on this network interface, an allocation management to improve energy efficiency can be supported at runtime depending on the application demands. This runtime management of energy vs. performance can be integrated into the ONI manager through configuration manager located in each ONI. Finally, the design of an ONoC configuration sequencer (OCS), located at the center of the optical layer, is presented. By using the ONI manager, the OCS can configure ONoC at runtime according to the application performance and energy requirements
Wu, Xiaojun. "Challenges of accommodating non-native English-speaking instructors' teaching and native English-speaking students' learning in college, and the exploration of potential solutions." Online version, 2003. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2003/2003wux.pdf.
Full textCorvino, Rosilde. "Exploration de l'espace des architectures mémoire pour des systèmes de traitement d'image avec références non affines aux données : application à des blocs fondamentaux d'un modèle de rétine numérique." Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10167.
Full textThe aim of this Phd is to propose a methodology that improves the data transfer and management for applications having non-affine arra references. The target applications are iterative image processing algorithms which are non-recursive and have static dependences. These applications are weil described by a Joop based C-code and they can undergo a High Level Synthesis which in fer a RTL model from an input C-code. The input code of the HLS can be optimized, by the loop transformations, with respect to its data storage and management. Ln fact, in the trame of polyhedral model, the loop transformations enhance data locality and allow the computation parallelism and the data prefetchin. These transformations require that the array references are affine. Ln our model we proposes a method to apply data and operations partitionning for applications with non-affine array references. An exploration is run with different tiling of input and output data spaces. The output tiling is than projected onto the input tiling. The outpu tiles calculations are re-schedulied in order to minimize the internai memory or optimize the temporal performance of the produced system. A mapping between the input tiles and the internai buffers is computed and, at the end, the best solutions in the analyzed set are chosen
Ndiaye, Idrissa. "La politique fiscale des sociétés dans les états membres de l'espace OHADA (Organisation pour l’harmonisation en Afrique du droit des affaires) : la problématique de l’assiette fiscale et solutions pour le développement." Paris 13, 2008. http://scbd-sto.univ-paris13.fr/secure/ederasme_th_2008_ndiaye.pdf.
Full textThe fiscal policy deals with the sharing out of the public recipe between the different taxes, on the base and the rate of the latter. In the states which are members of the OHCLA space, the tax policy of the societies must permit a substantial mobilization of fiscal bases in order to reassure the financial means of the the development policy of narrow tax base duties is by no means a strategy to mobilise consequent recipe. A fiscal administration which does not possess material human and satisfactory means does not contribute in fighting efficiently fraud and tax evasion in order to increase necessary fiscal recipes. Facing the globalization and the policies of integration, the state individualities do not also allow to sustain a genuine development tax policy in Africa. A new strategy of fiscal policy for the development of members states within the OHCLA is necessary. IT passes through a large policy of the norms of the recipes. A redefinition of the fiscal exoneration policy of the investment codes. One must give material, human and satisfactory means to the tax administration to play a genuin part (role). To put it in a nutshell, we have to develop the cooperation between tax administratin of the members states in order to take into account of the consideration of the tax policy. The fiscal harmonization has become a genuine strategy for the development of Africa
Sidorenko, Anna. "Les sites technologiques liés à l'exploration spatiale : les enjeux de leur patrimonialisation." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CNAM1232.
Full textThe specificity of this research resides in its realisation by the validation of the acquired professional experience (VAE), simultaneously with the development of the approaches for the patrimonialisation of the technological sites related to space exploration, led by the author in her role at UNESCO as responsible for the Thematic Initiative "Astronomy and World Heritage". This research retraces and analyses the implementation of the issues of patrimonialisation of heritage-related sites linked to space exploration under the prism of an obligatory correlation between space heritage on Earth and outer-space heritage.The patrimonialisation of technological sites related to space exploration is a milestone in the process of recognition of space heritage. This research positions two contexts. One is linked to the establishment of an international normative instrument that delimits the World Heritage perimeter belonging to the whole of Humanity. The other is the one related to the beginning of the Space Age and space exploration. The latter gives rise to sites that illustrate an exceptional technological feat and human creative genius. The patrimonialisation of these sites is studied with an approach to create bridges between the two aforementioned contexts that have developed in parallel, without ever crossing. This work of contextual restitution is based on the testimony of key persons who contributed to the implementation of the World Heritage Convention, and in particular to the advancement of the recognition of the values associated with science. The research problem is part of the interdisciplinary studies in the field of science, technology, heritage and logics of participation. This project is a contribution to the research themes of the HT2S Laboratory on History of Technosciences in Society of the National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts (CNAM)
Prost-Boucle, Adrien. "Génération rapide d'accélerateurs matériels par synthèse d'architecture sous contraintes de ressources." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENT039/document.
Full textIn the field of high-performance computing, FPGA circuits are very attractive for their performance and low consumption. However, their presence is still marginal, mainly because of the limitations of current development tools. These limitations force the user to have expert knowledge about numerous technical concepts. They also have to manually control the synthesis processes in order to obtain solutions both fast and that fulfill the hardware constraints of the targeted platforms.A novel generation methodology based on high-level synthesis is proposed in order to push these limits back. The design space exploration consists in the iterative application of transformations to an initial circuit, which progressively increases its rapidity and its resource consumption. The rapidity of this process, along with its convergence under resource constraints, are thus guaranteed. The exploration is also guided towards the most pertinent solutions thanks to the detection of the most critical sections of the applications to synthesize, for the targeted execution context. This information can be refined with an execution scenarion specified by the user.A demonstration tool for this methodology, AUGH, has been built. Experiments have been conducted with several applications known in the field of high-level synthesis. Of very differen sizes, these applications confirm the pertinence of the proposed methodology for fast and automatic generation of complex hardware accelerators, under strict resource constraints. The proposed methodology is very close to the compilation process for microprocessors, which enable it to be used even by users non experts about digital circuit design. These works constitute a significant progress for a broader adoption of FPGA as general-purpose hardware accelerators, in order to make computing machines both faster and more energy-saving
Beaudoin, Judith Marie. "Exploration d’une méthodologie intégrant un système de positionnement intérieur par radiofréquence dans le cadre d’une évaluation muséale portant sur l’adéquation de parcours d'exposition." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26215.
Full textL’évaluation muséale est un champ principalement actif dans le milieu universitaire et dans les grandes institutions muséales. Les ressources humaines et financières restreintes sont souvent des freins pour les petits et moyens musées à procéder à des démarches d’évaluation autre que le taux de fréquentation. Pourtant, ces études seraient aussi bénéfiques pour eux qu’elles peuvent l’être pour les grandes institutions. Les systèmes de positionnement intérieur semblent une voie intéressante pour permettre aux petits et moyens musées de réaliser des évaluations plus facilement, rapidement et avec un minimum de ressources spécialisées. Malgré un intérêt du milieu muséal et académique pour ces nouvelles technologies, peu de solutions ont été explorées et de méthodes développées dans l’optique d’en faire un outil adapté aux réalités des petits et moyens musées. Ce projet de recherche a pour objectif le développement d’une méthodologie qui intègre un système de positionnement au sein d’une démarche d’évaluation portant sur les parcours muséographiques en contexte de moyen musée. La méthodologie proposée est testée par la réalisation d’une évaluation muséale in situ.
The field of museum evaluation is mostly active in academia and bigger museums. Limited human and financial resources are often impediments for small and medium-size museums to conduct evaluation approaches other than attendance census. However, evaluation studies would be as beneficial for them as they are for large institutions. Indoor positioning systems seem like an attractive approach to enable small and medium-size museums to conduct evaluations more quickly, more easily and in a manner that requires less specialized resources. Although museum professionals and academics have shown interest for these new technologies, few solutions have been explored and methods developed in order to create a tool adapted to the realities of small and medium-sized museums. This research project aims to develop a methodology that integrates a positioning system in the evaluation process of the adequacy between the conceptual and visitor paths in the context of a medium sized museum. The proposed methodology has been tested by applying it to an on-site evaluation.
Grevsmühl, Sebastian Vincent. "A la recherche de l'environnement global : de l'Antarctique à l'Espace et retour : instrumentations, images, discours et métaphores." Paris, EHESS, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EHES0030.
Full textOur work proposes a history of the global environment. Nowadays, in times of climate change, no one doubts the global nature of environmental questions. Since the 1970s, the notion of “global environment” moved to the forefront of scientific and political discourse and it is frequently adopted by international organisations. It expresses a new type of thinking, captured most adequately by the famous slogan “think globally, act locally. ” However, the semantic shift from the environment to the globe was prepared long beforehand. We entitled our work “In search of the global environment” precisely to attract the attention to the fact that the birth of the environmental movement, and the call from scientists for synoptic and systematic investigations of the “global environment,” did not emerge within a cultural, political and social vacuum. They were born out of a movement of “globalisation” which took its shape during the 19th century and reached an important peak during the 1970s. In particular, we argue that the “conquests” of Antarctica and of Outer Space played a leading role. Three methodological approaches guide our investigation. We stress the power of visualisations in the creation of global imaginaries and new sensibilities, the ability of metaphors in transposing ideologies and political convictions from one context to another, and finally the critical role of instrumentation in the mediation of global scientific knowledge. Our work proposes thereby to retrace – in all its cultural and historical depth – the history of the emergence of a new sensibility for the “global environment” and the “whole earth” as a scientific object from the 19th century until today
Prost-Boucle, A. "Génération rapide d'accélérateurs matériels par synthèse d'architecture sous contraintes de ressources." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01071661.
Full textLe, Moullec Yannick. "Aide à la conception de systèmes sur puce hétérogènes par l'exploration paramétrable des solutions au niveau système." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Bretagne Sud, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00106297.
Full textLes systèmes enfouis sont de plus en plus présents dans la vie quotidienne, que ce soit pour un usage professionnel ou personnel. On peut citer par exemple les téléphones mobiles, les assistants personnels (PDA), les consoles de jeux vidéos portables, les lecteurs multimédias portables (MP3 et consorts). On trouve aussi de plus en plus de systèmes enfouis dans les automobiles, les appareils domestiques "intelligents" etc. Les fonctions qui peuvent être intégrées dans ce type de système peuvent être, par exemple, de type traitement de signal numérique (filtrage, compression/décompression audio-vidéo,...), de type télécommunication (protocole réseau,...) ou bien encore contrôle/commande (domotique...).
La complexité grandissante des applications fait qu'il est nécessaire de pouvoir aborder leurs conceptions à des niveaux d'abstractions élevés. En effet, il est très intéressant de travailler à ces niveaux (par exemple au niveau système) car les gains (en surface/temps/consomation/coût) qu'il est possible d'obtenir par diverses transformations (tant algorithmiques qu'architecturales) sont proportionnels au niveau d'abstraction auquel on se situe. De plus, les décisions prises au niveau système peuvent avoir un impact très important en terme de développement industriel.
En effet, une mauvaise adéquation application/architecture (architecture sur/sous-dimensionnée ou mal adaptée aux caractéristiques de l'application) peut imposer, soit de mettre sur le marché un produit trop cher ou peu performant, soit de relancer un cycle de conception entraînant des délais pouvant être rédhibitoires. L'ensemble de ces décisions à prendre peut être vu comme un espace de solutions potentielles à parcourir. Celui-ci étant très vaste pour une application (ensemble des couples algorithmes / architectures), il est nécessaire de l'explorer et d'effectuer des choix afin de le réduire. On conçoit aisément que cette exploration, lorsqu'elle est effectuée au niveau système, doit présenter un bon compromis vitesse (espace des solutions très vaste) Vs. précision (les choix faits sont lourds en conséquence pour la suite du flot de conception).
Les outils de conception actuels, pour de tels systèmes, sont connus sous le nom d'outils de codesign et se situent à des niveaux d'abstractions relativement faibles.
En outre, la plupart de ces outils partent d'une architecture cible figée (matériel et logiciel, par exemple un processeur et un ASIC) pour laquelle est choisie l'implantation soit matérielle (sur ASIC ou FPGA), soit logicielle de telle ou telle fonction pré-caractérisée. Ces outils ne permettent donc pas d'explorer les architectures propres aux différentes fonctions (estimation statique Vs. estimation dynamique). Il y a donc un nouveau pas à franchir, celui de l'exploration système comme moyen de choisir l'architecture cible ou bien encore de fixer les paramètres pour une architecture cible figée mais générique.
La méthode proposée dans cette thèse vise à réduire progressivement l'espace des solutions en permettant au concepteur d'effectuer des compromis entre plusieurs solutions, et ce à chaque niveau d'abstraction en s'appuyant sur un découpage fonctionnel et hiérarchique de l'application qui spécifie progressivement les aspects contrôles, traitements et transferts de données. La méthode est composée des éléments suivant : i) spécification de l'application dans un langage de haut niveau ; ii) caractérisation de l'application par un ensemble de métriques définissant l'orientation transfert mémoire, traitement ou contrôle ainsi que le parallélisme potentiel de ses sous-fonctions ; iii) estimation système dynamique des performances par l'exploration et l'exploitation du parallélisme ; iv) sélection des solutions prometteuses en vue de phases de projections architecturale et logicielle.